Μετάδοση Δεδομένων Και Δίκτυα Υπολογιστών

Metdosh Dedomnwn kai Dktua Upologistn To Anepshmo Bojhma
Manlhc Kiagic,
12/10/2006
MSc
ii
Kje gnsio anttupo frei thn upograf tou suggrafa:
3h 'Ekdosh Qani, 12/10/2006
Web Edition
c 2004 2006 Manlhc Kiagic

c
Copyright 2004-2006
Manolis Kiagias. Permission is granted to
copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of
the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later
version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU Free
Documentation License.
c
Copyright
fc,
2004-2006
dianomc
/kai
Manlhc
tropopohshc
Kiagic.
auto
Dnetai
tou
deia
eggrfou
touc rouc thc 'Adeiac Elejerhc Tekmhrwshc
antigra-
ktw
ap
GNU
, 'Ekdosh 1.2
opoiasdpote epmenhc pwc ekddetai ap to 'Idruma Elejerou

Logismiko;
qwrc
Exwfllou,
kai
grafo
thc
Stajer
qwrc
deiac
Tmmata,
Kemena
autc
perilambnetai
Free Documentation License
To
biblo
Linux
aut
stoiqeiojetjhke
phgaoc
pou anafrontai
kdikac
qwrc
Opsjiou
tou
Kemena
Emprsjiou
Exwfllou.
sto
tmma
me
'Ena
ttlo
ant-
GNU
se
enai
LATEX
2e
kai
diajsimoc
se
stic
leitourgik
diktuakc
ssthma
topojesec
paraktw.
Episkefjete
to diktuak tpo
tou majmatoc:
http://users.sch.gr/sonic2000gr
katebste thn
teleutaa kdosh tou biblou
kai diorjseic:
http://users.sch.gr/sonic2000gr/book.html
Se perptwsh
problmatoc qrhsimopoiste to
http://diktia.dyndns.org
mirror site:
iii
To biblo aut afiernetai se souc knoun aut pou pisteoun kai qi
aut pou nomzoun oi lloi swst. . .
O mnoc alhjinc nmoc enai ekenoc pou odhge sthn eleujera,

epe o Iwnjan; Den uprqei lloc.
O Glroc Iwnjan Lbingkston, Richard Bach
iv
(Ken Selda)
v
Eisagwg sthn Trth 'Ekdosh
H trth kdosh tou anepshmou bohjmatoc gia to mjhma Metdosh Dedomnwn kai Dktua Upologistn II kalptei thn exetasta lh gia to sqolik
toc 2006-2007 pwc anakoinjhke ap to Upourgeo Paideac. 'Eqoun gnei
diorjseic pou mou updeixan sundelfoi kai majhtc. Epshc aut enai h
prth kdosh pou kuklofore wc elejerh me bsh thn deia GNU Free
Documentation License pou mporete na diabsete sto Parrthma G.
Prlogoc thc Prthc 'Ekdoshc
Prologzei o Antnhc Ajanaskhc, kajhghtc ston Toma Oikonomac, sundelfoc tou suggrafa sto TEE Kismou.
Kje appeira agwgc katalgei se sqsh metax prospwn. H didaskala,
den enai enrgeia kat thn opoa epikoinwnon mno oi egkfaloi, all porea
proswpikc epikoinwnac kai amoibaac prospjeiac.
To eg pou den qei apnant tou kanna sugkekrimno es, all enai
peristoiqismno ap mia plhjra perieqomnwn, den enai dilou parn kai h
stigm tou enai sterhmnh ap parousa. Mia parousa mwc den enai kti
pou xefegei kai glistrei all enai ekeno pou katoike apnant mac kai
perimnei thn sunnthsh.
An h pragmatik sunnthsh enai h porea, kat thn opoa nac njrwpoc
aggzei nan llon njrwpo ston purna tou, tte oi majhtc tou Manlh
eqan ftoc mia tromer eukaira.
To mno pou qreizontai enai thn ikanthta gia antapkrish. Giat h
eleujera msa sthn agwg, enai to na mpeic se desm. To antjeto tou exanagkasmo, smfwna me ton Buter den enai h eleujera, all o desmc. Den
ja mporosame qwrc eleujera, all ap mnh thc den enai qrhsimopoisimh.
vi
Perieqmena
I
7
Biblo Jewrac
Eisagwg sta Topik Dktua
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
Basik Stoiqea Topikn Diktwn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.1.1 Orismc, basikc nnoiec, taxinmhsh, qarakthristik .
7.1.1.1 Dikrish topikn diktwn ap lla dktua. .
7.1.1.2 Genic topikn diktwn . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.1.2 Qrsh topikn diktwn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.1.2.1 Lexilgio 'Orwn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fusik Msa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2.1 Fusik Msa Topikn Diktwn . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2.1.1 Domhmnh Kalwdwsh sta Topik Dktua . .
7.2.1.2 Asrmata Msa Metdoshc . . . . . . . . . .
Topologec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3.1 Eisagwg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3.2 Topologec Ensrmatwn Topikn Diktwn . . . . . . .
7.3.2.1 Topologa Dialou . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3.2.2 Topologa Dntrou . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3.2.3 Topologa Daktulou . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3.2.4 Topologa 'Astrou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3.3 Topologec Asrmatwn Topikn Diktwn . . . . . . .
7.3.3.1 Sndesh ekpompc 1oc Trpoc . . . . . . .
7.3.3.2 Sndesh Ekpompc 2oc Trpoc . . . . . . .
7.3.3.3 Sndesh Ekpompc 3oc Trpoc . . . . . . .
7.3.3.4 Sundseic Shmeo proc Shmeo . . . . . . . . .
Mjodoi Elgqou Prsbashc sto Mso . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4.1 Eisagwg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4.2 Dsmeush qwrhtikthtac sta topik dktua . . . . . .
7.4.2.1 Paradoqc stic opoec baszontai oi teqnikc
dunamikc dsmeushc . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4.2.2 Qrnoc 'Enarxhc Metdoshc . . . . . . . . . .
7.4.2.3 Anqneush Frontoc Smatoc . . . . . . . . .
Tupopoiseic IEEE 802.X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.5.1 Eisagwg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
3
4
4
5
9
10
10
11
14
16
16
16
17
18
19
20
22
22
24
25
25
26
26
28
28
29
29
30
30
viii
PERIEQOMENA
7.5.2
8
To prtupo IEEE-802.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Prtupa Topikn Diktwn
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
Teqnologik Exlixh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.1.1 Eisagwg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.1.2 Topik Dktua Prthc Genic: 1970 1984 . . . . . .
8.1.3 Topik Dktua Deterhc Genic (1985-1990) . . . . . .
8.1.4 Teqnologa topikn diktwn trthc genic (1990-2000)
To Prtupo ALOHA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.2.1 Sgkrish asgqronou kai sugqronismnou ALOHA . .
8.2.1.1 Asgqrono ALOHA . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.2.1.2 Sugqronismno ALOHA . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.2.1.3 Mtrhsh apdoshc twn protpwn ALOHA . .
8.2.1.4 Pardeigma: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.2.1.5 Lexilgio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To prtupo CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access) . . . . . .
8.3.1 Mh epimnon CSMA (non-persistent CSMA) . . . . . .
8.3.2 1-epimnon CSMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.3.3 p-epimnon CSMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.3.3.1 0.5-epimnon CSMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.3.3.2 Sgkrish teqnikn CSMA . . . . . . . . . . .
To prtupo CSMA/CD, IEEE-802.3 & Ethernet . . . . . . .
8.4.1 To prtupo CSMA/CD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.4.1.1 To prblhma tou aplo CSMA . . . . . . . .
8.4.1.2 H lsh tou CSMA/CD . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.4.1.3 Ulopohsh tou CSMA/CD . . . . . . . . . .
8.4.1.4 Qronik disthma gia thn anqneush sgkroushc
8.4.1.5 Leitourga thc ditaxhc anqneushc sugkrosewn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.4.1.6 Algrijmoc Ekjetikc Apoqc . . . . . . . .
8.4.2 To prtupo IEEE-802.3 kai to Ethernet . . . . . . . .
Dktua dialou me koupni dileushc (IEEE-802.4) . . . . . .
8.5.1 Eisagwg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.5.2 To prtupo IEEE-802.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.5.2.1 Proteraithtec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.5.2.2 Pleonektmata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.5.2.3 Emporikc Efarmogc . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dktua Daktulou me koupni dileushc (IEEE-802.5) . . . . .
8.6.1 Eisagwg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.6.2 To Dktuo Daktulou me Koupni Dileushc (genik) .
8.6.2.1 Pardeigma Leitourgac 802.5 se Bmata . . .
To prtupo IEEE-802.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
33
33
33
33
35
36
37
38
38
39
40
41
42
42
43
44
44
45
45
48
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
56
56
56
57
58
59
59
59
59
60
62
62
PERIEQOMENA
Ulik Topikn Diktwn

Diktuak Leitourgik Ssthma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.1.1 Eisagwg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.1.2 Diktuak Ssthma Termatikn . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.1.2.1 Qrsh tou diktuako sustmatoc termatikn
9.1.3 Diktuak Ssthma Omtimwn Stajmn Exuphrthshc .
9.1.3.1 Pardeigma: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.1.4 Diktuak Ssthma Stajmn Exuphrthshc me Exeidikeumnec Leitourgec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.1.4.1 To leitourgik ssthma enc kmbou exuphrthshc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.1.4.2 'Ena sgqrono pardeigma: . . . . . . . . . .
9.1.4.3 To leitourgik ssthma twn stajmn ergasac (pelatn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.1.5 Dunatthtec diktuakn leitourgikn susthmtwn . . .
9.1.6 Prwtkolla Epikoinwnac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.1.6.1 Pardeigma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.1.7 Asfleia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Eidikc Diktuakc Exoplismc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2.1 Epikoinwniakc Exoplismc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2.1.1 Pardeigma: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2.2 Basikc mondec epikoinwniako exoplismo . . . . . .
9.2.2.1 Metwpiko epexergastc (Front End Processors) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2.2.2 Krtec diktou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2.2.3 Dianomec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Epanalptec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.3.1 Eisagwg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.3.2 Epanalptec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.3.3 Tpoi Epanalhptn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gfurec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.4.1 Eisagwg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.4.2 Leitourgec Gefurn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.4.3 Tpoi Gefurn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dromologhtc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.5.1 Leitourgec Dromologhtn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arqc Sqedashc Diaqerishc Topikn Diktwn . . . . . . .
9.6.1 Sqedash Topikn Diktwn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.6.2 Basik Diaqerish Topikn Diktwn . . . . . . . . . .
Logismik
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
11 Eisagwg sta Dktua Uyhln Epidsewn
ix
69
69
69
70
72
74
74
76
78
79
79
80
81
82
83
83
83
84
85
85
86
87
89
89
89
91
93
93
95
98
99
100
102
102
105
107
11.3 Endodktua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

11.3.1 Eisagwg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
11.3.2 Angkec pou Exuphreton ta Endodktua . . . . . . . . 108
PERIEQOMENA
11.3.3 Domik Stoiqea Endodiktwn . . . . . . . . .

11.3.3.1 Dunatthta diasndeshc . . . . . . .
11.3.3.2 Stajmo Exuphrthshc Endodiktwn
11.3.3.3 Bseic Dedomnwn . . . . . . . . . .
11.3.3.4 Asfleia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.3.3.5 Dialeitourgikthta . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
12 Prtupa Diktwn Uyhln Epidsewn
113
12.1 Prtupa FDDI-I kai FDDI-II . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12.1.1 Eisagwg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.1.2 Topologa Fusik Mso Metdoshc . . . . .
12.1.5 Perigraf tou FDDI-II . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2 Prtupo 100 Mbps Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2.1 Eisagwg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2.2 Fusik msa metdoshc sto 100 Mbps Ethernet
12.2.3 Autmath diapragmteush . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2.4 Full Duplex Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2.5 Epanalptec Fast Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
14 Eisagwg sta Dktua Eureac Perioqc
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
15 Prtupa Diktwn Eureac Perioqc
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
113
113
114
117
117
117
118
119
121
121
123
14.1 Stoiqea Diktwn Eureac Perioqc . . . . . . . . . .

