:

, 2010
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, 2010
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3. , , ,

4.

5.

6.

7.

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.
,

2009, Divided cities: Beirut, Belfast, Jerusalem, Mostar, Nicosia Calame J.,
Charlesworth E. & Woods L.

,
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ABSTRACT
Key words: division, green line, dead zone, Nicosia region - border communities,
invigoration, reunification

In the present study we will analyze the subject: The Geography of Divided
Regions: The green line in the center and the region of Nicosia. In the subject title we
report the word divided regions and not partitioned as it was got used until now,
precisely in order to imply the temporary distribution and not the permanent as partition
comprehends. Also, we clarify that, when we report the word Nicosia region we only
mean the border communities that they are near the green line and not the entire province.
The green line is the homonym line as it appears on the map of Cyprus, which we analyze
in-depth in the 4th unit and we mention a special enthetic for that. The dead zone is the
width of green line in which none of both sides (Republic of Cyprus- Turkish Republic
of Northern Cyprus) can intervenes and which is guarded from the peacekeeping forces
of United Nations.
The main aim is to examine the question of green line as natural and nationality
border of segregation and to locate the mainer factors that could ensure the continuity of
city as unified social and economic group.
The study consists seven units: 1) The significance of border, 2) Divided regions,
3) Nicosia - Place, history, demography, urbanization, 4) The division, 5) The effects of
division and the repercussions from the Turkish invasion, 6) Master Plan Nicosia and the
7) The framework of action

1. The significance of border: The borders are very important parameters that we
first must comprehend, so to analyze afterwards the green line of Nicosia. First,
we try to define what is a border. Then we describe the types of borders and try
via the history to see the diachronically changes in their function. Afterwards we
explain the meaning of crossing borders, a treaty that we will connect in the
course with the green line.
2. Divided regions: In this unit we present certain from a lot of examples of divided
regions such as Jerusalem (Israel), Belfast (North Ireland) and Berlin (Germany)

before the reunification. We briefly describe the reasons that led to the division,
the conflicts (if they were marked) and other various facts that took place. Berlin
even if it does not exist more the division there, deliberately we included that in
order so to examine in the end a vital question: Is Berlin reunification a model
that Nicosia can follow?
3. Nicosia - Place, history, demography, urbanization: From this unit begins the
main subject with the analysis of the case of study, Nicosia. First, we must
comprehend the space which we will deal, so we begin by making a historical
retrospection which we describe its central position in the island, the mainer
policies, the main demographics and urban changes that happened, as well as their
afterwards 1974 socio-economic transformations who changed the character of
the city leaving at the same time its region on the fringe
4. The division: Here we present the chronicle of division, how the city of Nicosia
splited in the two parts, the mainly political and nationalistic facts that played first
role in the division and the bloody conflicts that were marked between
Turkishcypriots and Greekcypriots and they left their stain up to today in the
center of the city. Also, in this unit we try to comprehend the function of the green
line in the direct space, connecting that in step with the wider significance of limit
in 1st unit.
5. The effects of division and the repercussions from the Turkish invasion:
Indubitably the division of Nicosia and the Turkish invasion in 1974 they brought
a lot of direct and indirect repercussions which we at greater length record and
analyze in this unit.
6. Master Plan Nicosia: The MPN is a very important institution for the city. In this
unit we describe how and when it was created, the team members its composes,
the objectives and finally we report certain examples of work that are
materialized.
7. The framework of action: Here are reported other institutions and supporting
measures that contribute in the invigoration of city of Nicosia and border
communities that abut with the green line.

In conclusion, all units will be summarized together and we will lead to conclusions.
Also, it will become an evaluation of institutions and programs, will be located the
weaknesses and the problems in the region of study and will be proposed solutions.

10

1.

,
.

. .
/; ;
;
.
Finn Lancelot:
(a border is a visible line on a map that
creates an invisible line on the surface of the world, Lancelot F., 2003).
. : .
/ / ,

, . ()
() ,
.

, / / ,

11

( ., 2005, . 142).
.
,
( 1).
,
. (.

super market ), (.
, /
, , .), (.
, ,
, ., ., 2005, . 143).
,
. ,
.
20 21
(Lancelot F., 2003). ,
.
.
.
Pax Romana
: ,
,
.

