Day So HSG

TNG HP CC BI TON V DY S, GII HN
TRONG THI HSG CC TNH, THNH PH

NM HC 2011 2012 V MT S VN LIN QUAN
(L Phc L - tng hp v gii thiu)
A BI.
Bi 1. (Qung Bnh, vng 1)
Cho dy s un xc nh nh sau u1 1,
un1
1 un2011 , n 1, 2, 3,...
un
u 2011 u 2011
u 2011
Tnh lim 1 2 ... n .
u2
u3
un1
Bi 2. (Vnh Long, vng 1)
u1 3
Cho dy s un xc nh bi
un1 1 un2 un 4 , n 1, 2, 3,...
5
a) Chng minh rng un l dy tng nhng khng b chn trn.

n
1
, n 1, 2,3,... . Tnh lim vn .
n
k 1 u k 3
b) t vn
Bi 3. (Chn i tuyn THPT chuyn Bn Tre) Tm s hng tng qut ca dy un tha mn:
u1 u2 1
un 1.un
un 2 2u u
n 1
n
Bi 4. (Bnh nh, vng 1)

u 2 3
1
Cho dy s un c xc nh bi
un1 3 2 un2 2 6 5 un 3 3 3 2
1
, n 1, 2, 3,... Tm lim vn .
k 1 u k 2
t vn
Bi 5. (Bnh Dng, vng 2)

1
a
, n 2 v a 0, x1 0 .
Cho dy s xn c xc nh nh sau xn xn1
2
xn1
Chng minh rng dy cho c gii hn v tm gii hn ca dy.

Bi 6. (Chn i tuyn THPT chuyn Lng Th Vinh, ng Nai)
x a
Cho hai s thc a v b. Xt dy s xn xc nh bi cng thc 0
xn1 1 b. xn ; n
Tm iu kin ca a, b xn c gii hn. Tnh gii hn .

Bi 7. (H Nam, vng 2)
3 xn
1
Cho dy s thc (xn) tha mn: x1 , xn1
vi mi n nguyn dng.
6
2 xn 1
a. Chng minh dy s trn c gii hn v tnh gii hn .
b. Tm s hng tng qut ca dy s trn.
Bi 8. (H Ni, vng 1)
1. Cho dy s un xc nh bi: u1 = 1 v un1 un n vi mi n 1 . Tm lim
un
.
un1
2. Cho dy s vn xc nh bi: v1 2015 v vn1 vn2 2 vi mi n 1, 2, 3,...

vn21
2011 .
n v 2 .v 2 ...v 2
1 2
n
Chng minh rng lim
Bi 9. (Long An, vng 2)

u1 1
Cho dy s xc nh bi
3u 4
un1 n
, n 1, 2, 3,...
un 1
t xn u2 n1 , yn u2 n .
2
a) Chng minh dy xn , yn c gii hn hu hn.

b) Chng minh un c gii hn hu hn v tm gii hn
Bi 10. (Ph Th, vng 1)
Cho dy s u1 4, un1
1
un 4 4 1 2un , n 1, 2, 3,...
9
Tm cng thc s hng tng qut ca dy s trn.

Bi 11. (Nam nh, vng 1)
Xt dy s un tha mn u1 1, un1 un (un 1) 2, n 1 .
n
Chng minh rng An uk2 1 1 l s chnh phng vi mi n.

k 1
Bi 12. (Cn Th, vng 2)

Cho dy s xn c xc nh bi:
Chng minh rng dy s xn
x1 a
2011
2
2
2
xn1 3 ln xn 2011 2011
c gii hn.
Bi 13. (Qung Ninh, vng 2)
Cho dy xn xc nh bi x0 a vi a 1; 2 v xn1
xn
, n 0,1, 2,... .
Chng minh dy c gii hn v tm gii hn .

Bi 14. (Vnh Phc, vng 1)
Gi s a l s thc dng tha 0 a 1 . Lp dy (an ) nh sau
a1 a, an 1 a an , n 1 .
Chng minh rng dy c gii hn hu han khi n tin ti v cc.

Vi mi s thc x k hiu x l s nguyn ln nht khng vt qu x v x x x . Cho
un (45 2012 ) n . Chng minh dy un c gii hn v tm gii hn .
Bi 16. ( Nng, vng 2)

xn3 3 xn
Cho dy s thc xn tha mn iu kin xn1
vi mi n * .
2
3 xn 1
a) Tm cng thc tnh xn theo x1 v n.
b) Chng minh rng dy s xn c gii hn hu hn.
Bi 17. (Hng Yn, vng 1)
x1 a 0
2
Cho dy s xc nh bi cng thc
xn1 xn xn , n 1
n2
1
1
.
2
xn n
a n(n 1)
Chng minh rng
Cho hai dy s dng un , vn xc nh bi cng thc
u v 2
1
1
2
un
vn
, vn1
, n 1, 2, 3,...
un1 2
4vn 1 1
1 4un21
2
2
a. Tnh u2011
v2011
.
b. Tnh lim un , lim vn .

n
Cho dy cc s dng (an ) tha mn: ak 2ak 1 ak 2 0, a j 1, k 1.

j 1
Chng minh rng 0 ak ak 1
2
, k 1 .
k2

Xt phng trnh x n x 2 x 1, n , n 2
a. Chng minh rng vi mi s t nhin n 2 th phng trnh trn c ng mt nghim dng
duy nht. Gi nghim l xn .
b. Chng minh rng lim xn 1 .
n
Bi 21. (Bn Tre, vng 1)

Cho phng trnh x 2 n 3x 2 0 trong n l s t nhin ln hn 1.
1. Chng minh rng ng vi mi n, phng trnh c ng mt nghim xn 0;1 .
2. Gi xn vi n 2, 3, 4,... l dy s c c theo cch xc nh nh trn. Chng minh rng
dy s ny n iu v b chn.
Bi 22. (TP HCM, vng 2)
Cho dy un c xc nh bi cng thc
u1 5
un4
un1
n *
4
2
un 8un 8
Tm cng thc tng qut ca dy un .
Bi 23. (Tin Giang, vng 2)
Cho dy s un xc nh bi u0 0, un1
2 2un2 4un 4
un
, n 1, 2, 3,...
Chng minh rng dy un c gii hn v tm gii hn .

Bi 24. (Chn i tuyn Ph thng nng khiu TP. HCM)
Cho dy un tha mn iu kin u1
1
2
v un1 un2 un vi mi n nguyn dng.
6
3
5un21 2un2un1 5unun1

.
n
3un2 unun 1 (4 un2 )
Tnh gii hn sau lim
Bi 25. (H Tnh, vng 2) Dy s xn vi n 1, 2, 3,... b chn trn v tha mn iu kin:

xn 2
1
3
xn 1 xn vi mi n 1, 2, 3,...
4
4
Chng minh rng dy s trn c gii hn.

5
Bi 26. (Ninh Bnh, vng 2)

n
1
Chng minh dy un xc nh bi cng thc un ln n c gii hn hu hn.
k 1 k
Bi 27. (H Ni, vng 2)

Cho dy s nguyn dng U n tho mn U1 1, U 2 2, U 4 5 v vi mi n 1 th
U n1U n1 U n2 a vi a 2 1 .
1) Xc nh s hng tng qut ca dy s trn.

2) Tm cc s t nhin n khng vt qu 2012 sao cho U n chia ht cho 10.
Bi 28. (KHTN, vng 3)
2
1
3
Cho dy s dng an tha mn a1 1, a2 , an2 an21 an , n 1, 2, 3,...
3
4
4
Chng minh rng an hi t v tm gii hn ca n.

Bi 29. (Chn i tuyn HSP H Ni)
Cho dy s an , n 1 tha mn: a1 1, an
2n 3
an1 , n 2 v dy bn tha mn
2n
bn ai , n 1 . Chng minh dy bn c gii hn hu hn, tm gii hn .

i 1
Bi 30. (i hc KHTN H Ni, vng 1)
a1 6, a2 14
Cho dy s an xc nh nh sau
n
an 2 6an 1 an 24.(1) , n 1, 2,3,...
n
Tnh gii hn lim
a
k 1
B LI GII CHI TIT V NHN XT

Cho dy s un xc nh nh sau u1 1,
un1
1 un2011 , n 1, 2, 3,...
un
u 2011 u 2011
u 2011
Tnh lim 1 2 ... n .
u2
u3
un1
Li gii.
T cng thc xc nh dy, ta c
u 2011
u 2011
1
1
1
1
n n
, n 1, 2, 3,...
un un1 un1
un1 un un1
n
n
u12011 u22011
un2011
uk2011
1
1 1
1

Do
.
...

u2
u3
un 1
uk uk 1 u1 un 1
k 1 uk 1
k 1
D thy rng un 0, n nn ta cng c: un1 un un2012 un hay dy cho tng thc s.

Gi s dy khng c chn trn th n s c gii hn, t l , r rng 1 .
Chuyn cng thc tng qut ca dy v gii hn, ta c 2012 0 , mu thun.
Suy ra dy cho khng b chn trn hay lim un .
u 2011 u 2011
1 1
u 2011
T , ta c lim 1 2 ... n lim 1 .
u2
u3
un1
1 un
Nhn xt.
Bi ton ny thuc dng quen thuc vi tng rt gn tng di dng sai phn a gii hn
cn tnh v gii hn ca dy ban u. bi y rt thun li v cng thc sai phn c
th hin kh r, ch cn lp lun cn thn, y cc bc l c th gii quyt trn vn bi ny.
u1 3
Cho dy s un xc nh bi
un1 1 un2 un 4 , n 1, 2, 3,...
5
7
a) Chng minh rng un l dy tng nhng khng b chn trn.

n
1
, n 1, 2,3,... . Tnh lim vn .
n
k 1 u k 3
b) t vn
Li gii.
a) D thy vi mi n 0 th cc s hng ca dy u dng.

1 2
1
1
2
un un 4 un un2 4un 4 un 2 0 nn dy cho khng
5
5
5
gim. Hn na, t u1 3 2 nn un 2, n . T un1 un 0 un1 un , n hay dy
Ta c un1 un
cho n iu tng.
Gi s dy b chn trn th n phi c gii hn, t l 3 . Chuyn cng thc ca dy qua gii
1
hn, ta c 2 4 2 , mu thun.
5
T suy ra dy ny khng b chn trn. Ta c pcm.
b) Gi s ta c cng thc
1
uk 1 uk
1
1
1

a
a
uk b uk 1 b uk 3
uk 3
uk b uk 1 b
Quy ng v bin i, ta c (3a b)un 1 (a 1)un1un aun2 (3a b)un b 2 .

tng ng vi cng thc quan h xy dng dy, ta chn a 1 th c quan h n gin hn
l (3 b)un1 un2 (3 b)un b 2 , chn tip b 2 th c cng thc cho.
Nh th, ta c
n
u
k 1
1
1
1
, k . Suy ra
uk 3 uk 2 uk 1 2
n
1
1
1
1
1
1

.

1
uk 2 uk 1 2 u1 2 un 1 2
un 1 2
k 1
k 3
1
1
1 . Vy gii hn cn tm l 1.
lim 1
un1 2
k 1 uk 3
n
Do lim un nn lim
Nhn xt. Trong bi ton ny, ta dng phng php h s bt nh th tm mt quan h c

dng sai phn gia cc biu thc lin quan nhm rt tng cn tnh tm gii hn.
Bi 3. (Chn i tuyn THPT chuyn Bn Tre) Tm s hng tng qut ca dy un tha mn:
u1 u2 1
un 1.un
2un1 un
Li gii.
Bi ny c th i iu kin ca cc s hng u khng ri vo trng hp c bit. Ta xt
bi ton tng qut hn l:
Tm s hng tng qut ca dy s un tha mn:
u1 a, u2 b, 2a b 0
un 1un
un 2 2u u , n 1, 2,3,...
n 1
n
T cng thc xc nh dy, ta c
2u u
1
2
1
1
n1 n
. t yn , n 1, 2, 3,...
un1
un 1un
un un1
un
Ta c yn1 2 yn yn 1 , n . Xt phng trnh c trng t 2 2 t t 2 t 2 0 t 1 t 2 .

Cng thc tng qut ca dy c dng: yn r (2)n s, n 1, 2,3,...
1
a b
2r s a
r 6ab
So snh vi hai s hng u ca dy, ta c:
4r s 1
s a 2b
b
3ab
T y thay vo suy ra cng thc tng qut ca dy ban u l
xn
1
a b
a 2b
(2)n
6ab
3ab
6ab
, n
(a b)(2) n 2(a 2b)
Trong bi ton ban u, nu thay a b 1 , ta c cng thc tng qut ca dy l xn 1, n .

Nhn xt.
Trong bi ton trn, ta khng nhc n iu kin ca a, b dy xc nh vi mi n.
iu kin chnh l 2 xn 1 xn 0, n hay
12ab
6ab
0, n
n 1
(a b)(2) 2(a 2b) (a b)(2) n 2(a 2b)
n
Ngoi iu kin ab 0 suy ra t , ta cn cn c (a b) 2 2(a 2b) 0, n v

9
2(a b)(2) n 4( a 2b) ( a b)( 2) n 1 2( a 2b) 4a( 2) n 2 a 4b 0

y chnh l hai iu kin ca cc s hng u dy cho lun xc nh.
Ngoi ra, cn mt bi ton c gi thit tng t nh trn nhng yu cu khc:
Cho dy s xn tha mn xn2
xn xn1
, n * . Tm iu kin ca x1 , x2 dy s trn c
2 xn xn1
v hn s nguyn.
Li gii.
t x1 a, x2 b, ab 0 . Trc ht, dy cho phi c tt c cc s hng khc 0.
Ta c
xn2
2
xn 1
1
1
, n * yn 2 2 yn1 yn , n * vi yn , n 1 .
xn
xn
Phng trnh c trng ca dy ny c nghim kp t 1 nn cng thc tng qut ca n c dng

1
1
yn rn s vi r , s c xc nh theo y1 , y2 .
a
b
r s 1
1 1
2 1
a
Ta c:
r ,s
1
b a
a b
2r s
b
a b
2b a
ab
Do yn
n
xn
.
ab
ab
(a b)n (2a a )
Ta thy a, b nhn nhng gi tr khng i v mun dy cho c v s s nguyn th cn phi
(a b)n (2b a ) ab vi v s n. D thy cn c h s trc n phi bng 0 v a b .

Khi xn a nguyn khc 0. Th li thy tha.
Vy iu kin dy c v s s nguyn l a b \{0} .
Bi 4. (Bnh nh, vng 1)
u 2 3
1
Cho dy s un c xc nh bi
un1 3 2 un2 2 6 5 un 3 3 3 2
1
, n 1, 2, 3,... Tm lim vn .
k 1 u k 2
t vn
10
Li gii.
T cng thc xc nh dy, ta thy rng
un1
2 u 2 3 3 2 u
2 u 2 3 u 6
2 u 2 u 3
3 2 un2 2 6 5 un 3 3 3 2
3
3
un1 3
un1
un1
2
n
2
n
3 2
1
1
1
un1 3
3 2 un 2 un 3
1
1
1
1
1
1
un1 3 un 3 un 2
un 2 un 3 un1 3
1
1
1
1
1

.
k 1 u k 2
k 1
un 3 un1 3 u1 3 un 1 3
n
Do , vn
T ng thc un1 3
3 2 un 2 un 3 v u1 3 2 3 , bng quy np,
ta chng minh c un 3 , n .
T ng thc
1
1
1
0 (*) , ta cng c c un un1 , n hay dy

un 2 un 3 un 1 3
cho tng thc s.

Gi s dy cho b chn trn th n c gii hn, t l 3 2 .
Chuyn ng thc (*) qua gii hn, ta c
1
1
1
0 , v l.
2 3 3
T suy ra dy ny khng b chn trn hay lim un .
1
1
2 .
lim
u1 3 un1 3
2
k 1 uk 2
n
Do , lim vn lim
Vy gii hn cn tm l
2
.
2
11
Nhn xt.
Tng t bi u tin, bi ton ny, ta cng cn tm c cng thc lin h dng thun li
cho vic rt gn tng. Tuy bin i trn kh rc ri nhng mc tiu vn l tm mt biu thc c
dng nh sau
1
1
1
un b un1 b
un 2
Ta c th bin i ri ng nht h s, trnh cc cn thc rc ri, ta c th tng qut n thnh

2 x, 3 y ri x l cho n gin hn.
Mt c im kh th v ca bi ton ny chnh l vic chng minh cc s hng ca dy dng

v dy n iu tng khng suy ra trc tip c t cng thc ban u m phi thng qua cc
bin i trong qu trnh tnh ton. Trn thc t, cc dy s dng ny ni chung lun c gii hn
ti v cc (v nu n c gii hn l th chuyn qua gii hn trong cng thc sai phn, thng
th ta s thu c mu thun) nn cc qu trnh lp lun trn c th ni l thng nht cho cc
dng tng t ca n. Mt bi tng t trong k thi VMO 2009:
1) VMO 2009:
1
x1 ,
2
Cho dy s ( xn ) xc nh nh sau
.
xn21 4 xn1 xn1

xn
, n 2
2
n
1
Chng minh rng dy s yn trong yn 2 , n c gii hn hu hn khi n .
i 1 xi
2) VMO 2011:
Cho dy s xn xc nh bi x1 1, xn
2n n1
xi , n 2 .
(n 1) 2 i1
t yn xn 1 xn , n 1, 2,3,... .
Chng minh dy yn c gii hn hu hn khi n .
Bi 5. (Bnh Dng, vng 2)
1
a
, n 2 v a 0, x1 0 .
Cho dy s xn c xc nh nh sau xn xn1
2
xn1
Chng minh rng dy cho c gii hn v tm gii hn ca dy.

Li gii.
12
1
a
Gi s dy cho c gii hn, t l 0 th ta c a .
2
Ta xt bin i sau
2 xn a xn1 a
a
xn1
xn1 a
a

xn1 a 1
xn1
xn1
T suy ra xn a
a xn1 a
a xn1 a
xn1
xn1 a
x a
1
xn1 a xn a n1
xn1 a xn1 a .
2 xn1
2 xn1
2
(do xn1 a xn1 )

Lp li qu trnh ny n 1 ln, ta c xn a
1
2n1
x1 a .
Cho n tin ti v cc, theo nguyn l kp, ta c lim xn a 0 lim xn a .

Vy gii hn ca dy cho l
a v khng ph thuc vo gi tr ca x1 .
Nhn xt.
Bi ny c th gii bng cch s dng hm s f (t ) lin h gia cc s hng xn , xn1 hoc dng
nh l Lagrange. Tuy nhin, cch cn xem xt mt s trng hp na v i hi lp lun
thm mt s trng hp na. Cch gii nh trn l n gin v nh nhng hn c. Cch tm ra
gi tr a cng rt t nhin t vic gii phng trnh sau khi chuyn qua gii hn.
Bi 6. (Chn i tuyn THPT chuyn Lng Th Vinh, ng Nai)
x a
Cho hai s thc a v b. Xt dy s xn xc nh bi cng thc 0
xn1 1 b. xn ; n
Tm iu kin ca a, b xn c gii hn. Tnh gii hn .

Li gii.
Xt trng hp b 1 , ta thy rng khi xn1 1 xn nn xn n a , dy trong trng hp
ny khng c gii hn.
13
Xt trng hp b 1 , khi xn1 xn 1 nn dy cng khng c gii hn.

