B GIO DC V O TO

TRNG I HC XY DNG

B MN XY DNG THU LI - THU IN

PGS.TS Hunh B K Thut

TNH TON CC THNG S SNG TRONG

H CHA V CAO TRNH NH P

H NI 2000.
1

Li ni u
"tnh ton cc thng s sng trong h cha v cao trnh nh p"
Tnh ton cc thng s v sng nhm xc nh cc thng s: chiu
cao sng, bc sng.. trong h cha ca cc cng trnh thy li
xc nh cao trnh nh p, p lc sng, hnh thc gia c mi dc...
l mt khu khng th thiu c trong tnh ton cc cng trnh thu
cng. Vic tnh ton ny theo quy phm thng thng phi qua nhiu
cng on, tra nhiu th, bng biu v tnh ton so snh, ni suy l
mt cng vic lm phc tp, tn th gi, km chnh xc m by lu
nay vn phi dng cc phng php th cng.
Ti liu di y cng chng trnh tnh ton cc thng s sng v
cao trnh nh p gip mt phn ng k gii quyt cc kh khn
trn.
Ni dung ca bn ti liu ny c chia lm 3 phn
- Cng thc v trnh t tnh ton cc thng s sng.
- V d tnh ton cc thng s sng v cao trnh nh p Vt liu
a phng, p B tng trng lc.

CNG THC V TRNH T TNH TON

1. CC KHI NIM BAN U
1.1

Cc khu vc sng
Khu vc I : nc su (hnh 1)
- Khi H /2. y khng nh hng ti mt nc; - bc sng

II

H=HkP

III

Hy

IV

H=

Hnh 1

Khu vc II: nc nng

- Hpg<H</2 Khu nc m y h c nh hng n chiu cao
sng
- Hpg:Chiu su phn gii ca sng, m ng vi n sng bt u b
bin dng (mt ct 1) v ph thuc gc nghing vi b.
Khu vc III: sng v
- Hpg>H>Hy
- Hpg=(1,52)h
- h: L gi tr chiu cao trung bnh ca sng khu nc su
- Hy: L su m ng vi n sng b bin dng v hon ton.
Khu vc IV: sng v b
- H<Hy (Bt u t Hy (mt ct 2) sng b bin dng, v hon ton
v leo ln b)
i > 0,05 => Hy=Hpg
i < 0,05 => Hy=0,35Hpg

- l khong thi gian chuyn t nh sng ny n nh sng kia

(chu k ca sng s)
- t l khong thi gian bt u hnh thnh con sng v n khi kt
thc, hay cn c gi thi gian pht trin sng (khi khng c s
liu, thi gian thng c ly bng 6h = 21600s).
Phng php xc nh gi (Hnh 2,3)

1.2

Khi khong cch t cng trnh thu cng n b i din ca thu vc

khng vt qu nm ln b rng h th khong cch gi l gi,
xem hnh 3.

i vi h cha dng di, khi khong cch t cng trnh thu cng n
b i din ca thu vc ln hn nm ln b rng ca h th ly gi
c ch l:
D = 5B

Khi h cha hoc thu vc khng qui chun hoc trong h cha c cc
o hoc cc chng ngi vt khc th cn phi kt hp vi phng
php gii da vo cng thc (1) xc nh gi c ch.
di cos2i
( i = 0, 1, 2, ... )
D i cos
(1)

i
i
a)

Hnh 2 S gi

D=5B

b)

B'

1) Cc bc xc nh gi D (Hnh 3)
2) Trn bn a hnh h cha hay thy vc, t im tnh ton A v mt
ng mi tn ngc vi hng gi, ng ny ct ng bin gii ca
h cha hay lu vc im B0. Gi thit khong cch AB0 l d0, tng
ng vi i = 0, 0 = 0