(. ,
),
( ., 2005, . 147).
, 15 16
/: )
,

12

 ( ,
, ) ) ,

( ., 2005, . 147).
,
, . ()
, (
). ()
, ..
( ., 2005, . 147).

1648.
. (March G. J., 2008, p. 235). ,
,
.
19 Friedrich Ratzel (1844 1904)
,
.
13

 (1896),
(lebensraum).
, Ratzel, ,
.
(raum) (
., 2004, . 11-12). , ,

.

;
(, ),
.., . ,
( ,
.) .
1974.
.
, ;
,
, , .
,
(Giorgi B., Grace H., Neilson B. & Rossiter N., 2005).

: . - . ,

.
- (action-reaction). .
,
.
.
.
.

14

2.
,
: ) (), )
( ) ) () 1989.
. .
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, .
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.

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,
.

15

, .


Jezreel Idumea (Wallace S. E., 1977, p. 71). 125.156 .
.

763.600

2008 (Israel Central Bureau of
Statistics, 2008).

,
.

1948
,

Moshe

:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee
/Jerusalem_Israel_Map.png

Dayan,

, Abdullah -Tal

(Bar-Am A.).
1949,
( 1). ,
.
1950, .
.

(Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1980),

16


-
.

-

(Wilson S., 2007)

2.500

:
http://www.g.ho.st/HomePageResources/PhotoGallery/
separationWall.jpg

(Seid M., 2007).

. , ,


( 2).

,
.
,
1948-67,
(Calame J.,
Charlesworth E. & Woods L., 2009, p. 84).

.

17

 . ,


(Israeli R., 2002, p. 1).

,
Musrara Abu Tor .
, ,
(Israeli R., 2002, p. 1). ,
, .
,
.
.
1

: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EastJerusalemMap.jpg

18

 2 -

: http://www.multaqa.org/pics/Map31.jpg

19



, ,
. ,
.
,
. ,
, ,
.
,
(970 .)
. - , ,
,
. 638 . .
(Shalem ., 1997). 1099, Fatimid
.
1099 70.000 30.000 (Hull
D. M., 1999).
1187,

(CenturyOne Foundation, 2003). ,
, , . 1244,
Khwarezmian,
(Gilbert M., 1977, p. 25). 1250
1517, .
1517
1917 (CenturyOne Foundation, 2003). ,

. ,
.
,
19 (Jaffa)
1892 (The Jerusalem Mosaic, 2002).
1831,
. 1836,

, Hurva (Gilbert M., 1977, p. 37).
1917 ,
Edmund Allenby, (Fromkin D., 2001, p. 312-13). 1922,
,
.
,
. 1948
, ( the
creation of a special international regime in the City of Jerusalem, constituting it as a "corpus
separatum" under the administration of the United Nations, United Nations Palestine Commission,
1948). ( )
.
. ,
1948. O
(Lapidoth R., 1998).
.

20

, .

Cavehill.

Ulster
268.323

2008,

15,1%

(1.775.003

(Belfast

City

Council).

:
http://fs.huntingdon.edu/jlewis/Syl/IRcomp/Maps/IrelandRelief
Cities.jpg

.
30 1972, (bloody Sunday),
13
(Banting E., 2002, p.13). ,
IRA 11
, (bloody
Friday, Cosgrove A., 2008, p. 401). 1969 2001

21

 1500 (BBC News,

2001).


(peace lines).

30

,
,

(Mitchell J. G., 2000, p. 11).

:
http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/images/photos/belfast/peaceline/peaceline1r.jpg

.
70,
- .
, 6 ,
, , .
2002 14
(Calame J., Charlesworth E. & Woods L., 2009, p.
63). 2008
(Macaulay T., 2008).
,
.
10 1998, . ,
(
),
, Sinn Fein, Jerry Adams

22

 Ian Paisley
(Reynolds A., 2002, p. 293).
(EIRE)
,
David Trimble (Reynolds
A., 2002, p. 295).
.

.

, . , ,
.
,
.
, , . ,
.


.

(: http://imej.wfu.edu/articles/2002/
1/06/images/fig5.jpg)

23



.
.
18 19 . -
, , , , 19
. Harland Wolff
35.000 (BBC
News, 2003). 1921 ,
.
,
- .
(Loyalists)
, .
1969 90,
.

