The physical properties of tungsten carbide are generally known very well; WC is a non-oxide

ceramic where hexagonal close packed layers of W atoms are separated by close packed layers of C
lling one half of the interstices, giving rise to a sixfold trigonal prismatic coordination for the atomic
structures. The physical properties of tungsten carbide are generally known very well; WC is a nonoxide ceramic where hexagonal close packed layers of W atoms are separated by close packed layers
of C lling one half of the interstices, giving rise to a sixfold trigonal prismatic coordination for the
atomic structures. Electron backscatter diraction (EBSD) techniques [11] were used to obtain
individual crystal orientations and the hardness values were obtained on basal planes (0 0 0 1) or
prismatic 1 0 1 0 and 1 120 crystal planes. (B. Roebuck, P. Klose, K.P. Mingard).

The effect of anisotropy is particularly important in welds, as a result of the strong textures that can be
formed during solidification and the subsequent phase transformation. It is clear that there could be
some mechanical anisotropy in any material as a result of it containing a crystallographically
anisotropic phase; however, the extent to which this occurs in practice is often unclear.
Although the hardness of individual grains may not be important in the context of the overall
properties of a material, the fact that hardness measurements can be related to toughness means that
the effect of crystallographic orientation on hardness is still worth investigating, due to its link with
fatigue and fracture properties. It is also essential that we have the knowledge of what happens in
practice in individual grains if we are to make any attempt at modelling how crystallographic texture
affects the mechanical properties on a macroscopic scale, particularly for materials with as high a
level of anisotropy as is the case for alpha phase titanium. (Eleanor Merson, Rik Brydson, Andy
Brown).

A principal aim of materials science is the correlation of microstructure with properties. An

example of such a relationship is the grain size dependence of yield stress and flow stress of
polycrystalline metals and alloys. The theories which describe these correlationships are well
established and generally successful for single-phase metals and alloys. However, the
extension of theories concerning structure!property relationships to materials containing two or
more phases, such as two-ductile-phase alloys and metal matrix composites (MMCs), has been
hindered by the lack of an effective method for quantitative characterisation of multiphase
materials. As a group, these alloys offer useful combinations of high
strength, good ductility and promising fracture toughness and have been widely used in
aerospace and automobile industries. Therefore, it is desirable to have a clear understanding of
the defonnation behaviour of two-ductile-phase alloys in terms of the effects of microstructural
parameters and the mechanical properties of the constituent phases.

There are two types of alloys in this category, the commercially pure grades of titanium (with oxygen
and iron as the primary alloying elements) and those with intentional additions of a-stabilizers, such
as AI and Sn. Some of these do contain minor additions of fl-stabilizers, such as Mo and V, but there
is very little fl retained at room temperature. (Minor additions of fl-phase stabilizers are often made
to enhance the processing characteristics and to permit greater manipulation of the microstructure of
the material.) The commercially pure grades can be obtained with minimum yield strengths from 170
to 480 MPa, with the higher strength grades containing more oxygen and iron. Their primary
attributes are good formability, with the formability decreasing as the strength increases, and excellent
corrosion resistance. Strengths are comparable with the annealed 300 series stainless steels, but with
about a 40% decrease in density. The commercially pure titanium alloys are not heat treatable, hence
they exhibit good weldability.

Commercially pure (CP) titanium, used in the annealed condition, is used primarily for their
formability and corrosion resistance. The amaealed 300 series stainless steels have similar
characteristics and are lower cost, so the lower density of CP is the impetus for its usage. It is used for
non-structural applications requiring the above mentioned traits. Common examples are floor support
structure in the galley and lavatory areas, tubes or pipes in the lavatory system, clips and brackets, and
ducting for the anti-icing and environmental control systems (ECS). The ECS ducts operate at
temperatures up to about 230 C, which is too high for aluminum alloys. Again, stainless steels could
be used but the CP offers about a 40% weight savings.

Titanium alloys play an important role in the aerospace industry. They have a high strength-to-weight
ratio, excellent corrosion resistance, and compatibility with composite structure. However, to maintain
a prominent position in the industry, future efforts must be directed toward the cost reduction of
titanium structure. In the past the aerospace industry has been performance driven, and it still will be,
but, in the future, cost will play a more prominent role. Development efforts need to be directed
toward new alloys/processes to reduce final component costs. Expansion of the titanium industry into
industrial applications, which seems to appear more promising, would also provide a benefit to the
aerospace community by providing a more stable production base, which should provide greater price
stability.