3) V hai pha mi tn chnh c cch mt gc nht nh c th trn hnh

2 ly cch 60 t im A v mi tn ABi ct mp h im Bi, gc gia
ABi v mi tn chnh l i = i.6, khong cch ABi biu th bng di
4) Gc i nm gia ng mi tn ABi v ng mi tn chnh AB0 tt
nht l khng vt qu 450. Ly v d trn hnh 2 c imax = 7, cng vi
ng mi tn chnh th c tt c 15 ng mi tn
5) Ly di ca mi mi tn ABi l di nhn vi cos2 gc kp gia ng
mi tn vi ng mi tn chnh AB0 tc l di cos2i sau cng
lu tch li vi nhau th c th tm ra c tr s di cos2i ca cng
thc (1)
6) Sau khi tm c tng cos2i c th da vo cng thc (1) tm c
gi c ch D

Hnh. 3 S tnh gi

2. TNH TON CC THNG S SNG

S liu ban u
- Vn tc gi cao 10m cch mt nc W(m/s).
- gi D (m).
- Chiu cao mc nc trc p H (m).
- Gc gia hng gi vi trc p ().
5

- Thi gian pht trin sng t (giy).

- Cc thng s v loi p, mi dc, hnh thc gia c mi v cc
mc nc h.
Cc cng thc tnh ton
- dnh nc (h) [3,tr42] Do gi, ng trung bnh ca sng
dng cao so vi mc nc tnh
6 2
h 2.10 .W .D .cos
g.H

(2)

- Cc thng s , h tra th hnh 35 [3] hoc hnh 5.

= g. /2

(3)

- Tnh ton chiu cao sng leo (p VLP), hnh 4b.

hSL=K1. K2. K3. K4.hi% [3,tr13]

(4)

- Chiu cao sng tnh ton ng vi tn sut i%.

hi%=Ki%. h
- Chiu cao sng ng (p BTTL), hnh 8b.
B =KB.hi% [6, tr84]

(5)
(6)

Trnh t tnh ton

Tnh h theo cng thc (2)
- L gc gia trc p v hng gi ().

D - gi, l chiu di vng nc theo hng gi (m).

H - Chiu su ca h: H=MNTL- y h.

W - L vn tc gi cao 10m so vi mt nc ph thuc

cp cng trnh v trng hp tnh. Tn sut ca tc gi
tnh ton W c xc nh theo bng 1 [4,tr258]

Bng1
MNTL
MNDBT
MNKT
Cp cng trnh
1,2
3,4
5
1,2
3,4,5
Tn sut tnh ton (p%)
2
4
10
25
50
Cp cng trnh c xc nh theo bng 1.1 v bng 1.2- [1]

3
4

1
h/2

h0 (

h)

h/2
6

a
MNTL

hl
h

Tnh ton cc thng s sng : , h ,

(chu k, chiu cao, bc sng khu nc su). (xem hnh 5)
Bc1: Lp bng tnh ton cc gi tr (bng 2)
Bng2.
Phn tnh ton
Cng thc tnh
Kt qu tnh
2
A
g.D / w
2
C
g.H / w
g.t / w
B
2
C
g.H / w
2
Min( g.h / w , g. / w )

Phn tra th
g. / w

g.h / w 2

E1

F1

E2

F2

Ch thch: Gi tr E c chn bng cch so snh ly gi tr nh trong

cc cp gi tr (E1,E2). Gi tr F c chn bng cch so snh ly gi
tr nh trong cc cp gi tr (F1,F2). Khi tra th phi chn ng
cong ng vi gi tr g.H/W2. Nu khng ng vi ng cong no th
phi ni suy.
CCH TRA TH HNH 5:
7

+ Tnh:
- Gi tr A1(A2) ca trc honh g.D/W2
- Gi tr C1(C2) ca trc tung bn phi g.H/W2 (nu im C khng
trng vi ng cong no th phi ni suy gia 2 ng).
- T A1(A2) dng thng ng gp ng cong C, t im gp nhau
dng ngang sang ct hai trc tung bn tri g./W v g.h/W2 ln
lt l E1, F1
+ Tnh:
- Gi tr B1(B2) ca trc honh th 2 g.t/W
- Gi tr C1(C2) ca trc g.H/W2 (nu im C khng trng vi
ng cong no th phi ni suy gia 2 ng)
- T B1(B2) dng thng ng gp ng cong C, t im gp nhau
dng ngang sang ct hai trc tung g./W v g.h/W2 ln lt l
E2,F2
Ghi ch: Nu im C ln hn gi tr ng cong ln nht th ly ng cong
tra th; Ch s 1 ca A, B, C ng vi MNDBT, ch s 2 ng vi
MNKT

Trc g.D/W : X1 =1,9133 +3,65lg(g.D/W

Trc g.t/W : X2 =0,8327 +3,65lg(g.t/W)
Trc g.H/W

: Z =11,11 +4,40lg(g.H/W

) (cm).