14.1.1 Orismc Basikc 'Ennoiec . . . . . . . . . .
14.1.2 Taxinmhsh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.1.3 Qrsh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.2 Arqitektonik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.2.1 Fusik Msa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.2.2 Topologec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.2.3 Teqnikc Metagwgc . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.3 Tupopoiseic Diejnn Organismn . . . . . . . . . .
14.3.1 Eisagwg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.3.2 Prtupo Q.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.3.3 Prtupo Metagwgc Plaisou (Frame Relay)
14.3.4 Prtupo HSSI (High Speed Serial Interface) .
14.3.5 Prtupo ISDN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.3.6 Prtupo PPP (Point to Point Protocol) . . .
14.3.7 Prtupo SMDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.1 Prtupo Q.25 . . . . . . . . . . .
15.1.1 Eisagwg . . . . . . . . .
15.1.1.1 Ti enai to DTE?
15.1.1.2 Ti enai to DCE?
15.1.1.3 To prtupo Q.25
15.1.2 Noht Kuklmata . . . .
109
109
109
110
110
111
123
123
124
126
126
126
129
135
138
138
138
139
139
139
140
140
141
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
141
141
142
142
143
143
xi
PERIEQOMENA
15.1.3 H Leitourga tou Q.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15.2 Prtupo Metagwgc Plaisou (Frame Relay) . . . . . . . . .
15.2.1 Eisagwg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.2.2 Suskeuc Metagwgc Plaisou . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.2.3 Noht kuklmata metagwgc plaisou . . . . . . . . .
15.2.4 Dom plaisou metagwgc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.2.5 Sgkrish twn protpwn FR kai Q.25 . . . . . . . . . .
15.3 Prtupo TCP/IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.3.1 Eisagwg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.3.2 Dieujunsiodthsh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.3.3 Leitourga tou TCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.3.3.1 Jrec kai sundseic sto TCP . . . . . . . . .
15.3.3.2 Axiopista Epikoinwnac . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.3.3.3 Lxh qrnou twn metrhtn kai epanametdosh
16 Logismik - Ulik
167
16.3 Diaqerish Diktou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16.3.1 Eisagwg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16.3.2 Platfrma Diaqerishc Diktou . . . . . .
16.3.3 Arqitektonikc diaqerishc . . . . . . . . .
16.4 Prwtkolla Diaqerishc . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16.4.1 Eisagwg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16.4.2 Diaqerish TCP/IP - Prwtkollo SNMP
II
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Parartmata
Erwtseic
Erwtseic
Erwtseic
Erwtseic
Erwtseic
Erwtseic
Erwtseic
Erwtseic
ap
ap
ap
ap
ap
ap
ap
ap
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
Keflaio
Keflaio
Keflaio
Keflaio
Keflaio
Keflaio
Keflaio
Keflaio
181
7
8
9
11
12
14
15
16
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
B Jmata Panellhnwn Exetsewn
B.1
B.2
B.3
B.4
B.5
JEMATA
JEMATA
JEMATA
JEMATA
JEMATA
167
167
170
172
174
174
175
179
A Erwtseic ap ta Keflaia
A.1
A.2
A.3
A.4
A.5
A.6
A.7
A.8
144
146
146
146
148
148
149
152
152
154
158
160
164
164
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
182
183
185
186
186
187
188
189
191
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
192
193
194
195
197
xii
G
PERIEQOMENA
GNU Free Documentation License

1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . .
2. VERBATIM COPYING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. MODIFICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . .
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS . .
8. TRANSLATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9. TERMINATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE . . . . . .
ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
199
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
200
201
201
202
203
203
204
204
204
204
204
Katlogoc Sqhmtwn
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
7.10
7.11
7.12
7.13
7.14
Tupik Dktuo Sqoliko Ergasthrou

Apl Topik Dktuo . . . . . . . . . .
Topik Dktua kai Prtupo OSI . . . .
Uposustmata Domhmnhc Kalwdwshc
Topologa Dialou . . . . . . . . . . .
Topologa Dntrou . . . . . . . . . . .
Topologa Daktulou . . . . . . . . . .
Topologa 'Astrou . . . . . . . . . . .
1oc Trpoc Ekpompc . . . . . . . . .
Kuylec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Epanaqrhsimopohsh Suqnottwn . . .
Sndesh shmeou proc shmeo . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
4
6
10
13
17
18
19
21
23
23
24
24
25
25
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.10
8.11
8.12
8.13
8.14
8.15
8.16
8.17
8.18
Metdosh Asgqronou ALOHA . . . .

Metdosh Sugqronismnou ALOHA . .
Sgkrish Protpwn ALOHA . . . . .
Metdosh CSMA . . . . . . . . . . . .
Apdosh teqnikn CSMA . . . . . . .
Sugkroseic sto CSMA . . . . . . . .
Sgkrish Metadsewn CSMA . . . . .
CSMA:To moirao. . . MPAM! . . . . .
CSMA/CD:Anqneush Sugkrosewn .
CSMA/CD:Diakop thc Metdoshc .
CSMA/CD:Katastseic Msou . . . .
CSMA/CD:Qrnoi Shmtwn . . . . . .
CSMA/CD:Sgkroush Kmbwn . . . .
Nohtc Daktlioc 802.4 . . . . . . . .
Proteraithtec sto dktuo IEEE-802.4
Dktuo Daktulou 802.5 . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
38
40
42
45
46
47
47
48
49
49
50
50
51
52
52
57
58
60
xiv
KATALOGOS SQHMATWN
8.19
8.20
8.21
8.22
8.23
8.24
8.25
8.26
8.27
8.28
8.29
Diepaf 802.5: Katstash Akrashc . . . . .

Diepaf 802.5: Katstash Metdoshc . . . .
Fusik Topologa 'Astrou sto Prtupo 802.5
Leitourga 802.5 - Bma 1 . . . . . . . . . . .
Leitourga 802.5 - Bma 2 . . . . . . . . . . .
Leitourga 802.5 - Bma 3 . . . . . . . . . . .
Leitourga 802.5 - Bma 4 . . . . . . . . . . .
Leitourga 802.5 - Bma 5 . . . . . . . . . . .
Leitourga 802.5 - Bma 6 . . . . . . . . . . .
Leitourga 802.5 - Bma 7 . . . . . . . . . . .
Leitourga 802.5 - Bma 8 . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
9.10
9.11
9.12
9.13
9.14
9.15
9.16
9.17
9.18
Diktuak ssthma termatikn . . . . . . . . . . .

Diktuak ssthma omtimwn stajmn . . . . . . .
Pardeigma qrshc omtimou diktou . . . . . . .
Tupik Dktuo Pelth - Exuphretht . . . . . . .
Eppeda Prwtokllwn Epikoinwnac . . . . . . . .
Krta Diktou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tupik Dktuo me Qrsh Dianoma . . . . . . . .
Epanalptec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Smbola Epanalhptn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Epanalpthc miac Jrac . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Epanalpthc - Dianomac . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Smbolo Gfurac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Eppeda leitourgac thc Gfurac sto OSI . . . . .
Gfura: Leitourga Projhshc . . . . . . . . . .
Gfura: Filtrrisma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gfura: Diafneia Mjhsh . . . . . . . . . . .
Dromologhtc thc Etairac CISCO . . . . . . . .
Smbolo kai Eppeda Leitourgac Dromologhtn
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 72
. 74
. 75
. 77
. 81
. 86
. 88
. 90
. 91
. 92
. 92
. 94
. 95
. 96
. 97
. 97
. 100
. 101
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
Daktlioc FDDI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tupik Dktuo FDDI . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Qrsh Sullkth sto FDDI . . . . . . . . . .
Mgejoc Duadiko Yhfou sto Fast Ethernet
Autmath Diapragmteush . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
114
115
116
118
120
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
14.7
DEP Metagwgc Kuklmatoc

Topologa Omtimou Diktou
Topologa Daktulou . . . . .
Topologa 'Astrou . . . . . .
Plrwc Sunektik Topologa
Merikc Sunektik Topologa
Dktuo Metagwgc . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
125
130
131
132
133
134
135
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
61
62
63
64
64
65
65
66
66
67
67
xv
KATALOGOS SQHMATWN
15.1 Termatik DTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15.2 Suskeu PAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.3 Dktuo Q.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.4 Dktuo Metagwgc Plaisou . . . . . . . .
15.5 Dom Plaisou Metagwgc Frame Relay .
15.6 Epibrunsh sto Q.25 . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.7 Endimesoi kmboi sto FR . . . . . . . . .
15.8 Ta tssera eppeda tou TCP/IP . . . . .
15.9 Leitourga Prwtokllwn ARP kai RARP
15.10Kria Stoiqea Prwtokllwn TCP/IP . .
15.11Katanom yhfwn sthn Klsh A . . . . .
15.12Katanom yhfwn sthn Klsh B . . . . . .
15.13Katanom yhfwn sthn Klsh C . . . . . .
15.14Katanom yhfwn sthn Klsh D . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
142
142
143
147
148
149
150
152
154
155
157
157
157
157
16.1 Pardeigma Montlou Diaqeirist - Antiprospou . . . . . .

16.2 Pardeigma Montlou Diaqeirist - Plhrexosiou Antiprospou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16.3 Sqsh twn epimrouc mondwn sthn diaqerish tou Diktou . .
16.4 Perioqc Diaqerishc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16.5 Kentrik Arqitektonik Diaqerishc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16.6 Ierarqik Arqitektonik Diaqerishc . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16.7 Katanemhmnh Arqitektonik Diaqerishc . . . . . . . . . . . .
16.8 Diaqeiristc - Antiprswpoc sto prwtkollo SNMP . . . . .
16.9 Mondec dedomnwn prwtokllou sto SNMP . . . . . . . . . .
169
169
170
170
172
173
174
176
177
xvi
KATALOGOS SQHMATWN
Mroc I
Biblo Jewrac
Keflaio 7
Eisagwg sta Topik
Dktua
7.1
7.1.1
Basik Stoiqea Topikn Diktwn
Orismc, basikc nnoiec, taxinmhsh, qarakthris tik
'Ena topik dktuo upologistn (LAN: Local Area Network) enai na dktuo
epikoinwnac tou opoou h ktash den xepernei ta merikc dekdec qilimetra.
Sthn prxh na topik dktuo den qei egkatesthmnh kalwdwsh megalterh
ap 100 qilimetra. 'Ena topik dktuo:
Mpore na enai ensrmato asrmato.

Mpore na uposthrzei metdosh shmeou proc shmeo metdosh ekpompc.
Mpore na epitqei pol meglouc rujmoc metdoshc. Ta shmerin
topik dktua ftnoun se taqthta to 1 Gbps all me thn prodo thc
teqnologac, kai aut h taqthta anamnetai na xeperaste sntoma.
'Eqei mikr rujm sfalmtwn duadiko yhfou anloga pnta kai me
to mso metdoshc.
Mpore na enai plrwc idikthto (dhl. na ankei ex oloklrou se na
idith etaira). Se antjesh, ta mhtropolitik kai ta eureac perioqc
dktua mpore na ankoun tmhmatik se iditec. Gia pardeigma se na
dktuo eureac perioqc, kpoiec grammc epikoinwnac mpore na ankoun
ston OTE o opooc kai tic enoikizei. Kalptei angkec miac etairac,
organismo, sqoleou klp.
To dktuo tou sqoliko ergasthrou apoteletai tupik ap 12 stajmoc ergasac kai nan exuphretht. 'Oloi oi stajmo sundontai me na dianoma
Sqma 7.1: Tupik Dktuo Sqoliko Ergasthrou

diktou (hub) msw kalwdwn sunestrammnwn zeugn. H topologa tou
diktou enai astrac.
To dktuo tou ergasthrou mpore ekola na epektaje kai se llec ajousec, me thn topojthsh katllhlhc kalwdwshc kai me thn propjesh
na uprqoun kenc jseic ston dianoma ( na ensoume perissterouc ap
na dianomec metax touc).
7.1.1.1
Dikrish topikn diktwn ap lla dktua.
Ektc ap ta topik dktua uprqoun akma ta mhtropolitik dktua kai ta

dktua eureac perioqc.
Ta mhtropolitik dktua:
'Eqoun egkatesthmno mkoc kalwdwshc ap 100-200 qilimetra.

Leitourgon me parmoio trpo me ta topik dktua.
'Eqoun beltiwmnouc trpouc prsbashc sto fusik mso.
Se pollc periptseic qoun epidseic parmoiec me ta topik dktua.
Genik uprqei mia tsh afomowshc twn mhtropolitikn diktwn ap
ta topik dktua kai ta dktua eureac perioqc.
Ta dktua eureac perioqc:
'Eqoun egkatesthmnh kalwdwsh pnw ap 200 qilimetra.

H gewgrafik touc embleia kalptei meglec perioqc (akma kai hperouc).
7.1.1.2
Genic topikn diktwn
Ta topik dktua diakrnontai se treic genic anloga me thn teqnologa touc

kai thn epoq pou rqise aut na efarmzetai. Ta topik dktua prthc
7.1 Basik Stoiqea Topikn Diktwn
genic pou exetzontai se aut to keflaio genik qoun mgisto rujm metdoshc mqri 20 Mbps, en ta dktua deterhc kai trthc genic qoun genik
arket megalterouc rujmoc metdoshc (Sta sgqrona trthc genic dktua
ftnoun to 1 Gbps). O rujmc sfalmtwn sta ensrmata topik dktua enai
pol mikrc. Gia pardeigma, se perptwsh diktou me omoaxonik kaldio o
rujmc sflmatoc enai metax 1 108 kai 1 109 . Ektc ap ta ensrmata
topik dktua, uprqei stic mrec mac meglo endiafron kai gia ta asrmata
topik dktua. Mlista oi exelxeic ston toma aut enai meglec afo ta
teleutaa do qrnia to kstoc apkthshc exoplismo gia asrmato dktuo
qei meiwje sto mis, en h taqthta qei praktik triplasiaste. Se sqsh
me to ensrmato dktuo:
To asrmato dktuo mpore plon na kostzei ligtero se egkatstash

se na meglo qro (p.q. to ktrio diokhshc miac etairac) pou eidik h arqik kalwdiak egkatstash (domhmnh kalwdwsh) mpore na
qei meglo kstoc. Akma to asrmato dktuo enai eukoltero sthn
diaqerish kai sthn anqneush blabn (afo den uprqoun kaldia ta
opoa mpore na kopon, braqukuklsoun klp).
Oi shmerinc angkec epikoinwnac epiblloun olona kai perisstero
th qrsh forhtn upologistn kai stajmn ergasac oi opooi prpei
na suneqzoun na qoun epaf me to dktuo thc etairac akma kai tan
brskontai se knhsh.
Sta asrmata dktua, mpore na qrhsimopoiontai radiosuqnthtec, (qamhlc,
kai uyhlterec wc mikrokmata) kai akma uprujrec aktnec akma kai LASER. Genik ta asrmata dktua qoun mikrterh embleia ap ta ensrmata
(giat gia pardeigma, ta radiokmata exasjenon grgora me thn apstash
kai qreizetai meglh isqc ekpompc gia na diadojon makri) kai lgw tou
jorbou qoun epshc kai megaltero rujm sfalmtwn. (Tupik 1 103
wc 1 105 ). O rujmc metdoshc enai epshc qamhlteroc (Ta shmerin
sunhjismna asrmata topik dktua ftnoun perpou ta 50 Mbps, en ta
antstoiqa tupik ensrmata ta 100 Mbps). 'Allo prblhma twn asrmatwn
topikn diktwn enai h asfleia kajc ta dedomna mpore na lhfjon kai
ap trtouc. 'Oloi auto oi tomec smera brskontai up suneq reuna.
7.1.2
Qrsh topikn diktwn
Ta topik dktua stic hmrec mac apotelon basik stoiqeo kje epiqerhshc. Aut sumbanei kurwc giat o proswpikc upologistc apotele plon
to basik ergaleo kajhmerinc ergasac gia touc perissterouc ap emc,
kai tsi pollaplasizetai h angkh gia antallagc arqewn, dedomnwn, istoseldwn klp. Olona kai perisstero h biomhqana baszetai sthn antallag
kai epexergasa dedomnwn msw hlektronikn upologistn.
Sthn oikiak qrsh, kajc o arijmc twn upologistn (all kai llwn
xupnwn suskeun pou mporon na epikoinwnon metax touc) auxnetai,
Sqma 7.2: Apl Topik Dktuo

sntoma ja rjei o kairc pou oi koinc katoikec ja diajtoun egkatesthmnh
kalwdwsh gia topik dktua ta opoa ja sundoun qi mno touc upologistc
tou spitio all kai oikiakc suskeuc metax touc.
To sqma 7.2 deqnei na apl topik dktuo to opoo sundei treic stajmoc ergasac kai na exuphretht. Sto dio dktuo akma sundontai:
'Enac sqediogrfoc (plotter).