Xt trng hp b 1 , ta c xn1 1 bxn xn1
Suy ra xn
1
b
1
bxn
b xn
.
1 b
1 b
1 b
1
1
a ab 1
1
n a ab 1
b n x0
xn b n
, n .
b
1 b
1 b
1 b
1 b
1 b
D thy rng nu b 1 th lim b n 0 v gii hn ca dy ny l lim xn
1
.
1 b
a ab 1
0 a ab 1 th dy cho khng i, cn nu ngc li th
1 b
dy ny tin ti v cc, tc l n khng c gii hn hu hn.
Nu b 1 th nu
Vy dy cho hi t khi v ch khi b 1 hoc b 1, a
1
.
1 b
Nhn xt.
Dy s xc nh nh trn thay v bin i tng bc nh trn, ta hon ton c th dng cng
thc tng qut cho dy truy hi tuyn tnh cp 1 x l. Cc iu kin v gii hn ca dy cng
d dng suy ra c t cc kt qu .
Bi 7. (H Nam, vng 2)
3 xn
1
Cho dy s thc (xn) tha mn: x1 , xn1
vi mi n nguyn dng.
6
2 xn 1
a. Chng minh dy s trn c gii hn v tnh gii hn .
b. Tm s hng tng qut ca dy s trn.
Li gii.
a. D dng thy rng xn 0, n .
Xt hm s f (t )
3t
3
, t 0 f (t )
0 nn y l hm ng bin.
2t 1
(2t 1)2
x1 1
Dy s cho c th vit di dng
6
xn1 f ( xn ), n 1, 2, 3,...
14
3
Do x2 x1 nn x3 f ( x2 ) f ( x1 ) x2 nn bng quy np, ta chng minh c dy ny
8
3 xn
3
3
3
3
tng, ng thi xn1

0 nn xn1 , n .
2
2 2 xn 1 2 2 xn 1
Dy ny tng v b chn trn nn c gii hn, t l th

Tuy nhin, do
3
2 2 2 0 1 .
2 1
1
nn 1 v y chnh l gii hn cn tm.
6
b. Do mi s hng ca dy u dng nn ta c th bin i nh sau:
1
xn1
Vi y1
2 xn 1 2
1
1

, n 3 yn1 2 yn , n trong yn , n .
3xn
3 3 xn
xn
1
1
1
6 , ta tip tc bin i 3 yn1 1 yn 1 yn 1 1 yn 1 n y1 1 .
3
3
x1
3n1
5
Suy ra yn1 n 1 hay xn
, n 1, 2, 3,... y chnh l cng thc tng qut cn tm.
3
5 3n1
Nhn xt.
V mt tm gii hn th dy s ra trong trng hp kh chun mc nn c th tm c d dng,
ta cng c th nhm trc ri tr vo cng thc xc nh a v dy kp. bi ton xc nh
au b
cng thc tng qut, thc ra y l trng hp c bit ca dy phn tuyn tnh un1 n
.
cun d
un1 aun bvn
Dy s dng ny c x l bng cch a v h hai dy tuyn tnh l
.
vn1 cun dvn
Tuy nhin, bi ton y a ra dng tng i c bit nn c th dng cc bin i thng
thng gii quyt.
Bi 8. (H Ni, vng 1)
1. Cho dy s un xc nh bi: u1 = 1 v un1 un n vi mi n 1 . Tm lim
un
.
un1
2. Cho dy s vn xc nh bi: v1 2015 v vn1 vn2 2 vi mi n 1, 2, 3,...

vn21
2011 .
n v 2 .v 2 ...v 2
1 2
n
Chng minh rng lim
15
Li gii.
n(n 1) n2 n 2
1. T cng thc xc nh dy, ta c ui1 ui i un1 u1
.
2
2
i 1
i 1
i 1
n
(n 1)2 (n 1) 2 n2 n 2
.
2
2
u
n2 n 2
Do , lim n lim 2
1.
n u
n n n 2
n1
Suy ra un
Vy gii hn cn tm l 1.
1
2. V v1 2015 2 nn ta c th t v1 a , a 1 . Ta c
a
2
1
1
v2 v 2 a 2 a 2 2
a
a
n
1
Bng quy np, ta chng minh c rng vn1 a 2 2n , n . Ta xt tch
a
2
1
1
i1
vi a 2 2i1
a
i 1
i 1
1
1 n 2i1
1
1 2n
1

a 2i1 a a 2n

a
a i 1
a
a
a

2
1 n
1
a a 2 2n
2
2
2
2
v
a
a , suy ra lim vn 1 a 1 a 1 4 2011 .
Do , 2 n21 2
2
v1 .v2 ...vn
v12 .v22 ...vn2
a
a
1
2n
a 2n
a
Vy ta c pcm.
Nhn xt.
Cu 2 ca bi ton trn tng xut hin t trc kh nhiu, chng hn trong Olympic Sinh
vin 2005 (s 2011 trn c thay bng 2005) hoc trn tp ch THTT. Trn thc t, gi tr
2011 c th thay bng mt i lng a bt k tha mn a 2 bi v dy s c dng nh trn l
mt trong cc dng c bit ca cc dy phi tuyn tnh c th tm c cng thc tng qut c.
Tuy vic tm gii hn cng c th gii theo nhiu cch khc nhng cch dng cng thc th ny
cho ta nhiu bin i p v c bn.
Bi 9. (Long An, vng 2)
u1 1
Cho dy s xc nh bi
3u 4
un1 n
, n 1, 2, 3,...
un 1
t xn u2 n1 , yn u2 n , n .
16
a) Chng minh dy xn , yn c gii hn hu hn.

b) Chng minh un c gii hn hu hn v tm gii hn
Li gii.
a) D thy rng un 0, n . Xt hm s f ( x)
Ta c f ( x )
3x 4
,x0.
x 1
1
0, x 0 nn y l hm nghch bin. Do , suy ra g ( x ) f f ( x)
( x 1) 2
l hm ng bin trn 0; .
Cc dy s cho c th vit li l
7
u1 1, un1 f un , n 1 , x1 1, xn1 g ( xn ), n 1 v y1 , yn1 g yn , n 1
2
7
29
123
Ta c u2 , u3
u1 , u4
u2 nn da vo tnh ng bin ca hm g ( x) , ta c th
2
9
38
chng minh c rng xn ng bin v yn nghch bin.
Ta thy rng un1 4
3un 4
un
4
0 nn dy ny b chn trn bi 4 hay dy xn
un 1
un 1
cng b chn trn bi 4. Suy ra dy xn c gii hn hu hn.

Tng t, dy yn gim v b chn di bi 0 nn cng c gii hn.
Ta c pcm.
x2 n 1 f x2 n
b) Gi s lim xn a, lim yn b th do
nn chuyn v gii hn, ta c h
x2 n 2 f x2 n 1
a 3b 4
a f (b)
3b 4 3a 4
a b
b 1
phng trnh sau
a b
.
b f (a )
3a 4
b 1
a 1
(a 1)(b 1)
b
a 1
D thy ngoi h thc a b c suy ra t h trn, khng cn quan h no na bi v

(a 1)(b 1) 1 l v nghim do a, b 0 .
17
Vi a b , ta c a
3a 4
a 2 a 3a 4 a 2 2a 4 0 a 1 5 do a 0 .
a 1
Do , hai dy con xn , yn ca dy un cng hi t v mt im nn dy cho cng hi t

v gii hn cn tm l lim un 1 5 .
Nhn xt.
Bi ton thc ra c th yu cu trc tip gii hn ca dy nhng dng thm hai dy con nh trn
l mt gi vic lp lun c th d dng hn cho cc bn mi tip xc vi dng ton tm gii
hn th ny.
Bi 10. (Ph Th, vng 1)

Cho dy s u1 4, un1
1
un 4 4 1 2un , n 1, 2, 3,...
9
Tm cng thc s hng tng qut ca dy s trn.

Li gii.
T gi thit, ta c
9un 1 un 4 4 1 2un 18un1 2un 8 8 1 2un

18un1 9 (2un 1) 16 8 1 2un
9 2un 1 1
2un 1 4
3 2un1 1 2un 1 4, n 1, 2, 3,...

t
vn2 1
2un 1 vn , n un
th ta c dy mi tng ng l
2
v1 3
.
3vn 1 vn 4, n 1, 2, 3,...
1
T cng thc xc nh dy ny, ta c 3vn 1 6 vn 2 vn1 2 vn 2 , n 1, 2,3,...
3
2
1 1
Suy ra vn n1 2 , do : un n1 2 1, n 1, 2,3,...
3
2 3
y l cng thc tng qut cn tm.

18

Xt dy s un tha mn u1 1, un1 un (un 1) 2, n 1 .
n
Chng minh rng An uk2 1 1 l s chnh phng vi mi n.

k 1
Li gii.
n
Ta s chng minh bng quy np rng An uk2 1 1 un 1 1 , n .

2
k 1
Tht vy,
- Vi n 1 , ta tnh c u2 1 nn ta c A1 u12 1 1 u2 1 2 1 , ng.
2
- Gi s khng nh ng vi n m 1 , tc l Am uk2 1 1 um1 1 .

2
k 1
m 1
m
Ta c Am1 uk2 1 1 uk2 1 um2 1 1 1 Am 1um2 1 1 1 .

k 1
k 1
2
2
Do Am1 Am 1um2 1 1 1 um1 1 1 um2 1 1 1 um2 1 um 1 um2 2 .
Suy ra khng nh cng ng vi n m 1 nn theo nguyn l quy np th n ng vi mi n .

n
Vy An uk2 1 1 l s chnh phng vi mi n. Ta c pcm.

k 1
Nhn xt.
Dy s cho khng th tm c cng thc tng qut nn ta cn phi thng qua cc s hng c
th c th d on v chng min h c quy np nh th.
Tht vy, ta c th tnh c cc s hng ca dy l :
u1 1, u2 2, u3 4, u4 14, u5 184, u6 33674,...
Tng ng, ta cng c A1 12 , A2 32 , A3 132 , A4 1832 .
T y d dng d on c iu cn chng minh y, nhiu bi ton v dy s nguyn khc
cng c d on v gii theo cch ny.
19
Bi 12. (Cn Th, vng 2)

Cho dy s xn c xc nh bi
Chng minh rng dy s xn
x1 a
2011
2
2
2
xn1 3 ln xn 2011 2011
c gii hn.
Li gii.
Xt hm s tng ng f ( x)
2011
ln x 2 20112 20112 , x .
3
x1 a
Dy s cho chnh l
xn1 f xn , n 1, 2,3,...
Ta c f ( x)
2011
2x
1 2 2011x 1
2
.
2
2
3 x 2011 3 x 20112 3
Xt hm s g ( x ) f ( x ) x g ( x ) f ( x) 1 0 nn phng trnh g ( x) 0 c khng qu

2011
ln 20112 20112 0 v g (20112 ) 0 nn phng
3
trnh g ( x) 0 c t nht mt nghim do y l hm lin tc.
mt nghim. Ta li c g (0) f (0)
T y suy ra phng trnh g ( x) 0 c ng mt nghim thc.

Gi a l nghim ca phng trnh g ( x ) 0 f (a ) a .
p dng dng nh l Lagrange cho x, y thuc , do hm f ( x) lin tc trn nn tn ti
1
z ( x, y ) sao cho: f ( x ) f ( y ) f ( z )( x y ) , m f ( z ) , z nn suy ra
3
1
f ( x ) f ( y ) x y vi mi x, y thuc .
3
n
1
1
Ta c xn1 a f ( xn ) f (a ) xn a ... x1 a .
3
3
1 n
D thy rng lim x1 a 0 nn theo nguyn l kp, ta c lim xn a 0 .

n
n
3
Vy dy c gii hn hu hn. Ta c pcm.

20
Nhn xt.
Bi ton ny c xy dng trn nguyn l nh x co vi dy s c cng thc truy hi dng
xn1 f ( xn ), n 1, 2,3,... v f ( x ) l hm kh vi tha mn f ( x ) q 1 vi q l mt s thc
dng no y. Bi ton ny c gii theo tng nh trn v ni chung hu nh cc bi c
gi thit tha mn yu cu u chng minh c tn ti gii hn theo cng mt cch.
Mt bi ton c ni dung tng t xut hin trong d b VMO 2008 l :
Cho s thc a v dy s thc {xn } xc nh bi:
x1 a, xn 1 ln(3 cos xn sin xn ) 2008 vi mi n 0,1, 2,...
Chng minh rng dy s xn c gii hn hu hn khi n tin n dng v cng.
Bi 13. (Qung Ninh, vng 2)
Cho dy xn xc nh bi x0 a vi a 1; 2 v xn1
xn
, n 0,1, 2,... .
Chng minh dy c gii hn v tm gii hn .

Li gii.
t f ( x) ( 2) x th dy s c dng x0 2 v xn 1 f ( xn ) .
Ta thy f ( x) l hm s tng v x1
x1
2 2
2 x0 .
T , do f ( x) l hm s tng nn ta c x2 f ( x1 ) f ( x0 ) x1 , x3 f ( x2 ) f ( x1 ) x2 ,...
Suy ra {xn } l dy s tng. Tip theo, ta chng minh bng quy np rng xn 2 vi mi n.
Tht vy, iu ny ng vi n 0 .
Gi s ta c xk 2 th r rng xk 1
xk
2 2
2.
Theo nguyn l quy np, ta c xn 2 vi mi n.

Do , dy {xn } tng v b chn trn bi 2 nn dy c gii hn hu hn.
Gi a l gii hn th chuyn ng thc truy hi xn 1
xn
sang gii hn, ta c
2 . Ngoi ra ta cng c a 2 .
21
ln x
ln x
ln( 2) . Kho st hm s y
ta thy rng phng
x
x
trnh trn ch c 1 nghim b hn e v mt nghim ln hn e .
Xt phng trnh x
V 2 l mt nghim ca phng trnh nn r rng ch c mt nghim duy nht ca phng trnh

tho mn iu kin khng vt qu 2. T suy ra a 2 .
Vy gii hn ca xn khi n dn n v cng l 2.
Nhn xt.
Cc dy s c hm s tng ng dng f ( x ) a x , a 0 cng xut hin kh nhiu. Trong bi
ton trn, chng ta c th tm c cc gi tr ca x0 dy cho c gii hn.
Trng hp f ( x ) l hm n iu gim, d dng thy rng f f ( x ) l hm n iu tng. Khi
, da theo kt qu phn trn th t vic so snh f f ( x ) vi x, ta s xc nh c tnh tng
gim ca hai dy con x2n v x2 n 1 .
Hai dy ny n iu ngc chiu nhau v x2 n f x2 n1 , x2 n1 f x2 n ,... Trong mt s
trng hp, hm s cho khng n iu trn c tp xc nh m ch n iu trn min gi tr
m cc s hng ca dy nhn c. Ta cn xc nh min cng hp cng tt trn , hm
s cho n iu v p dng phng php nh gi ny trn dy s cho. Tuy nhin, thay v
dng cch xt dy con nh th, ta c th thay th bng cch dng nh l Lagrange gip n
gin ha cc bc lp lun v cc bc gii s nh nhng hn.
Gi s a l s thc dng tha 0 a 1 . Lp dy (an ) nh sau a1 a, an 1 a an , n 1 .
Chng minh rng dy c gii hn hu han khi n tin ti v cc.
Li gii.
Ta thy rng 0 an 1, n .
Xt hm s f ( x) a x , x 0;1 l hm lin tc trn 0;1 vi f ( x ) a x ln a 0 nn l hm
nghch bin.
Dy s cho c th vit li l a1 a, an 1 f (an ), n 1, 2,3,...
Ta c f ( x ) a x ln a a ln a a ln a a ln
1
1
a ln 1 1 .
a
a
22
1
Theo bt ng thc quen thuc l ln t 1 t , t 0 , ta c f ( x ) a 1 1 a 1 .
a
S dng nh l Lagrange cho hm f ( x ) trn min a; b , 0 a b , ta thy rng tn ti s thc
c a; b sao cho
f ( x ) f ( y ) f (c ) x y 1 a x y .
Xt phng trnh a x x tng ng vi hm s g ( x ) a x x .

D thy hm ny c g ( x ) a x ln a 1 0 nn nghch bin v g (0) 1 0, g (1) a 1 0 nn
theo tnh cht hm lin tc th tn ti x0 sao cho g ( x0 ) 0 hay phng trnh a x x c nghim
duy nht trn min (0;1) l x x0 . Suy ra f x0 x0 .
T , ta c f (an ) f ( x0 ) (1 a ) an x0 an1 x0 (1 a) an x0 .
p dng nhiu ln nh gi ny, ta c an x0 (1 a)n a1 x0 .
T , theo nguyn l kp th dy ny hi t v v gii hn ca dy l nghim x x0 duy nht
ca phng trnh x a x .
Nhn xt.
Nh vy cc dy s c dng xn 1 f ( xn ) v hm f ( x ) n iu gn nh c gii quyt
hon ton. Tuy nhin, trong cc trng hp khc, dy ny khng n iu th vic bin lun
phc tp hn nhiu. Khi , ta s dng kt qu sau:
Nu f ( x) l mt hm s tha iu kin tn ti s thc 0 q 1 sao cho f ( x ) f ( y ) q. x y
vi mi x, y thuc tp xc nh th dy s xn xc nh bi x0 a I , xn 1 f ( xn ) hi t.
Gii hn ca dy s l nghim duy nht trn I ca phng trnh x f ( x ) .
Chng minh.
Theo tnh cht ca dy, vi mi n m th
xn xm f ( xn 1 ) f ( xm 1 ) q. xn 1 xm1 ... q m . xn m x0
(*)
T y xn x0 xn xn 1 xn 1 xn 2 ... x1 x0 (q n 1 q n 2 ... q 1) x1 x0 ,
suy ra xn b chn. Xt mt s thc 0 .
T (*), do q 1 v xn m x0 b chn nn ta suy ra tn ti N sao cho q n xn m x0 . Theo
nh ngha gii hn th suy ra dy ny hi t.
23
Trong nhiu trng hp, vic chng minh s tn ti ca s thc q 0;1 l iu khng n gin
v ta thc hin c iu qua cch xt o hm ca hm s ny. Nu nh 0 f ( x) q 1
th vi mi x, y ; x y , theo nh l Lagrange th tn ti c y; x sao cho
f ( x) f ( y )
f ( x) f ( y)
f (c )
q f ( x) f ( y ) q x y .
x y
x y
T y ta tin hnh kho st dy cho v dng nguyn l kp suy ra gii hn.
Mt bi ton tng t (thuc dng c th ha) tng xut hin trn tp ch THTT:
1 n
Xt dy (an ) nh sau a1 1, an1 , n 1 .
27
Chng minh rng dy c gii hn hu hn khi n tin ti v cc.
a

Vi mi s thc x k hiu x l s nguyn ln nht khng vt qu x v x x x . Cho
un (45 2012 ) n . Chng minh dy un c gii hn v tm gii hn .
Li gii.
Trc ht, ta s chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn dng n th biu thc sau nhn gi tr
nguyn An 45 2012 45 2012 .

Tht vy, theo khai trin nh thc Newton th
An 45 2012 45 2012
Cn2i 45n2i
Cn2i 45n2i
02 in
02 i n
2i
n
2012
2012
n2 i
C 45
2012
2i
2i
Cni 45ni
i 0
Cn2i 1 45n2i1
02 i 1n
2012
Cn2i 1 (1)2i 1 45n2i1
02 in
2012 Cni (1)i 45ni
2 i 1
i 0
2012
2012
2 i 1
02 i n
l s nguyn vi mi n.
Hn na, ta thy rng 0 45 2012 1 v lim 45 2012
0 nn
24
An 1 45 2012
An 45 2012 An 1 .
Do
45
2012
45
n
n
n
2012 45 2012
An 45 2012 ( An 1) 1 45 2012
Do 45 2012
hi t nn
45
2012
lim 45 2012
cng hi t v
n
1 lim 45
n
2012
Vy gii hn cn tm l 1.
Nhn xt.
Bi ton c th tng qut ln thnh dng tm gii hn ca a b
trong 0 a
n
b 1 .
Cch x l vn tng t nhng trong c hai trng hp a 2 b hay a 2 b th khi khai trin, cc
i lng cha cn vn b trit tiu v gii hn lun l 1.
Bi 16. ( Nng, vng 2)
Cho dy s thc xn tha mn iu kin xn1
xn3 3 xn
vi mi n * .
2
3 xn 1
a) Tm cng thc tnh xn theo x1 v n.

b) Chng minh rng dy s xn c gii hn hu hn.
Li gii.
a) Ta thy rng nu x1 1 th xn 1, n v nu x1 1 th xn 1, n .
Ta xt trng hp x1 1 xn 1, n . T cng thc xc nh dy s, ta c:
xn3 3xn 3xn2 1 ( xn 1)3
xn3 3 xn 3xn2 1 ( xn 1) 3
xn1 1
, xn 1 1
3xn2 1
3 xn2 1
3xn2 1
3 xn2 1
x 1 xn 1
x 1
y 1
Do , n1
, n . t yn n
, n 1, 2, 3,... xn n
3
xn1 1 xn 1
xn 1
yn 1
3
25
Ta c y1
n
x1 1
, yn1 yn3 , n 1, 2, 3,... Bng quy np, ta chng minh c yn y13 .
x1 1
3n
Suy ra xn1
y13 1
n
y13 1
x1 1
1
x1 1
3n
x 1
1
1
x 1
( x1 1)3 ( x1 1)3
( x1 1)3 ( x1 1)3
, n .
y l cng thc tng qut cn tm.
x3 3 x
b) Xt hm s f ( x) 2
c o hm dng v dy s cho c th vit li di dng
3x 1
xn1 f xn , n 1, 2,3,...
Vi x1 1 th ta cng c tng ng xn 1 ngha l dy cho c gii hn.