(cm).
2

) (cm).
t /W) (cm).
(cm).
: Y2 =17,2855+5,6785lg(g.h/W )

Trc g.t /W : Y1 =5,416 +9,307lg(g.

Trc g.h/W

Bc2 : T kt qu tra c bng 2 ta tnh cc thng s , h ,

h =F.W2/g
= E.W/g
= g. /2
Tnh ton chiu cao sng leo cng thc (4)

Trng hp sng leo ly i=1% (*)(hi%=h1%) Bng27-[3,42]

K1, K2: H s ph thuc vo nhm vt liu gia c mi

Bng6- [3], hoc bng 1-ph lc.

K3:
H s ph thuc tc gi W v h s mi dc
thng lu m (bng7-[3], hoc bng 2- PL).

K4:
H s ph thuc dc sng, ly theo th hnh10[3] hoc hnh 6.

h1 %: Chiu cao sng tnh ton ng vi tn sut i=1%, tnh

theo cng thc (5) trong thay i=1.
9

Ki:
c tra theo hnh 36-[3,tr47] hoc th hnh 7 ng
vi ng cong i%.

Tnh ton chiu cao sng ng B (theo cng thc 6).

Khi tnh ton chiu cao sng ng cng ly i=1.

KB: H s chiu cao sng ng t th hnh 2-11[9,tr36]

hoc th hnh 8a.

10

Cch tra th:

- Tnh:

+ Gi tr trc honh h /

+ Gi tr trc tung /H
- im tm c l gi tr KB (Nu im c to khng nm trn
ng cong no th phi ni suy)
-

, h , : Chiu cao sng v bc sng khu nc su c xc

nh ging nh trng hp p VLP ( trnh by trn)

K1 , K 2 : h s ph thuc vo nhm vt liu gia c mi tra theo bng:

c trng ca lp gia nhm tng i H s K1

c mi

H s K2

h1%

Bn b tng (b tng ct thp)

0, 9

Cui si, hoc gia c bng

cc khi b tng (b tng ct
thp)

Nh hn 0, 002
1
0, 9
0, 05-0, 01
0, 95
0, 85
0, 02
0, 9
0, 8
0, 05
0, 8
0, 7
0, 1
0, 75
0, 6
Ln hn 0, 2
0, 7
0, 5
- K 3 : H s ph thuc tc gi w v h s mi dc thng lu m
tra theo bng sau:
Tr s m
0, 4 0, 4-2
3-5
Ln hn 5
i vi vn tc gi >20 m/s
1, 3
1, 4
1, 5
1, 6

H s K 3
-

i vi vn tc gi <10m/s

1, 1

1, 1

1, 1

1, 2

K 4 H s ph thuc dc sng, ly theo th hnh 6:

Ch thch:
Kch thc c trng v nhm tnh bng m phi ly bng ng knh bnh qun
ca ht vt liu lm lp gia c mi hay kch thc trung bnh ca khi b tng ( b
tng ct thp)

11


K4

hs(1%)

2,5
50(30)
40(25)
30(21)
25(19)

2,0
1,8

20(15)

1,6
15(13)

1,4

10(9,7)

1,2

7(7)

1,0
0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4 0,5 0,7

1,0

2,0

3,0 m

Tr-ng hp m<=3
K4
2,0
1,8
1,6
1,4
1,2
1,0
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4

hs(1%)

0,3

50(30)
40(25)
30(21)
25(19)
20(15)
15(13)
10(9,7)
7(7)