'Enac ektupwtc tpou LASER.
'Enac sarwtc (scanner).
Se na isqur topik dktuo, enai dunatn na metakinontai akma kai dedomna pou qoun na knoun me epikoinwnec (fwn, eikna, bnteo).
To topik dktuo epitrpei ton diamoirasm

(koin qrsh) perifereiakn suskeun. H nnoia thc koinc qrshc
enai na qrhsimopoietai mia perifereiak suskeu (h opoa brsketai
sundedemnh se na mhqnhma tou diktou) ap louc touc qrstec tou
diktou. Gia pardeigma, mporome na sundsoume na ektupwt Laser
se na stajm ergasac ston exuphretht tou diktou kai loi oi
qrstec na mporon na ektupsoun se autn sqeta ap ton stajm
ergasac ton opoo qrhsimopoion th dedomnh stigm. To leitourgik
ssthma tou diktou frontzei ste h diadikasa aut na gnetai omal,
akma kai an thn dia stigm ektupnoun ston dio ektupwt perissteroi ap nac qrstec. Den enai mwc dunatn na gnei koin qrsh
lwn twn perifereiakn suskeun. Sunjwc epitrpetai koin qrsh
twn ektupwtn kai sqediogrfwn (plotter) kajc kai apojhkeutikn
mswn (sklhrn dskwn kai afairomenwn mswn). Epshc uprqoun
sarwtc (scanners) oi opooi mporon na leitourgsoun diktuak. Tloc, na anafroume ti uprqoun sthn agor perifereiakc suskeuc
(kurwc ektupwtc) oi opooi sundontai apeujeac sto dktuo me dik
touc enswmatwmnh krta diktou qwrc na apaitetai na sundejon
Diamoirasmc uliko:
apeujeac se kpoio stajm ergasac. To kuritero pleonkthma tou

diamoirasmo uliko enai ti mporon loi oi qrstec na moirzontai
thn dia suskeu h opoa mpore na qei kai uyhl kstoc en se
antjeth perptwsh ja prepe na thn agorsoume tsec forc soi enai
kai oi qrstec.
Me ton diamoirasm logismiko, apojhkeoume sto sklhr dsko tou kentriko exuphretht (server) to logismik to opoo jloume na enai diajsimo stouc stajmoc ergasac
tou diktou. Mporome epshc na apojhkesoume kai dedomna ta opoa
qreizontai loi oi qrstec. Sta topik dktua, o exuphrethtc pou
analambnei to rlo aut onomzetai file server kai to montlo (trpoc)
qrshc onomzetai Pelthc Exuphrethtc (client server). Me ton
diamoirasm logismiko mporome na epitqoume mewsh tou kstouc
agorc twn programmtwn afo oi perissterec meglec etairec logismiko diajtoun eidikc deiec qrshc gia diktuak egkatstash oi
opoec stoiqzoun fjhntera ap thn agor qwristn paktwn. Akma,
epeid ta dedomna kai ta progrmmata brskontai se na kentrik mhqnhma enai genik eukoltero na knoume thn suntrhsh kai ananwsh
touc, kajc kai na kratsoume antgrafa asfaleac (backup).
Diamoirasmc plhroforin:
Uphresec Diadiktou: Ta topik dktua smera mporon na parqoun se kje stajm ergasac touc oloklhrwmnec uphresec Diadiktou: Istoseldec (pagksmioc istc), e-mail, metafor arqewn (ftp)
klp. Sunjwc aut epitugqnetai me thn apeujeac sndesh enc kai
mno mhqanmatoc apeujeac sto Internet tupik kpoiou exuphretht
o opooc katpin qei ton rlo thc plhc (gateway) metafrontac
dedomna ap kai proc to Diadktuo se kje stajm ergasac tou topiko diktou. 'Etsi smera ta topik dktua qoun shmantik rlo
sth diaqerish kai metafor dedomnwn afo pol suqn oi diktuakc
efarmogc kai ta dedomna miac epiqerhshc metafrontai plon qi mno
msw tou topiko diktou all kai tou Diadiktou.
Diamoirasmc logismiko:
Sto topik dktuo, mporome na egkatastsoume (sunjwc se kpoion exuphretht) na ssthma diaqerishc bshc dedomnwn. Me ton trpo aut ta dedomna enai prosbsima
se kje qrsth tou diktou (ston opoo qoume bbaia dsei ta katllhla dikaimata). Enai mlista dunat h tautqronh qrsh thc bshc
ap polloc qrstec. To ssthma diaqerishc thc bshc dedomnwn se
sunergasa me to leitourgik ssthma tou diktou exasfalzei ti den
mporon na dhmiourghjon problhmatikc katastseic pwc p.q. nac
qrsthc na diabzei mia eggraf kai thn dia stigm kpoioc lloc na
th diagrfei. Genik tan nac qrsthc tropopoie mia sugkekrimnh
eggraf, aut den enai diajsimh se llo qrsth. H diadikasa aut
onomzetai kledwma.
Se pollc periptseic, qrstec

pou douleoun se mia etaira organism qoun analbei ap koino thn
ekpnhsh kpoiac melthc ergasac (project). Sthn perptwsh aut
to topik dktuo bohj thn sunergasa twn meln thc omdac afo
me thn bojeia tou ektelon kpoiec koinc ergasec kai sunennoontai
metax touc, sqeta ap thn apstash h opoa qwrzei touc qrouc
ergasac touc. Pollc efarmogc grafeou pwc gia pardeigma to
Microsoft Office diajtoun eidikc leitourgec sunergasac oi opoec
qrhsimopoiontai akribc gia ttoiec periptseic.
Omdec sunergasac qrhstn:
Ta topik dktua dnoun

thn dunatthta msa se kpoia plasia na epektenoume ton arijm
twn upologistn pou enai sundedemnoi Mporome me aut ton trpo
na kalyoume gia pardeigma thn angkh miac anaptussmenhc epiqerhshc gia nec jseic ergasac me prosjkh twn antstoiqwn nwn
stajmn ergasac. Bbaia gia na gnei aut, propjesh enai na qei
ap thn arq sqediaste h kalwdwsh tou ktirou ste na kalptei thn
pijanthta prosjkhc nwn jsewn.
Epktash thc egkates thmnhc bshc:
7.1.2.1
Lexilgio 'Orwn
Enai h taqthta me thn opoa metafrontai

ta dedomna msa ap to dktuo. Metritai se bps (bits per
second) kai se pollaplsia (kbps, Mbps, Gbps) 1Kbps=1000
bps 1Mbps=1000 kbps = 1000000 bps
Rujmc Metdoshc
'Otan uprqei epikoinwna do

kmbwn me apeujeac sndesh metax touc.
Metdosh shmeo proc shmeo
'Otan nac kmboc metaddei tautqrona to

mnuma se polloc kmbouc apodktec. O kmboc pou metaddei dedomna den gnwrzei aparathta psoi / poioi enai oi
paralptec.
Metdosh ekpompc
(BER, Bit Error Rate). O rujmc sflmatoc duadiko yhfou ekfrzei thn pijanthta lyhc lanjasmnwn dedomnwn, afo metrei ta yhfa
pou kat mso ro lambnontai ljoc se na snolo duadikn
yhfwn pou qoun metadoje. An gia pardeigma qoume rujm
sflmatoc 5 109 shmanei ti sta 1.000.000.000 yhfa pou
ja metadojon uprqei pijanthta ta 5 na enai lanjasmna.
'Oso mikrteroc enai o rujmc sflmatoc, tso kalterh enai
h axiopista tou diktou. Tupik ta asrmata dktua qoun qamhlterh axiopista kai megaltero rujm sflmatoc duadiko
yhfou.
Rujmc sflmatoc duadiko yhfou
Anafretai ston trpo me ton

opoo kajorzetai h seir kai h proteraithta tou kje kmbou
na metadsei ta dedomna tou qrhsimopointac to fusik mso
(kaldio, optik na klp.) tou diktou. O legqoc prsbashc enai aparathtoc, giat an prospajon tautqrona loi na
metadsoun, dhmiourgontai sugkroseic sto fusik mso me
apotlesma thn katastrof twn dedomnwn.
'Elegqoc prsbashc sto mso
10
7.2
Fusik Msa
H arqitektonik enc diktou kajorzetai ap:
To fusik mso twn grammn epikoinwnac tou dhl. to edoc twn

kalwdwn optikn inn klp. pou qrhsimopoietai gia na diasundejon
metax touc oi kmboi.
Thn topologa tou (ton trpo dhl. me ton opoo gnetai h fusik sndesh
twn kmbwn).
Th mjodo prsbashc sto fusik mso. Ton trpo dhl. me ton opoo
kje kmboc apokt prsbash gia na metadsei ta dedomna tou kai
pwc orzetai poioc qei kje for dikawma qrshc tou msou.
To sqma 7.3 deqnei thn antistoiqa thc arqitektonikc twn topikn diktwn se sqsh me to prtupo OSI.
Sqma 7.3: Topik Dktua kai Prtupo OSI

'Opwc parathrome sta do qamhltera eppeda tou OSI antistoiqzontai
tra upoeppeda twn topikn diktwn. Sto Fusik Eppedo tou OSI, antistoiqzetai to upoeppedo pou enai exartmeno ap to mso (PMD, Physical
Media Dependent) twn topikn diktwn, en sto eppedo grammc dedomnwn
antistoiqzontai ta upoeppeda elgqou logikc grammc (LLC, Logical Line
Control) kai Elgqou Prsbashc sto Mso (MAC, Media Access Control).
To upoeppedo Elgqou Prsbashc sto Mso enai aparathto an skeftome ti sta topik dktua to mso enai koin kai diamoirzetai se louc touc
kmbouc.
7.2.1
Fusik Msa Topikn Diktwn
Kje fusik mso qei tic dikc tou dunatthtec so afor thn metdosh shmtwn. Aut ofeletai sta dia ta qarakthristik tou msou. Gia pardeigma
7.2 Fusik Msa
11
to thlefwnik kaldio enai katllhlo gia metdosh fwnc all akatllhlo

gia metdosh dedomnwn me uyhl taqthta.
Se na topik dktuo, h metdosh dedomnwn mpore na enai ete basikc
ete eureac znhc.
Sthn metdosh basikc znhc den qrhsimopoietai diamrfwsh.

Sthn metdosh eureac znhc qrhsimopoietai kpoiou edouc diamrfwsh, pwc pltouc, suqnthtac, fshc klp.
Na upenjumsoume ed ti sthn diamrfwsh, qrhsimopoiome na sma genik
uyhlc suqnthtac, to opoo onomzoume fron, gia na metafroume ta dedomna mac. H apojkeush twn dedomnwn mac pnw sto fron gnetai me thn
allag kpoiou ap ta qarakthristik tou, pwc to pltoc h suqnthta, me
trpo ttoio pou na akolouje thn morf twn dedomnwn. Ta pleonektmata
thc diamrfwshc enai:
Mporome na metabibsoume perisstera ap na smata tautqrona

msa ap to dio mso qwrc na uprqoun parembolc (arke na qrhsimopoisoume diaforetikc suqnthtec frontoc).
Mporome na metadsoume smata se megalterec apostseic me mikrterec apleiec.
Den enai la ta fusik msa katllhla gia diamrfwsh. Epshc se pollc
epikoinwnec epilgoume na mhn qoume diamrfwsh. Sto thlefwnik kaldio
pou metafrei thn fwn mac (analogik) ap to stajer mac thlfwno sto
kntro tou OTE, den qrhsimopoietai diamrfwsh.
7.2.1.1
Domhmnh Kalwdwsh sta Topik Dktua
Ta ensrmata msa metdoshc genik enai:
Ta difora edh kalwdwn sunestrammnwn zeugn (sta topik dktua

qoun idiatero endiafron oi kathgorec 4 kai 5 pou exetsame sth B
Txh).
Ta omoaxonik kaldia epshc diforwn tpwn me qarakthristik
paradegmata to omoaxonik kaldio twn 75 Wm (pou qrhsimopoietai
kai stic thleorseic) kai to RG-58 twn 50 Wm pou qrhsimopoietai sto
Ethernet 10 Mbps.
Optikc 'Inec
'Alla edh kalwdwn me mikrterh qrsh sta topik dktua.
12
Oi tpoi twn kalwdwn qoun exetaste sto mjhma twn diktwn thc B txhc. Me ton ro domhmnh kalwdwsh anafermaste se mia tupopoihmnh kai
smfwna me prodiagrafc kalwdiak egkatstash pou gnetai se kje qro
ston opoo skopeoume na egkatastsoume topik dktuo. Anexrthta ap to
edoc tou topiko diktou, h domhmnh kalwdwsh enai pol shmantik giat
dieukolnei thn diaqerish tou diktou kai thn ekolh mellontik epktash
tou.
Metax llwn h tupopohsh perilambnei:
Prodiagrafc gia ta edh twn kalwdwn pou ja qrhsimopoihjon (genik