Vi x1 1 th f ( x ) x
2 x 3 2 x 2 x ( x 2 1)
. Ta c cc trng hp sau:
3x2 1
3 x2 1
+ Nu x1 1 th x2 x1 f ( x) x 0 nn dy cho gim. Tht vy,

T x2 x1 f ( x2 ) f ( x1 ) x3 x2 . Bng quy np, ta chng minh c xk 1 xk , k nn
dy cho gim. Hn na, bng quy np, ta cng chng minh c rng xn 1, n nn dy
cho c gii hn hu hn.
+ Nu 0 x1 1 th x2 x1 0 nn dy cho tng; dy ny b chn nn cng c gii hn.
+ Trng hp 1 x1 0 v x1 1 cng chng minh tng t.
Vy vi mi gi tr ca x1 , ta thy dy cho lun c gii hn.
Nhn xt.
Hm s f ( x)
cng c f ( x )
x3 3 x
x 3 3ax
c
th
tng
qut
ln
bng
f
(
x
)
vi cch gii tng t, do ta

3 x2 1
3x 2 a
3( x 2 a)2
3x 2 a
0 . Vic xt trc cc trng hp x1 1 trnh rc ri l vic
lm cn thit. Cng thc tng qut tm c khng gip c nhiu trong vic bin lun gii hn
dy s y v trn thc t th vic s dng tnh n iu ca dy s hon ton c th c
dng x l trong tnh hung ny.
26
Bi 17. (Hng Yn, vng 1)

x1 a 0
2
Cho dy s xc nh bi cng thc
xn1 xn xn , n 1
n2
Chng minh rng:
1
1
.
2
xn n
a n(n 1)
Li gii.
Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi xn n 2 a n(n 1) .
Ta s chng minh iu ny bng quy np. Tht vy,
- Vi n 1 , ta c x1 1 2 a a 1 2 a , bt ng thc ny ng.
- Gi s khng nh ng vi n k 1 , tc l xk k 2 a k (k 1) .
xk2
Ta cn chng minh xk 1 (k 1) a (k 1)(k 1) xk 2 (k 1)2 a (k 1)(k 2) .
k
2
Ta s chng minh rng

a k (k 1) k 2 a k (k 1)
(k 1)2 a (k 1)(k 2)
2
k
a (k 1) k a k 1 a (k 2)
a(k 1) k 1 2 a (k 1) (k 1)
a 1 0
Do , khng nh ng vi n k 1 nn theo nguyn l quy np, ta c pcm.

Nhn xt. T chng minh nh gi trn, ta c th tm c cc gi tr ca a dy cho c
gii hn hu hn.
n
Cho dy cc s dng (an ) tha mn: ak 2ak 1 ak 2 0, a j 1, k 1.

j 1
Chng minh rng 0 ak ak 1
2
, k 1 .
k2
Li gii.
27
T gi thit, ta c ai ai 1 ai 1 ai 2 , i 1 .
n
Do
1 v a j 0, j nn 0 ai 1, i 1 .
j 1
Xt s nguyn dng k bt k, ta c
uk uk 1 uk 1 uk 2 ... un1 un
uk u n
.
nk
1
Ta cng c uk un 0 1 1 nn uk uk 1
, n .
nk
1
iu ny ng vi mi n nn ta c uk uk 1 lim
0.
n n k
Do , ta chng minh c bt ng thc th nht l uk uk 1 0, k
Do , uk un n k uk uk 1 uk uk 1
i 1
i 1
Ta cng c 1 ui j u j u j 1 kuk , m uk 0 nn
k
1 j u j u j 1 kuk uk uk 1
i 1
k (k 1)
2
2
2.
suy ra uk uk 1
2
k (k 1) k
Nhn xt. y l mt trong s t cc bi ton khng a ra theo h thng cc k thut c sn m

i hi vic t duy linh hot trong vic bin i v vn dng cc cng thc, tn dng im c
trng ca cc lin h xut hin trong bi.
Ta s tm hiu bi ton tnh gii hn sau y thy r iu :
Cho dy s an xc nh bi a1 0 v an 1 an
n
vi mi n 1 . Chng minh rng
an
a) an n vi mi n 2 .
a
b) Dy s n c gii hn hu hn v tm gii hn .
n
c) lim an n 0.
x
Li gii.
a) Ta s chng minh an n vi mi n 2 bng quy np. (*)
Vi n 2 , ta c a2 a1
1
2 do a1 0 nn (*) ng.
a1
Gi s (*) ng vi n k 2 , tc l ak k . Ta cn chng minh (*) cng ng vi n k 1 ,

tc l ak 1 ak
k
k 1 .
ak
28
Nhng bt ng thc trn ng v n tng ng vi

ak2 (k 1)ak k 0 (ak 1)(ak k ) 0
Do , (*) cng ng vi n k 1 . Theo nguyn l quy np, (*) c chng minh.
an
an1
a
b) Ta s chng minh dy
, n 2 .
n iu gim, tc l n
n
n n 1
Thay an 1 an
n
vo bt ng thc trn, ta c
an
an an n / a n
(n 1)an nan n an n
n
n 1
Bt ng thc ny ng nn nhn xt trn c chng minh. Hn na, v an n, n 2 nn dy
an
b chn di, suy ra n c gii hn.
n
Ta c an 1 an
n
, suy ra
an
Do i ai , i 2, n nn
i 2
i 2
i 2
ai1 ai
n
i
i
an1 a2 .
ai
i 2 ai
n
a
i
a
n2
1 n 2 an1 a2 n 2 n 1 2
.
n 1 n 1 n 1
i 2 ai
i 2
n
a
an1
a
n2
n 2
2
v lim 2
1 nn theo nguyn l kp, gii
n n 1
n 1 n 1 n 1
n 1
a
hn ca dy n l 1.
n
Ta thy rng 1
an2 an (n 1) n (an n)(an 1)

n
c) Ta c an 1 (n 1) an n 1
. Suy ra
an
an
an
n
n
(ai i )(ai 1)
1
an 1 (n 1) (a2 2)1
ai
ai
i 2
i 2
n
ai1 (i 1)
i 2
Ta c an 1 an
a 1
a
a
n
1
an 1 n 1
n 1
n . Do
an
an1
an1
an1 an 1
n
0 an 1 (n 1) (a2 2)
i 2
ai1
a
a (a 2)
(a2 2) 1 1 2
ai
an
n
a1 (a2 2)
0 nn ta c lim an n 0. Ta c pcm.
x
x
n
Cng theo nguyn l kp, do lim
29

Xt phng trnh x n x 2 x 1, n , n 2
a. Chng minh rng vi mi s t nhin n 2 th phng trnh trn c ng mt nghim dng
duy nht. Gi nghim l xn .
b. Chng minh rng lim xn 1 .
n
Li gii.
a) Ta thy rng nu x l nghim ca phng trnh x n x 2 x 1, n , n 2 th x 1 .
Vi n 3 c nh, xt hm s f n ( x ) x n ( x 2 x 1), x 1 . Ta c
f n( x ) nx n1 (2 x 1) 3 x (2 x 1) x 1 0 nn y l hm ng bin nn phng trnh
f n ( x) 0 c khng qu mt nghim.
Hn na, f n (1) 2, lim f n ( x) v hm s f n ( x ) lin tc trn (0; ) nn phng
x
trnh f n ( x) 0 c t nht mt nghim dng.

T cc iu trn, ta thy rng phng trnh x n x 2 x 1 c ng mt nghim dng.
b. Ta s chng minh dy ny gim. Tht vy, theo nh ngha xn th f n xn 0, f n1 xn 1 0 ,
tc l xnn xn2 xn 1 xnn1 xn3 xn2 xn xnn 1 xn2 xn 1 xn3 1 0 .
Suy ra f n 1 ( xn ) 0 f n1 xn1 , m f n 1 ( x) ng bin nn xn xn1 , n .
Do xn b chn di bi 1 nn n c gii hn hu hn.
1
Ta s chng minh rng f n 1
0 . Tht vy, ta xt n 4 th c nh gi sau
n
1
2
1 1 1 Cn Cn 1 n n(n 1) 1 n n 1 1 1 1 1 1 .
n
2n
2
n
n
n
n
n
1
1
1
Suy ra f n 1
.
xn . Do 1 xn 1
0 f n xn 1
n
n
n
Theo nguyn l kp th dy ny c gii hn l 1.
30
Nhn xt.
Cc bi ton v biu din nghim ca mt phng trnh ri xc nh gii hn thng kh th v
v trong phn chng minh tn ti gii hn, ta lun s dng tnh n iu ca dy s nhn xt,
ch f n 1 ( xn1 ) v f n 1 ( xn ) . Trong phn tm chnh xc gii hn ca dy, trnh s nhm ln
v ng nhn mt s trng hp, ta nn dng dy kp chng minh gii hn (thng th
bi s cho trc gii hn ny).
Cc bi ton tng t xut hin trong VMO cc nm trc :
1) VMO 2002, bng A :
Xt phng trnh
1
1
1
1
... 2
vi n l tham s nguyn dng.
x 1 4 x 1
n x 1 2
a) Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn dng n th phng trnh nu trn c duy nht mt
nghim ln hn 1. K hiu nghim l xn .
b) Chng minh dy s xn c gii hn l 4 khi n .
2) VMO 2002, bng B :
Xt phng trnh
1
1
1
1
...
0 vi n l tham s nguyn dng.
2 x x 1 x 4
x n2
a) Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn dng n th phng trnh nu trn c duy nht mt
nghim ln hn 1. K hiu nghim l xn .
b) Chng minh dy s xn c gii hn hu hn khi n .
3) VMO 2007 :
Xt s thc a 2 . t f n ( x ) a10 x n10 x n x n1 ... x 1, n 1, 2,3,...
Chng minh rng vi mi gi tr nguyn dng ca n th phng trnh f n ( x) a c ng mt
nghim xn 0; v dy s xn c gii hn l 1
1
khi n .
a
u v 2
1
1
2
Cho hai dy s dng un , vn xc nh bi
un
vn
, vn1
, n 1, 2, 3,...
un1 2
4vn 1 1
1 4un21
31
2
2
a. Tnh u2011
v2011
.
b. Tnh lim un , lim vn .

Li gii.
a) Ta s chng minh bng quy np rng un2 vn2 1, n .
1 1
Tht vy, vi n 1 , ta c u12 v12 1 .
2 2
Gi s (*) ng vi n k , tc l uk2 vk2 1 th theo cng thc xc nh dy, ta c
uk uk 1 4vk21 1 , vk vk 1 1 uk21 . Do , ta c bin i sau

2
uk 1 (4vk21 1) vk 1 (1 4uk21 1 uk21 (16vk41 8vk21 1) vk21 (16uk41 8uk21 1) 1

(uk21 vk21 1)(16uk21vk21 1) 0 uk21 vk21 1
Suy ra khng nh cng ng vi n k 1 .

2
2
Theo nguyn l quy np, ta c un2 vn2 1, n , suy ra u2011
v2011
1.
vn
b) Do un , vn 0 nn ta c: 1 4un21 1 vn1
vn . Do dy vn tng v b chn
1 4un21
trn bi 1 nn tn ti lim vn b .
2 2
u
2
2
Ta cng c vn v1
4vn1 1 4 1 1 . Ta c un 1 2 n
un .
2
2
4vn 1 1
Dy s un gim v b chn trn bi 0 nn cng tn ti lim un a .
Trong cng thc xc nh dy, ta chuyn qua gii hn: a
Nu a 0 th b
a
2
4b 1
a (4b 2 2) 0 .
2
2
(v l do b
) , suy ra a 0 , tng ng vi b 1 .
2
2
Vy lim un 0, lim vn 1 .
Nhn xt. Bi ton ny c dng dy s xc nh theo kiu lng gic. Nu bi ban u khng
cho chng minh quan h gia hai s hng nh cu a th thc s l khng d dng tm c c
hai gii hn ca dy cho. Trong phn chng minh cu a, tng quy np l rt hin nhin !
32
Bi 21. (Bn Tre, vng 1)

Cho phng trnh x 2 n 3x 2 0 trong n l s t nhin ln hn 1.
1. Chng minh rng ng vi mi n, phng trnh c ng mt nghim xn 0;1 .
2. Gi xn vi n 2, 3, 4,... l dy s c c theo cch xc nh nh trn. Chng minh rng
dy s ny n iu v b chn.
Li gii.
1. Vi n 2 c nh, ta xt hm s f n ( x ) x 2 n 3 x 2, x 0;1 .
Ta c f n( x ) 2n(2n 1) x 2 n2 0, 0 x 1 nn phng trnh f n ( x) 0 c khng qu 2 nghim.
Mt khc f n( x ) 2nx 2 n1 3, f n( x) 0 x x0 2 n1
3
0;1 v f n( x0 ) 0 nn y l gi
2n
tr cc tiu trn min (0;1) .

Suy ra f n ( x0 ) f n (1) 0 . T , do tnh lin tc ca hm s ny v f n (0) 0, f n ( x0 ) 0 nn
phng trnh f n ( x) 0 cn c nghim trong khong xn 0; x0 0;1 . Do f n ( x) 0 c khng
qu hai nghim nn y l nghim duy nht. Ta c pcm.
2. Ta c f n ( xn ) 0 xnn 3xn 2 0 . Suy ra xnn1 3xn2 2 xn 0 (nhn hai v cho xn 0) .
2 2
Ta cng c f n 0 v f n ( x ) nghch bin trn khong 0; x0 , ng bin trn khong
3 3
n
(0; x0 ) nn ta c
2
2
0; xn hay xn , n .
3
3
Do , xnn1 3xn 2 3 xn2 2 xn 3xn 2 3 xn2 5 xn 2 (3 xn 2)( xn 1) 0 .

Trong khi f n 1 ( xn1 ) 0 xnn11 3xn1 2 0 .
Tng t, xt cc khong nghch bin v ng bin ca hm s f n 1 ( x) th ta thy rng v
f n 1 ( xn1 ) 0, f n 1 ( xn ) 0 nn xn xn1 ,1 xn1 xn , n .
T ta c dy ny gim v b chn di bi
2
. Ta c pcm.
3
Nhn xt.
33
Bi ny tuy cng thuc dng tng t bi 19 v cc bi ton tng t nu trong phn nhng
xt nhng bn cnh vn cn mt s vn xut hin. R rng hm s f n ( x ) nu trong bi
khng n iu v phng trnh cho lun c hai nghim. V th, ta cn phn tch su hn vo
o hm cp 1, cp 2 da vo tnh bin thin ca dy m lp lun. Tuy bi ny ch yu cu
2
chng minh dy c gii hn nhng ta vn c th tm c gii hn l
bng dy kp.
3
Bi 22. (TP HCM, vng 2)
Cho dy un c xc nh bi cng thc
u1 5
un4
un1
n *
un4 8un2 8
Tm cng thc tng qut ca dy un .
Li gii.
t
u 4 8un2 8
1
1
8
8
vn , n . T cng thc xc nh dy, ta c
n
1 2 4 hay
4
un
un1
un
u n un
vn1 8vn4 8vn2 1, n 1, 2, 3,... v v1
Bng quy np, ta s chng minh rng vn
5
4
2 n2
1 22 n2
2
22
, n 1, 2, 3,... .
2
Tht vy,
- Vi n 1 , ta c v1
22
1 222
1
1 5
2 22 2 .
2
2
2 4
- Gi s vi n k 1 , ta c vk
vk 1 vk4 8v22 8
2 k 2
8 22 k2
2
22
16
2 k 2
1 22 k2
2
22
. Theo cng thc tng qut ca dy, ta c
2
48 2
4
22 k2
22
2 k 2
8
2
2
2 k 1
2 k 1
2 k 1
1 22 k1
2
22 2 2 22 22 2 1
2
2 k 1 2
2 k 1
2 k 1
2 k 1
2 k 1
2k
1 2 k1
1 2k
2 2 22
2 22 22 2 2 22 22 2 1 22 22
2
2
34
Do khng nh ng vi n k 1 . Theo nguyn l quy np, khng nh trn ng.

Vy un
2
2
22 n2
2 2 n2
, n * .
Nhn xt.
Cc cng thc kiu nh trn thng gi nh n cc hm lng gic v tng ng vi n l cc
hm hypebolic m cng thc lin h cng ging nh ca cc hm lng gic quen thuc.
Cc bi ton v dng ny khng nhiu v cc gii chung u l d on cng thc ri dng quy
np chng minh. Cc cng thc thng c dng a 1k
f (n)
2k
f (n)
vi , , a, k
1
c chn
theo cc gi tr cho trc, hm f (n) th ty theo hm s trong h thc truy hi).

Mt s bi tng t:
1) Cho dy s un , n 1, 2, 3,... c u1 1, un 1 9un3 3un . Tm cng thc tng qut ca dy.
2) Cho dy s vn , n 1, 2, 3,... xc nh bi v1
2
, vn1 64vn5 40vn3 5vn , n 1, 2, 3,... .
3
Tm cng thc tng qut ca dy.

Bi 23. (Tin Giang, vng 2)
Cho dy s un xc nh bi u0 0, un1
2 2un2 4un 4
un
, n 1, 2, 3,...
Chng minh rng dy un c gii hn v tm gii hn .

Li gii.
Do un1
2
4
4
2 2 , n 1, 2,3,... nn d dng thy rng un 0, n .
un
un un
Ta cng c un 2, n nn un1
2
4
4
2
4
4
2 2
2
5.
un
un un
2
2 2
Do , dy cho b chn.
35
Xt hm s f ( x)
2
4 4
2 2 , 2 x 5.
x
x x
Dy s cho c th vit li thnh u0 0, un1 f un , n 0,1, 2,...

Ta thy hm ny nghch bin trn khong xc nh nn f f ( x ) ng bin.
Xt dy an u2 n , bn u2 n 1 , n 0 .
Nu u0 u2 th dy an ng bin v bn nghch bin, c hai u b chn nn c gii hn.
Tng t nu u0 u2 th c hai dy cng c gii hn.
t lim an a, lim bn b th t cng thc xc nh dy, chuyn qua gii hn, ta c
b 2 2 4 4
ab 2 2 4a 4a 2
a
a a2

a a 2 b b2 a b
2
4 4
ab 2 2 4b 4b
a 2 2
b
b b
Ta xt phng trnh
a 2 2 2 4a 4a 2 (a 2 2) 2 4a 2 4a 2 ( a 2)( a 3 1)( a 3 1) 0
a 3 1 0
Do , h ny c nghim duy nht l a b 3 1 .
Vy hai dy con ca dy cho c cng gii hn nn dy un c gii hn v lim un 3 1 .
Nhn xt.
y li l mt minh ha in hnh v dy s xc nh theo kiu un1 f un vi f ( x ) l hm
n iu gim, cc dy ny thng t khi c gii hn ph thuc vo s hng u.
Mt bi tng t trong VMO 2008:
Cho dy s xn xc nh nh sau x1 2, x2 0, xn 2 2 xn
1
vi mi n 1, 2,3,...
2
Chng minh dy xn c gii hn hu hn. Tm gii hn .