0,2

6 7 8 9 10

20

Tr-ng hp m>3
Hnh : th xc nh h s K4
(Tr s trong ngoc khi H=2h1%)

12

30

V D TNH TON CC THNG S SNG V CAO TRNH NH

P
3. V D 1: TNH TON XC NH CAO TRNH NH P VLP
P CN GI (Tnh th cng)
3.1

S liu ban u dng trong tnh ton

MNDBT
MNKT
MNC
t

Mc nc Thng Lu:
Ct nc trc p H (m)
gi D (km)
Vn tc gi W
3.2

Cao trnh y sng

H s mi dc TLu m1
Kiu gia c mi dc TLu
Gc hng gi vi trc p a
Cng sut NMT (P)

110 m
111,6 m
104 m
21600 s

MNDBT=110m
H1= 35m
D=3,2km=3200m
W2% = 21,9 m/s

75 m
3
lt khan
0o
72000 KW

MNKT=111,6m
H2=36,5m
D= 3,25km=3250m
W50% = 17,5 m/s

Cc bc tnh ton

3.2.1 Xc nh cp cng trnh

a. Theo chiu cao cng trnh
Cao trnh nh p s b c xc nh theo cng thc :
= MNTL + d
xc nh c cp cng trnh theo chiu cao p s b c th ly :
- d l vt cao nh p so vi MNTL S b ly d = 2,0 m
- MNTL = MNKT = 111,6m
= 111,6 + 2 = 113,6m
Chiu cao p ln nht Hmax = 113,6 - 75 = 38,6 (m)
Nn p l nn , nn p thuc p cp III (theo bng 1-1 [1,tr6]).
b. Theo nhim v cng trnh
Nh my thu in c cng sut 72.103 kw cng trnh thuc cp II
(bng 1-2 [1,tr7]).
Nh vy ta chn cp cng trnh tnh ton ca p l p cp II

13

3.2.2 Xc nh cao trnh nh p

Theo [2] c:
1 = MNDBT + d1 ; d1 = h1 + hsl1 + a1
2 = MNKT + d2 ; d2 = h2 + hsl2 + a2

(7)
(8)

So snh 2 trng hp tnh ton cao trnh nh p chn gi tr ln nht

lm cao trnh thit k p.
Xc nh dnh mt nc do gi h

3.2.2.1

dnh mc nc do gi c xc nh theo cng thc (2)

Ln lt thay s vo (2) ch =0o; D(m) ta c:
MNDBT (m)
0.00894

h(m)

MNKT (m)
0.00554

Xc nh chiu cao sng leo

3.2.2.2

a. Xc nh cc thng s v sng h , , khu nc su cho hai trng hp.

Trng hp MNDBT=110m

Trng hp MNKT=111.6m

Cng thc

Cch tnh

Gi tr

Cch tnh

Gi tr

A=

gD/W2

=9,81* 3200/(21,9)2

65,5

=9,81* 3250/(17,5)2

104,1

B=

gt/W

=9,81* 21600/21,9

9675

=9,81* 21600/17,5

12108

C=

gH/W2

=9,81* 35/(21,9)2

0,715

=9,81* 36,6/(17,5)2

1,172

Tra th 5 theo cc gi tr tnh c A, C (theo gi v vn tc gi)

E=

g /W

=1,43

=1,62

F=

g h /W2

=0,015

=0,019

t=

E.W/g

=1,43*21,9/9,81

3.19

=1,62*17,5/9,81

2,89

h=

F. W2/g

=0.015*21,92/9,81

0.733

=0,019*17,52/9,81

0,59

g. 2/2.p

=9.81*(3.19)2/2*3.14

15.89

=9,81*(2,89)2/2*3,14

13,04

Tra th 5 theo cc gi tr tnh c B, C (theo t)

