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    Network Software: Computer Networks Initially Designed With H/W

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    Vinod Kumar
    This document discusses the structure and design of network software. It explains that computer networks were initially designed with a focus on hardware, but software is now highly structured. Most networks are organized into a stack of layers, with each layer offering different services. A set of layers and protocols that define how communication proceeds is called a network architecture. Layers can provide either connection-oriented or connectionless services, with the former establishing and maintaining order like a telephone call, and the latter operating independently like postal mail.

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    Network Software: Computer Networks Initially Designed With H/W

    Uploaded by

    Vinod Kumar
    8 views7 pages
    This document discusses the structure and design of network software. It explains that computer networks were initially designed with a focus on hardware, but software is now highly structured. Most networks are organized into a stack of layers, with each layer offering different services. A set of layers and protocols that define how communication proceeds is called a network architecture. Layers can provide either connection-oriented or connectionless services, with the former establishing and maintaining order like a telephone call, and the latter operating independently like postal mail.

    Original Description:

    Introduction to networks

    Original Title

    Networks Intro

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    This document discusses the structure and design of network software. It explains that computer networks were initially designed with a focus on hardware, but software is now highly structured. Most networks are organized into a stack of layers, with each layer offering different services. A set of layers and protocols that define how communication proceeds is called a network architecture. Layers can provide either connection-oriented or connectionless services, with the former establishing and maintaining order like a telephone call, and the latter operating independently like postal mail.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    8 views7 pages

    Network Software: Computer Networks Initially Designed With H/W

    Uploaded by

    Vinod Kumar
    This document discusses the structure and design of network software. It explains that computer networks were initially designed with a focus on hardware, but software is now highly structured. Most networks are organized into a stack of layers, with each layer offering different services. A set of layers and protocols that define how communication proceeds is called a network architecture. Layers can provide either connection-oriented or connectionless services, with the former establishing and maintaining order like a telephone call, and the latter operating independently like postal mail.

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    of 7

    NETWORK SOFTWARE

    COMPUTER NETWORKS INITIALLY DESIGNED WITH H/W

    AS MAIN CONCERN AND S/W AS AN AFTER THOUGHT.

    STRATEGY NO LONGER WORKS.

    TODAY N/W SOFTWARE IS HIGHLY STRUCTURED.

    PROTOCOL HIERARCHIES

    TO REDUCE THE DESIGN COMPLEXITY MOST NETWORKS ARE


    ORGANISED AS A STACK OF LAYERS OR LEVELS.

    NO OF LAYERS, FUNCTION OF EACH LAYER AND CONTENT OF


    EACH LAYER DIFFER FROM ONE N/W TO OTHER N/W.

    PURPOSE OF EACH LAYER IS TO OFFER DIFFERENT SERVICES


    IN A SENSE EACH LAYER IS A KIND OF VIRTUAL MACHINE.

    LAYER n CONVERSES WITH LAYER n OF ANOTHER N/W.


    THE SET OF RULES AND CONVENTIONS IS KNOWN AS
    PROTOCOL.

    PROTOCOL IS AN AGREEMENT BETWEEN COMMUNICATING


    PARTIES ON HOW COMMUNICATION SHOULD PROCEED.

    A SET OF LAYERS AND PROTOCOLS IS CALLED NETWORK


    ARCHITECTURE.

    DESIGN ISSUES FOR LAYERS

    ADDRESSING

    ERROR CONTROL

    FLOW CONTROL

    ROUTING

    CONNECTION ORIENTED AND


    CONNECTION LESS SERVICES

    LAYERS CAN OFFER TWO DIFFERENT TYPES OF


    SERVICE TO THE LAYERS ABOVE THEM NAMELY
    CONNECTION ORIENTED AND CONNECTION LESS.

    CONNECTION ORIENTED

    MODELED AFTER TELEPHONE SERVICE

    ESTABLISH, USE AND THEN RELEASE

    ORDER IS MAINTAINED

    NEGOTIATIONS
    -

    MAX MESSAGE SIZE

    TRANSMISSION SPEED

    OTHER ISSUES

    CONNECTIONLESS SERVICE

    MODELED AFTER POSTAL SYSTEM

    FULL DESTINATION ADDRESS

    ROUTED INDEPENDENTLY

    UNRELIABLE / RELIABLE

    DATAGRAM / ACKNOWLEDGED DATAGRAM

    SERVICE PRIMITIVES
    LISTEN

    BLOCK WAITING TO AN INCOMING CONNECTION

    CONNECT

    - ESTABLISH A CONNECTION WITH A WAITING PEER

    RECEIVE
    - TRANSFER
    SEND
    DISCONNECT

    - TERMINATE

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