Partial Fractions

If a is a complex number, if k is an integer ≥ −1, and if f ∈ C(X)

is a rational fraction defined at a, then we put
Xk
f (n) (a)
Jak (f ) = (X − a)n
n=0
n!

[with the convention Ja−1(f ) = 0], and we call this polynomial the
k-jet of f at a.

If P, D ∈ C[X] are two polynomials, if D is nonzero, if f is the

rational fraction P/D, and if a is a multiplicity m ≥ 0 root of D,
then we set

fa (X) = Jam−1(f (X) (X − a)m ) (X − a)−m ,

we note that this rational fraction depends only on f and a, and we

call it the polar part of f at a.

All rational fraction admits only finitely many nonzero polar parts.

All rational fraction is the sum of its polar parts and of the quo-
tient of the euclidean division of one of its numerators by the corre-
sponding denominator.

In particular, the remainder of the euclidean division of P by

D=
6 0 is the product of D by the sum of the polar parts of P/D.

The k-jet of a product is obtained by truncating at order k the

product of the k-jets of the factors.

partial.fractions.100108 Pierre-Yves Gaillard