E=

g /W
2

=3.3

=3.8

=0.06

=0,073

F=

g h /W

t=

E.W/g

=3,3*21,9/9,81

7.37

=3,8*17,5/9,81

=6,78

h=

F. W2/g

=0,06*21,92/9.81

2.93

=0,073*17,52/9,81

=2,28

g. 2/2.p

=9.81*(7.37)2/2*3.14

84.8

=9,81*(6,78)2/2*3,14

=71,75

14

So snh chn ly gi tr h ,
nh trong 2 trng hp

h=

0,733m

0,59m

15,89m

13,04m

b. Tnh ton chiu cao sng leo

Chiu cao sng leo ln mi dc c mc bo m i% c tnh theo cng
thc (4):
Khi tnh ton sng leo ly i = 1% (*) ([6,101])
h1%

= K1%. h

Thay i=1% vo CT(4) ta c :

Do , chiu cao sng leo ln mi dc p VLP c tnh ton bng
cng thc :
hSL = k1.k2.k3.k4.h1%

(9)

Bng kt qu tnh cc h s v chiu cao sng leo

T.Hp
H.S
MNDBT (hsl1)
MNKT (hsl2)

K1

K2

K3

K4

Ki

h1%

hsl

0,75
0,75

0,6
0,6

1,5
1,4

1,26
1,3

2,048
2,05

1,501
1,21

1,28
0,99

Xc nh vt cao an ton

3.2.2.3

Theo ti liu [2,18] ng vi p cp II ta c:

Trng hp MNDBT : a1 = 0,7m .

Trng hp MNKT : a2 = 0,5 m.

Xc nh cao trnh nh p

3.2.2.4

1 = MNDBT + h1 + hsl1 + a1

= 110 + 0,00894 + 1,28 + 0,7 =111,99 (m)

2 = MNKT + h2 + hsl2 + a2

= 111,6 + 0,00554 + 0,99 + 0,5 =113,09 (m)

Kt qu tnh ton xc nh cao trnh nh p c ghi bng sau
Trng hp tnh ton

Cao trnh nh p

MNDBT
MNKT

111,99m
113,09m

Cao trnh nh p s l tr s max trong 2 gi tr trn.= 113,09m

15

*) Ch thch hi% : l chiu cao sng chy (tnh ton) c mc bo m (tn sut) i%.Khi tnh
ton n nh v bn ca cc lp gia c mi dc bng cc tm b tng chiu cao sng
tng ng i= 1% v bng chiu cao sng tng ng i= 2%. Khi tnh ton chiu cao
sng leo ln mi dc Tn sut tnh ton i=1%.Chiu cao ca sng c mc bo m i% c
tnh theo cng thc: hi% = ki%* h . Cc k hiu nh trn.

4. V D 2:

XC NH CAO TRNH NH P VLP

P EA_SOUP (Tnh th cng)

S liu ban u dng trong tnh ton

4.1

MNDBT
MNKT
MNC
t

Cao trnh y sng

H s mi dc TLu m1
Kiu gia c mi dc TLu
Gc hng gi vi trc p a
Din tch ti

217.58 m
218.45 m
205.5 m
21600 s

Mc nc Thng Lu:
Ct nc trc p H (m)
gi D (km)
Vn tc gi W

MNDBT=217.58m
H1= 23.08m
D=4,6km=4600m
W4% = 19.6 m/s

194.5 m
3.5
lt khan
0o
8210 ha

MNKT=218.45m
H2=23.95m
D= 5km=5000m
W50% = 12,1 m/s

Cc bc tnh ton

4.2
4.2.1

Xc nh cp cng trnh

a. Theo chiu cao cng trnh

Cao trnh nh p s b c xc nh theo cng thc:
= MNTL + d
xc nh c cp cng trnh theo chiu cao p s b c th ly :
d l vt cao nh p so vi MNTL S b ly d = 2,0 m
MNTL = MNKT = 218.45m
= 218.45 + 2 = 220.45m
Chiu cao p ln nht Hmax = 220.45 - 194.5 = 25.95 (m)
Nn p l nn , nn p thuc p cp III (theo bng 1.1 [1,tr6]).
b. Theo din tch ti ca cng trnh
Din tch ti m cng trnh p ng l 8210ha =>p thuc cp IV
(theo bng 1.2 [1,tr7]).
Nh vy ta chn cp cng trnh tnh ton ca p l p cp III.
16

