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Hydrlogy
Hydrlogy
Hydrlogy
100
Precipitation
on land
39
Moisture over
land
385
Precipitation on
ocean
61
Evaporation
from the land
424
Evaporation from
the ocean
Surface
runoff
Infiltration
Evapotranspiration
and evaporation
Groundwater
recharge
Groundwater flow
38 surface
discharge
1 Groundwater
discharge
Low permeability
strata
Hydrologic cycle with yearly flow volumes based on annual surface
precipitation on earth, ~119,000 km3/year.
All the rivers run into the sea; yet the sea is not full; unto the place from
Lecture Packet 1
Page 1 of 15
Reflected
Incoming
99.998
18
Outgoing
6
Backscattering
by air
Net radiant
emission by
greenhouse
gases
Reflection
by clouds
Atmosphere
11 Net
absorption by
greenhouse
gasses &
clouds
4
Absorption
by clouds
20
Absorption by
atmosphere
Ocean and
Land
Reflection
by surface
Net radiant
emission by
surface
Net radiant
emission by
clouds
Net
sensible
heat flux
15
46
Absorption by
surface
27
39
Net latent
heat flux
24
Heating of surface
46
0.002
-60
4.0
Total Flux
3.0
2.0
Latent
Heat
1.0
0
-1.0
Ocean
Currents
Sensible
Heat
-2.0
-3.0
-4.0
900 N
600
300
00
300
600
900 S
Latitude
Lecture Packet 1
Page 2 of 15
Polar easterlies
Polar front/subarctic low
Westerlies
Westerlies
Subtropical high
Trade winds
Trade Winds
Equitorial low
Trade winds
Trade Winds
Subtropical high
Westerlies
Polar High
Polar easterlies
Lecture Packet 1
Page 3 of 15
Hydrologic Cycle
Energy Cycle
Solar
Radiation
Material Cycle
Earth
Radiation
Erosion
Dissolution
Evapotranspiration
Precipitation
Tectonics
Neg.
Biomass (1,120)
71,000
43,800
Ground Water
(10,800,000)
505,000
Rivers
(2,120)
Lakes & marshes
(102,000)
Soil Moisture
(16,500)
46,000
Neg.
1,000
2,700
Glaciers
(24,000,000)
458,000
2,700
44,700
2,200
Oceans
(1,338,000,000)
Lecture Packet 1
Page 4 of 15
Glaciers
Fresh Water
Atmosphere
Oceans
Surface
area
(km2) X
106
361
Volume
%
Equivalent
depth (m)
Residence
Time
1370
94
2500
1.55
0.13
<0.01
0.25
~4000
years
~10 years
Lakes and
reservoirs
Swamps
River channels
Soil moisture
<0.1
<0.1
130
<0.01
<0.01
0.07
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.007
0.003
0.13
Groundwater
130
60
120
17.8
30
60
Atmospheric water
Biospheric water
504
<0.1
0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.025
0.001
Volume
(km3) X
106
1-10 years
~2 weeks
2 weeks
1 year
2 weeks
10,000
years
10-1000
years
~10 days
~1 week
Lecture Packet 1
Page 5 of 15
Gallons
2,000
800
150
100,000
80
100
25
10
60
25-50
Some points:
35.1
20.1
19.7
18.0
12.7
11.7
11.6
10.5
9.8
9.4
9.3
Lecture Packet 1
Page 6 of 15
RFWSland
(110,300 km3/year)
Total
evapotranspiration
on land
(69,600 km3/year)
Total runoff
(40,700 km3/year)
Remote flow
(7,774 km3/year)
Uncaptured
floodwater
(20,426 km3/year)
Geographically and
temporally accessible
runoff (AR)
(12,500 km3/year)
Withdraws
[4,430 km3/year (35%)]
Human appropriation of ET
[18,200 km3/year (26%)]
Instream uses
[2,350 km3/year (19%)]
Human appropriation of AR
[6,780 km3/year (54%)]
Human appropriation of
accessible RFWSland
[24,980 km3/year (30%)]
Human appropriation of total
RFWSland
[24,980 km3/year (23%)]
Analysis of human appropriation of renewable freshwater supply (RFSW) on land. Figure
adapted from Postel et al., Science, (271) p. 758, Feb. 9, 1996
Lecture Packet 1
Page 7 of 15
3) Withdrawals (consumed)
12,000 m3/ha average irrigation water application.