. 1649, Oliver Cromwell
Ulster, 4.000
(Calame J., Charlesworth E. & Woods L., 2009, p. 65).
1690
.
, Ulster

. 20 ,
.
1916,
,
Sinn Fein ( ) IRA (Irish Republic Army,
Coogan P. T., 2002, p. 21-25). To 1921,
(Irish Free State),
, 6 (Downs T. &
Davenport F., 2004, p. 36). 1937,
EIRE,
(Sternlicht V. S., 1998, p. 9-10). IRA
,
UDA (Ulster Defence Association) UVF (Ulster Volunteer Force).
, 17 .
1969-1998 The Troubles.

24

 ( 1989) -

, 70 .
.
3.431.473 2008 (Wikipedia Berlin Population Statistics). ,

.
Barnim ()
Teltow ()

Spree.

30

1933,

.

,
160.000
(Bendix R., 1990, p. 287).
1938,

: http://www.brandenburgtourism.com/media_englisch/landkarte_europa_fin2.jpg

-
Sachsenhausen, 1943
, Auschwitz (Gutterman B., 2008, p. 79).
,
.
1945,
. (NATO)
,
. (, )
,
(Junker D., Gassert P. & Mausbach W., 2004, p. 108).

25


.

.
(Western Allies Berlin,
2004-10).

1949,

,

,
(Junker D.,
Gassert P. & Mausbach W., 2004, p.
90).

:
http://www.pagefarm.net/wiki/index.php?title=Image:Berlin.gif

, .
,
.

. - ,
( )
, .
,
.
(Berlin.de).

,
.

(Rottman

26

L. G. & Taylor C., 2008, p. 29).

1961
. de facto
,

,



.

1971,

(,

:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Berlinwall-map.png

)
,
(U.S Diplomatic
Mission to Germany, 2001).
1989,
. ,
.
(Williams B., 2009, p. 11). 3 1990,
,
,
1991.
1999

27

 .
.

1237,
Clln, 1244 (James P., 1998, p.
14). 1244. 1415
.
1618 1648
(Whkmla, 2000).
. ,
1640,
, (Perry M., Jacob M., Chase M.,.
Jacob J., & Von Laue H. T 2008, p. 395). 1685,
, 15.000
, 6.000 .
1700, 20%
(Hope N., 1999, p. 134-5). ,
.
' 1701 Knigsberg,
(Schulte-Peevers A. & ParkinsonT., 2006, p. 24). 1740,
', ,
1786. , .
, 1806,
. 1815 .
19 .
,
(Schulte-Peevers A. & ParkinsonT., 2006, p. 25).
, ,
. 1861, Wedding, Moabit ,
. 1871,
, 1881 .
' 1918,
(Bendersky W. J., 2007, p. 3). 1920 ,
, , ,
. , , 4
(Eksteins M., 2000, p. 74).

28

:
1986,
.


.

(: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
File:Berlinermauer.jpg)

:
1989.

(: http://www.evropskemesto
.cz /cms /images/stories/photos_
other_cities/pic5.jpg)

: .

(: http://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/5/53/%C3%9Cber_
den_D%C3%A4chern_von_Berlin.jpg)

29

3. - , , ,
(
), 9.251 .

, , ( 3). ,

, , . 59.5%

, 2.7% (
), 35.2%
1974, 2.6%

( 4). ,
2008 796.900 (
). .
3

: http://www.welt-atlas.de/datenbank/karten/karte-4-634.gif

(): ,
, , ,

30

 ( 5).
.
' .
2.917 ., ( 1/3
) 313.400 2008 (
, 6). ,

.
.
(Lefkosha ),
Nicosia,
.
( ., 1987, . 130).
,
,
. 4 .
,
.
,
. , , , ,
, . ,
.
1184 1184
1191 ( , ., 2004, .
122). 1191 , ,
.
, , ,
.
, ,

( ., 1955, . 42).

31

 .

(Lingard J., 1855, p. 323).
. ,

. .
,
100.000 ( ., 1987, . 157).
.
,
. ,
, .
.
,
() .
.
12 ,
( ., 1955, .
44). .
.