36
Bi 24. (Chn i tuyn Ph thng nng khiu TP. HCM)

Cho dy un tha mn iu kin u1
1
2
v un1 un2 un vi mi n nguyn dng.
6
3
5un21 2un2un1 5unun1

.
n
3un2 unun 1 (4 un2 )
Tnh gii hn sau lim

Li gii.
1
Trc ht, ta s tm gii hn ca dy un . Bng quy np, ta s chng minh rng 0 un , n .
3
Tht vy,
- Vi n 1 th khng nh ng.
1
- Gi s khng nh ng vi n k 1 th 0 uk . Ta c
3
2
1 2 1 1
0 uk 1 uk2 uk nn khng nh cng ng vi n k 1 .
3
9 3 3 3
Theo nguyn l quy np, khng nh c chng minh.
2
2
2
Xt hm s f ( x ) x 2 x, x 0; th f ( x ) 2 x 0 nn y l hm ng bin.
3
3
3
1
Dy s cho chnh l u1 , un 1 f un , n 1, 2, 3,...
6
Hn na u2
1 2 1
5 1

nn y l dy nghch bin v b chn di nn c gii hn.
2
6
3 6 36 6
2
1
Gi l l gii hn ca dy th l l 2 l l 0 l . Nhng do dy ny gim v theo chng
3
3
1
minh trn th 0 un , n nn gii hn ca dy l 0.
3
Theo cng thc xc nh dy, ta c

cng c gii hn l
un1
2
un . Do dy un gim nn dy tng ng
un
3
un1
u
n
2
.
3
37
T , ta tnh c:
2
5un21 2un2un1 5unun 1

lim
lim
n
n
3un2 unun1 (4 un2 )
un21
u
2
2
2un1 5 n1 5 2 0 5
2
un
un
3
3 50

.
u
2
51
3 n1 (4 un2 )
3 4 02
3
un
y chnh l gii hn cn tm.

Nhn xt.
Trong bi ton trn, cc bin i tng i thun li nhng nhiu trng hp khc, ta cn ch
n nh l Taeplitz v Stolz lin quan n t s ca hai dy nh sau:
* nh l Taeplitz:
Cho Cn , k | 1 k n; k , n tha mn cc iu kin:
i. Cn , k 0 khi n .
n
ii.
n,k
1 khi n .
k 1
n
iii.
n,k
C const , n .
k 1
Khi , nu dy an hi t th dy tng ng bn Cn , k ak cng hi t v hai dy ny c
k 1
cng gii hn.

* nh l Stolz:
Cho hai dy s an , bn tha mn:
i. bn tng thc s ti .
an an1
c
n b b
n
n1
ii. lim
a
a
Khi dy n cng c gii hn v lim n c .
n b
bn
n
38
Bi 25. (H Tnh, vng 2) Dy s xn vi n 1, 2, 3,... b chn trn v tha mn iu kin:

xn 2
1
3
xn 1 xn vi mi n 1, 2, 3,...
4
4

Li gii.
t yn min{xn , xn1}, n 1, 2,3,... . Ta s chng minh dy ny hi t. Tht vy
1
3
1
3
1 3
xn1 xn yn yn yn min{xn , xn1} min{xn , xn 1 , xn xn 1}
4
4
4
4
4 4
min{xn1 , xn 2 } yn 1
xn 2
Theo gi thit th dy
xn
b chn trn nn dy yn cng b chn trn. ng thi, theo nhn
xt trn th dy yn nn n hi t. t lim yn .
Vi mi 0 , tn ti N nguyn dng sao cho vi mi n N th:
Theo nh ngha ca dy yn , suy ra:
yn .
7
7
yn xn .
7
th suy ra: yn , 0 lim xn .

7
7
7
- Nu xn th theo nh ngha ca yn , ta c xn1 (v nu ngc li th suy ra

7
7
rng yn ). Do , ta c
7
1
3

xn1 xn xn1 xn 4 xn1 3 xn1 4 3 , tc l:

4
4
7 7
- Nu xn
xn , 0 nn theo nh ngha gii hn th dy xn cng hi t v .

Vy trong mi trng hp, dy cho u c gii hn. Ta c pcm.
Nhn xt.
Bi ton ny tng xut hin trn tp ch THTT. Mt bi ton tng t quen thuc hn c
trong chn i tuyn ca Vit Nam 1988:
Dy s xn vi n 1, 2, 3,... b chn v tha mn iu kin: 2 xn 2 xn1 xn , n 1, 2,3,...
39
Chng minh dy ny hi t.
*Cc bi ny u c th tng qut ln thnh:
Dy s xn vi n 1, 2, 3,... b chn trn v tha mn iu kin:
xn 2 pxn1 qxn , n 1, 2,3,... trong p q 1, p, q 0
(Nu i iu kin chn trn thnh chn di th iu kin ca dy cng tng ng i thnh
xn 2 pxn1 qxn ).
Bi 26. (Ninh Bnh, vng 2)
n
1
Chng minh dy un xc nh bi cng thc un ln n c gii hn hu hn.
k 1 k
Li gii.
Trc ht, ta chng minh bt ng thc ln x 1 x, x 0 .
Tht vy, xt hm s f ( x ) ln x 1 x, x 0 . Ta c f ( x )
1
x
1
0 nn y l
x 1
x 1
hm nghch bin. Suy ra f ( x ) f (0) ln1 0 0 .

T y d dng suy ra ln x 1 x, x 0 .
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x 0 nn ln( x 1) x, x 0 .
Tr li bi ton, ta xt hiu sau
un1 un
n 1
1
1
1
1
1 0
ln n 1 ln n
ln
ln
n n 1
n
n 1
n 1
Suy ra dy cho n iu gim.

Mt khc, ta cng c
n
n
n
1
1
n 1
un ln n ln 1 ln n ln(k 1) ln k ln n ln
0
k
n
k 1 k
k 1
k 1
nn dy ny b chn di.
40
Dy cho gim v b chn di nn c gii hn hu hn. Ta c pcm.

Nhn xt.
n
Bi ton quen thuc hn thng c cp n dy s un

k 1
1
l chng minh rng n tin
k
1
ti v cc v cch gii n gin nht l dng nh gi un ln n thng qua cc bin i
k 1 k
logarit. Gii hn ca dy trn c t mt kt qu ni ting l hng s Euler C.
* Mt bi tng t: Tm gii hn ca dy s sau un
2n
1
, n 1, 2, 3,...
k n 1 k
Bi 27. (H Ni, vng 2)

Cho dy s nguyn dng U n tho mn U1 1, U 2 2, U 4 5 v vi mi n 1 th
U n1U n1 U n2 a vi a 2 1 .
1) Xc nh s hng tng qut ca dy s trn.

2) Tm cc s t nhin n khng vt qu 2012 sao cho U n chia ht cho 10.
Li gii.
1) T cng thc xc nh dy, ta c U 32 U 2U 4 a 10 a , do U 3 nguyn dng nn a 1 v
U3 3 .
Bng quy np, ta thy rng dy ny tng v U n 3, n 3 . Ta c U n1
U n2 a
.
U n1
Gi s rng U n2 1U n1 v U n2 1U n1 th 2U n1 , v l v y l dy s nguyn dng v theo

nhn xt trn th U n 3, n 3 .
Do , c khng qu mt dy s tha mn bi.
F 1, F2 2
Ta xt dy Fibonacci xc nh nh sau 1
Fn 2 Fn1 Fn , n 1, 2,3,...
Bng quy np, ta cng c th chng minh c rng Fn21 Fn Fn 2 (1) n , n .
41
Dy s ny cng tha mn bi nn hai dy U n v Fn l trng nhau.

T , ta tm c cng thc tng qut ca dy U n da theo dy Fibonacci l
n
n
1 1 5 1 5

.
Un
5 2 2
2) Ta c U n 2 U n1 U n 2U n U n1 U n1 (mod 2) v
U n 2 2U n U n1 3U n1 2U n2 5U n2 3U n3 3U n3 (mod 5) (do (3,5) 1) .
Theo cng thc xc nh dy th U 2 2, 0 U 2 U 5 U 8 ...(mod 2) nn bng quy np, ta c
th chng minh c rng U n 0(mod 2) n 3k 2, k .
Tng t, do U 4 5 nn cng bng quy np th U n 0(mod 5) n 5k 4, k .
n 2(mod 3)
T suy ra U n 0(mod10)
n 14(mod15) k * , n 15k 1 .
n 4(mod 5)
Do 1 n 2012 nn tm tt c cc gi tr n tha mn bi, ta xt
1 15k 1 2012 1 k 134 .

Vy c ng 134 s hng tha mn bi.
Nhn xt.
Vn bi ny chnh l vic pht biu a trong bi d gy nhm ln rng a l hng s v
nhiu bn s t bc tm iu kin U 3 nguyn dng suy ra a 1 th cng nhn rng gi tr
khng i vi nhng quan h khc trong cng thc tng qut dn n sai lm.
Tuy nhin, ca bi li chnh l a c th nhn gi tr l 1 hoc 1 trong tng quan h, min
sao gi tr U n1 nguyn dng l c.
Ni v cu 2 ca bi ton ny, ta cng c nhiu kt qu th v. Chng hn nh F32n1 2n , n hoc
F5n 5n trong trng hp dy xc nh theo kiu F1 F2 1, Fn 2 Fn1 Fn , n 1 .
Trong cun tuyn tp 30 nm Tp ch THTT, c mt bi bo cng nhc n n bi ton ny v

cu chuyn v mt hc sinh trong k thi V ch Ton ca Lin X nm 1946 (tng ng vi
k thi quc gia) pht biu v chng minh bi ton:
42
Tm s hng u tin trong 104 s hng u ca dy Fibonacci m tn cng bng 4 ch s 0.

Trong thi c nhiu bi ton nhng bng vi chng minh mt kt qu tng qut tuyt vi cho
bi ton ny m cu hc sinh ginh gii nht trong k thi . Bi ton nm cu tng qut
ln t bi ton gc ca v gii c l
Hy tm tt c cc s hng ca dy Fibonacci c tn cng bng 4 ch s 0.
Mun chng minh kt qu ny, cn phi chng minh c rng ch c nhng s hng c dng
F3 p242 F12 p mi chia ht cho 24 v ch nhng s hng c dng F54 p F625 p mi chia ht cho
54 , t suy ra tt c s hng cn tm c dng F7500 p , p .

gii bi ton ny, i hi cn phi chu kh tm ti, khm ph v kin nhn!
Bi 28. (KHTN, vng 3)
Cho dy s dng an tha mn
2
1
3
a1 1, a2 , an2 an21 an , n 1, 2, 3,...
3
4
4
Chng minh rng an hi t v tm gii hn ca n.

Li gii.
Ta c a1 1, a2
2
nn bng quy np, ta c th chng minh c rng 0 an 1, n .
3
1
3
1
3
T suy ra an 2 an21 an an1 an , n .
4
4
4
4
Dy s ny b chn v tha mn h thc trn nn tng t bi 23, ta c th chng minh n c

gii hn.
2
1
3
Xt dy s tng ng l b1 1, b2 , bn 2 bn21 bn , n 1, 2, 3,...
3
4
4
D dng thy rng an bn , n 2 . Ta chng minh c rng lim bn 0 .

T , ta thy rng 0 an bn , n 2 v lim bn 0 nn theo nguyn l kp th lim an 0 .
Ta c pcm.
Nhn xt.
43
Cc bi dy s c cng thc truy hi cp 2, 3 th ny thuc dng kh v nh gi n, i hi

kh nhiu k thut. Bi ton ny khng nhng th, cn kt hp thm dng dy s xc nh khng
theo ng thc v khin cho vn tr nn rc ri hn nhiu.
Dng ny cng tng xut hin trong chn i tuyn Vit Nam nm 1990 v 1991:
1) TST 1990:
Cho bn s thc dng A, B, a, b . Xt dy s thc ( xn ) tha mn:
x1 a, x2 b
2
2
xn 1 A 3 xn B 3 xn 1 , n 2
Chng minh rng tn ti gii hn lim xn v tm gii hn .
n
2) TST 1991:
Cho dy thc dng xn c xc nh bi
x1 1, x2 9, x3 9, x4 1, xn 4 4 xn .xn1.xn 2 .xn 3 , n 1 .
Chng minh dy ny c gii hn hu hn. Tm gii hn .
Bi 29. (Chn i tuyn HSP H Ni)

Cho dy s an , n 1 tha mn: a1 1, an
2n 3
an1 , n 2 v dy bn tha mn
2n
bn ai , n 1 . Chng minh dy bn c gii hn hu hn, tm gii hn .

i 1
Li gii.
T cng thc xc nh dy cho, ta c 2nan 2n 3 an1 an1 2 (n 1)an1 nan , n 1 .
Do , ta c
n
i 1
i 1
bn ai 2 iai (i 1)ai1 2 1 (n 1)an1 .

Ta s chng minh bng quy np rng nan
1
, n . Tht vy,
n
- Vi n 1 , ta c a1 1 nn khng nh ng.
- Gi s khng nh ng vi n k 1 , tc l kak
1
.
k
44
2(k 1) 3
2k 1 1
ak
, ta cn chng minh
2(k 1)
2k 2 k k
2 k 1 1
1
2k 1 k 1 2k k (4k 2 4k 1)(k 1) 4k 3 1 3k .
2k 2 k k k 1 k 1
Ta c ak 1
Bt ng thc cui ng nn khng nh trn cng ng vi n k 1 .

Theo nguyn l quy np th khng nh c chng minh.
1
T suy ra 2 1
2 1 (n 1)an1 bn 2 .
n 1
Theo nguyn l kp th dy bn c gii hn v gii hn l 2.

Nhn xt.
Bi ny c th t cng thc truy hi an
2n 3
(2n 3)(2n 1)...5 3
an1 an
.
2n
2n(2n 2)...4 2
(2n 3)(2n 5)...5 3

22n 3 2 (2n 3)(2n 2 5) ... 5 23 3 21 22n 3 2 .
Suy ra a
2n(2n 2)...4 2
4n (2n 2)
(2n 4)
4 2
4n (2n 2)
2
2
n
T ta cng c mt bt ng thc tng t li gii trn 2nan
2n 3
.
2n 2
Ngoi ra, vic nh gi dy nan c th dng nh l Stolz.

Bi 30. (i hc KHTN H Ni, vng 1)
Cho dy s an xc nh nh sau
a1 6, a2 14
n
an 2 6an 1 an 24.(1) , n 1, 2,3,...
n
Tnh gii hn lim
a
k 1
Li gii.
Xt phng trnh x 2 6 x 1 0 c hai nghim l
x1 3 2 2 1 2 , x2 3 2 2 1 2 .
45
Phng trnh sai phn trn c nghim tng qut l:
an 1 3 2 2
2 3 2 2
Thay vo cng thc truy hi, ta c: 3 1
n2
6 3 1
3 1 .
n 1
3 1 24 1 hay
1 83 24 0 .
Cng thc ny phi ng vi mi n nn 3 3 .
Tip tc so snh vi iu kin a1 6, a2 14 , ta tnh c hai gi tr ca tham s tng ng l
1 2
1
. Do , cng thc tng qut ca dy l:
2
an
t bn 1 2
1
3 2 2
2
3 2 2 3 1
, n .
1 2 , n 1, 2,3,...
bnbn 2 1 2
Ta c:
n
1 2 1 2
n 2
1 2
n2
3 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 .
3 2 2 3 2 2 6(1)
3 2 2
T bin i trn, ta cng c
2 1 2
n 1
n 1
n 1 2
1 2 n 1 1 2 n1 1 2 n 3 1 2

n 1
3
3
n 1
n 1
1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2
32( 1) n 1
bn21 bn1bn 3 1 2
1 2
n 3
T suy ra
16(1) n 32( 1) n bn21 bn1bn3 bn 1 bn 3
, n 2, 3, 4,...
an
bn1bn 1
bn1bn 1
bn1 bn1
Ta xt hai trng hp sau:
-Nu n chn, t n 2k , k . Ta c:
46
n
n
b
b b
16 b2 k 1 b2k 3
16
b
2 k 1 2 k 3 3 2 n 3 .
a2 k b2 k 1 b2k 1
b2 k 1 b1 b2 n 1
k 1 a2 k
k 1 b2 k 1
-Nu n l, t n 2k 1, k . Ta c:
n
n
b
16
b
b
16
b
2k 4 2 k 2
2 k 4 2k 2
a2 k 1 b2k 2 b2 k
b2 k
k 1 a2 k 1
k 1 b2 k 2
b2 n 4 b2
.
b2 n 2 b0
n
n
b
b b
b
16
1 1
D dng thy rng lim 2n 3 2 n 4 0 v 3 2 4 nn lim 4 lim .
n b
n
b1 b0
4
i 1 ai
i 1 ai
2 n1 b2 n 2
1
Vy gii hn ca dy cho l .
4
Nhn xt.
Bi ton ny cng c hnh thc tng t nh nhiu bi ton v gii hn dy s xut hin trong
cc nm gn y l t mt dy s xn suy ra gii hn ca mt dy yn khc c xc nh bng
n
tng yn f xi vi f ( x ) l mt hm s no y. Cch gii chung cho dng ny vn l t

i 1
cng thc ca xn , bin i v a v sai phn rt gn tng trn; t xc nh c biu

thc n gin hn ca yn .
Tuy nhin, bi ton ny, ta thy rng vic bin i khng cn d dng c nhn ra na.
Bng cch xt thm dy s ph v dng n x l c ly tha (1) n , ta rt gn c tng
cho dng c bit v xc nh c gii hn.
Ch thm rng tng c dng nh trn cn gi l chui s v chui c gii hn hu hn gi l
chui hi t (trng hp ngc li l chui phn k).
47
C MT S VN V BIN LUN GII HN DY S

Cc bi ton v bin lun dy s l mt dng kh v xut hin kh nhiu trong cc thi HSG,
vic tham s ha trong vic xc nh cc s hng ca dy lm cho bi ton dy s thng thng
tr nn th hn kh nhiu. c th gii quyt c cc bi ton ny, chng ta cn phi c mt
s kin thc cn bn c th tip tc c nhng tng r rng hn cho vic bin i v phn
tch vn . Chng ta s cng xem xt mt s bi ton lin quan n cc dng ny cng mt s
phng php c bn gii quyt chng.
Trong phn ny, chng ta cng nhn cc kt qu quen thuc v gii hn ca dy nh: dy n
iu v b chn th hi t, dy cc on tht lng nhau c ng mt giao im chung th hi t,
x a
Cc bi ton v kho st gii hn ca dy 1
, n 1, 2,3,... thng thng c thc
xn1 f ( xn )
hin da theo tnh cht v s bin thin ca hm s f ( x ) . Trn min xc nh ca n, s nghim
ca phng trnh f ( x ) x c nh hng trc tip n s thay i ca hm s v tnh cht c

gii hn ca dy.
Ta bit rng nu f ( x ) ng bin trn min xc nh ca n hoc ng bin trn min gi tr ca
cc s hng ca dy th dy s cho s n iu. Ta c cc trng hp sau
- Nu x1 x2 th f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) x2 x3 v tng t, ta chng minh c rng
x1 x2 x3 ... xk xk 1 ...
tc l dy ny ng bin.
- Nu x2 x1 th tng t, ta c dy nghch bin.
- Nu x1 x2 th dy ny khng i.
Do , s bin thin ca dy s trong trng hp ny ph thuc hon ton vo cc khong
nghim ca phng trnh f ( x ) x .
V kho st c tnh hi t ca dy th ta ch cn gii c phng trnh ny v tm cc chn
trn, chn di tng ng l xong. Dy s trong trng hp ny d x l.
Trng hp f ( x ) l hm n iu gim, d dng thy rng f f ( x ) l hm n iu tng. Khi
, da theo kt qu phn trn th t vic so snh f f ( x ) vi x, ta s xc nh c tnh tng
gim ca hai dy con x2n v x2 n 1 .
48
Hai dy ny n iu ngc chiu nhau v x2 n f x2 n1 , x2 n1 f x2 n ,... Trong mt s

trng hp, hm s cho khng n iu trn c tp xc nh m ch n iu trn min gi tr
m cc s hng ca dy nhn c. Ta cn xc nh min cng hp cng tt trn , hm
s cho n iu v p dng phng php nh gi ny trn dy s cho.
Cc bc c th ca cch gii dng ny c gii thiu trong v d sau.
V d 1.
u1 0;1
Cho dy s (un ) tha mn:

un2 4un 1
un 1 u 2 u 1 , n 1
n
n
Chng minh dy s (un ) c gii hn hu hn. Tm gii hn .