kalwdiak ssthma)
Prodiagrafc gia ton trpo sundsewn, thn topologa, tic apolxeic
(termatismoc, przec diktou), ta shmea sndeshc kai ton trpo diaqerishc
Prodiagrafc gia pronta ta opoa mpore na prorqontai ap polloc
diaforetikoc kataskeuastc all na sunergzontai metax touc.
Odhgec proc kataskeuastc gia mellontik pronta thlepikoinwnin
pou na enai sumbat metax touc.
Dunatthta sqediasmo kai ulopohshc thc apaitomenhc kalwdwshc
enc emporiko ktirou qwrc na enai ap prin gnwst sugkekrimna
pronta pou ja prpei na qrhsimopoihjon.
H protupopohsh gine me thn sunergasa thc Diejnoc 'Enwshc Kataskeuastn Hlektronikn Diatxewn (EIA, Electronics Industry Association) kai
thc 'Enwshc Kataskeuastn Diatxewn Thlepikoinwnin (TIA, Telecommunications Industry Association) oi opoec kai katlhxan sta prtupa pou
smera enai gnwst me touc kwdikoc EIA/TIA-568A (smera uprqei kai
to EIA/TIA-568B smfwna me to opoo enai ftiagmno kai to ergastrio tou
sqoleou). H tupopohsh perilambnei tic prodiagrafc pou anaframe parapnw kai enai katllhlh gia difora edh topikn diktwn. Na shmeisoume
ti lgw thc idiatera meglhc explwshc thc plhroforikc kai thc auxanmenhc qrshc thc stic epiqeirseic, enai aparathto kje kainorio ktrio pou
proorzetai gia emporik qrsh na sqedizetai ste na parqei ap thn arq
dunatthtec domhmnhc kalwdwshc.
H kalwdwsh ulopoietai kat to prtupo EIA/TIA se pnte (5) uposustmata, ta opoa metax touc sundontai se ditaxh strou.
Jewrome ti kje ktrio apoteletai ap mia seir orfwn. Se kje rofo uprqei kalwdwsh pou sundei metax toc touc upologistc tou orfou
(upossthma orizntiac kalwdwshc). H kalwdwsh ap kje rofo sundetai se mia llh kalwdwsh pou diatrqei to ktrio kjeta (upossthma
katakrufhc kalwdwshc). H kalwdwsh aut katalgei se na shmeo tupik sto isgeio upgeio tou ktirou pou kai mpore na diasundetai plon
me kalwdwsh ap lla ktria, to Internet klp. (genik diasndesh ktirou).
7.2 Fusik Msa
13
Ektc ap aut thn diasndesh, uprqei h diasndesh metax orizntiac

kai katakrufhc kalwdwshc, kai h sndesh twn apolxewn (prizn diktou)
me tic termatikc suskeuc (upologistc, fax, thlfwna...) se kje rofo. Shmeiste ti h domhmnh kalwdwsh den anafretai upoqrewtik mno
se topik dktua upologistn all kai se llec suskeuc pou metafroun
dedomna. Ta uposustmata fanontai sto sqma 7.4. Analutik, ta pnte
Sqma 7.4: Uposustmata Domhmnhc Kalwdwshc

uposustmata enai:
Perilambnei lec tic

prodiagrafc kalwdwshc xekinntac ap tic apolxeic tou diktou
(eke pou sundetai h termatik ditaxh p.q. upologistc tou teliko
qrsth) mqri thn sndesh sto plasio (rack) thlepikoinwniako uliko
lou tou orfou. To prtupo EIA/TIA orzei ti h apstash aut den
prpei na uperbanei ta 90 mtra. Sthn kalwdwsh aut mporon na
qrhsimopoihjon:
Upossthma orizntiac kalwdwshc:
Kaldia UTP (sunestrammnwn zeugn) twn tessrwn zeugn

(100 Wm).
Kaldia STP (sunestrammnwn zeugn, jwrakismna) twn do
zeugn (150 Wm).
Omoaxonik kaldio twn 50 Wm.
Kaldio optikc nac (dimetroc 62,5 mikr).
H katakrufh kalwdwsh diatrqei kjeta to ktrio, kai sundetai se kje rofo me thn
Upossthma katakrufhc kalwdwshc:
14
antstoiqh orizntia kalwdwsh. Oi prodiagrafc tou kalwdou prpei

na enai ttoiec pou na epitrpoun thn sndesh aut. H katakrufh
kalwdwsh termatzei sto kentrik shmeo diasndeshc tou ktirou. H
katakrufh kalwdwsh enai sunjwc isqurterh ap thn orizntia kai
qei megalterh dunatthta metaforc dedomnwn, giat metafrei dedomna ap louc touc orfouc. Se pollc periptseic qrhsimopoiontai
optikc nec.
Upossthma diasndeshc orizntiac - katakrufhc ka-
Sto shmeo aut sundetai h katakrufh kalwdwsh me

thn antstoiqh orizntia tou orfou. Stic perissterec periptseic
kje rofoc diajtei na toulqiston rack (ntoulpa) sto opoo katalgoun oi sundseic lou tou orfou. Eke epshc brsketai kai opoiodpote llo thlepikoinwniak ulik apaitetai (router, hubs, switches
klp.). To upossthma diasndeshc enai topojethmno se ttoio shmeo
ston rofo ste na uprqei ekolh prsbash kai epikoinwna me aut
to rack.
lwdwshc:
Upossthma apolxewn orizntiac kalwdwshc: To upossthma aut perilambnei tic apolxeic (przec) thn kalwdwsh kai
touc sundetrec (bsmata) me ta opoa gnetai h sndesh twn termatikn suskeun tou teliko qrsth. 'Opwc dh anaframe, termatikc
suskeuc den enai aparathta mno upologistc all mpore na enai
kai fax, thlfwna klp. To upossthma aut enai suqn ftiagmno me
ttoio trpo ste na mporon msw miac koinc sndeshc na sundejon
diatxeic metax touc anmoiec. Gia pardeigma mia koin prza diktou
tpou RJ-45 (pwc autc pou qrhsimopoiome kai sto ergastrio) mpore na qrhsimopoihje kai gia thn sndesh enc thlefnou (me bsma
RJ-11) giat enai sumbat.
Upossthma kentrikc diasndeshc ktirou:
Sto shmeo pou

katalgei h katakrufh kalwdwsh tou diktou, uprqei to upossthma
kentrikc diasndeshc ktirou. Sto shmeo aut gnetai h sndesh tou
diktou tou ktirou me dktua llwn ktirwn thc etairac kai me to
Diadktuo.
7.2.1.2
Asrmata Msa Metdoshc
To biblo ed anafretai se asrmata msa metdoshc kai milei

gia radiosuqnthtec, mikrokmata, fwc, Laser klp. Sthn pragmatikthta
bbaia to mso metdoshc den enai aut all ap po dirqontai aut ta
smata. Enai san na lme ti to mso metdoshc sta ensrmata dktua den
enai to kaldio all to hlektrik rema pou to diapern. Se kje perptwsh
h pragmatikthta enai ti to mso metdoshc sta asrmata dktua enai h
Shmewsh:
7.2 Fusik Msa
15
ginh atmsfaira (arac) an kai sthn pragmatikthta ote kan aut den enai
aparathto. To mso metdoshc mpore kllista na enai to ken.
Se na topik dktuo (kai eidik an qoume domhmnh kalwdwsh kai se meglo ktrio) shmantik mrouc tou arqiko kstouc egkatstashc prorqetai
ap thn agor kai egkatstash twn kalwdwn kai twn ulikn (sundetrwn,
prizn klp.) pou apaitontai gia qrsh ap to dktuo. Sto jma aut ta
asrmata dktua prosfroun shmantik dieuklunsh, afo pra ap to kstoc agorc tou exoplismo arqik, den uprqoun kalwdiseic kai to dktuo
mpore na epektaje akma kai se shmea pou to ensrmato ja tan dskolo
na ftsei. Tautqrona uprqei to pleonkthma thc epikoinwnac twn stajmn
ergasac akma kai an auto brskontai se knhsh (msa sthn aktna drshc
tou diktou) exuphretntac tsi me pol bolik trpo eidik touc qrstec
pou qrhsimopoion forhtoc upologistc.
Sta asrmata dktua h metdosh gnetai msw radiofwnikn suqnottwn
(radiokumtwn) ap 104 wc 109 Hz kajc kai mikrokumtwn ap 109 wc 1012
Hz. Akma mporon na qrhsimopoihje uprujrh aktinobola (fwc to opoo
mwc den enai orat ap ton njrwpo) suqnthtac ap 1012 wc 1014 Hz.
Oi radiosuqnthtec qrhsimopoiontai se pollc periptseic metdoshc

dedomnwn, kai qi mno se dktua upologistn. Qarakthristik pardeigma enai ta dktua kinhtc thlefwnac sta opoa h fwn metaddetai
san yhfiak dedomna (met ap yhfiopohsh) kai qrhsimopoiontai radiofwnikc suqnthtec ap 900 1900 MHz gia thn metdosh. Ta
radiokmata (eidik se qamhlterec suqnthtec) qoun thn idithta na
diapernon adiafan antikemena (p.q. toqouc) kai tsi enai katllhla
gia thn dhmiourga topikn diktwn mikrc ktashc (p.q. msa se na
ktrio miac etairac). 'Omwc an qrhsimopoisoume diec suqnthtec se
geitonik ktria enai pijann na uprxoun parembolc. Gia na apofegontai ttoia fainmena, uprqoun diejnec sumbseic pou orzoun poiec
perioqc suqnottwn qrhsimopoiontai gia kje efarmog kajc epshc kai thn mgisth isq pou mpore na qrhsimopoihje kje for gia
na gnei h metdosh. Gia pardeigma den prkeitai pot na brome topik
dktuo pou na qrhsimopoie thn suqnthta twn 100 MHz gia metdosh
dedomnwn giat aut qrhsimopoietai sto radifwno (klmaka FM).
Radiosuqnthtec idiatera uyhlc suqnthtac (pnw ap 1 GHz, 1 dic.
kklouc) enai ta mikrokmata. 'Oso uyhlterh enai h suqnthta, tso
h didosh autn twn kumtwn tenei na gnei moia me to fwc. Ta mikrokmata loipn diaddontai kat bsh se eujea gramm kai mporon
tsi na kalyoun meglec apostseic. 'Omwc den mporon na xepersoun adiafan antikemena pwc oi qamhlterec suqnthtec. H basik
touc efarmog enai sthn epikoinwna meglwn apostsewn, pou mwc
uprqei optik epaf. Gia pardeigma mpore na qoume mikrokumatik zexh (sndesh) metax do upologistn pou brskontai se meglh
16
apstash (p.q. metax do plewn). Sthn perptwsh aut oi keraec

prpei na enai topojethmnec se yhl shmeo me trpo ste na uprqei optik epaf ap th mia sthn llh giat ta mikrokmata diaddontai
perpou eujgramma (pwc to fwc). H lsh aut mpore na enai fjhnterh ap th qrsh optikc nac llou kalwdou, eidik an prkeitai
na topojethjon se dsbatec perioqc.
Stic perissterec efarmogc mikrokumtwn, akribc epeid qreizetai optik epaf, oi dsmec prpei na kateujnontai me akrbeia ap thn mia keraa
sthn llh. Tic perissterec forc qrhsimopoiontai parabolikc keraec (ta
gnwst ap tic doruforikc thleorseic pita).
7.3
7.3.1
Topologec
Eisagwg
H topologa orzei ton trpo me ton opoo gnetai h fusik diasndesh twn
kmbwn enc diktou. H topologa ephrezetai ap touc exc pargontec:
An to dktuo enai ensrmato asrmato.

Ap ton trpo sndeshc twn kmbwn (nac proc nan nac proc polloc).
7.3.2
Topologec Ensrmatwn Topikn Diktwn
Oi basikc topologec twn ensrmatwn topikn diktwn enai:
O dauloc
O daktlioc
To stro ( astrac)
Uprqoun topologec oi opoec prokptoun ap parallagc kai beltiseic
twn parapnw. Gia pardeigma, parallag thc topologac dialou enai to
dntro, kai parallag thc topologac daktulou enai o diplc daktlioc.
Uprqoun topologec pou prokptoun ap sunduasmoc llwn pwc strodaktlioc kai topologec pou den qoun kpoio sugkekrimno sqma (diktuwt) kai sunantntai perisstero se dktua eureac perioqc.
Basiko pargontec pou ephrezoun thn epilog miac topologac sthn
ulopohsh enc diktou enai:
To edoc twn efarmogn.

H poluplokthta twn diadikasin elgqou pou epibllei h topologa
kai h epdrash pou mpore aut na qei sthn apdosh tou diktou.
7.3 Topologec
17
H eukola me thn opoa mpore na epektaje (p.q. na prostejon kai

llec jseic ergasac) an uprqei angkh.
Se na dktuo sto opoo nac kmboc A mpore na epikoinwnsei me na llo kmbo B me perissterec ap ma diadromc, h eresh thc suntomterhc
diadromc apotele to prblhma thc dromolghshc. To prblhma aut mqri
smera paramnei anoikt (den uprqei kpoioc mesoc trpoc eplushc mqri
stigmc all ote qei apodeiqje ti to prblhma den lnetai).
7.3.2.1
Topologa Dialou
Sqediastik aut h topologa enai arket apl, afo loi oi kmboi tou diktou sundontai mesa (me thn bojeia katllhlwn sundetrwn (busmtwn)
kai termatismn) se mia koin gramm epikoinwnac pou onomzetai dauloc
(bus). Ta pakta pou stlnontai ap na kmbo diaddontai se lh thn koin
gramm epikoinwnac kai lambnontai ap louc touc kmbouc. Kje kmboc
elgqei thn diejunsh paralpth pou anagrfetai sto pakto, kai an anakalyei ti apeujnetai se autn to antigrfei, diaforetik to agnoe.
Epeid oi kmboi pou brskontai pio kont se autn pou ekpmpei kje
for lambnoun isqurtero sma ap touc pio apomakrusmnouc uprqoun
kpoioi periorismo oi opooi aforon:
To mkoc tou kalwdou.