, ,

( ., 1987, . 168).
. ,

, . 1211 .
1368
. .
:

32

1.
2.
3. ,
4.

:

. ( ) ,
,
, ( ., 1987, . 130).
1373
1426 ( ). 1489

. 20.000
, , , ( ., 1987, . 209).
, , ,
.
,

(Nicolle D, 1989, p. 40). 1562 .,

.
. ,

, ,
,
(
, ).
1567 .
. ( ),

33


,

.

,

,

11

: http://www.nicosia.org.cy/lefkosia_istoria_nea_tixi_tzoulio.shtm

: ,

.
, 1800 , ,
, 80 , 4 , , Caviaro,
Podocataro, ,
,
,
( ., 2008). ,
, .
1570,
(Parry V. J. & Cook M. A., 1976, p.
109). 3.000
.
() ,
. (20.000 )

34

 ,
(Dumper M. & Stanley E. B., 2007, p. 277).
, Lefkosha.

,

,
.
1723 .

. ( 1571) .

.

1: , St. Sophia (Selimiye), Nicosia

(Basil
vitch

Barsky,

GrigoroTravels

1723-1747,

: , 2008, . 13

). ,
.

.
Chirkfli Dere,

,
, (Keshishian K.,
1990, p. 15).

35



. K
9 1821
,
.
1878
(Dumper M. & Stanley E. B., 2006, p.
277). 31 1878, o Sir Garnet Wolseley,

,
, (
). 4 1881
, 11.000
. ,
, ,

(. , , -, ,
.). 19
,

.
,
,
, 1878 (Bekker-Nielsen T., 2004, p. 42).
Kitchener
.
, 15 , 1885.

.

36


, .
1879 .
, ,
, 1882.
, 500
. 1905
60 . ,
( ) ( ), 1951
(Hellander P., 2003, p. 186).
, (
),

. 1881

( ).

. 1928,

,
(
).
1882
(Attalides M., 1980, p. 99).
,
,
, .
,
.

37

 .
,
(
). ,
, .

, ,
.

,

,
( ). ,

.
.
,

.
.
1931
,
.
1.4% ( ).

.
1920
.

38


.
.
1931
1960
4% ( ).

6,7% 1958
2% ( ).

.
.
1960

.

.
,

.
,

:
http://www.stwing.upenn.edu/~durduran/master12.gif

,
(

39

, 2007, . 21, 2 & 6). ,

,
,

.
1978
,

(Charlesworth
E., 2006, p. 89). ,
,
. 2003

( . 2004).
3/4/08,
.
.
, .
,
.

. , ,


(
!).

40


.

() ,
.
(:
http://www.cosmo.gr/images/LIDRASTREET.jpg)

.
(: http://indy.gr/newswire/ayt-tin-ra-sti-ldrassti-leykosia/ledras2005.jpg/image_preview)

3/4/08.
(:
http://img.pathfinder.gr/Media/i/4/4013/2560.jpg)

41

 4 1974

: http://www.easypedia.gr/el/images/local/9/99/Cyprus_districts_named_el.png

: http://www.ikypros.com/pictures/district_all_cypr

42

 6 -

: http://www.exometochi.com/maps/lefkosiaGRmap.jpg

43

44

45

3.
1878,

.
18% , ,
( 7).
.
,
.
1950
, .

,

,

(., 2008, . 60).

... 1955-59.

,
.

,
, , ,
.

1956, 1959, 1963
1974.
1956 ( ., 1998, . 200).
, .

46

 taksim (),
(Zartman W. & Kremeniuk Aleksandrovich V., 2005, p. 201).
,
Manson
- Dixon ( - ,
, ., 2005),
, .
.
1955-59,
,
1955,
. , ,
( ., 2005). 1958 de
facto . 11 1959, ,
,
(Mirbagheri F., 1998, p. 12).
,
, Dr. Fasil Kuchuk.
, 13 1959,
1960 .
,
.

80%
18% ( 650.000 ). 2%
,
( , 2006, . 12).
114
, (WarrGrundy C., 1994, p. 73, 1).

47

 1960 ,
.
, . 1963,
,

(Mirbagheri F., 1998, p. 20).

,

.



,

:
http://www.nicosia.org.cy/lefkosia_istoria_lefkosia196
3.shtm

de facto

TMT - Trk Mukavemet Tekilat).