4.2.2 Xc nh cao trnh nh p

Theo [2] c:
1 = MNDBT + d1 ; d1 = h1 + hSL1+ a1
2 = MNKT + d2 ; d2 = h2 + hSL2 + a2
So snh 2 trng hp tnh ton cao trnh nh p chn gi tr ln nht
lm cao trnh thit k p.
Xc nh dnh mt nc do gi h

4.2.2.1

dnh mc nc do gi c xc nh theo cng thc (2)

Ln lt thay s vo (2) ch =0o; D (m).ta c:
MNDBT (m)
0.016

h (m)

Xc nh chiu cao sng leo

4.2.2.2
a.

MNKT (m)
0.006

Xc nh cc thng s v sng h , , khu vc nc su cho hai

trng hp.
Trng hp MNDBT=110

Trng hp MNKT=111.6

Cng thc

Cch tnh

Gi tr

Cch tnh

Gi tr

A=

gD/W2

=9,81* 4600/(19,6)2

117,5

=9,81* 5000/(12,1)2

335

B=

gt/W

=9,81* 21600/19,6

10811

=9,81* 21600/12,1

17512

C=

gH/W2

=9,81* 23,08/(19,6)2

0,59

=9,81* 23,95/(12,1)2

1,6

Tra th 5 theo cc gi tr tnh c A, C (theo gi v vn tc gi)

E=

g /W
2

=1,68

=2,2

=0,02

=0,03

F=

g h /W

t=

E.W/g

=1,68*19,6/9,81

3.35

=2,2*12,1/9,81

2,71

h=

F. W2/g

=0.02*19,62/9,81

0.78

=0,03*12,12/9,81

0,45

g. 2/2.p

=9.81*(3.35)2/2*3.14

17.53

=9,81*(2,71)2/2*3,14

11,47

Tra th 5 ph lc 1 theo cc gi tr tnh c B, C (theo t)

E=

g /W

=3.3

=4,5

F=

g h /W2

=0.06

=0,095

t=

E.W/g

=3,3*19,6/9,81

h=

F. W /g

6.59

=0,06*19,6 /9.81

2.35

17

=4,5*12,1/9,81
2

=0,095*12,1 /9,81

=5,55
=1,42

g. 2/2.p

=9.81*(6,59)2/2*3.14

So snh chn ly gi tr h ,
nh trong 2 trng hp

=9,81*(5,55)2/2*3,14

67.84

=48,12

h=

0,78

0,45

17,53

11,47

b. Tnh ton chiu cao sng leo

7) Chiu cao sng leo ln mi dc c mc bo m i% c tnh theo cng
thc (4):
Khi tnh ton sng leo ly i = 1% ([6,tr101])
Thay i=1% vo CT(4) ta c : h1% = k1%* h
Do chiu cao sng leo ln mi dc p VLP c tnh ton bng
cng thc :
hSL = k1*k2*k3*k4*h1%
Bng kt qu tnh cc h s v chiu cao sng leo
T.Hp
H.S
MNDBT (hsl1)
MNKT (hsl2)

K1

K2

K3

K4

Ki

h1%

hsl

0,75
0,75

0,6
0,6

1,48
1,18

1,15
1,25

2,05
2,1

1,6
0,945

1,23
0,63

Xc nh vt cao an ton

4.2.2.3

Theo ti liu [2,18] ng vi p cp III ta c:

Trng hp MNDBT : a1 = 0,5 m .

Trng hp MNKT : a2 = 0,4 m.

Xc nh cao trnh nh p

4.2.2.4

1 = MNDBT + h1 + hsl1 + a1

= 217,58 + 0,016 + 1,23 + 0,5 =219,33 (m)

2 = MNKT + h2 + hsl2 + a2

= 218,45 + 0,006 + 0,63 + 0,4 =219,49 (m)

Kt qu tnh ton xc nh cao trnh nh p c ghi bng sau
Trng hp tnh ton

Cao trnh nh p

MNDBT
MNKT

219,33 m
219,49 m

18

Cao trnh nh p s l tr s max trong 2 gi tr trn.= 219,49 m

19