To pljoc twn sundsewn.
To edoc / poithta twn ulikn pou qrhsimopoiontai stic sundseic.
Pra ap kpoio rio exasjnhshc (to opoo mpore na proklhje gia pardeigma ap pol meglo mkoc kalwdou) mpore na qoume apleia dedomnwn. Ta dktua dialou den parousizoun poluplokthta sthn kataskeu kai
mporome ekola na touc allxoume ditaxh na ta epektenoume. 'Ena pardeigma topologac Dialou fanetai sto sqma 7.5. Sto tloc thc grammc
Sqma 7.5: Topologa Dialou

tou dialou uprqei na apl exrthma, pou onomzetai termatistc (terminator). O termatistc analambnei na empodsei to sma tou diktou pou
18
ftnei sthn krh tou kalwdou ap to na anaklaste kai na gursei psw sto
kaldio parembllontac tsi thn kanonik metdosh. O termatistc ousiastik katanalnei to sma tou diktou pou ftnei sthn krh tou kalwdou.
An o dauloc kope se na shmeo, tupik diakptetai h leitourga lou tou
diktou akribc epeid qnetai o termatismc. Wstso h blbh enc kmbou
den ephrezei to uploipo dktuo. Ta dktua dialou enai katllhla tan:
'Eqoume mikr arijm kmbwn.

H kuklofora dedomnwn enai mikr.
Antjeta, enai kak epilog tan:
'Eqoume meglo arijm kmbwn.

H kuklofora sto dktuo enai meglh.
7.3.2.2
Topologa Dntrou
H topologa dntrou apotele parallag thc topologac dialou. Sqhmatik

moizei me na anestrammno dntro. O kormc kai ta kladi tou dntrou
auto apotelontai ap dktua dialou. To kaldio sthn topologa dntrou
Sqma 7.6: Topologa Dntrou

diakladzetai all pot den sqhmatzei kleistoc brqouc (daktulouc). Xekin ap na kmbo pou brsketai sthn koruf kai onomzetai kefal rza.
H rza anametaddei sto dktuo to sma pou lambnei ap kje kmbo pou
ekpmpei kai gia to lgo aut to tmma tou dialou pou pernei ap th rza
qei megaltero frto knhshc se sqsh me to uploipo dktuo. O dauloc
pou xekin ap th rza mpore na qei diakladseic kai autc me th seir touc
7.3 Topologec
19
dikc touc diakladseic k.o.k. Pardeigma topologac dntrou fanetai sto

sqma 7.6.
Epeid h topologa dntrou apotele parallag thc topologac dialou,
qei perpou ta dia pleonektmata kai meionektmata me aut. Wstso prpei
na shmeisoume ti enai kataskeuastik pio dskolo na ftiaqte (kai na
sunthrhje) kai qei akma to meionkthma ti se perptwsh blbhc thc rzac
katarrei lo to tmma tou diktou pou elgqei (afo la ta dedomna pernne
ap th rza).
7.3.2.3
Topologa Daktulou
Sthn topologa daktulou oi kmboi sundontai metax touc me sundseic shmeo proc shmeo. Ta do kra tou kalwdou ennontai ste na sqhmatsoun
na kleist brqo. Oi kmboi sundontai sto dktuo msw miac ditaxhc pou
onomzetai anametadthc. Pardeigma daktulou fanetai sto sqma 7.7.
enai mia apl ditaxh pou lambnei to sma tou
diktou, to enisqei kai to metaddei xan sto dktuo. O anametadthc lambnei ta duadik yhfa ap thn esodo tou, anadhmiourge to
sma tou diktou, kai to metaddei xan sthn xodo tou, me ton dio
rujm metdoshc pou ta labe. O anametadthc den qei dunatthta
proswrinc apojkeushc.
O anametadthc
Sqma 7.7: Topologa Daktulou

H ro twn paktwn sto daktlio akolouje sugkekrimnh kai ap prin
sumfwnhmnh for h opoa mpore na enai ete aut twn deiktn tou rologio
antstrofh. Ta pakta metaddontai ap kmbo se kmbo qwrc idiaterh kajustrhsh. Den uprqoun plhroforec dromolghshc. Kje pakto periqei
thn diejunsh tou paralpth. 'Oloi oi kmboi blpoun la ta pakta kai autc
20
gia ton opoo proorzetai to antigrfei. Epeid loi oi kmboi metaddoun kai
moirzontai to dio fusik mso, qreizetai kpoio edoc elgqou prsbashc
ste na apofaszetai kje for poioc kmboc qei dikawma metdoshc. O
legqoc mpore na enai kentrikc katanemhmnoc. (Ta edh aut twn elgqwn exhgontai se epmeno mjhma). An nac kmboc parousisei prblhma
den shmanei aparathta kai diakop tou diktou, afo pwc ja dome sto
Keflaio 8 uprqei trpoc antimetpishc.
H topologa daktulou enai kal epilog tan:
Apaitetai isokatanom thc qwrhtikthtac tou diktou stouc kmbouc.

Isokatanom shmanei ti kje kmboc qei dunatthta na stelei me
diouc rujmoc metdoshc me touc uploipouc kai h kajustrhsh metdoshc tou enai epshc dia.
'Otan o arijmc kmbwn enai mikrc kai se mikr apstash o nac ap
ton llo, all apaitetai uyhlc rujmc metdoshc.
'Otan kje kmboc prpei na metadsei opwsdpote prin ap kpoio
sugkekrimno qronik disthma (ti ennoe ed to biblo?).
Genik ta dktua daktulou:
Parousizoun kajustrhsh metdoshc h opoa mpore na enai shmantik

akma kai se mikr forto knhshc.
H msh kajustrhsh metdoshc den auxnei anloga me to forto tou
diktou (Ti ennoe ed? Pwc auxnei dhlad?)
Uprqei stajer qrsh tou kanalio akma kai ktw ap megla forta
knhshc.
To dktuo daktulou uprqei kai se parallag me dipl daktlio pou
ta dedomna kinontai me antjeth katejunsh se kje daktlio. O diplc
daktlioc qrhsimopoietai sta dktua uyhln epidsewn.
7.3.2.4
Topologa 'Astrou
Sthn topologa strou oi kmboi sundontai o kajnac me dik tou kaldio

se na kentrik kmbo. 'Eqoume dhl. sundseic shmeou proc shmeo ap kje
kmbo tou diktou proc ton kentrik. Mlista kje kmboc qei mia sndesh
an katejunsh metdoshc. Pardeigma fanetai sto sqma 7.8. H topologa
qei ta qarakthristik thc topologac dialou:
Kje for mpore mno nac kmboc na metadsei.

Kje kmboc mpore na dei tic metadseic opoioudpote llou kmbou.
7.3 Topologec
21
Sqma 7.8: Topologa 'Astrou

Ta mhnmata lwn twn kmbwn metaddontai ston kentrik kmbo. Anloga
me to edoc tou elgqou pou efarmzetai, o kentrikc kmboc qei diaforetik
kje for rlo.
Uprqoun treic morfc elgqou pou mporon na efarmoston sthn topologa strou:
Sthn prth morf elgqou (kentrikc legqoc) o kentrikc kmboc

enai upejunoc gia lec tic diadikasec dromolghshc. Ta mhnmata
pou ftnoun ston kentrik kmbo, apostllontai met ap epexergasa
ston kmbo paralpth.
Sthn deterh morf elgqou (perifereiakc legqoc) o legqoc den
asketai ap ton kentrik kmbo all ap kpoion ap touc llouc
kmbouc (perifereiak kmbo) en o kentrikc analambnei na apokatastsei aplc tic sundseic leitourgntac san metagwgikc diakpthc
(ennei touc kmbouc metax touc). Mporete na fantastete th leitourga tou kentriko kmbou se aut thn perptwsh pwc th leitourga tou
thlefwniko kntrou tou OTE: Sundei metax touc tic suskeuc thlefnwn twn sundromhtn pou jloun na sunomilsoun.
Sthn trth morf elgqou (katanemhmnoc legqoc) o legqoc den asketai sugkekrimna ap kpoion kmbo, all loi maz oi kmboi enai upejunoi en o kentrikc kmboc enai upejunoc gia thn dromolghsh kai
thn apofug twn sugkrosewn.
Shmewsh: To biblo den dnei onomasec stic treic morfc elgqou.
Oi onomasec pou qw dsei parapnw enai gia na sac bohjsoun
na jumste tic treic morfc elgqou. Den qreizetai na tic
gryete stic exetseic.
Ta dktua me topologa strou apotelon kal epilog tan:
22
Qreiazmaste uyhloc rujmoc metdoshc.

Qreiazmaste oloklhrwmnec uphresec, katllhlec tso gia metafor
fwnc so kai dedomnwn (Mhn xeqnme ti kai suskeuc pwc thlfwna
kai fax qreizontai sundseic pou xekinne ap thn kje suskeu kai
katalgoun se na kentrik shmeo, dhl. topologa strou).
H ulopohsh twn diktwn strou mpore na enai polplokh. Kpoioi kmboi
mpore na qoun apl rlo termatikc suskeuc kai kpoioi na askon legqo. Poll qarakthristik tou diktou exartntai ap tic dunatthtec tou
kentriko kmbou. Ttoia qarakthristik enai h qwrhtikthta tou diktou,
o mgistoc rujmc metaforc dedomnwn, h dunatthta epktashc (prosjkh
kai llwn kmbwn), h axiopista klp. Den prpei epshc na xeqnme ti to
pljoc twn kalwdwn ja enai meglo, afo qreizetai na kaldio ap kje
kmbo proc ton kentrik.
Ston pajhtik kentrik kmbo to sma pou lambnetai sthn esodo tou, metaddetai xan proc lec tic exdouc qwrc na uposte kami
metabol ensqush.
Ston energ kentrik kmbo to sma pou lambnetai metaddetai
xan se lec tic exdouc afo prta gnei ensqush (anagnnhsh) tou.
Me ton trpo aut, to sma pou rqetai exasjenhmno ap makrinoc
kmbouc anadhmiourgetai kai mpore na kalyei xan meglh apstash.
Sthn perptwsh aut o kentrikc kmboc qei kai ton rlo tou epanalpth. An ston kentrik kmbo ftsoun tautqrona poll smata eisdou,
metaddetai se lec tic exdouc na sma pou eidopoie touc kmbouc ti
uprqei sgkroush.
7.3.3
Topologec Asrmatwn Topikn Diktwn
Oi topologec asrmatwn topikn diktwn diaqwrzontai anloga me to an

qrhsimopoion sundseic shmeou proc shmeo sundseic ekpompc.
Ja exetsoume prta tic treic periptseic asrmatwn diktwn me sundseic ekpompc:
7.3.3.1
Sndesh ekpompc
1oc Trpoc
Sthn prth perptwsh (sqma 7.9), qrhsimopoiontai radiokmata sqetik qamhlc suqnthtac (pou mporon na diapersoun adiafan antikemena). 'Oloi
oi kmboi sundontai me na kentrik kmbo epikoinwnac o opooc onomzetai
stajmc bshc. Oi kmboi tupik enai katanemhmnoi se mia sqetik mikr
perioq grw ap to stajm bshc, mpore mwc na enai pollo se arijm.
An kai autc o trpoc enai o pio palic, qrhsimopoietai akma kai smera kai
mlista qi mno se sundseic upologistn. Sgqronec parallagc tou qrhsimopoiontai smera gia pardeigma sthn kinht thlefwna. Gia na moiraste
h diajsimh qwrhtikthta tou diktou se polloc qrstec, omdec qrhstn
7.3 Topologec
23
Sqma 7.9: 1oc Trpoc Ekpompc

omadopoiontai se kuylec. Kje kuylh qei to dik thc stajm bshc pou
exuphrete na arijm ap qrstec autoc pou brskontai sthn perioq embleiac thc. H bsh thc kje kuylhc sundetai me tic bseic twn uploipwn
tupik msw ensrmatou diktou. H diasndesh aut exasfalzei thn metdosh twn dedomnwn ap touc kmbouc miac kuylhc se kmbouc miac llhc,
kai epshc qrhsimopoietai gia ton suntonism twn metadsewn twn kmbwn.
(Sqma 7.10) Kje kmboc thc kuylhc ekpmpei me sqetik qamhl eppeda
Sqma 7.10: Kuylec

isqoc (mh xeqnme ti oi kmboi brskontai se sqetik mikrc apostseic ap
to stajm bshc). 'Etsi apofegontai oi parembolc me llec kuylec. Lgw
epshc thc mikrc isqoc ekpompc, enai dunatn na qrhsimopoisoume xan
thn dia suqnthta se mia llh kuylh h opoa brsketai makrtera (qi geitonik). H epanaqrhsimopohsh suqnottwn (blpe sqma 7.11) mac exuphrete
giat diaforetik ja prepe na sqedisoume na ssthma to opoo na qrhsimopoie ekatontdec diaforetikc suqnthtec kti to opoo enai asmforo
oikonomik (all epshc sntoma ja mname kai qwrc diajsimec suqnthtec).
24
Sqma 7.11: Epanaqrhsimopohsh Suqnottwn

7.3.3.2
Sndesh Ekpompc
2oc Trpoc
Ston detero trpo sndeshc me ditaxh ekpompc qrhsimopoiontai mikrokmata uprujrec aktnec kai qrhsimopoietai kurwc se meglec egkatastseic
pwc sunedriak kntra klp. Oi katanemhmnec termatikc diatxeic (mpore
na enai forhto upologistc) gnwstc san Portable Devices (PD) twn qrhstn sundontai msw asrmatwn zexewn me mia endimesh monda prsbashc
(PAU, Portable Access Unit).(Sqma 7.12) H endimesh monda prsbashc

qei to rlo thc bshc. Aut sundetai me th seir thc se na ensrmato
dktuo sto opoo mpore na enai sundedemnec kai llec mondec prsbashc,
7.3 Topologec
25
kentrikc upologistc exuphrthshc (server), to diadktuo klp.

H mgisth apstash pou mpore na apqei mia termatik ditaxh ap thn
monda prsbashc kumanetai ap 50 wc 400 mtra kai exarttai ap thn isq
me thn opoa ekpmpei h bsh kai h termatik monda.
7.3.3.3
Sndesh Ekpompc
3oc Trpoc
Sthn trth perptwsh sndeshc ekpompc, qoume mesh sndesh kpoiwn

termatikn pou brskontai egkatesthmnec se mikroc qrouc (pwc qroi
sunedrwn, ekjsewn klp). Stic periptseic autc den uprqei stajmc bshc
all oi kmboi sundontai metax touc mesa. (Sqma 7.13)
7.3.3.4
Sundseic Shmeo proc Shmeo
An qrhsimopoiome sundseic shmeou proc shmeo, tte h epikoinwna pragmatopoietai (Sqma 7.14):
Sqma 7.14: Sndesh shmeou proc shmeo
Ete metax do stajern shmewn.