-
(Durch J. W., 1993, p. 219, 8).
(
1963 Peter Young,
, Warr-Grundy C., 1994, p. 74-75),
( ,
).
, 1974

,
.
UNFICYP ,

48

 no-mans-land (Warr-Grundy C., 1994, p. 81).

Sinir () Ara Bolgesi ( ),
.
29
(Cockburn C., 2004, p. 7). (
) , .
21 2003 , -

. 23
2003
, . 4
: 1) / -Bostanci, 2) /
Metehan, 3) /

-Akyar 4) (

).

/. :
; .
, ,
.
,
1974
de facto
.
, ,
,
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. .
, . , , , ,


.

49

:

.

,
.
.
,

, . ,

.


. ,
,
.
, ,
, workshop
.

50

 1
( ) 1960
/

/Athalassa
(Kucuk
Kaimakli)/*
(KucukOmorphita)
*
*(Turkeli)
*

*(Baglikoy)

*
(Camlikoy)

*(Gemikonagi)
* (Guzelyurt)
*(Minarelikoy)

* (Galizer)
*(Yilmazkoy)
* (Balikesir)

7390
3593
8175

76
316
5130

2316
492
312
1355
634
265
2403
196
427
244

921
117
143
156
85
90
206
128
97
307

464
201
1111

37
208
333

6480
1157
601
6904
220
374
504
862
:

123
230
39
76
319
86
89
251

.:
(1) * ().
(2) .

51



,
.
1963 Peter Young, (Warr-Grundy
C., 1994, p. 74-75). ,
,
.
1974
, ,
. . 180 Km 346 Km2.
.
( 10),
() 7 Km. , ,
(), .

()
(). :
, .
,
.
(
).
,
1974 ( , Guo R., 2007, p. 91).
.
. 1983 de facto
.
1974

: http://www.developmentandtransition.net/img/Jarraud%20article%20B.jpg

52

:
http://www1.american.edu/dlublin/images/cyprus/buffer16.jpg

, ,
.
:
http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/46776000/jpg/_46776
045_nicosiaun766.jpg

:
http://www1.american.edu/dlublin/images/cyprus/buffer8.jpg

53

 7 1960

: http://www.kypros-cyprus.com/maps/1960.jpg

54

: http://www.unficyp.org/media/Map-Cyprus-UNPOL2.jpg

55

5

15 1974 ,
,
20 1974 .
, 3
:

.
,

: /

17
,
. ,

,
. ,
(, ) ,
, .
(Ashiotis A., 1996, p. 2).
, 1974
,
.
180.000 .
40% ,

56

 .

.
. ,
( ., 1986, . 8-9).
(.
),
( ,
.). ,
1922 ,
,
.

( , 2007,
. 20), . ,
.

,
1,5

Karamanzade,

Nebet

Khane,

,
,

Selimiye

), Omeriye, .

10%

:
http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/42660000/gif/_42660587_nic
osia_map_416.gif

( ,
2008, . 16).

57

 ,
.


.
,
(
),
. ,
- . !
( )
. ,
, ( ),
, .

, .
,
.
,
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)
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(.

).

.
,
.
,

58

 .

100 - 150 .

.
, ,

, .


,
:
,

(
)
,
. Unutmayacagiz (
)
, 1963,

( 1960-1974).

70% . .
.
. .
, , .
,
, ,
. 1974
80 , .

59

 . ,
( ., 2008).
, , , -, ,
-
.
, ,
video clubs Bollywood.
()
, -,
.
,
, , .

(Tulipa cypria):


.

.
.

, .

,

: ., . & Gucel S., 2008

,
,
.
.

60

 .

( .,
. & Gucel S., 2008).


()
.
.
( ),
( ,
) .

.
.
, ,
,
2001 - 03 1974,


.
. ,
, . ,
,
.
,
,
.
(
, ),
. ,

61



.
, 5
.
,
.
, ,
,
.
,

.
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,
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.
. ,
. ,
2000 .
. ,

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,
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.
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.

62

 , .
,
; ; ; ;
.
: , .
,
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. ,
,
2000
.
.
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. =

IRA = Irish Republic Army

NATO = North Atlantic Treaty Organization

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95


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