Li gii.
Ta thy un 0, n v t: un 1
Xt hm s: f ( x)
un2 4un 1
3un
(un 1)2
, ta c: 1 un 2, n .
un2 un 1
un2 un 1
un2 un 1
x2 4x 1
3(1 x 2 )
,
x
1;
2
f
'(
x
)
0 .
x2 x 1
x2 x 1
Suy ra l hm ny nghch bin trn 1; 2 .

u1 0;1
Dy s cho c th vit di dng:
un1 f un , n 1, 2, 3,...
Ta thy: u1 u3 f u1 f u3 u2 u4 f u2 f u4 u3 u5
Tin hnh tng t, suy ra:
u1 u3 u5 .... Dy u2 n 1 tng v b chn trn bi 2 nn c gii hn, gi s l 1; 2 .
u2 u4 u6 ... Dy u2n gim v b chn di bi 1 nn c gii hn, gi s l 1; 2 .
f (u 2 n )
u
Ta c: 2 n 1
Chuyn qua gii hn, ta c
u
f
(
u
)
2n 2
2 n 1
f ( )
.
f
(
49
2 4 1 2 4 1
f ( ) f ( ) 2
1 2 1
3( )( 1)
3 2
2
2
( 1)( 2 1)
1 1
0
2
2
3( 1) ( 1)( 1)
Ta thy phng trnh th hai khng c gi tr , 1; 2 tha mn t .
Do , lim u2 n 1 lim u2 n t , hai dy con c cng gii hn l t.
n
t 2 4t 1
Ta thy, t phi tha mn ng thc: t 2
t 3 3t 1
t t 1
(*).
Ta s chng minh rng nghim t 2 . t t 2 cos , 0; 2 , thay vo phng trnh (*):
8cos3 6 cos 1 cos 3
2
k
. Do 0; 2 nn
2
9
3
5 7
5
7
; ;
, tng ng vi cc nghim ca (*) l: t 2 cos ;2cos ; 2cos
.
9 9 9
9
9
9
Phng trnh (*) c 3 nghim nn n khng c nghim t 2 .
1; 2 tha mn v y cng chnh l gii hn cn tm.

9
Vy dy s un c gii hn hu hn v lim un 2cos .

n
9
Nhn xt. Nh vy cc dy s c dng xn 1 f ( xn ) v hm f ( x ) n iu gn nh c
Trong cc nghim ny, ch c t 2 cos
gii quyt hon ton. Tuy nhin, trong cc trng hp khc, dy ny khng n iu th vic
bin lun phc tp hn nhiu. Ta tin hnh kho st dy cho v dng nguyn l kp suy ra
gii hn. Cc bc gii bi ton ny c th hin trong v d sau:
V d 2.
Cho dy s xc nh bi cng thc u1 a (0,1), un 1
un k
, k 1, n 1, 2, 3,...
k .un 1
Chng minh rng lim un 1 .

Li gii.
T cng thc xc nh ca dy s, bng quy np, ta c c un (0,1), n .
50
Xt hm s f ( x) 9
xk
, k 1, x [0,1] . Ta c
kx 1
1 1 k 2
f ( x )
9 (kx 1)2
kx 1
1 k 2
1
f ( x) , x 0;1
x k
9
9(kx 1) 9 (kx 1)( x k )8
8
Nu dy cho hi t th gii hn ca n phi l nghim ca phng trnh
xk
kx10 x9 x k k ( x10 1) x( x8 1) 0 x 1 0 .
kx 1
f ( x) f (1)
1
Theo nh l Lagrange th tn ti c thuc (0,1) :
f (c) f ( x) f (1) x 1
x 1
9
1
1
Ta cng c f (1) 1 nn un1 1 f (un ) 1 un 1 ... n a 1 .
9
9
Theo nguyn l kp th lim(un 1) 0 hay lim un 1 .
f ( x) x x 9
Nhn xt. Trng hp cn li cn quan tm l dy s xc nh theo cng thc tng t trn

nhng hm s f x khng n iu v khng tha mn tnh cht 0 f ( x) q 1 . Khi , ta
phi da vo s tng giao gia th hm s y f ( x) v hm s y x bin lun gii hn
dy, kho st tnh hi t ca dy. Ta xt hm s cho bi th minh ha di y:
Gi s ta biu din cc s hng ca dy trn trc honh ca h trc ta . Ta thy rng ng

thng y x ct th (C) tng ng ti ba im phn bit, gi s chng c honh ln lt l
x1 x2 x3 . Khi , cc s hng ca dy s s c xc nh bng cch t mt im bt k
thuc trc honh, t l u1 . Ta v ng thng song song vi trc tung ct th (C) ti mt
51
im, tung ca im chnh l u2 f (u1 ) . Ta li v ng thng qua im ny v song

song vi trc honh, ct ng thng y x ti mt im, hnh chiu ca im ln trc honh
chnh l v tr ca u2 . C tip tc nh th, ta xc nh c v tr ca tt c cc s hng ca dy.
Khi , dy cho hi t khi cc v tr ny tin v mt im no trn trc honh. Trong hnh
v di y, cc ng mu xanh ba phi cho ta minh ha v mt dy s c u1 ln hn
nghim ln nht ca phng trnh l x3 , ng mu hng ba tri cho ta minh ha v mt dy
s c u1 b hn nghim nh nht ca phng trnh l x1 . D thy rng hai ng ny khng cho
ta mt dy hi t no c. Trong trng hp s hng u1 trng vi mt trong ba nghim nu th
ta c dy hng nn tt nhin n hi t. Do , thng thng th mt dy hi t khi u1 ( x1 , x3 ) v
gii hn tng ng chnh l x2 (vn c trng hp thuc min nhng khng hi t).
y l xt ring trong trng hp phng trnh f ( x ) x c ba nghim phn bit. Cc trng
hp khc th ty vo s nghim v chiu bin thin ca hm s trn tng khong m ta c cc kt
qu khc nhau tng ng.
Ta s xem xt li gii bi ny qua v d sau

52
V d 3.
Tm iu kin ca a sao cho dy s xc nh nh sau hi t:
x1 a, xn1 xn2 2 xn 2, n 1, 2,3,...
Li gii.
Xt hm s tng ng l f ( x ) x 2 2 x 2 vi th minh ha trong hnh bn di.
Phng trnh f ( x ) x x 2 3x 2 0 c hai nghim phn bit l x1 1, x2 2 nn
f ( x ) x vi mi x 1 x 2 v f ( x ) x vi 1 x 2 .
Ta xt cc trng hp sau:
-Nu a 1 th xn 1, n nn dy cho hi t.
-Nu a 2 th xn 2, n nn dy cho cng hi t.
-Nu a 2 th x2 f (a) a x1 v ng thi hm s f ( x ) 2 x 2 0 nn ng bin. Khi
, dy ny tng v khng b chn trn nn khng hi t (v nu dy hi t th n phi hi t v
hai nghim ca phng trnh f ( x ) x nhng iu ny khng th xy ra).
-Ta thy rng ch cn cn xt a 1; 2 v r rng nu a 1 th x2 f ( x1 ) a 2 2a 2 1 v
ta c th tin hnh kho st dy t v tr x2 . Ta thy khi a 1; 2 th
x2 f (a) a 2 2a 2 a(a 2) 2 2
Bng quy np, ta chng minh c rng xn 1; 2 , n .

53
Khi , hm s cho, xt trn min (1;2) c o hm f ( x) 2 x 2 0 nn ng bin, ng

thi x2 f ( x1 ) x1 nn dy ny gim v b chn di bi 1 nn hi t. Gi gii hn l l th
ta c l [1; 2) v l l 2 2l 2 hay l 1 .
-Ta s tm iu kin tn ti mt gi tr xk ca dy sao cho xk 1; 2 , khi
x 2 2 xk 1 0
1 xk 1 2 1 xk2 2 xk 2 2 k2
0 xk 2 .
xk 2 xk 0
iu kin trn li c th vit thnh 0 xk21 2 xk 1 2 2 0 xk 1 2 .

Do , nu nh tn ti mt gi tr ca dy sao cho xk [0; 2] th tt c s hng k t cng s
thuc min ny, ni ring , ta c iu kin a [0; 2] .
Vy cc gi tr cn tm ca a l a [0; 2] .
Nhn xt.
Mt s trng hp khc hm s xc nh dy c dng phn thc v khng nhng ta cn phi
bin lun gii hn ca dy m cn phi tm iu kin xc nh ca tt c cc phn t ca dy.
Khi , ta cn phi vn dng tnh n iu v song nh ca hm s dng hm ngc v xy
dng cc dy tng ng m nu cc phn t ca dy ban u nhn mt trong cc gi tr th
n mt lc no s khng xc nh, dy cho ch cn trnh i cc phn t th tt c cc s
hng u xc nh. Vic bin lun gii hn dy trong trng hp ny cn phi cn thn, tp trung
khai thc cc tnh cht c trng ca hm s n gin ha cc bc tnh ton v phn tch vn
. Di y chng ta s phn tch li gii mt bi ton minh ha cho trng hp ny.
V d 4.
2 xn3
Cho dy s xn tha mn x1 a, xn1 2
, n 1, 2,3,...
3xn 1
Hy tm tt c cc gi tr a sao cho dy ny xc nh v c gii hn hu hn.
Li gii.
t f ( x)
2 x3
3
,x
. Ta c u1 a, un1 f (un ), n 1, 2,3,...
2
3 x 1
3
Ta c f ( x )
6 x 4 6 x 2 6 x 2 ( x 2 1)
.
(3x 2 1)2
(3x 2 1)2
3
3 3 3
Suy ra hm ny tng trn (;1] [1; ) v gim trn 1;
; ;1 .
3 3 3 3
54
Do f ( x ) l hm s l nn nu thay x1 a th tt c s hng ca dy s i du. V th, ta ch

cn xt c trng trn min dng ca tp xc nh.
Nu x1 a 0 th tt c cc s hng ca dy l 0 nn tha mn yu cu bi. Ta xt a 0 ,
da vo s bin thin ca hm f ( x ) , ta s tm iu kin ca gi tr a .
V f (0) 0, lim nn do tnh n iu v lin tc ca hm f ( x ) th vi c (;0]
3
x
3
3
th tn ti duy nht x 0; sao cho f ( x ) c .
3
Ta t a0
3
3
th tn ti duy nht a1 0; sao cho f a1 a0 , tng t tn ti duy nht
3
3
3
a2 0; sao cho f a2 a1 . Tng t, ta xy dng cc s hng cho dy an va nu.
3
3
Ta thy a1 a0 v hm s f ( x ) n iu gim trn min 0; nn
3
f (a0 ) f (a1 ) a1 a2 a1 a2
Tng t vi cc s hng cn li, tc l dy ny n iu gim. Hn na, dy ny b chn di
2 x3
bi 0 nn c gii hn, t l l . Ta thy f ( x) x 0 2
x0 x 5 .
3 x 1
3
5
3
th f ( x ) x 0 khi
x
v f ( x ) x 0 khi
3
5
3
5 3
5
5
0 x
. Do , f (an ) an an an1 0 nn an ; , suy ra lim an
.
5 3
5
5
Xt f ( x ) x trn min 0 x
T vic kho st dy s ny, ta c c iu kin sau:

-
Nu tn ti n sao cho a an th c hai trng hp, nu a an th

x2 f ( x1 ) f (an ) an1 ; cn nu a an th x2 f ( x1 ) f (an ) f (an ) an1 .
Tc l nu a an th x2 an1 , x3 an2 ,... hay xn1 a0
3
v xn khng xc nh.
3
55
Cn nu a
5
th d thy rng x2 x1 , x3 x2 , x4 x3 ,... v dy ny khng c
5
gii hn.
Ta s chng minh rng nu a an , n v a
5
th dy cho xc nh v hi t.
5
Tht vy, ta c cc trng hp sau:

-
Nu a 0 th tt c cc phn t ca dy xn u bng 0 nn hi t.
Nu 0 a
5
th 0 f (a ) a nn x2 x1 . Suy ra dy xn gim v b chn di
5
bi 0 nn c gii hn, t l c. Do 0 a
5
v f (c ) c nn c 0 . Do , trong
5
trng hp ny th dy c gii hn l 0.
-
Nu tn ti k sao cho xk 1 th tt c cc s hng ca dy t tr i u bng 1 nn

cng hi t. Cn nu tn ti k sao cho
3
xk 1 hoc xk 1 th do f ( x ) gim trn
3
3
;1 v tng trn [1; ) nn x 1 . D thy 1 f ( x) x, x 1 nn t s hng
k 1
3
ny tr i th dy gim v b chn di bi 1 nn hi t. T cc iu ny, ta suy ra nu
3
3
th dy cho hi t. Do , dy cho cng hi t vi a
.
3
3
Nu
5
3
a
v a an , n th f (a) ak 2 , ak 1 x2 f ( x1 ) ak 1 , ak 2 .
5
3
Tng t, x3 ak 2 , ak 3 v suy ra c rng xk a1 , a0 v cui cng ak 1
3
.
3
Trng hp ny c xt trn nn dy cho cng hi t.

Ni tm li, dy xn xc nh v c gii hn hu hn khi v ch khi a
3
3
hoc a
v
3
3
a an , n vi dy an xc nh nh trn.
56
D MT S BI TON CHN LC V GII HN DY S

Bi 1.
Cho dy s an xc nh bi a0 , an an21 an1 , n 1 . Hy tm tt c cc gi tr ca a0
dy s ny hi t.
Li gii.
Ta thy rng nu tn ti s k no m 0 ak 1 th
1
1
ak 1 0, 0 ak 2 1, ak 3 0, 0 ak 4 1,...
4
4
Khi , dy ak 2l s n iu gim v
ak 2l 2 ak 2 l ak22 l 1 ak 2l 1 ak 2 l ak42 l 2ak3 2l ak3 2l (ak 2l 2) 0
Dy ny cng b chn di nn tn ti gii hn c lim ak 2 l . Chuyn ng thc tng ng

l
trn qua gii hn th ta cn xt phng trnh c c c 4 c 3 vi c 1 th ta c c 0 .

Dy ak 2 l 1 tng t cng s n iu gim v b chn di nn c gii hn. Ta c
lim ak 2 l 1 lim ak2 2l ak 2 l c 2 c 0
Suy ra lim an 0 .
Tip theo, ta s chng t rng tn ti gi tr k sao cho 0 ak 2 , khi ak 1 ak 2 . Nu
ak 1 0 th ta li c ak 2 ak 1 2 v tng t nh vy. Do , hoc l dy ny gm cc phn
t khng m v n iu tng, tc l n c gii hn hoc l vi l 1 no m ak 1 0 ak l 1 .
Nh phn chng minh trn, ta thy rng khi 0 ak l 1 1 v dy ny cng c hi t.
Do , ta chng minh c rng dy cho hi t khi 0 a1 2 .
Ta xt bt phng trnh 0 a2 2 0 a12 a1 2 1 a1 0 1 a1 2 .
Do , ta c thm iu kin l 1 a1 0 th dy s c gii hn hu hn.
Ta s chng minh rng cc trng hp cn li s dn n mt dy khng c gii hn hu hn.
57
Tht vy, xt a1 1 a1 2 th a2 a12 a1 2 v a3 a2 a2 (a2 2) a2 .

Tng t vi cc gi tr tip theo, tc l ta chng minh c rng dy ny tng thc s.
Nu tn ti c sao cho lim an c th c 2 c c c 0 c 2 , nhng nhng gi tr ny khng
th l gii hn ca dy cho c v an a2 2, n v dy cho khng c gii hn trong
trng hp ny.
Vy dy cho hi t khi v ch khi 1 a1 2 .
Bi 2.
Kho st s hi t ca dy s un xc nh bi u0 a 0, un 1
2
.
1 un2
Li gii.
Bng quy np, ta c th chng minh c rng un 0 vi mi n.
Xt hm s f :[0; ) [0; ) , f ( x)
2
l hm lin tc. Ta c:
1 x2
x [0; ), f ( x ) x x 3 x 2 0 ( x 1)( x 2 x 2) 0 x 1
Do , nu un hi t th n ch c th hi t n 1.
Hm s f kh vi trn [0; +) v x [0; ), f '( x)
4x
0 , suy ra f gim.
(1 x 2 ) 2
Tip theo, ta s chng minh lim u2 k 1 v lim u2 k 1 1 .

Xt g f f :[0; ) [0; ) , g ( x)
Ta tnh g ( x ) x
2(1 x 2 ) 2
th g l mt hm tng v f gim.
(1 x 2 ) 2 4
x5 2x 4 2 x3 4x 2 5x 2
( x 1) 3 ( x 2 x 2)
(1 x 2 ) 2 4
(1 x 2 ) 2 4
*Trng hp 1: u0 a [0,1] . Khi y vi mi k , ( u2 k [0,1] v u2 k 1 [1; ] ) Vy vi mi
k , ta c
58
u 2 k 2 u2 k g ( u 2 k ) u 2 k 0
u2 k 3 u2 k 1 g (u2 k 1 ) u2 k 1 0
Do u2k tng v u2 k 1 gim.
Hn na, v ( p , u2 k 1 u2 k 1 ), nn ta suy ra rng u2k hi t n mt gii hn L1 thuc
[0; ) v u2 k 1 hi t n mt gii hn L2 thuc [0; ) .

V g lin tc trn [0; ) v v phng trnh g ( x) x c nghim duy nht x 1 trn [0; ) nn ta
suy ra L1 L2 1 . Cui cng ta c lim un 1 .
*Trng hp 2: u0 a [1, ] :
V u1 f (u0 ) f (a) [0,1] ta quy v trng hp trn (bng cch thay u0 bi u1) v c cng mt
kt lun lim un 1 .
Bi 3.
Tm tt c cc gi tr ca a dy s xn xc nh bi x0 a, xn 1 2 xn2 c gii hn hu hn.
Li gii.
Hm s f ( x ) 2 x 2 tng trn (, 0) v gim trn (0, ) .
Phng trnh f ( x ) x c hai nghim l x 2 v x 1 . Ta xt cc trng hp sau:
- u tin, nhn xt rng nu a 2 th do f : (, 2) (, 2) v l hm tng, hn na
x1 2 a 2 x0 nn dy s xn gim. Nu dy xn b chn di th n hi t v nghim ca
phng trnh f ( x ) x , iu ny mu thun v dy gim v x0 2 .

Do , trong trng hp ny xn khng b chn di, tc khng c gii hn hu hn.
Nu a 2 th x1 2 v ta cng suy xn khng c gii hn hu hn.
- Vi a 2 hoc a 1 th dy s c gii hn v u l cc dy hng. Xt x0 2, 2 .
Ta chng minh dy s c gii hn hu hn khi v ch khi tn ti mt gi tr n no sao cho
xn 2 hoc xn 1 .
59
Tht vy, gi s xn c gii hn hu hn l b v xn 2,1 vi mi n.

Khi b 2 hoc b 1 . Gi s b 2 th tn ti N0 sao cho xn nm trong ln cn 2 vi mi
n N0. Nhng nu xn 2 th xn 1 2 4 2 xn , suy ra dy xn tng k t N0 v
khng th dn v 2. Nu b 1 k t n N 0 no xn thuc ln cn 1. Ta c:
xn 2 xn 2 (2 xn2 ) 2 xn (2 xn xn2 )( xn2 x1 1)
Ti ln cn 1 th xn2 x1 1 0 . V nu xn 1 th xn 1 1 (v ngc li xn 1 th xn 1 , chng

ta ang xt trong ln cn im 1) nn c th gi s xn 1 .
Khi 2 xn xn2 0 suy ra xn 2 xn . Tip tc nh vy, suy ra 1 xn xn 2 ... xn 2 k ... ,
mu thun vi gi thit b 1 . Do , iu gi s l sai, tc l dy s ch c gii hn khi tn ti n
sao cho xn 2 hoc xn 1 .
Sau khi thu c kt qu ny, ta s dng hm ngc f 1 ( x) 2 x xy dng tt c cc
gi tr a tho mn iu kin u bi.
Bi 4. ( d b VMO 2008)
Cho s thc a v dy s thc {xn } xc nh bi:
x1 a, xn 1 ln(3 cos xn sin xn ) 2008 vi mi n 0,1, 2,...
Chng minh rng dy s xn c gii hn hu hn khi n tin n dng v cng.
Li gii.
t f ( x ) ln(3 cos x sin x ) 2008 th f ( x )
cos x sin x
.
3 sin x cos x
T , s dng nh gi | cos x sin x | 2 , | sin x cos x | 2 ta suy ra

f ( x )
2
3 2
q 1
p dng dng nh l Lagrange cho x, y thuc , do hm f ( x) lin tc trn nn tn ti z

thuc sao cho: f ( x ) f ( y ) f ( z )( x y )
T suy ra f ( x ) f ( y ) q. x y vi mi x, y thuc .
60
Gi l l nghim ca phng trnh f ( x ) x hay f (l ) l .