Ete enc stajero kai enc pou brsketai se knhsh.
Ete do shmewn pou brskontai se knhsh.
26
Se epikoinwnec meglwn apostsewn (kai eidik se stajer shmea) protimntai idiatera ta mikrokmata ta opoa pwc qoume dh pei diaddontai praktik
eujgramma kai mporon na kalyoun meglec apostseic (all qreizetai oi
keraec na qoun optik epaf). Parmoia apotelsmata mporome na epitqoume kai me qrsh optikn epikoinwnin p.q. me qrsh LASER. Mikrokmata
epshc mporon na qrhsimopoihjon kai se orismnec asrmatec efarmogc mikrc embleiac (sustmata asfaleac, energopohshc hlektronikn suskeun
klp).
7.4
7.4.1
Mjodoi Elgqou Prsbashc sto Mso
Eisagwg
Se na topik dktuo, mpore kje for to fusik mso na enai diajsimo

se na mno kmbo (sndesh shmeou proc shmeo) se louc touc kmbouc
tautqrona (sndesh ekpompc). Se kje perptwsh oi sundseic kajorzontai ap koin apodektoc kannec epikoinwnac To prwtkollo epikoinwnac
apoteletai ap na snolo kannwn oi opooi kajorzoun ton trpo diasndeshc twn susthmtwn pou epikoinwnon kajc kai ton trpo prsbashc sto
mso. O trpoc prsbashc sto mso kajorzei mia seir ap enrgeiec tic
opoec prpei na ektelsei o kmboc prokeimnou na prei up ton legqo tou
to fusik mso tou diktou kai na metadsei dedomna.
Anmoia metax touc sustmata diktwn mporon na epikoinwnsoun efson qrhsimopoion dia prwtkolla. Kat thn exlixh twn diktwn, ta prwtkolla llaxan pollc forc ephreazmena ap thn exlixh thc teqnologac.
Diejnec organismo pwc o ISO (Diejnc Organismc Protupopohshc
International Standards Organization) kai o IEEE (Diejnc 'Enwsh Hlektronikn kai Hlektrolgwn Mhqanikn) qoun dhmiourgsei prtupa gia
thn dhmiourga prwtokllwn kai thn diasndesh susthmtwn. 'Eqoume dh
anaferje sto prtupo OSI (Open Systems Interconnect) to opoo dhmiourgjhke ap thn ISO me skop na dsei kateujuntriec grammc gia to sqediasm prwtokllwn susthmtwn pou na mporon na epikoinwnsoun metax
touc. 'Opwc swc jumste, to prtupo OSI apoteletai ap ept (7) eppeda.
To 1980 to IEEE rise to prtupo 802 me skop th qrsh tou se topik dktua. To fusik eppedo tou 802 sumpptei me to antstoiqo tou OSI.
Sto eppedo logikc grammc tou OSI, to 802 antistoiqe do upoeppeda:
To upoeppedo elgqou logikc grammc (LLC, Logical Line Control) kai to
upoeppedo elgqou prsbashc sto mso (MAC, Media Access Control).
To upoeppedo LLC enai upejuno gia thn axipisth metdosh dedomnwn pnw ap to fusik eppedo kajc kai gia thn dhmiourga kai
suntrhsh thc nohtc sndeshc twn kmbwn pou epikoinwnon.
To upoeppedo MAC kajorzei ton trpo prsbashc sto koin mso
7.4 Mjodoi Elgqou Prsbashc sto Mso
27
epikoinwnac, diaqeirzetai thn dieujunsiodthsh twn paktwn kai parqei thn diejunsh tou apostola kai tou paralpth tou paktou.
Se kje perptwsh, o legqoc prsbashc sto mso mpore na enai:
Kentrikc, pou kpoioc kmboc qei ton rlo tou elegkt kai enai
autc pou epitrpei qi thn metdosh kpoiou paktou. 'Opoioc kmboc
jlei na metadsei dedomna prpei na qei thn gkrish tou kmbou
elegkt.
Katanemhmnoc,
pou den uprqei kentrikc elegktc. 'Oloi oi

kmboi ektelon epilektik tic leitourgec tou prwtokllou elgqou
prsbashc sto mso kai enai sunupejunoi prokeimnou na kajorsoun
dunamik th seir me thn opoa ja metadsei o kje kmboc to pakto
tou. O trpoc me ton opoo gnetai h metdosh periorzetai tso ap
thn topologa tou diktou so kai ap llouc pargontec pwc enai
to kstoc kai h poluplokthta tou diktou.
Oi teqnikc elgqou prsbashc sto mso qarakthrzontai epshc san:
Mroc thc qwrhtikthtac thc koinc grammc epikoinwnac diatjetai apokleistik se mia sndesh. H sndesh paramnei
energ akma kai an den uprqei metdosh dedomnwn. Profanc sugqronismnec teqnikc den exuphreton se peribllon topiko diktou
afo to fusik mso enai koin kai den enai ap prin gnwst psa
dedomna jlei o kje kmboc na metadsei. 'Etsi mpore na qoume
dsmeush tou fusiko msou en den uprqoun dedomna gia metdosh.
Asugqrnistec:
Sugqronismnec:
H qwrhtikthta tou fusiko msou katanmetai

dunamik, anloga me tic apaitseic tou kje kmbou. 'Etsi qoume pio
eulikth qrsh tou fusiko msou afo mporome na anakatanemoume
thn qwrhtikthta stouc kmbouc pou thn qreizontai perisstero.
Sthn kathgora twn asugqrnistwn teqnikn, uprqoun poll prwtkolla.

Ta perisstera aforon ta legmena kanlia anoiktc akrashc mia kathgora pou loi oi kmboi lambnoun to mnuma kai apofaszoun (exetzontac
thn diejunsh tou paralpth) an touc afor opte kai to antigrfoun
qi opte kai to aporrptoun. Sthn diejn bibliografa anafrontai suqn
san kanlia pollaplc prsbashc kanlia tuqaac prosplashc.
To upoeppedo MAC enai aut pou kajorzei kje for se na topik
dktuo poioc kmboc qei dikawma prsbashc sta kanlia pollaplc prsbashc. To upoeppedo aut enai shmantik sta topik dktua afo sqedn
la ta edh topikn diktwn qrhsimopoion kpoio edoc kanalio pollaplc
prsbashc. Antjeta ta dktua eureac perioqc (me exaresh ta doruforik)
qrhsimopoion kanlia shmeou proc shmeo.
28
7.4.2
Dsmeush qwrhtikthtac sta topik dktua
Sto mjhma thc Metdoshc thc B txhc, mjame kpoiec teqnikc pwc h
diamrfwsh kai h poluplexa sth suqnthta kai to qrno. 'Opwc edame, enai
dunatn me thn poluplexa sth suqnthta kai to qrno na steloume tautqrona msa ap na fusik mso pollc plhroforec qwrc na sugqontai
metax touc.
Wstso se peribllon topiko diktou oi teqnikc autc parousizoun
problmata. H poluplexa sth suqnthta (FDM) enai apotelesmatik mno tan uprqei mikrc kai stajerc arijmc qrhstn me sqetik meglh
kuklofora. Se antjeth perptwsh dhmiourgontai problmata. Antstoiqa
problmata dhmiourgontai kai me thn mjodo poluplexac sto qrno (TDM).
Se topik dktua upologistn den qoume pot egguhmno arijm qrhstn
ote enai dunatn ap prin na problyoume an h knhsh dedomnwn sto dktuo
ja enai mikr meglh. Gia to skop aut efeurjhkan nec teqnikc pou
baszontai sthn dunamik dsmeush qwrhtikthtac tou kanalio.
Sthn dunamik dsmeush qwrhtikthtac, h qwrhtikthta tou diktou pou
diatjetai se kje kmbo enai anlogh thc angkhc tou kmbou gia apostol
dedomnwn.
7.4.2.1
Paradoqc stic opoec baszontai oi teqnikc dunamikc dsmeushc
To ssthma apoteletai ap N anexrthtouc kmbouc (qi aparathta

upologistc mno, all opoiadpote ditaxh pou stlnei dedomna me
morf paktwn) kai kajnac ap autoc dhmiourge pakta gia metdosh. Kje kmboc pou dhmiourge pakto jewretai desmeumnoc kai den
mpore na dhmiourgsei llo an den stelei aut pou dh qei.
Kje kmboc dhmiourge pakta me stajer rujm. Gia pardeigma, nac
kmboc dhmiourge 10 pakta to lept. Pakta pou dhmiourgontai ap
kmbouc pou qoun dh na pakto ston apotamieut touc kai den to
qoun stelei, aporrptontai ap to dktuo.
Oi kmboi epikoinwnon metax touc msw enc koino kanalio epikoinwnac kai den uprqei kpoioc lloc deteroc trpoc epikoinwnac. Oi
kmboi enai istimoi, qoun loi dhl. to dio dikawma prsbashc sto
koin aut kanli.
An metadojon perisstera ap na pakta tautqrona, uprqei epikluyh twn dedomnwn me apotlesma thn katastrof touc. To fainmeno onomzetai sgkroush. Oi kmboi enai se jsh na anagnwrsoun
ti ta pakta touc katastrfhkan exaitac sgkroushc kai na apofassoun na ta metadsoun xan mqri h metdosh na enai epituqc. Oi
sugkroseic prpei na enai o mnoc trpoc dhmiourgac sfalmtwn sth
7.4 Mjodoi Elgqou Prsbashc sto Mso
29
metdosh. Se perptwsh asrmatwn diktwn (radioepikoinwna) enai pijann ap th sgkroush na mhn katastrafon kai ta do pakta all
na uperisqsei to pakto to opoo prorqetai ap ton dunattero pomp. To fainmeno aut onomzetai sllhyh kai odhge se beltwsh thc
apdoshc tou diktou. Akma mporon na qrhsimopoihjon sustmata
elgqou prsbashc qwrc antagwnism (p.q. me koupni dileushc) ta
opoa epshc beltinoun thn apdosh afo den uprqoun sugkroseic.
7.4.2.2
Qrnoc 'Enarxhc Metdoshc
'Oso afor to qrno narxhc thc metdoshc enc paktou, uprqoun oi do

paraktw periptseic:
Ta pakta na mporon na metaddontai opoiadpote qronik stigm. Gia

pardeigma nac kmboc na prospaje na metadsei to pakto tou amswc mlic aut dhmiourghje.
O xonac tou qrnou na qwrzetai se kajorismna sugkekrimna qronik diastmata, ta opoa onomzontai qronojurdec (timeslots). Kje
qronojurda diarke so qreizetai gia na metadoje na pakto. H narxh thc metdoshc enc paktou mpore na gnei mno sthn arq kje
qronojurdac. An den uprqei kanna pakto gia metdosh to mso
brsketai se arga. An uprqei na pakto, qoume metdosh en an
metadojon tautqrona perisstera ap na pakta qoume sgkroush
(antagwnism).
7.4.2.3
Anqneush Frontoc Smatoc
Uprqoun oi do paraktw periptseic:
Oi kmboi na enai se jsh na anagnwrsoun an to kanli enai apasqolhmno me kpoia metdosh prin arqsoun th dik touc metdosh. An to
kanli enai apasqolhmno, o kmboc anabllei thn metdosh tou mqri
aut na eleujerwje. 'Etsi apofegetai mia bbaih sgkroush.
Oi kmboi na mhn enai se jsh na anagnwrsoun an to kanli enai
apasqolhmno. Sthn perptwsh aut proqwron se mesh metdosh.
An to kanli tan apasqolhmno gnetai sgkroush kai ta dedomna
katastrfontai. H epituqa apotuqa thc metdoshc gnetai antilhpt
argtera ap ton an lhfje qi epibebawsh lyhc.
Ta topik dktua mporon na qoun anqneush frontoc en genik ta doruforik den qoun lgw thc meglhc kajustrhshc didoshc tou smatoc. Akma
sta topik dktua enai dunatn na qoume prwrh diakop thc metdoshc an
diapistwje sgkroush.
30
7.5
7.5.1
Tupopoiseic
IEEE
802
.X
Eisagwg
To upoeppedo MAC kajorzei ton trpo prsbashc sto mso (ton trpo dhl.
me ton opoo oi kmboi sunennoontai gia to poioc qei mia dedomnh qronik
stigm dikawma metdoshc sto dktuo).
To Institoto Hlektronikn kai Hlektrolgwn Mhqanikn (IEEE Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineers) qei dhmiourgsei mia seir ap
prtupa me diaforetikoc trpouc prsbashc. Kpoia ap aut ta prtupa
analontai se epmena keflaia en kpoia aplc anafrontai.
Stic tupopoiseic autc tou IEEE qoun doje ta genik onmata IEEE802.x kai orismnec enai oi paraktw:
IEEE-802.3: Pollapl prsbash me anqneush frontoc kai anagnrish sugkrosewn (CSMA/CD: Carrier Sense Multiple Access with
Collision Detection). Me apl lgia to prtupo aut orzei ti kje
kmboc qei dunatthta na anagnwrsei pte to dktuo enai kateilhmmno (gnetai metdosh) (dhl. anqneush frontoc) kajc kai pte uprqei
sgkroush (do pakta ap diaforetikoc kmbouc metadjhkan tautqrona) (Collision Detection). To prtupo aut analetai sto keflaio
8 tou biblou.
IEEE-802.4: Dauloc me koupni dileushc. (Token Passing Bus)
Prkeitai gia na prtupo me topologa dialou ston opoo kuklofore
na koupni na pakto eidiko tpou ap ton na upologist ston
llo. Kje for mno nac upologistc mpore na qei to koupni.
'Opoioc qei to koupni mpore na to fortsei me dedomna kai tan
to koupni ftsei ston paralpth adeizei. To koupni kuklofore
ap ton na upologist ston llo msa sto daulo. Perisstera sto
keflaio 8.
IEEE-802.5: Daktlioc me koupni dileushc. Perpou pwc to parapnw, mno se topologa daktulou. To koupni taxideei kuklik
msa ston daktlio.
Ta parapnw prtupa ulopoiontai se diaforetikc taqthtec kai trpouc
metdoshc.
'Etsi qoume dktua basikc znhc ta opoa diajtoun na mno kanli
epikoinwnac. Sta dktua aut mno nac kmboc mpore an psa stigm na
qrhsimopoie to mso metdoshc all qei diajsimo lo to eroc znhc.
Epshc qoume dktua eureac znhc sta opoa to mso qwrzetai se logik
(noht) kanlia (me thn bojeia p.q. poluplexac sth suqnthta) kai mpore
tautqrona na qrhsimopoietai ap perissterouc ap na kmbouc. Kje
kmboc qei sthn dijesh tou thn qwrhtikthta tou msou pou antistoiqe
sto kanli pou qrhsimopoie.
7.5 Tupopoiseic
IEEE
802.X
31
Ta prtupa aut sumbolzontai me thn genik graf:
xx Base-yy gia dktua basikc znhc