240,000,000 ha of world irrigated area.
2,880 km3/year.
65% consumed = 1,870 km3/year.
4) Instream use
28.3 L/s per 1,000 population, applied to 1990 population, 4,700 km3/year.
Assuming 50% of waste gets treatment 2,350 km3/year.
Neglects dispersed pollution (agricultural) and flood waters.
Estimated water use in the United States, billion gallons per day (bgd), for domestic
and commercial purposes. Adapted from Solley, Pierce, and Perlman, 1993.
Lecture Packet 1
Page 8 of 15
Subsurface Reservoirs
Advantages
Many large-capacity sites available
Practically no evaporative loss
Need very small areas of land
Practically no danger of failure
Water temperature uniform
Usually high biological purity, although
pollution can occur
Not rapidly contaminated by radioactive
fallout
Act as conveyance systems, thus
obviating the need for pipes or canals
Lecture Packet 1
Page 9 of 15
ET
Gin
S
Q
Gout
Lecture Packet 1
Page 10 of 15
S
= P + Gin (Q + ET + Gout )
t
At steady-state:
S
=0
t
P + Gin = (Q + ET + Gout )
Hydrologic Production
Runoff, or Hydrologic
Circulation
Q and P are the only quantities that we can try to measure directly. If steady state
is assumed, these measurements can be used to calibrate models of
evapotranspiration and groundwater flow.
From and engineering point of view we are interested in understanding what controls
Q.
Q = P + (Gin Gout ) ET
How much of Q is available to human use?
How can we increase Q?
Lake Parabola
(A simple quadratic model of the cross section of a circular lake)
4
3
H = cr 2
2
A = r 2 =
H
1
H
H
V ( H ) = A(h)dh =
-2
-1
Hdh =
Lecture Packet 1
Page 11 of 15
2c
H2
Q=
dV ( H ) d ( H 2 ) dH
=
= H
2c dt
dt
dt
c
cQ
H 2 Ho
T=
2
2
cQ
dt = hdh
Ho
H=
2cQ
T + Ho
2
H [m]
Q=10 [m3/day]
c=0.1 [1/m]
1
10
12
14
T [days]
Discharge into and Evaporation out of Lake Parabola
Lecture Packet 1
Page 12 of 15
dV ( H )
= Q Ae = Q He
dt
c
dH
= Q He
dt
c
dH Qc
=
e
dt H
10
H [m] 6
Q=10 [m3/day]
c=0.1 [1/m]
e=0.03 [m/day]
4
2
0
200
400
600
800
1000
T [days]
H=
dH Qc
=
e
dt H
Qc (10)(0.1)
= 10.6 m
=
e (0.03)
Lecture Packet 1
Page 13 of 15
2
H
1
-2
-1
dV (H )
e
k 2
= Q eA kHA = Q
H
H
dt
c
c
dh
e
k 2
H
=Q
H
dt
c
c
dh Qc
=
e kH
dt H
2.75
2.5
2.25
H [m]
Q=10 [m3/day]
c=0.1 [1/m]
e=0.03 [m/day]
k=0.03 [1/day]
1.75
1.50
1.25
200
400
600
800
1000
T [days]
Steady State Solution
Qc
dh Qc
=
e kH
dt H
eH kH 2 = 0
Quadratic formula:
e (e ) 2 4ckQ
= -3.8 m, 2.8 m
H=
2k
Lecture Packet 1
Page 14 of 15
No mixing
Q
Here at T0
V = QTR
Here at TR
TR = V/Q
Exactly
Complete mixing
TR = V/Q
On Average
V (H ) =
2c
H2 =
TR = V / Q =
10.6 2 = 1,765m 3
2(0.1)
1,765m 3
= 176.5days
10m 3 / day
Consider yourself:
Quantity
Water weight [Kg]
Average Intake [Kg/day]
Residence Time [day]
Men
60
3
14
Women
50
2.1
14
Lecture Packet 1
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