Ta c f (un ) f (l ) q un l q f (un1 ) f (l ) q 2 un1 l ... q n1 u1 l .
Do q n1 0 khi n . Theo nguyn l kp th khi n , dy cho c gii hn l l .
Ta c pcm.
Bi 5. (VMO 2000, bng A v B)
Cho dy s xn xc nh nh sau
x0 0, xn 1 c c xn , n 0,1, 2,...
Tm tt c cc gi tr ca c vi mi gi tr x0 (0, c) , xn xc nh vi mi n v tn ti gii hn
hu hn lim xn .
Li gii.
x1 tn ti th ta th c c xn 0 vi mi x0 (0, c ) c(c 1) x0 vi mi x0 (0, c) , suy
ra c 2 . Vi c 2 th 0 x1 c .
Nu 0 xn c th c c xn c 2c 0 , suy ra xn 1 tn ti v ta cng c 0 xn 1 c .
t f ( x ) c c x th f ( x )
1
c x c c x .
4
Vi mi x (0, c ) ta c (c x )(c c x ) c(c c c ) 2(2 2 2 )
1
.
4
T suy ra f ( x ) q 1 vi mi x (0, c ) , tc f ( x) l hm s co trn (0, c ) , suy ra dy

s cho hi t.
Do , tt c cc gi tr c cn tm l c 2 .
Bi 6.
Cho dy s {xn } xc nh bi x1 (1, 2) v xn 1 1 xn
xn2
.
2
Chng minh rng {xn } c gii hn hu hn khi n dn n v cc. Tm gii hn .

61
Li gii.
Gi s xn c gii hn l a th a 1 a
a2
a 2 . Ta s dng nh ngha chng minh
2
lim xn 2 . Ta c xn1 2 1 xn
xn2
2 xn 2
2
Tip theo ta c th chng minh bng quy np rng 1 xn

2
T , suy ra
2 xn 1
2
2
2 xn 1
.
2
3
vi mi n 2,3, 4,...
2
1
2 q 1 . Suy ra x 2 q x 2 , n .
n1
n
Bng quy np, ta chng minh c xn1 2 q n x1 2 , n

V 0 q 1 nn vi n ln th q n nh ty , suy ra lim xn 2.
Bi 7. (VMO 1998, bng A)
x1 a 1
xn2
Cho dy s xc nh bi
xn1 1 ln
1 ln x , n 1, 2,3,...
n
Chng minh rng dy ny c gii hn hu hn khng ph thuc vo gi tr ca a .
Li gii.
-Nu a 1 th xn 1, n hay lim xn 1 .
-Nu a 1 th bng quy np, ta chng minh c rng xn 1 , tc l ch cn chng minh
xn2 1 ln xn , xn 1 . Bt ng thc ny c th chng minh d dng bng kho st hm s.
Tip theo, ta s chng minh rng xn1 xn bng cch xt hm s sau

x 2
, x 1
f ( x) x 1 ln
1 ln x
Ta c f ( x )
x 1 x ln x 2ln x
. Li xt hm s g ( x ) x 1 x ln x 2ln x, x 1 , ta c
x (1 ln x )
62
1
g ( x ) 2 1 ln x 0, x 1
x
Suy ra f ( x ) 0, x 1 hay f ( x ) l hm ng bin trn 1; .
xn2
xn 0 xn xn 1 .
T d dng c c xn1 xn 1 ln
1 ln xn
Dy ny gim v b chn di bi 1 nn hi t.
l 2
Gi s lim xn l 1 , ta c l 1 ln
0 . Theo phn chng minh trn th d thy rng
1 ln l
phng trnh ny khng c nghim l 1 v l 1 nghim ng phng trnh nn gii hn cn

tm ca dy cho l l 1 .
Bi 8. (Vit Nam TST 1993)
Dy s {an } c xc nh bi a1 1 v an 1 an
Hy tm tt c cc s thc dy s
1
, n 1, 2,3,...
an
an
c gii hn hu hn khc 0.
n
Li gii.
Trc ht ta chng minh an dn ti v cng khi n dn ti v cng. Tht vt, ta c
an21 a n2 2 a n
1
a n2 2 (do an 1 vi mi n)
an
T a n21 1 2n suy ra iu phi chng minh. Tr li bi ton, xt biu thc

3/ 2
3/ 2
1
1
3/2
3/ 2
3/ 2
/ 1
an an an
3/ 2
3/ 2
an
an
an
t xn
1
th xn khi n . Do
an3/ 2
lim( a
3
2
n 1
3
2
n
a ) lim
3
2
3
2
(1 x n ) 1
(1 x) 1 3
lim
x 0
xn
x
2
63
T suy ra lim
3
2
n
a
3
3
3
. Vi suy ra gii hn bng v cc, vi suy ra gii hn
n 2
2
2
bng 0.
Vy
3
l gi tr duy nht tho mn yu cu bi ton.
2
Bi 9.
(n 1) xn1 xn
.
n
Chng minh rng vi mi gi tr ban u x1 , x2 dy s cho hi t. Tm gii hn ca dy nh
mt hm s theo x1 , x2 .
Xt dy s xn cho bi cng thc xn 2
Li gii.
Ta c t cng thc ca dy s, ta c
xn 2 xn 1
( xn 1 xn ) ( xn xn 1 )
(1) n ( x2 x1 )
...
.
n
n(n 1)
n!
T suy ra
xn 2 ( xn 2 xn 1 ) ( xn 1 xn ) ... ( x2 x1 ) x1 x1 ( x2 x1 ).K n ,
trong K n 1
1 1
(1)n
1
...
, ta thy K n , n .
1! 2!
n!
e
T y suy ra dy s c gii hn v gii hn bng x1
( x2 x1 )
.
e
Bi 10.
Dy s an c xc nh bi a1 0 , a2 0 v an 1
2
.
an an 1
Chng minh rng dy s an hi t vi mi gi tr ca a1 , a2 v gii hn ca dy khng ph

thuc vo hai gi tr ny.
Li gii.
Xt hai dy M n max an , an 1 , an 2 , an 3 v mn min an , an 1 , an 2 , an 3 . Ta chng minh M n l
dy s gim v mn l dy s tng.
Tht vy, ta s chng minh an 4 max an 1 , an 3 .
T y suy ra M n 1 an 1 hoc an 2 hoc an 3 v khi M n max an , an 1 , an 2 , an 3 M n 1 .
64
Tht vy, nu an 4 an 3 th
Khi an 1
2
an 3
an 2
2
an 3 suy ra 2 (an 3 an 2 )an 3 .
an 3 an 2
2
an 3
2
an 2
an 2 an 4 2.
an 2 an 4 an 4
an 2 an 3
( an 3 an 2 ) an 3
suy ra pcm.
Ta chng minh c M n gim. Tng t mn tng. Hai dy s ny u b chn nn hi t.
Cui cng, ta chng minh c hai gii hn bng nhau.
Suy ra dy an hi t v lim an 1.
Bi 11.
Cho un l dy b chn tha mn: 2an 2 an an 1 , n . Chng minh rng dy an ny hi t.
Li gii.
t An max{an , an 1} . Ta s chng minh dy ny hi t. Tht vy
an 2
an an 1
An An 1 max{an 1 , an 2 } max{ An 1 , An } An 2 .
2
Do dy an b chn nn dy An cng b chn, ng thi theo nhn xt trn th dy An gim

nn n hi t. t lim An .
Vi mi 0 , tn ti N nguyn dng sao cho vi mi: n N th:
Theo nh ngha ca
An , suy ra:
an An
An .
3
3
.
3
th suy ra: an , 0 lim an .

3
3
3
Nu: an th theo nh ngha ca An , ta c an 1 . Suy ra:

3
3

an 2an 1 an 1 2 , tc l:
3
3
Nu an
an , 0 lim an .
Vy trong mi trng hp, dy cho u c gii hn.
65
Bi 12. (VMO 2001, bng A)

Vi mi cp s thc (a, b) , xt dy s thc sau
x0 a, xn1 xn b sin xn , n 0,1, 2,...
a) Cho b 1 . Chng minh rng dy ny c gii hn hu hn, tm gii hn .
b) Chng minh rng vi b 2 th lun tn ti a sao cho dy xn tng ng khng c gii hn.
Li gii.
a) Vi b 1 , ta c dy s tng ng x0 a, xn1 xn sin xn , n 0,1, 2,... Ta xt cc trng hp
-Nu a k , k th xn a, n , tc l dy ny c gii hn.
-Nu a k , k . Xt hm s f ( x ) x sin x, x th xn1 f ( xn ), n 0,1, 2,... v
f ( x ) 1 cos x 0 nn hm ny ng bin v dy cho n iu. Ta c 2 kh nng:

+Nu a 2k ;(2k 1) , k .
Khi , sin a 0 v suy ra dy ny n iu tng.
Bng quy np theo n, ta chng minh c rng xn 2k ;(2k 1) , n .
Suy ra dy ny tng v b chn trn nn c gii hn, t l l th chuyn qua gii hn, ta c
2k a l (2k 1),sin l 0
Do l (2k 1) .
+Nu a (2k 1); 2k , k . Khi , sin a 0 v suy ra dy ny n iu gim. Chng
minh tng t phn trn, dy ny gim v b chn di nn c gii hn. Ta tnh c gii hn
chnh l (2k 1) .
Suy ra, vi b 1 th dy cho lun c gii hn v gii hn c xc nh bi cng thc
a
a
lim xn 2 sign

2
2
Vi x , x , sign( x ) ln lt l hm phn nguyn, hm phn l v hm du ca x.
66
b) Xt hm s g ( x )
sin x
, x (0; ] . Ta thy y l hm lin tc v g ( ) 0, lim 1 nn t
x0
x
2
iu kin 0 1 do b 2 nn tn ti a0 0; sao cho 2a0 b sin a0 .
b
D thy rng khi dy ( xn ) tun hon vi chu k nh nht l 2 nn khng c gii hn hu hn.
Ta c pcm.
Bi 13.
Dy s un xc nh bi u1 b, un1 un2 (1 2a )un a 2 , n 1, 2,3,...
Tm tt c cc gi tr ca a, b sao cho dy ny c gii hn hu hn. Tm gii hn .
Li gii.
Ta thy rng un1 un (un a )2 nn nu dy cho c gii hn l L th
L L ( L a )2 L a .
D thy dy cho tng nn nu tn ti s i no m ui a u j a, j i , tc l dy khng
hi t.
Nu tn ti n sao cho un2 (1 2a)un a 2 a th a 1 un a a 1 b a (v nu ngc
li th li quay v trng hp trn v dy khng hi t).
Ngc li, ta xt a 1 b a . Ta c un1 un ... u1 b a 1 v
un1 un2 (un a )2 un un a un a un a
Khi , a 1 un a, n v dy ny tng nn c gii hn. Gii hn chnh l lim un a .

Bi 14. (VMO 2004, bng A)
Xt dy s thc ( xn ), n 1, 2,3,... xc nh bi
(2 cos 2 ) xn cos 2
x1 1, xn1
, n 1, 2, 3,...
(2 2cos 2) 2 cos 2
trong l tham s thc.
67
Hy xc nh tt c cc gi tr ca dy s yn vi yn
k 1
1
, n 1, 2,3,... c gii
2 xk 1
hn hu hn. Tm gii hn tng ng trong cc trng hp .

Li gii.
V x1 1 0, 2 cos 2 0, cos 2 0, 2 2 cos 0, 2 cos 2 0 nn t cng thc cho,
ta thy rng xn 0, n . Ta c 2 xn 1 1
1
2 xn 1 1
Do ,
3(2 xn 1)
. Suy ra
(2 2cos 2 ) xn 2 cos 2
(1 cos 2 )(2 xn 1) 1 1
1
2 sin 2
3(2 xn 1)
3
2 xn 1
1 1
1
sin 2
sin 2 . y l mt cp s nhn c cng bi l v s
2 xn 1 1
3 2 xn 1
3
hng u l
1
sin 2 nn ta c th xc nh c tt c s hng ca dy. T c c
3
n
yn
k 1
V dy s
1
1 3sin 2
1
2
1 n n sin , n 1
2 xk 1
2
3
1
hi t nn yn hi t khi n sin 2 hi t hay sin 2 0 k , k .
n
3
Khi , gii hn tng ng ca dy yn l
1
.
2
Bi 15. (VMO 2005, bng A)
x1 a
Xt dy s thc ( xn ) c xc nh bi cng thc
, n 1, 2,3,...
xn1 3xn3 7 xn2 5 xn

Hy tm tt c cc gi tr ca a sao cho dy s xn c gii hn hu hn v tm gii hn ca dy
tng ng trong cc trng hp .
Li gii.
Xt hm s f ( x ) 3 x3 7 x 2 5 x, x .
Dy s cho chnh l x1 a, xn1 f ( xn ), n 1, 2,3,...
68
Ta c f ( x ) 9 x 2 14 x 5 (9 x 5)( x 1) . Ta c bng bin thin sau

x
5
9
275
243
Ta cng c f ( x) x x( x 1)(4 x 3) nn f ( x ) x c ba nghim l x 0, x 1, x
D thy rng x 0 th f ( x ) x v x
4
th f ( x ) x . ng thi f (0) 0,
3
4
.
3
4 4
f nn t
3 3
bng bin thin trn, ta thy rng:

-
Vi x ; 0 th ta lun c f ( x) (;0) .
4
4
Vi x 0; th ta lun c f ( x ) 0; .
3
3
Vi x ; th ta lun c f ( x ) ; .
3
3
69
-Nu a 0 th xn 0, n vi mi n 1 . Ta c x2 f ( x1 ) x1 v hm f ( x ) ng bin trn
min ny nn dy cho n iu gim, tc l nu dy ny hi t v l th l 0 , khng th l
nghim ca phng trnh f ( x ) x nu nn trong trng hp ny, dy khng hi t.
4
4
th xn , n . Ta c x2 f ( x1 ) x1 v f ( x ) ng bin trn min ny nn dy
3
3
4
cho n iu tng, tc l nu dy ny hi t v l th l , cng khng th l nghim ca
3
phng trnh f ( x ) x nu nn trong trng hp ny, dy khng hi t.
-Nu a
-Nu a 0 th xn 0, n nn tha mn bi.

4
4
th xn , n nn cng tha mn bi.
3
3
4
4
-Nu 0 a th suy ra xn 0; , n . Ta c hai trng hp sau:
3
3
-Nu a
4
+ Nu a 1; th ta c
3
f (a) 1 3a 3 7 a 2 5a 1 (a 1) 2 (3a 1) 0
4
4
4
f (a) 3a 3 7 a 2 5a (a )(3 x 2 3 x 1) 0
3
3
3
4
Do , bng quy np, ta chng minh c n , xn 1; .
3
70
Hm s f ( x ) trn min ny ng bin v f (a) a 3a 3 7 a 2 4a (a 1)(3a 4) 0 nn

dy s ny gim v b chn di. Do , dy s xn c gii hn. D thy rng gii hn phi
4
thuc tp nghim ca phng trnh f ( x ) x v thuc min 1; , suy ra gii hn l 1.
3
+Nu a 0;1 th c hai trng hp xy ra:
*Nu nh n m xn 0;1 th f ( x) x, x 0;1 nn vi n ty th xn1 f ( xn ) xn ,
tc l dy ny n iu tng. Hn na, n b chn trn nn c gii hn. Lp lun tng t trn,
gii hn cng chnh l 1.
4
*Nu nh tn ti mt s s hng ca dy thuc min xn 0; nhng khng thuc an 0;1
3
th gi n0 l ch s nh nht sao cho xn0 0;1 , r rng n0 1 v a x1 0;1 . Khi , ta c
5 275
an0 1 0;1 nn xn0 max f ( xn0 1 ) f
v xn0 min f ( xn0 1 ) f (0) 0 .
9 243
275
275 4
1;
Do , xn0 0;
v
x
0;1
nn
x
1; . Suy ra t s hng ny tr i th tt
n
n
0
0
243
243 3
4
c cc s hng ca dy u thuc 1; v trng hp ny c chng minh phn trn.
3
Gii hn ca dy s trong trng hp ny vn l 1.
4
Tm li, dy cho hi t khi v ch khi a 0; , c th l:
3
+ Vi a 0 th dy hi t v 0.
4
4
th dy hi t v .
3
3
4
+ Vi 0 a th dy hi t v 1.
3
Bi 16.
+ Vi a
Cho dy s xc nh bi a1 0, an1
6 6an
, n 1, 2,3,...
7 an
Chng minh rng dy ny lun hi t v tm gii hn ca n.

Li gii.
6
nn bng quy np, ta c th chng minh c rng an 2, n
Ta thy rng an 1 6 1
an 7
nu a1 2 v an 2, n nu a1 2 .
71
Xt hm s f ( x)
f ( x) x
36
6x 6
0, x 0 v
, x 0 . Ta c f ( x )
x7
( x 7)2
( x 3)( x 2)
. Do :
x7
-Nu 0 a1 2 th dy ny tng v b chn trn bi 2 nn c gii hn.

-Nu a1 2 th dy ny gim v b chn di bi 2 nn cng c gii hn.
-Nu a1 2 th y l dy hng.
Tm li, trong mi trng hp th dy cho u hi t v gii hn ca n l nghim dng ca
phng trnh f ( x) x x 2 .
Bi 17.
2 x3 3
.
3( x 2 1)
1. Chng minh rng tn ti hm s g ( x) lin tc trn sao cho f ( g ( x )) x v g ( x) x vi
mi s thc x.
2. Chng minh rng tn ti s thc a 1 dy {un }, n 1, 2,3,... c xc nh bi
Cho hm s thc f ( x)
u0 a, un 1 f (un ), n 1, 2,3,... tun hon vi chu k dng nh nht bng 2011.

Li gii.
1. Hm s f ( x ) xc nh trn (; 1) (1;1) (1; ) . Ta c f ( x)
2 x( x 3 3x 3)
.
3( x 2 1)2
Ta thy rng x 3 3 x 3 ( x 1)2 ( x 2) 1 0, x 1 nn hm s cho ng bin trn (1; ) .

Hn na, lim f ( x ) , lim f ( x) nn vi tp xc nh l (1; ) th tp gi tr ca f ( x )
x 1
l (; ) , m f ( x ) l hm lin tc v ng bin trn (1; ) nn n chnh l mt song nh t
(1; ) vo (; ) .
Do , tn ti hm s ngc g ( x) ca f ( x ) c tp xc nh l v tp gi tr l (1; ) sao
cho f ( g ( x )) x, x .
Ta cn chng minh rng g ( x ) x, x . Tht vy:
- Vi x 1 th g ( x ) 1 x .
72
x3 3x 3
- Vi x 1 th f ( x) x
0, x 1 x f ( x), x 1 f ( g ( x )) f ( x), x 1 ,
3( x 2 1)
do tnh ng bin ca f ( x ) trn (1; ) nn g ( x ) x, x 1 .
Vy hm s g ( x) tha mn bi. Ta c pcm.
2. t g n ( x ) g ( g ...g ( x))....) , n * v u0 a g 2010 ( x0 ) 1 vi x0 s c xc nh sau.
Ta c u0 g 2010 ( x0 ) 1 u1 f (u0 ) f ( g 2010 ( x0 )) g 2009 ( x0 ) 1 .

Tip tc qu trnh ny, ta d dng chng minh c u2010 x0 ng thi v g ( x ) x, x nn
u0 u1 u2 ... u2010 .
Do , nu chn c x0 sao cho x0 1 v u2011 f ( x0 ) g n ( x0 ) th dy cho c chu k
dng nh nht l 2011.
Ta ch cn chng minh tn ti x0 tha mn iu kin nu trn.
Tht vy, xt hm h( x) f ( x) g 2010 ( x) trn (1;0] , d thy h( x) l hm lin tc trn na
khong ny v h(0) f (0) g 2010 (0) 1 g 2010 (0) 0 , lim h( x) lim f ( x) g 2010 (1)
x 1
x 1
nn phng trnh h( x) 0 c nghim x0 trn (1;0] .