xx Broad-yy gia dktua eureac znhc
To xx antikajstatai ap na arijm pou deqnei to mgisto rujm metdoshc
tou diktou se Mbps.
To yy antikajstatai ap na arijm pou an ton pollaplasisoume ep 100
qoume to mgisto mkoc tou kalwdou pou mpore na qrhsimopoihje. (Se
kpoiec wstso periptseic to yy dhlnei ton tpo tou fusiko msou kai
qi to mkoc.)
Gia pardeigma, na dktuo pou qarakthrzetai 10 Base-5 enai:
Basikc znhc
Mgisthc taqthtac 10 Mbps
Kalwdwsh mqri 500 mtra.
7.5.2
To prtupo
IEEE-802.3
To prtupo aut qrhsimopoie beltiwmnh teqnik anqneushc frontoc kai

anagnrishc sugkrosewn (CSMA / CD). Gia prth for to ulopohse h
etaira XEROX ftiqnontac to Ethernet. Arqik o mgistoc rujmc metdoshc tan ta 10 Mbps all oi neterec ulopoiseic ftnoun kai 100 Mbps.
Qrhsimopoiontai kaldia omoaxonik sunestrammnwn zeugn. Oi shmerinc parallagc tou protpou enai:
10 Base-5: Omoaxonik kaldio. Mgisto mkoc 500 mtra. Taqthta

10 Mbps. Basikc znhc.
10 Base-2: Omoaxonik kaldio. Mgisto mkoc 200 mtra. Taqthta
10 Mbps. Basikc znhc.
10 Base-T: Kaldio sunestrammnwn zeugn. Mgisto mkoc 100
mtra. Taqthta 10 Mbps. Basikc znhc.
1 Base-5: Kaldio sunestrammnwn zeugn. Mgisto mkoc 500 mtra. Taqthta 1 Mbps. Basikc znhc.
10 Broad-36: Omoaxonik kaldio. Mgisto mkoc 3600 mtra. Taqthta 10 Mbps. Eureac znhc.
10 Base-F: Optikc nac. Wc 4 qilimetra. Taqthta 10 Mbps. Basikc znhc.
100 Base-X: Taqthta 100 Mbps. Domhmnh kalwdwsh. Basikc
znhc. Analetai perisstero se epmena majmata.
32
100Base-VGAnyLan: Basikc znhc me domhmnh kalwdwsh. Qrhsimopoie thn na teqnik tou aitmatoc proteraithtac (demand priority).
Keflaio 8
8.1
8.1.1
Teqnologik Exlixh
Eisagwg
H teqnologik exlixh twn topikn diktwn diakrnetai se difora stdia.

Ta kuritera wstso ap aut enai tra, kai qwrzoun se genic ta topik
dktua. Sto mjhma aut ja dome pwc diaforopoiontai ta topik dktua ap
geni se geni.
8.1.2
Topik Dktua Prthc Genic:
1970
1984
Ta topik dktua thc genic autc qoun ta paraktw idiatera qarakthristik:
H ktash touc enai mikr den uperbanei ta merikc dekdec qilimetra

(tupik 50).
O rujmc metdoshc touc enai epshc qamhlc mgistoc rujmc enai
ta 20 Mbps.
Enai kat bsh idikthta.
H prth geni topikn diktwn xeknhse thn dekaeta tou 1970, se peiramatik
stdio. Ta topik dktua autc thc morfc diajtoun mia gramm epikoinwnac thn opoa kai moirzontai loi oi kmboi tou diktou. 'Oloi oi qrstec
metaddoun ta pakta touc msa sthn gramm aut, kai loi epshc oi kmboi
ta lambnoun. Kje kmboc katpin exetzei thn epikefalda (header) tou
paktou:
An h diejunsh paralpth pou anafretai sthn epikefalda tou paktou

tairizei me thn diejunsh tou kmbou, to mnuma proorzetai gia autn.
Sthn perptwsh aut o kmboc paralambnei to pakto.
34
An h diejunsh paralpth enai diaforetik, to pakto proorzetai gia

llo kmbo. Kje kmboc pou den enai paralpthc, aplc aporrptei
to pakto.
Gia na apofasiste kje for poioc kmboc qei dikawma prsbashc sto na kai monadik mso metdoshc, profanc qreizetai kpoio edoc elgqou
prsbashc sto mso. Sta dktua prthc genic qrhsimopoietai h mjodoc
Multiple Access Method (Mjodoc Pollaplc Prsbashc). H mjodoc aut
onomzetai kai antagwnistik (contention method) giat oi kmboi antagwnzontai o nac ton llo gia na apoktsoun dikawma prsbashc sto fusik
mso. Isqoun oi propojseic kai paradoqc pou exetsthkan sto mjhma
7.4:
'Oti to ssthma apoteletai ap anexrthtouc kmbouc kajnac ap touc

opoouc dhmiourge pakta gia metdosh. Kje kmboc pou qei dhmiourgsei na pakto den mpore na dhmiourgsei llo mqri na prowjsei
aut pou qei sto dktuo. Sthn perptwsh aut o kmboc enai desmeumnoc.
Kje kmboc dhmiourge pakta me stajer rujm. Pakta pou dhmiourgontai ap desmeumnouc kmbouc aporrptontai ap to dktuo.
Uprqei na mno koin kanli epikoinwnac metax twn kmbwn. 'Oloi
oi kmboi qoun so dikawma qrshc tou.
An metadojon tautqrona perisstera ap na pakta, qoume sgkroush kai ra katastrof twn dedomnwn.
O qrnoc narxhc thc metdoshc mpore na enai ete:
Opoiosdpote
Kajorismnoc qontac qwrsei to qrno se sugkekrimna diastmata (qronojurdec).
Oi kmboi mporon ete:
Na anagnwrzoun an to kanli enai apasqolhmno kai na mhn xekinon metdosh.
Na mhn mporon na anagnwrsoun an to kanli enai apasqolhmno,
all se perptwsh pou metadsoun dedomna kai uprxei sgkroush, thn anagnwrzoun kai metaddoun xan se llh qronik stigm.
Ta topik dktua prthc genic enai genik katllhla mno gia metdosh dedomnwn (all qi fwnc, eiknac, bnteo klp). Paradegmata ttoiwn diktwn
enai:
Dktua pollaplc prsbashc me anqneush frontoc kai anagnrish

sugkrosewn. Prtupa IEEE-802.3 (CSMA/CD) kai Ethernet.
8.1 Teqnologik Exlixh
35
Dktua Dialou me koupni dileushc (Prtupo IEEE-802.4).

Dktua Daktulou me koupni dileushc (Prtupo IEEE-802.5).
Leptomreiec gia ta parapnw ja anaferjon sta epmena majmata.
'Ena basik prblhma twn diktwn pou qrhsimopoion antagwnistikc teqnikc enai aut thc isomoirac (fair share). Me poio trpo mpore dhl. na
exasfaliste ti kje kmboc qei akribc tic diec eukairec metdoshc (prsbashc) sto na kai monadik fusik mso, kai ti den uprqoun kmboi pou
suneqc qoun prsbash kai lloi pou suneqc perimnoun. H dunatthta
aut (pou enai telik kai aut pou kajorzei kai thn apdosh tou diktou)
kajorzetai ap do pargontec:
Thn kajustrhsh metdoshc pso qrno dhl. perimnei kat mso

ro nac kmboc gia na arqsei na metaddei ta dedomna tou.
To rujm dileushc
An kai arqik fanetai ti h isomoira leitourge kaltera an loi oi kmboi
qoun perpou thn dia kajustrhsh metdoshc, prpei wstso na skeftome
ti se na dktuo den qoun loi oi kmboi tic diec apaitseic. Mpore kpoioi
kmboi na qoun epegonta pakta gia ta opoa o qrnoc kajustrhshc
metdoshc na enai megloc. Antjeta, eunoontai me ton trpo aut kmboi
pou qoun lga pakta kai pou den epegontai sth metdosh touc. 'Oso afor
ta prwtkolla epikoinwnac, to epikratstero enai to prwtkollo diadiktou
(IP Internet Protocol) to opoo apotele mroc tou prwtokllou TCP/IP
(jumzoume ti to TCP enai to prwtkollo tou epipdou metaforc) kai to
opoo arqik qrhsimopoijhke ap to leitourgik ssthma UNIX. Wstso
stic mrec mac to prwtkollo TCP/IP qei eurea didosh kai qrsh kajc
uposthrzetai kai ap tic etairec Microsoft kai Apple.
8.1.3
Topik Dktua Deterhc Genic (1985-1990)
Ta topik dktua deterhc genic apotelon exlixh twn diktwn thc prthc genic, prokeimnou na kalufjon oi angkec thc agorc gia taqterouc
rujmoc metdoshc, kai mikrterec kajusterseic.
H deterh geni topikn diktwn qrhsimopoie pio exeligmnh teqnik metagwgc paktwn (packet switching) me skop na exasfaliste megalteroc
rujmc metdoshc o opooc na enai diajsimoc stic efarmogc. H teqnik
aut apotele exlixh thc teqnikc pou qrhsimopoietai sto IEEE-802.5 dhl.
to dktuo daktulou me koupni dileushc. Oi taqthtec sta dktua aut ftnoun ta 155 Mbps. An kai h arqik sqedash kai prodiagrafc problepan
kai thn metdosh dedomnwn efarmogn polumswn (fwn, kinomenh eikna
klp) wstso apodeqjhke ti ta dktua aut den tan katllhla. Wstso
h taqthta kai h gewgrafik kluyh twn topikn diktwn deterhc genic
ta katatssei me eukola kont sta mhtropolitik (MAN) dktua. Mlista
36
mporon na kalyoun apostseic pou sugkrnontai me mikr dktua eureac

perioqc.
'Ena basik prblhma pou qoun kai ta dktua thc deterhc genic enai
o isoqronismc. Isoqronismc lgetai h ikanthta enc diktou na diathre
stajer kai egguhmno pnw ap na rio rujm metdoshc kajc kai stajer
mikr kai ktw ap na rio qrno kajustrhshc metdoshc. Exaitac tou
gegontoc ti kai ta dktua deterhc genic den eqan kalc epidseic se
autoc touc tomec, den gine dunat h qrsh touc gia metafor bnteo kai
fwnc (O stajerc rujmc metdoshc enai shmantikc sto bnteo, giat h
eikna metaddetai se kar, kai mewsh tou rujmo metdoshc metatrpei to
bnteo se mia seir ap aknhtec eiknec).
Prtupa diktwn deterhc genic enai ta aklouja:
Dktuo diepafc katanemhmnwn dedomnwn me optik na
tpoc I. (FDDI-I Fiber Distributed Data Interface I). Sumbat

me to IEEE-802.5 (Prtupo ANSI X3T9.5)
Dktuo diepafc katanemhmnwn dedomnwn me optik -
tpoc II (FDDI-II, Fiber Distributed Data Interface II).

Epktash tou prohgomenou protpou, me dunatthta isoqronismo.
na
Dktuo diplo dialou me katanemhmnh our anamonc
( DQDB: Distributed Queue Dual Bus). Prtupo IEEE-802.6-MAN
Dktuo metagwgikc uphresac dedomnwn polln ekatommurwn duadikn yhfwn
(SMDS: Switched Multi-Megabit
Data Service)
Ap ta parapnw, mno to dktuo FDDI-I eqe sqetik emporik epituqa,
par to sqetik uyhl kstoc tou (lgw twn optikn inn).
8.1.4
Teqnologa topikn diktwn trthc genic (19902000)
H trth geni topikn diktwn qarakthrzetai ap megalterh akma axhsh tou rujmo metdoshc me tautqronh beltwsh thc teqnikc metagwgc
paktwn tou protpou 802.3
Orismna ap ta prtupa pou thn ulopoion:
100Base-T Fast Ethernet. Prtupo IEEE-802.3u
Dktua
Isqrona dktua
Dktua me athma proteraithtac sthn prsbashc
Ethernet. (ISO-Ethernet: Isochronous-Ethernet).