The formation of texture during cold deformation and recrystallization annealing treatment certainly affects the
Youngs modulus and elastic deformation behaviour of -titanium alloy. Up to date, much research has
focused on the pseudo elasticity of near metastable -titanium alloy [57], and limited publication [8] has
reported the effect of crystal texture on the linear elastic modulus of -titanium alloys. Therefore, it is of
significance to clarify the dependence relationship between crystal orientation and elastic deformation behaviour
in order to reduce further Youngs modulus of biomedical metastable -titanium alloy. The present study aims
to examine the evolution of deformed texture and recrystallization texture of the new alloy, to establish the
crystal orientation dependence relationship of Youngs modulus and to find the approach decreasing Youngs
modulus of biomedical -Ti alloy by thermo-mechanical processing.
Although (1 1 1) oriented slices are the standard of industry, the advent of beam lead technology and dielectric
isolated structures has made the use of (100) and (1 10) orientations more common today. Thus, it is important
to understand the many effects of crystal orientation on silicon semiconductor processing, if these technologies
are to be successfully implemented. These results imply that the piezoelectric properties can be greatly enhanced
by adopting the [111] orientation for barium titanate single crystals or thin films.
cube texture in face centre or body centre cubic materials The texture {001} <100> is highly desirable in
substrates for high Tc superconductors. another texture known as Goss texture {110}<001> are usually desired
in magnetic materials, in which it is easy to magnetize in the cube edge <100> direction.

Although (1 1 1) oriented slices are the standard of industry, for barium titanate single
crystals or thin films the development of [111] orientation leads to the increase in
piezoelectric properties. By adopting the (100) and (1 10) crystal orientation on silicon
semiconductor processing the dielectric isolated properties enhanced. The cube texture
{001} <100> in face centre or body centre cubic materials are very common today. For high
temperature superconductors this texture is highly desirable. The development of Goss
texture {110}<001> leads to the increase in magnetic properties of the material.

The properties of materials are texture-specific, and development of unfavourable textures

can lead to the failure of the components. The texture control in the sheet depends on the
proper choice of the processing variables

The physical properties of titanium alloys are generally known very well; Titanium alloys
have a high strength-to-weight ratio, excellent corrosion resistance, low density (1/3 rd. the
density of steel) and compatibility with composite structure. It plays an important role in the
aerospace industry, automobile industry and structural works. To improve its mechanical
properties for the excited high end application it should be interpreted with the crystal
orientation or the texture of the material.
As we know that the evolution of texture during cold deformation and recrystallization heat
treatment has effect on mechanical properties of the material. For materials like cp-ti highly
anisotropic, the texture has great influence on the mechanical properties of the material. The
effect of crystal orientation on hardness of the material is very important as it decides the
other properties of the material like elasticity, toughness, and fatigue strength etc. Hardness
of an individual grain cannot decide the overall properties of the material therefore it required
to consider number of grains for understanding the importance of crystal orientation on
mechanical properties of the material.
About nanoindentation
The relationship between crystal orientation and mechanical properties of single crystal
materials are well investigated by number of researchers. However, there are less and limited
reckonable study on the polycrystalline materials. The present study aims to examine the
orientation dependence mechanical properties of cp-ti by thermomechanical processing.
For -titanium alloy (Ti-28Nb-13Zr-2Fe) by choosing different rolling reductions and
annealing temperature there was a development of strong {111} 112 texture component, by
this orientation the Youngs modulus of the material decreases. The Youngs modulus of this
material in comparison with randomly orientated microstructure was decreases. CUI
WenFang, GUO AiHong, ZHOU Lian & LIU ChunMing, June 2010 Vol.53 No.6: 1513
1519, doi: 10.1007/s11431-010-3154-x
The effect of crystal orientation on the mechanical properties and strain hardening behaviour
of magnesium alloy AZ31 during uniaxial compression was investigated. The yield strength
and the strain hardening rate are highly anisotropic with respect to the initial texture. The
strain hardening rate changes with the initial grain orientations of unfavourable or favourable
{10-12} twinning. B. Wang, Materials Science and Engineering A 534 (2012) 588 593
The variation in hardness with crystal orientation of WC was measured using electron
backscatter diffraction techniques. It was found that the measured hardness values varied
with orientation between the basal (0001) and prism (10-10) planes. The basal planes
showing the maximum values of hardness whereas the prismatic planes showing the
minimum value. B. Roebuck. Acta Materialia 60 (2012) 61316143
The effect of crystal orientation on mechanical properties of commercially pure titanium (phase) and a 15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al (beta phase) alloy was studied. Here it shows that hardness is
depends upon the crystal orientation for commercially pure titanium (- phase) whereas for
15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al (beta phase) alloy no anisotropy was demonstrated. Eleanor Merson, Rik
Brydson, Andy Brown, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 126 (2008) 012020
doi:10.1088/1742-6596/126/1/012020.

The nanoindentation data measured from different angles demonstrated the anisotropy of
mechanical behaviour for Cu6Sn5, especially the elastic properties. The stronger the
preferred orientation towards [11- 20], the more the pronounced orientation dependence of
mechanical behaviour was found to be. For the (1120) oriented samples, elastic modulus
values obtained from indentation on the top side of Cu6Sn5 were greater than those on the
lateral side, which could be attributed to the closest atomic packing density of the (1120)
plane in hexagonal Cu6Sn5. However, such anisotropy was less pronounced for plastic
properties (hardness). He was also relate the properties with the atomic arrangement of the
material.