Vy tn ti gi tr a 1 tha mn bi nn ta c pcm.
Hy tm tt c cc s thc a v b dy s sau c gii hn hu hn
x0 b 0, xn1
a
, n 0,1, 2,...
1 xn2
Li gii.
Ta xt cc trng hp sau :
Nu a 0 th hin nhin xi 0, i 0 nn dy cho hi t.
Nu a 0 th k hiu f ( x )
2ax
a
0 nn
v g ( x ) f f ( x) th ta c f ( x )
2
1 x
(1 x 2 )2
f ( x ) l hm gim trn 0; v hm g ( x) tng trn 0; .
73
Xt dy x2n v t un x2 n , n 0,1, 2,... th un1 g (un ) . Do g ( x) tng nn un l dy n

iu (tng hoc gim). Mt khc, d thy rng 0 un a nn dy ny b chn v lun tn ti
gii hn lim un lim x2 n l . Gii hn ny chnh l nghim ca phng trnh g (l ) l .
Ta c x2 n 1 f ( x2 n ) nn nu dy x2n c gii hn th dy x2 n 1 cng c gii hn.
Ta s chng minh rng nu 0 a 2 th hai dy ny c cng gii hn, tc l xn c gii hn.
Tht vy, gi s f (l ) v hay a v vl 2 . Ta cng c f f (l ) f (v ) f (v ) g (l ) l hay
a l lv 2 .
Tr tng ng hai v ca cc ng thc trn, ta c (v l )(vl 1) 0 .
Nu v l th vl 1 , suy ra v l a , tc l v, l l nghim ca phng trnh x 2 ax 1 0 .
V a 2 nn hoc l phng trnh ny v nghim, hoc l vi a 2 th n c nghim v l 1 ,
tri vi iu gi s. Do , v l hay lim x2 n1 lim x2 n f (l ) l .
Do , trong trng hp ny, gii hn ca dy xn tn ti.
Ta s chng minh trong trng hp a 2 th dy cho hi t khi v ch khi a x03 x0 . Tht
vy, nu a x03 x0 th x1
x0 x03
a
x0 . Tng t, ta chng minh c dy ny

1 x02
1 x02
khng i nn n c gii hn.

Gi s a x0 x03 v tn ti gii hn lim xn k 0 th chuyn qua gii hn, ta c f (k ) k
hay a k k 3 . Do , k chnh l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh x 3 x a . Ta c
g ( x) x
(1 x 2 )2 (a x) a 2 x ( x 2 x a)( x 2 ax 1)
a 2 (1 x 2 )2
a 2 (1 x 2 )2
V a 2 nn phng trnh x 2 ax 1 0 c hai nghim phn bit l , . Nu gi s

th k . Tht vy, v a 2 nn k 1 , do , a a 2 k 0 . Thay a k k 3 vo, ta c
k 3 k ak 2 0 k .
Du ca g ( x) x chnh l du ca ( x k )( x )( x ) . T bng xt du ca biu thc ny,
ta c
74
Nu xt dy un x2 n tng t trn th n n iu v lim un k nn tn ti n n0 sao cho

un0 . Nu un0 k th un0 1 g (un0 ) un0 , suy ra un l dy gim k t un0 v
un0 k nn khng th c lim un k . Tng t nu k un0 . Suy ra ch c th l un0 k .
Ta cng c, nu i : xi k , i 1 xi1 k v
xi
a
k k 1 xi21 a k k 3 xi21 k 2 xi1 k
1 xi21
Suy ra, nu un0 k th u0 k , m a k k 3 nn a x0 x03 , mu thun vi iu gi s.

Nu a 0 , t xn yn yn 1
a
a
v yn 0, n 1 .
2
1 xn 1 yn2
Do , xn hi t khi v ch khi yn hi t. Tng t nh lp lun trn, dy ny c hi t

khi 0 a 2 hoc a y1 y13 . Hn na, a y1 1 y02 y1 1 x02 x0 y1 hay
a x0 x03 , tng t iu kin trn.
Vy dy cho c gii hn hu hn khi v ch khi a 2 hoc a x0 x03 .

Bi 19.
x
Chng minh rng dy s xc nh bi xn1 xn n , n 1 vi x1 0;1 c gii hn hu hn.
n
2
Li gii.
x22
2 x1 x12 3 x1 , Bng quy np, ta chng minh c
4
rng xn nx1 , n 1 . Ta lun c th chn c s m sao cho xm m 1 v
Ta c x2 x1 x12 2 x1 v x3 x2
mx1 m 1 m(1 x1 ) 1 m
1
1 x1
Cc gi tr m nh th l tn ti v xm mx1 m 1 tha iu kin.

Hn na,
x xn xn2 / n 2
xn
1
1
1
1
1
1
n 1
.
2
xn xn 1
xn xn1
xn xn1 xn1n
n
n(n 1) n 1 n
75
Do
n1
1
1
1
1 n1
1
1
1
1
1

.

xm xn i0 xmi xmi1 i0 m i 1 m i m 1 n 1 m 1
Suy ra
(m 1) xm
1
1
1

0 xn
.
xn xm m 1
(m 1) xm
V phi ca bt ng thc ny khng ph thuc vo n nn dy ny b chn trn. Hn na, dy

cho cng tng thc s nn n c gii hn hu hn.
Bi 20.
Cho dy s dng xc nh bi 8 x2 7 x1 x17 8 v
xk81 xk8
xk 1 xk1 x 7 7 , k 2, 3, 4,...
xk xk 1
2
k
Xc nh mt s thc dng a sao cho nu x1 a th dy ny n iu gim v nu 0 x1 a

th dy ny khng n iu.
Li gii.
T cng thc dy cho, ta c
xk 1
xk2
x8 x 8
8x9
x8 x 8
k71 8 k 8 xk 1 xk7 k 8 k 18 k
xk 1
xk xk 1
xk 1
xk 1
8 xk 1 xk7 7 xk8
xk8
8 x8
8 xk 7 xk 1 8 8 k
xk 1
xk 1
xk8
(8 xk 1 7 xk ) x 8 8 8 xk 7 xk 1 xk71 8
xk 1
7
k
T iu kin 8 x2 7 x1 x17 8 v bng quy np, ta chng minh c
(8 xk 1 7 xk ) xk7 8 xk 1
Xt hm s f ( x )
1 7 xk
, k 1, 2, 3,...
xk7
8
1 7x
, x 0 . Ta thy rng f ( x) x x 8 8 x 8 8 .
x7
8
Do , f ( x) x, x 8 8 v f ( x) x, x 8 8 .
Ta s chng minh rng a 8 8 l gi tr cn tm.
76
Tht vy, nu x1 a th x2 f ( x1 ) x1 v bng quy np, ta chng minh c rng xn 8 8, n

v v f ( x )
7 7 7
8
1 8 0, x 8 8 nn y l hm ng bin v dy cho n
8
x
8 8 x
iu gim.
Nu x1 a th x2 f ( x1 ) x1 v bng quy np, ta chng minh c rng xn 8 8, n v ta
cng c f ( x ) 0, x 8 8 nn y l hm nghch bin, suy ra dy cho khng n iu.
Vy gi tr cn tm l a 8 8 .
Bi 21.
1 1
1
Cho dy s
1; ; ;...; vi n l s nguyn dng cho trc. Ta xt hai hon v sau ca dy
2 3
n
trn l a1 , a2 , a3 ,..., an v b1 , b2 , b3 ,..., bn tha mn iu kin
a1 b1 a2 b2 ... an bn
4
a) Chng minh rng ak bk , k 1, n .
k
b) Chng minh rng vi mi c 1 th lun tn ti t nht mt s t nhin n sao cho c hai hon
4c
v tha mn iu kin trn v bt ng thc ak bk
ng i vi t nht 1 gi tr k 1, n .
k
Li gii.
a) Vi mi k, ta chia cc cp a1 , b1 , a2 , b2 ,..., ak , bk thnh ba loi sau:
- Loi 1 gm r cp vi ai bi .
- Loi 2 gm s cp vi ai bi .
- Loi 3 gm t cp vi ai bi .
Khi , r s t k v do tnh i xng gia ai , bi nn ta c th gi s r t .
Ta xt hai trng hp sau:
-Nu s 0 th ta c r s cp loi 1 v 2 l ai1 , bi1 , ai2 , bi2 ,..., air s , bir s .
77
1 1
1
Cc s ai j ,1 j r s ly r s gi tr khc nhau trong tp hp
1; ; ;...; nn nu t
2 3
n
a* min ai j :1 j r s
1
rs
Gi a* , b* l cp s tng ng th ak bk a* b* 2a*
2
4
4
4
.
r s 2r 2 s r s t k
-Nu s 0 th ta xt r cp loi 1 l ai1 , bi1 , ai2 , bi2 ,..., air , bir .
1
Ta cng t a* min ai j :1 j r s th a* , b* a* do a* , b* l mt cp loi 1.
r
V vy, ak bk a* b* 2a*
2
4
4
4
.
r 2r r t k
Trong c hai trng hp, ta lun c pcm.

b) Xt n 2m, m * th ta xt hai hon v sau
1 1
1
1
1
, ,
,..., ,
, b1 , b2 , b3 ,..., bn a2 , a1 , a4 , a3 ,..., a2 m , a2 m1 .
2 m 2 2 m 1
m m 1
a1 , a2 , a3 ,..., an 1,
C th thy rng hai hon v ny tha mn iu kin ban u v
a2 m b2 m
Do , vi c 0 th
1
1
2m 1

.
m 1 m m(m 1)
4c
2 (m 1)c
a2 m b2 m
.
2m
2m
Vi c dng ty th ta lun c th chn m sao cho biu thc trn m. T , ta c pcm.

Bi 22.
Cho p l mt s nguyn t , xt dy s (an ) tha mn
a0 0, a1 1, ak 2 2a k 1 pak k 0,1, 2,...

Xc nh tt c gi tr ca p 1 l mt phn t ca dy (an ) .
Li gii.
78
Nu p 2 , khi ak 2 2a k 1 2a k vi mi k 0,1, 2,... , do ak l s chn vi mi k 2

nn khng th c mt phn t nhn gi tr l 1 . Suy ra vi p 2 ( p, 2) 1 .
Gi s tn ti m 2 sao cho am 1 , theo ta c ak 1 2a k pak 1 2a k (mod p), k 2,3, 4,...
Suy ra 1 am 2m1 a1 2m 1 (mod p) . (*)
Ta cng c
ak 1 2a k a k 1 ( p 1)ak 1 2a k ak 1 (mod p 1) ak 1 ak ak ak 1 (mod p 1), k 2,3, 4,...
Suy ra ak 1 (k 1)(a1 a0 ) a0 k 1(mod p 1) .
Do 1 am m(mod p 1) m 1 0(mod p 1) . (**)
Do ( p, 2) 1 nn theo nh l Fermat, ta c 2 p 1 1(mod p ) 2m 1 1(mod p )
Kt hp vi (*), ta c 4 2m 1 1(mod p) 5 0(mod p) p 5 .
Vi p 5 , ta thy a3 1 , tha mn bi.
Vy tt c gi tr ca p tha yu cu bi ton l p 5 .
Bi 23.
Cho dy s un xc nh bi u1 a, un1
k un
, n 0 . Bit rng u1 u13 .
1 un
Hy tm tt c cc gi tr ca k.
Li gii.
un
u
k un
k .
Ta c un1
n1
1 un
k 1 k un
k
k
k tan ,
tan 0 , . Bng quy np, ta chng minh c rng
2
2
2
k
un
k
tan (n 1) , n
Do , u1 u13 tan(12 ) tan 12 m, m .

V 0
nn m 1, 2,3, 4,5 .
2
79
6 2 3 7 4 3 , suy ra tan 2 5 cot 2 7 4 3 .

Ta cng c tan 2
6
12
12 1 cos 2 3
6
1 cos
Do , cc gi tr ca m cn tm l m 7 4 3, ,1, 3, 7 4 3 .
3
Cho a thc P ( x) rx3 qx 2 px 1 trong p, q, r l cc s thc v r 0.
Xt dy s thc sau
2
a1 1, a2 p, a3 p q
an 3 p.an 2 q.an 1 r.an , n 0
Chng minh rng nu a thc P( x ) c mt nghim thc duy nht v khng c nghim bi th
dy s an c v s s m.
Li gii.
Gi s k l mt nghim (thc hoc phc) ca a thc
Q ( x) x 3 px 2 qx r , do r 0 nn k 0 k 3 pk 2 qk r 0
(*)
Theo gi thit, a thc P ( x) rx3 qx 2 px 1 c ng mt nghim thc nn n cn c thm

hai nghim phc lin hp na, ng thi
3
1
chnh l nghim ca P( x ) do
k
2
1
r qk pk 2 k 3
1
1
1
P( ) r q p 1
0.
k
k3
k
k
k
r
Xt dy s un xc nh bi cng thc un 1 an 3 ( p k )an 2 an 1
k
Theo gi thit th an 3 pan 2 qan 1 ran , n 0,1, 2,... Ta c:
(**)
r
kq r
un 1 pan 2 qan 1 ran ( p k )an 2 an 1 kan 2
.an 1 ran
k
k
kq r
r
k (an 2 2 .an 1 an )
k
k
T (*) suy ra (kq r ) pk 2 k 3
kq r
p k , do :
k2
80
r
un 1 k (an 2 ( p k )an 1 an ) kun , n 0,1, 2,...
k
Trong (**), cho n 1 , ta c
r
r
pk 2 qk r k 3
u0 a2 ( p k )a1 a0 p 2 q ( p k ) p
k2
k
k
k
k
r
Suy ra un k n 2 an 2 ( p k )an 1 an k n 2 , n 0,1, 2,...
(***)
k
Gi s z l nghim phc ca phng trnh P( x) 0 v , ln lt l modun v argument ca
z trong : , , 0 .
Ta c: z ei (cos i sin ) v P( x ) [ x ] nn: P ( z ) 0 P ( z ) 0 P ( z ) 0 do
z e i (cos i sin ) cng l nghim ca P(x).
r
r
T (***), ta c an 2 ( p z )an 1 an ( z )n 2 , an 2 ( p z )an 1 an ( z ) n 2 .
z
z
Theo cng thc Moavre, ta c: z (cos i sin ) z n n (cos n i sin n ) nn:
z n 2 z
n2
n 2 cos(n 2) i sin(n 2) n 2 cos(n 2) i sin(n 2)
2i. n 2 sin (n 2)
z n 2 z
zz
n 2
2i. n 2 sin (n 2)
sin ( n 2)
n 1.
2i. sin
sin
1 1
Tr tng v hai ng thc, ta c ( z z )an 1 r ( )an ( z )n 2 ( z ) n 2 .
z z
( z z )an 1 r (
an 1
zz
r
z n 2 ( z ) n 2
)an z n 2 ( z ) n 2 an 1 2 an
z.z
(z z)
sin (n 2)
r
a n 1 .
2 n
sin
Do 0 nn xt n0 l mt gi tr nguyn dng sao cho
sin (n0 2)
sin (n0 2)
r
0 n0 1 .
0 an0 1 2 an0 0 .
sin
sin
r
0 nn an0 1 , an0 tri du vi nhau. Do , trong hai gi tr ny c mt s m.
2
sin (n0 2)
0 , m ng vi mi
sin
gi tr n0 nh th ta li tm c mt s hng m ca dy cho, tc l dy (an) c v s s m.
y chnh l iu phi chng minh.
Ta thy khi n tin ti v cc, tn ti v s gi tr n0 sao cho
81
E CC BI TON DY S C GI GII.
Cho dy s thc ( xn ) c xc nh bi cng thc:
x1
29
, xn 1
10
xn
xn2 1
3, n 1, 2,3,...
Chng minh rng tn ti mt s thc a tha mn x2 k 1 a x2 k vi mi s nguyn dng k.

Gi .
T cch xc nh dy s, ta c xn 3, n . Ta s tm gii hn ca dy s cho v chng minh
rng gii hn chnh l gi tr cn tm.
Xt hm s f ( x )
x 1
2
3, x 3 .
Phng trnh f ( x ) x c nghim duy nht l x

Hm s f ( x )
x 1
2
3( 5 1)
.
2
0, x 3 nn y l hm nghch bin.
n y, ta c bi ton quen thuc l tm gii hn ca dy s xc nh bi cng thc truy hi

xn1 f ( xn ) v f ( x ) nghch bin.
S dng tnh cht ca hai dy con c tnh n iu ngc nhau l hon tt chng minh.
Bi 2.
Cho n s dng a1 , a2 , a3 ,..., an vi a1 1, an 2 v ak ak 1ak 1 vi k 2,3, 4,..., n 1 .
Xc nh s ln nht ca dy.
Gi . Bng phn chng hy chng minh rng max ak max{a1 , an } .
1k n
Bi 3.
1
Chng minh rng dy s xn c tnh cht xn xm , n m .
n
Chng minh rng dy ny khng b chn.
82
n
1
Gi . Trc ht, chng minh rng dy an . Gi s dy cho b chn, tc l tn
i 1 i
1
ti xn M , n ri xt ln cn bn knh
cho mi im.
2n
Bi 4.
Tm tt c cc s thc a, b sao cho dy xn vi x0 a, xn1 1 bxn , n 0,1, 2,... hi t.
Gi . Quy np tm cng thc tng qut ca n ri tm bin lun.
Kt qu l b 1, a ty hoc b 1, a
1
.
1 b
Bi 5.
xn3 3axn
Cho dy xn xc nh bi x1 0 v xn1
,a 0.
3xn2 a
Chng minh rng dy ny c gii hn vi mi x1 . Tm gii hn .
Gi . D thy rng hm s f ( x)
x3 3ax
, a 0 c o hm dng v dy s cho chnh l
3x 2 a
xn1 f xn , n 1, 2,3,...
Bi 6.
Cho dy s yn xc nh bi y1 x , yn 1 a sin yn trong a
,x0.
2
Tm gii hn ca dy ny.
Gi . Xt cc trng hp 1 a 1 th gii hn bng 0, nu 1 a
th xt nghim l * ca
2
phng trnh l a sin l . Cc trng hp khc khng c gii hn.

Bi 7.
Cho dy s xn xc nh nh sau: xn1 sin xn , n 1, 2,3,... v x1 0; . Chng minh rng
lim nxn 3 .
83
Gi : Chng minh rng tn ti dy yn 0 sao cho
1
1
1
2 yn . nh gi cc tng ny
2
xn
xn1 3
suy ra cc hng s, t tm c gii hn.

Bi 8.
Gi s a1 , a2 , a3 ,... l dy cc s t nhin v hn khng nh hn 2. Chng minh rng t dy ny
c th trch ra c dy con ai1 , ai2 , ai3 ,... sao cho aik ik .
Gi . Bng phn chng, chng minh rng c v s s hng ca dy m ai i .
Bi 9.
x
Cho dy xn tha mn iu kin xm n xn xm , m, n . Chng minh rng dy n hi t.
n
Gi . Ta thy rng tn ti 0 sao cho 0 th tn ti m m
Biu din n qm r , 0 r m 1 c xn qxm xr
xm
.
m
2
xn xm
m
x

r .
n
m qm r r
xn
qm r xr
x
x

r . nh gi r da trn iu kin cho
n
2 m
r
2 r
r
x
chng minh rng n l xong.
n
Do
Bi 10.
Cho dy s an khng tun hon gm cc phn t l 0,1, 2 v xt cc dy bn , cn tng
ng nh sau
bn 0 nu an 0 , bn 1 nu an 1 hoc an 2 .
cn 0 nu an 2 , cn 1 nu an 0 hoc an 1 .
Chng minh rng t nht mt trong hai dy ny khng tun hon.
Gi . Ch cn chng minh an bn cn , n 0,1, 2,...
Ch rng hai dy tun hon th tng ca chng cng phi tun hon.
84
Bi 11. (VMO 1990, bng A v B)

Cho dy s ( xn ), n * v x1 1 c xc nh bi h thc
xn 3 3xn2
xn1
, n 1, 2,3,...
2
a) Cn thm iu kin g i vi x1 dy ny gm ton s dng?
b) Dy s ny c tun hon khng? V sao?
Gi .
a) Chng minh bng quy np rng iu kin cn tm l 0 x1
3
.
2
b) Do xn 1, n nn c th t xn sin an , an ri xem xt tnh cht ca dy an .

2
2
Bi 12. (VMO 1994, bng B)

Cho s thc a v dy s xn xc nh bi
x0 a
, n 1, 2,3,...
xn 3 6 xn1 6 sin xn1
Chng minh rng dy s xn c gii hn hu hn khi n dn ti v cc v tm gii hn .
x3
, x 0 ,
6
ta c xn xn1 , tc l dy cho gim, b chn di nn c gii hn. Trng hp a 0 th i
Gi . Vi a 0 th gii hn ca dy l 0. Vi a 0 th t bt ng thc sin x x
du ca dy v chng minh tng t.

Bi 13.
Tm iu kin ca a cc dy s xc nh nh sau hi t:
a) u1 a, un1 un2 un 1, n 1, 2, 3,...
b) u1 a 0, un1
un2 a
, n 1, 2,3,...
2
85
Gi .
a) Tin hnh kho st hm s y f ( x) v nghim ca phng trnh f ( x ) x suy ra iu
kin cn tm l a [0;1] .
x2 a
c o hm l f ( x) x v cc s hng ca dy u
2
a2 a
dng nn hm ny ng bin. T , ch cn so snh a vi
l suy ra iu kin cn tm.
2
b) Hm s tng ng l f ( x)
Bi 14.
Cho dy s an tha mn a1 (0,1) v an 1 an an2 , n 1, 2,3,...
Chng minh rng lim nan 1 .
Gi .
Bng quy np, ta chng minh c: an
1
, n .
n 1
Ta cng c: an 1 an an2 0, n , suy ra: dy an gim, ng thi n b chn di nn c gii

hn, d thy gii hn chnh l 0. t cn
Ta thy: lim
1
.
an
cn 1 cn
a a
a2
1
lim n n 1 lim 2 n
lim
1.
(n 1) n
an .an 1
an (1 an )
1 an
Theo nh l trung bnh Cesaro, ta c lim
cn
1 lim n.an 1 .
n
Bi 15.
Cho dy s xn c xc nh nh sau:
x1 a 2
3 2 xn2 2 2
, n 1, 2,3,...
xn 1
2
2
x
2
x
2
n
n
Xt tnh hi t ca dy sau ty theo gi tr ca a .

86
Gi .
Xt f ( x)
3 2x2 2 2
2 x 2 x2 2
, x 2 . Ta c x1 a, xn1 f ( xn ), n 1, 2,3,...
Ta thy phng trnh f ( x ) x ch c hai nghim l x 1, x 7 .

Xt du ca f ( x) x trn ( , 7), (1, ) , ta c f ( x ) x, x 7 v f ( x ) x, x 1 .
Tip tc nhn xt phng trnh f ( x) 1 ch c nghim x 1 nn f ( x ) 1 khng i du trn
tng khong ( 1,1) v (1, ) ; ta chng minh c: f ( x) 1, x 1 .
Tng t, xt phng trnh f ( x) 7 , ta c: f ( x) 7, x 1 .
T suy ra:
-
Nu a 1 th dy gim v b chn di nn n hi t, lim xn 1 .
Nu a 1, a 2 th dy tng v b chn trn nn cng hi t, lim xn 7 .
Bi 16.
Cho a, b, c, d . Xt hm s f ( x )
ax b
d
a
, f : \ \ v dy un tha
cx d
c
c
u0 k , un 1 f (un ), n 0,1, 2,...

a) Chng minh rng f ( x ) l mt song nh v dy un cho xc nh khi v ch khi
d
, vn 1 f 1 (vn ), n 0,1, 2,... (lu rng dy
c
ny c th khng xc nh t mt s th t no y).
k vn , n , trong vn c xc nh bi v0
b) t (d a )2 4bc .
Bin lun theo s hi t ca dy un .
Gi .
a) Ta c y
ax b
b dy
d a
x
, ( x, y ) \ \ nn f ( x ) l mt song nh.
cx d
cy a
c c
Dy cho xc nh khi v ch khi u0 k v0 , uk xc nh v khc v0 vi mi k hay k vn , n .

87
b) Ta thy nu dy cho c gii hn l th
a b
c 2 ( d a) b 0 (*) .Khi :
c d
Nu (d a )2 4bc 0 th dy ny phn k.
Nu (d a )2 4bc 0 th (*) c hai nghim phn bit, t l .
Ta li xt cc trng hp :
+ Nu u0 un a, n . Dy cho l dy hng.
+ Nu u0 , ta xt dy s : U n 1
U n 1
un 1 c d un
.
.U n . Suy ra :
un 1 c d un
c d
un 1 c d un
1.
.
.U n U n n .U 0 vi
c d
un 1 c d un
1 un
Do :
1 un
Trng hp 1 th un nu u0 v un phn k nu u0 .
-
Nu (d a )2 4bc 0 , t
ad
l nghim duy nht ca (*).
2c
+ Nu u0 un a, n .
+ Nu u0 . Ta chng minh c dy Vn
1
khi n .
un
T suy ra : lim un .
Bi 17.
Dy s an c xc nh bi a1 0 , a2 0 v an1 an an1 .
Chng minh rng dy s an hi t v tm gii hn ca dy s .
Gi .
Xt dy s M n max an , an1 , 4 .
+ Nu M n 4 th an , an 1 4 , suy ra an 2 4 , t M n 1 4 .
+ Nu M n an 1 th an 1 an , an 1 4 . Khi
88
an1 an1 an an 1 an 1 an1 suy ra an 2 an an1 an an 1 an 1 .

Do , M n1 max an1 , an 2 , 4 an1 .
+ Nu M n an th an an 1 , an 4 . Khi an 2 an an 1 2 an an .
Suy ra M n 1 an M n .
Vy trong mi trng hp th M n 1 M n , tc l dy M n l dy s gim. Do M n b chn di bi 4 nn dy ny c gii hn. Ta chng minh gii hn ny bng 4. Thc vy, gi s gii hn
l M 4 . Khi vi mi 0 , tn ti N sao cho vi mi n N th M M n M .
Chn n N sao cho M n 2 an 2 (theo lp lun trn v do M 4 th tn ti ch s n nh vy).
Ta c
M M n 2 an 2 an an1 2 M
M M 4 2M 4 0
Mu thun v M 4 v c th chn nh tu .
Do , lim M n 4 suy ra dy cho cng hi t ti 4.
Cho trc bn s thc dng a, b, A, B . Xt dy s xn xc nh nh sau
x1 a, x2 b, xn 2 A 3 xn21 B 3 xn2 , n 1, 2,3,...

Chng minh rng tn ti gii hn lim xn v tm gii hn .
n
Gi .
Xt dy s ph bn max{an , an 1 , ( A B )3 } .
Ta chng minh c dy ny gim v b chn di nn c gii hn. Sau chng minh gii hn
ca dy ny v dy xn cho c cng gii hn l ( A B )3 .
Bi 19. (VMO 1992)
Cho ba s thc dng a, b, c v cc dy s ak , bk , ck , k 0,1, 2,... c xc nh nh sau:
1) a0 a, b0 b, c0 c .
2) ak 1 ak
2
2
2
, bk 1 bk
, ck 1 ck
,k 0
bk ck
ck ak
ak bk
Chng minh cc dy ak , bk , ck ny dn ti v cc khi n tin ti v cc.

89
Gi .
Vi mi k 0 , t M max{ak , bk , ck } v m min{ak , bk , ck } , d thy cc dy ny u dng.
Ta s chng minh rng: lim M k , lim
Mk
p . Tht vy:
mk
Xt M k , t gi thit, ta c:
ak
bk
ck
ak21 bk21 ck21 ak2 bk2 ck2 2
bk ck ck ak ak bk
2
2
2
ak bk ck 6
ak2 bk2 ck2

Bng quy np, suy ra: a b c 6k , k M
2k lim M k .
3
2
k
Xt
2
k
2
k
2
k
Mk
1
1
, ta chng minh c: mk 1 mk
, M k 1 M k
, k . Suy ra:
mk
Mk
mk
1
1
M k 1 M k
.
M k 1.mk M k
mk M k mk
M k .mk 1
mk
Mk
mk 1 mk
Hn na r rng:
Mk
M
M
1 , suy ra dy k ny hi t, tc l tn ti gii hn p ca k .
mk
mk
mk
T suy ra: lim mk v suy ra pcm.

Bi 20.
Cho dy s dng an tha mn: a1 0, anp1 a1 a1 ... an , n 1 vi 0 p 2 .
Chng minh rng tn ti c 0 sao cho an nc, n .
Gi .
1
p
1
p
T gi thit, suy ra: an a1 , n hay an (n 2)a1 a1 , n .

Do : lim an . Suy ra, tn ti N 0 sao cho vi mi n N 0 th: an 1 .
aN
a
1
a
t c min{ , a1 , 2 ,..., 0 } n c 0, n N 0 .
4
2
N0
n
Ta s chng minh an nc, n N 0 bng quy np. Tht vy:
Vi n N 0 , nhn xt trn hin nhin ng.
Gi s nhn xt ng n n N1 N 0 , ta c
aN2 1 1 anp1 a1 a2 ...aN1 (1 2 ... N1 ).c
N1 ( N1 1)
N
2
c ( N1 1)c 1 ( N1 1)c
2
2
90
aN1 1 ( N1 1)c
aN1 1
N1 1
c , tc l nhn xt trn cng ng vi n N1 1 .
Theo nguyn l quy np, nhn xt c chng minh. T y ta cng suy ra pcm.
Bi 21.
Kho st s hi t ca dy s cho bi cng thc sau
u0 a , un1 3 7un 6, n 0,1, 2,...

Gi .
t f ( x ) 3 7 x 6 , d thy f ( x ) ng bin trn .
Ta thy phng trnh f ( x ) x c 3 nghim phn bit l x 3, x 1, x 2 .
Xt du ca f ( x ) trn tng khong (, 3), (3,1), (1, 2), (2, ) , ta c:
a 1 lim un 3
a 1 lim un 1
a 1 lim u 2
n
Bi 22.
Cho (0, 2) . Tnh gii hn ca dy sau theo cc gi tr u0 , u1 cho trc
un 2 un 1 (1 )un , n 0,1, 2,...
Gi .
Ta c: un 1 un ( 1)(un un 1 ) ... ( 1) n (u1 u0 ) .
n 1
Suy ra: un 1 u0 (uk uk 1 ) ( 1) k (u1 u0 ) (u1 u0 ) ( 1) k (u1 u0 ).

k 1
k 0
k 0
1 ( 1)n
1 ( 1)
T (0, 2) , ta c: 1 1 1 1 1 lim ( 1)n 0 .
1 ( 1)n u1 u0
Do : lim(un 1 u0 ) lim (u1 u0 ).
.
1 ( 1) 2
u u
(1 )u0 u1
Vy lim un 1 0 u0
.
2
2
Cho dy thc dng xn c xc nh bi
x1 1, x2 9, x3 9, x4 1, xn 4 4 xn .xn1.xn 2 .xn 3 , n 1 .
Chng minh dy ny c gii hn hu hn. Tm gii hn .
91
Gi .
Xt dy yn yn log 3 xn , n , tc l
y1 0, y2 2, y3 2, y4 0, yn 4
yn yn 1 yn 2 yn 3
, n 1.
4
Ta s chng minh dy yn ny hi t. Tht vy:

T cng thc tng qut ny, suy ra
4 yn 4 yn yn 1 yn 2 yn 3 4 yn 4 3 yn 3 2 yn 2 yn 1 4 yn 3 3 yn 2 2 yn 1 yn
Bng quy np, ta chng minh c
4 yn 4 3 yn 3 2 yn 2 yn 1 4 y3 3 y2 2 y1 y0 4.0 3.2 2.2 1.0 10
Suy ra nu dy yn c gii hn l th 10 10 1 .
Ta cng dng dy ph chng minh dy ny c gii hn.
Xt dy un max{ yn , yn 1 , yn 2 , yn 3}, vn min{ yn , yn 1 , yn 2 , yn 3}, n .
Bng quy np, d thy yn 9, n .
Ta chng minh c dy
un
gim v b chn di, dy vn tng v b chn trn nn c hai
dy ny u hi t ti mt im. Suy ra dy yn hi t ti 1 .
Vy dy xn hi t v lim xn 3 .
92
F CC BI TON T GII.
Bi 1.
Trn hypebol xy 1 , ta ln lt ly cc im An , Bn vi cc honh tng ng l
n n 1
,
.
n 1 n
K hiu M n l tm ca ng trn i qua An , Bn v cc nh ca hypebol. Hy tm gii hn ca

dy M n khi n tin ti v cc.
Bi 2.
1
a
Gi s xk 1 2 xk 2 , a 0, x0 0 .
2
xk
a. Chng minh rng dy s xn c gii hn hu hn. Tm gii hn .

b. K hiu zn l hiu gia xk v gi
i hn tng ng ca dy vi gi thit rng z1 0 . Chng minh rng vi mi k 1 th ta c cc
bt ng thc sau
zk 0, zk 1
2
1
zk , z k 1 3 zk
3
a
Bi 3.
Gi s x1 , x2 , x3 ,... l tp hp tt c cc nghim dng ca phng tan x x c xp theo th
t tng dn. Tnh gii hn ca dy yn xn 1 xn , n 1, 2,3,...
Bi 4.
Gi s dy an l dy cc s dng v dy xn xc nh bng cch sau
x1 1, x2 2, xn2 xn an xn 1 , n 1 .
Chng minh rng gia cc phn t ca dy xn c v hn cc s nguyn dng v nguyn m.
Bi 5.
Gi s p l s nguyn t v a, b sao cho a 2 ab b 2 0(mod p) . Xt dy s nguyn dng sau
v0 a, v1 b, vn 1 vn vn1 , n 1, 2,3,...
93
Chng minh rng s d vn mod p tun hon v c chu k khng ph thuc vo a, b .

Bi 6.
Gi s an l dy hu hn cc s thc 1 n N . Ta gi ak l mt s c nh du nu nh
c t nht mt trong cc s ak , ak ak 1 ,..., ak ak 1 ... ak 2011 l khng m (nu n N th
coi an 0 ). Chng minh rng tng tt c cc s c nh du l khng m.
Bi 7.
a0 1, a1 p, a2 p 2 q,
Cho dy s sau
.
an3 pan2 qan1 an , n 0
Bit an 0, n v am an am1an1 , m n . Chng minh rng a thc P ( x ) x 3 px 2 qx 1

c ng ba nghim thc.
Bi 8.
Cho dy s nguyn dng an tha mn iu kin 0 an1 an an , n 1 .
Chng minh rng vi mi x, y m 0 x y 1 th tn ti k , l * sao cho x
ak
y.
al
Bi 9.
Cho s thc m 0 v dy s an tha mn
a0 1, a1 m
n
Chng minh rng tng yn

i 1
a2
1
, an1 2n 2 an , n 1, 2,3,...
m
an1
1
b chn.
ai
Bi 10.
Cho hai dy s an , bn tha mn iu kin
an an1 an an2 bn bn1 bn bn2 0, n 2

Chng minh rng tn ti s nguyn dng k sao cho ak ak 2011 .
94
Bi 11.
1
Chng minh rng vi mi a 1; e e th dy s
u1 a
hi t.
un1 a un , n 1, 2,3,...
Bi 12.
Cho hai dy s thc dng an , bn tha mn iu kin
(i) a0 1 a1 , an (bn1 bn1 ) an1bn1 an1bn 1 , n 1
n
(ii)
b n
i
n , n 1.
i 1
Tm cng thc tng qut ca an .

Bi 13.
Cho dy s nguyn dng bn v dy s an vi a1 c nh c xc nh nh sau
an 1 an bn 1, n 1 .
Tm tt c cc s nguyn dng m ln hn 2 tha mn iu kin:

(i) Dy s an mod m tun hon.
(ii) Tn ti cc s nguyn dng q, u, v sao cho 2 q m 1 v dy bu bt mod q tun hon.
* Ti liu tham kho.
[1] thi chn i tuyn cc trng, thi HSG cc tnh, thnh ph nm hc 2011 2012.
[2] Trn Nam Dng, Ti liu gio khoa chuyn Ton 11, NXB Gio dc, 2010.
[3] Trn Lu Cng, Ton Olympic cho Sinh vin, NXB Gio dc, 1998.
[4] T sch tp ch THTT, Cc bi ton thi Olympic Ton THPT, NXB Gio dc, 2007.
[5] Tuyn tp 30 nm tp ch THTT, NXB Gio dc, 1996.
[6] Cc din n Ton hc http://mathscope.org, http://mathlinks.ro.
95

Day So HSG

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Day So HSG

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Day So HSG

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TNG HP CC BI TON V DY S, GII HN

TRONG THI HSG CC TNH, THNH PH

Bi 2. (Vnh Long, vng 1)

a) Chng minh rng un l dy tng nhng khng b chn trn.

Bi 4. (Bnh nh, vng 1)

Bi 5. (Bnh Dng, vng 2)

Chng minh rng dy cho c gii hn v tm gii hn ca dy.

Tm iu kin ca a, b xn c gii hn. Tnh gii hn .

2. Cho dy s vn xc nh bi: v1 2015 v vn1 vn2 2 vi mi n 1, 2, 3,...

Chng minh rng lim

Bi 9. (Long An, vng 2)

a) Chng minh dy xn , yn c gii hn hu hn.

Tm cng thc s hng tng qut ca dy s trn.

Chng minh rng An uk2 1 1 l s chnh phng vi mi n.

Bi 12. (Cn Th, vng 2)

Chng minh rng dy s xn

Bi 13. (Qung Ninh, vng 2)

Chng minh dy c gii hn v tm gii hn .

Bi 15. (Nam nh, vng 2)

Bi 16. ( Nng, vng 2)

Cho hai dy s dng un , vn xc nh bi cng thc

b. Tnh lim un , lim vn .

Cho dy cc s dng (an ) tha mn: ak 2ak 1 ak 2 0, a j 1, k 1.

Chng minh rng 0 ak ak 1

Bi 20. (Vnh Long, vng 2)

Bi 21. (Bn Tre, vng 1)

Chng minh rng dy un c gii hn v tm gii hn .

5un21 2un2un1 5unun1

Tnh gii hn sau lim

Bi 25. (H Tnh, vng 2) Dy s xn vi n 1, 2, 3,... b chn trn v tha mn iu kin:

Chng minh rng dy s trn c gii hn.

Bi 26. (Ninh Bnh, vng 2)

Bi 27. (H Ni, vng 2)

1) Xc nh s hng tng qut ca dy s trn.

Chng minh rng an hi t v tm gii hn ca n.

bn ai , n 1 . Chng minh dy bn c gii hn hu hn, tm gii hn .

Bi 30. (i hc KHTN H Ni, vng 1)

Tnh gii hn lim

B LI GII CHI TIT V NHN XT

D thy rng un 0, n nn ta cng c: un1 un un2012 un hay dy cho tng thc s.

a) Chng minh rng un l dy tng nhng khng b chn trn.

a) D thy vi mi n 0 th cc s hng ca dy u dng.

Quy ng v bin i, ta c (3a b)un 1 (a 1)un1un aun2 (3a b)un b 2 .

Nhn xt. Trong bi ton ny, ta dng phng php h s bt nh th tm mt quan h c

Ta c yn1 2 yn yn 1 , n . Xt phng trnh c trng t 2 2 t t 2 t 2 0 t 1 t 2 .

Trong bi ton ban u, nu thay a b 1 , ta c cng thc tng qut ca dy l xn 1, n .

Ngoi iu kin ab 0 suy ra t , ta cn cn c (a b) 2 2(a 2b) 0, n v

2(a b)(2) n 4( a 2b) ( a b)( 2) n 1 2( a 2b) 4a( 2) n 2 a 4b 0

Phng trnh c trng ca dy ny c nghim kp t 1 nn cng thc tng qut ca n c dng

(a b)n (2b a ) ab vi v s n. D thy cn c h s trc n phi bng 0 v a b .

3 2 un 2 un 3 v u1 3 2 3 , bng quy np,

0 (*) , ta cng c c un un1 , n hay dy

cho tng thc s.

T suy ra dy ny khng b chn trn hay lim un .

Ta c th bin i ri ng nht h s, trnh cc cn thc rc ri, ta c th tng qut n thnh

Mt c im kh th v ca bi ton ny chnh l vic chng minh cc s hng ca dy dng

xn21 4 xn1 xn1

Chng minh rng dy cho c gii hn v tm gii hn ca dy.

Gi s () ng vi n k 2 , tc l ak k . Ta cn chng minh () cng ng vi n k 1 ,

Do , () cng ng vi n k 1 . Theo nguyn l quy np, () c chng minh.