Prtupo IEEE-802.9
(100BaseVG (VG=Voice Grade, katllhlo gia metdosh dedomnwn fwnc) kai
100Base-VGAnyLan). Prtupo IEEE-802.12
8.2 To Prtupo
ALOHA
37
Dktuo Gigabit Ethernet. Dktuo Ethernet me mgisto rujm metdoshc to 1 Gbps. (Oi upologistc tou nou mac ergasthrou diajtoun
ttoiec krtec diktou).
Ap to 1990 kai met gnontai prospjeiec gia thn anptuxh enc nou tpou
topikn diktwn, ta legmena ATM Networks. ATM shmanei Asynchronous
Transfer Method, dhl. asgqronh teqnik metaforc. Ta dktua aut exomoinoun thn sumperifor thc asgqronhc metaforc (dhl. metdosh mno
tan uprqoun dedomna) se kanonik dktua dialou kai daktulou me koupni
dileushc (prtupa 802.4 kai 802.5).
Ta dktua autc thc teqnologac mporon na epitqoun pragmatik isoqronism knontac ta tsi katllhla gia metdosh fwnc, bnteo kai polumswn
geniktera. 'Ola ta dktua trthc genic qarakthrzontai san dktua uyhln
epidsewn.
8.2
To Prtupo
ALOHA
Ap lec tic antagwnistikc teqnikc prsbashc sto mso (pwc exhgsame

sto prohgomeno mjhma, antagwnistikc enai oi teqnikc prsbashc stic
opoec oi kmboi antagwnzontai o nac ton llo gia to poioc qei dikawma
metdoshc) h palaiterh onomzetai ALOHA. Dhmiourgjhke ap thn omda
tou Norman Abramson tou Panepisthmou thc Qabhc to 1970. H prth
qrsh tou protpou tan gia thn sndesh (msw asrmathc epikoinwnac)
upologistn tou Panepisthmou pou tan skorpismna se difora nhsi tou
sumplgmatoc thc Qabhc. (SHME'IWS'H: Smfwna me llec phgc ftiqthke gia doruforik epikoinwna) Me bsh to prtupo ALOHA dhmiourgjhkan
arket parmoia, en oi parallagc tou qrhsimopoiontai kai smera se sustmata kinhtc thlefwnac, kajc kai se epgeiec kai doruforikc epikoinwnec. Prpei na toniste ti to ALOHA enai katllhlo tso gia asrmatec
so kai gia ensrmatec metadseic.
Uprqoun do morfc tou ALOHA:
To asugqrnisto ALOHA pou oi kmboi metaddoun pote qoun

pakto kai den suntonzoun metax touc tic metadseic touc. H metdosh
ap kje kmbo mpore na xekinsei opoiadpote qronik stigm. Sthn
pio apl perptwsh, mporome na jewrsoume ti o kmboc den mpore
na apojhkesei (ston apotamieut tou) perisstera ap na pakta,
kai tsi mlic dhmiourgsei na, prospaje amswc na to metadsei.
O kmboc parakolouje to kanli gia qronik disthma pou enai so
me to mgisto qrno miac plrouc periforc tou paktou sto dktuo.
(round trip packet transmission time). An msa se aut to qrno
prei epibebawsh ap to dktuo gia thn lyh tou paktou jewre ti
to pakto ftase ston proorism tou. Diaforetik epiqeire na to
metadsei xan met ap kpoio qronik disthma. Den uprqei kpoioc
38
periorismc gia to psec forc ja epiqeirsei nac kmboc na metadsei

na pakto. To pakto pwc lambnetai ap to dkth, elgqetai gia thn
orjthta tou kai an enai swst gnetai dekt kai stlnetai h antstoiqh
epibebawsh. 'Ena pakto mpore na katastrafe kat thn metdosh an
sugkrouste me llo pakto exaitac jorbou (eidik se asrmatec
metadseic). 'Opwc gnwrzoume, sgkroush sumbanei tan na detero
pakto arqsei na metaddetai thn ra pou to prto pakto metaddetai
dh. Gia na qoume thn kalterh apdosh, prpei oi sugkroseic na
enai kat to dunatn ligterec.
Sto sugqronismno ALOHA oi kmboi den xekinon thn metdosh

opoiadpote qronik stigm, all se austhr kajorismna diastmata.
O xonac tou qrnou qwrzetai se sugkekrimna omoimorfa diastmata (qronojurdec). Kje qronojurda qei dirkeia sh me to qrno
metdoshc enc paktou. (Propjesh bbaia gia aut enai ta pakta
na qoun la to dio mgejoc.) Oi kmboi sugqronzontai loi metax
touc ap na koin kklwma sugqronismo (roli) ste h metdosh na
xekinei mno sthn arq kje qronojurdac. Me ton trpo aut se perptwsh sgkroushc paktwn, h epikluyh enai olik afo ta pakta
xekinne thn dia qronik stigm kai qoun to dio mgejoc.
8.2.1
8.2.1.1
Sgkrish asgqronou kai sugqronismnou
Asgqrono
ALOHA
ALOHA
Ac exetsoume mia metdosh enc asgqronou ALOHA pwc fanetai sto

sqma 8.1. Sto sqma 8.1, uprqoun oi kmboi A, B kai G pou knoun me-
Sqma 8.1: Metdosh Asgqronou ALOHA
8.2 To Prtupo
ALOHA
39
tdosh dedomnwn kai nac kentrikc kmboc pou lambnei ta dedomna kai
twn trin. (SHME'IWS'H: 'Etsi leitorghse gia prth for to ALOHA
sto Panepistmio thc Qabhc. Oi metadseic tan asrmatec. Wstso to
ALOHA mpore na qrhsimopoihje kai gia ensrmata dktua.) O kmboc A
stlnei ta pakta A1, A2 kai A3, o kmboc B ta B1 kai B2 kai o kmboc G ta
G1 kai G2. An prosxoume touc qrnouc metdoshc, ja parathrsoume ti to
pakto A1 den sumpptei me kanna llo kai tsi lambnetai kanonik. To dio
isqei kai gia to B1. Ta pakta A2 kai G1 xekinne na metaddontai akribc
thn dia stigm kai epikalptei to na to llo olik. Se aut thn perptwsh
qoume olik sgkroush. To pakto B2 arqzei na metaddetai thn ra pou
h metdosh tou A3 den qei akma teleisei. Mroc tou B2 parembllei thn
metdosh tou A3. Sthn perptwsh aut h epikluyh enai merik, kai qoume
merik sgkroush. Prpei na shmeisoume ed ti tso sthn olik so kai
sth merik sgkroush ta pakta katastrfontai oloklhrwtik. To pakto G2
den sumpptei me kanna llo kai lambnetai kanonik.
Sto asugqrnisto ALOHA enai pijann na uprqoun tso merikc so
kai olikc sugkroseic. Oi merikc sugkroseic uprqoun giat kje kmboc
enai elejeroc na xekinsei thn metdosh opoiadpote qronik stigm. Den
uprqoun kajorismnec ap prin qronikc stigmc narxhc (qronojurdec).
Shmeiste ti to antstoiqo sqma sthn selda 44 tou biblou deqnei ston
kentrik kmbo (lyhc) ta dedomna na ftnoun me mia mikr kajustrhsh,
thn opoa onomzei kajustrhsh didoshc (all den thn exhge perisstero).
H kajustrhsh didoshc enai o qrnoc pou knei to sma gia na ftsei ap
ton kmbo pou xeknhse mqri ton kmbo proorismo. Se na topik ensrmato
dktuo o qrnoc autc enai amelhtoc giat oi apostseic enai mikrc kai h
taqthta didoshc tou smatoc enai aut tou fwtc. Se na mwc asrmato
dktuo pou ektenetai se meglh apstash ( se mia doruforik epikoinwna) o
qrnoc autc mpore na enai upologsimoc. (Gia dorufrouc o qrnoc enai thc
txhc tou deuterolptou 250 wc 270 mSec gia na gewstatik dorufro.)
8.2.1.2
Sugqronismno
ALOHA
Ac exetsoume tra qrhsimopointac to sqma 8.2, to sugqronismno ALOHA:

Sto sugqronismno ALOHA o xonac tou qrnou qwrzetai se sugkekrimna qronik diastmata ta opoa qoun la dia dirkeia (kai mlista dirkeia
sh me to qrno metdoshc enc paktou), tic qronojurdec (timeslots slots. Sthn xnh bibliografa to sugqronismno ALOHA anafretai wc slotted
ALOHA). H metdosh kje kmbou den epitrpetai na xekinsei opoiadpote
stigm, all mno sthn arq kje qronojurdac. Gia na exasfaliste aut,
sto dktuo metaddetai suneqc na sma sugqronismo (roli) to opoo to
lambnoun pnta loi oi kmboi. Ap to sqma fanetai ti ta pakta A1 kai
B1 metaddontai kanonik afo den sumpptoun me kanna llo. Ta pakta A2
kai G1 sugkroontai olik metax touc afo h metdosh touc arqzei akribc
sthn dia qronojurda. Antjeta den qoume plon thn merik sgkroush me-
40
Sqma 8.2: Metdosh Sugqronismnou ALOHA

tax A3 kai B2 pou eqame prohgoumnwc. An kai to B2 jlei na metadoje
thn ra pou qei dh xekinsei h metdosh tou A3, den mpore giat prpei na
perimnei thn arq thc epmenhc qronojurdac. Sto sugqronismno ALOHA
den qoume pot merikc sugkroseic all mno olikc. To gegonc aut auxnei thn apdosh to se sqsh me to asugqrnisto (perpou diplsia). Den
prpei na xeqnme ti tso oi olikc so kai oi merikc sugkroseic qoun to dio apotlesma: Katastrof kai twn do paktwn. To gegonc ti glitnoume
na olklhro edoc sugkrosewn exhge thn axhsh thc apdoshc.
8.2.1.3
Mtrhsh apdoshc twn protpwn
ALOHA
Gia na metrsoume thn apdosh tou asugqrnistou ALOHA qreizetai na

isqoun oi paraktw paradoqc:
To kanli epikoinwnac na mhn parousizei problmata

jorbou. Aut shmanei ti la ta sflmata pou ja parathrome
ja ofelontai se sugkroseic kai mno kai qi se llouc exwterikoc
pargontec. Aut enai sqetik ekolo se mikr ensrmato dktuo, all
dskolo se asrmato.
O arijmc twn kmbwn pou metaddei dedomna na enai
Den qei idiatero nhma na metrsoume thn apdosh gia

do kmbouc, afo sthn perptwsh aut o nac metaddei kai o lloc
lambnei.
megloc.
O arijmc twn paktwn pou dhmiourgontai an monda

qrnou enai tuqaoc.
Den prpei loi oi kmboi na dhmiourgon
8.2 To Prtupo
ALOHA
41
pakta me ton dio pnta stajer rujm. Se aut thn perptwsh qoume
pnta dio rujm sugkrosewn.
H kajus trhsh didoshc na enai mikr. Aut enai aljeia

gia topik ensrmata dktua, mpore mwc h kajustrhsh na enai shmantik gia megla asrmata dktua doruforikc epikoinwnec.
To mkoc twn paktwn pou metaddontai enai stajer.
Mpore na apodeiqje me thn bojeia majhmatikn tpwn ti h mgisth apdosh tou asugqrnistou ALOHA enai perpou 18,4% en gia to sugqronismno,
perpou diplsia dhl. 37%. Apdosh shmanei sthn sugkekrimnh perptwsh
ton mgisto rujm dileushc pou mporome na epitqoume.
Se na dktuo qoume ton rujm metdoshc pou anafretai sth sunolik taqthta metaforc dedomnwn (ap louc touc kmbouc) sto
fusik mso. Wstso tan metrme ton rujm dileushc anafermaste ston mso ro tou rujmo metaforc dedomnwn pou epitugqnetai
metax do opoiondpote kmbwn pou epikoinwnon. Aut profanc
enai mikrterh ap to rujm metdoshc, afo oi kmboi den monopwlon to fusik mso.
8.2.1.4
Pardeigma:
'Ena dktuo ALOHA me rujm metdoshc 19200 bps, mpore na epitqei rujm
dileushc 19200*(18,4/100)= 3532 bps. An antjeta qoume sugqronismno
ALOHA, h taqthta mpore na gnei 19200*(37/100)= 7104 bps. H taqthta
aut ja prpei na moiraste isomerc se kje kmbo tou diktou.
'Opwc fanetai ap to sqma 8.3, an G enai o sunolikc frtoc tou diktou
(to snolo twn dedomnwn pou dirqontai ap to dktuo se kje qronik
stigm) kai S enai o rujmc dileushc (o rujmc metaforc dedomnwn metax
do mhqanhmtwn) mpore na apodeiqje ti to S dnetai ap touc tpouc pou
fanontai parapnw gia kje mia ap tic do periptseic. Me thn bojeia
autn twn tpwn mpore epshc na apodeiqje ti h mgisth apdosh enai gia
to asugqrnisto ALOHA 18,4% kai gia to sugqronismno 37%
42
Sqma 8.3: Sgkrish Protpwn ALOHA

8.2.1.5
Lexilgio
Mgistoc
qrnoc
plrouc
perifo-
(round-trip
packet transmission
time)
rc
Rujmc dileushc
Kajustrhsh didoshc
8.3
To
O qrnoc plrouc periforc enc paktou sto

dktuo enai soc me to diplsio tou qrnou pou
qreizetai gia th metafor tou paktou metax twn
do pio apomakrusmnwn kmbwn tou diktou. (To
qrno dhl. pou qreizetai na pei kai na epistryei.) An nac kmboc apostelei na pakto kai
den to lbei psw ( den lbei kpoio mnuma ljouc) msa se aut to qrno mpore na jewrsei
ti h metdosh tan epituqc. Sta topik dktua
o qrnoc autc enai pol mikrc amelhtoc
all se doruforikc epikoinwnec mpore na enai
shmantikc.
O rujmc dileushc enai o msoc roc tou rujmo metaforc dedomnwn metax do kmbwn pou
epikoinwnon.
Enai o qrnoc pou knei na pakto gia na ftsei ap ton kmbo pou xeknhse (afethra) ston
kmbo pou ja to paralbei (proorismc). Se topik dktua enai praktik amelhtoc. Sto qrno
aut den perilambnetai h dirkeia metdoshc tou
paktou.
prtupo
CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple
Access)
'Opwc edame sto prohgomeno mjhma, to prtupo ALOHA akma kai sthn
sugqronismnh tou kdosh den uperbanei se apdosh to 37%. To basik
8.3 To prtupo
CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access)
43
prblhma tou protpou ALOHA enai ti den uprqei pragmatikc legqoc

prsbashc. Kje kmboc mpore na metadsei to pakto tou opoiadpote
qronik stigm jelsei, kai den lambnei upyh tou se ti katstash brsketai ekenh th stigm to fusik mso. An gnoun tautqrona do metadseic,
katalgoun se sgkroush. Oi sugkroseic enai anapfeuktec sto ALOHA
kai mlista se perptwsh meglou frtou sto dktuo, h knhsh dedomnwn
gnetai aplc adnath afo kje metdosh katalgei se sgkroush.
Se peribllon topiko diktou, enai dunatn kje kmboc pou jlei na
metadsei dedomna na enai se jsh na anagnwrzei se ti katstash brsketai
to fusik mso kai na dra anloga. Aut den enai pnta dunatn mwc
se asrmata dktua kai se megaltera dktua pou h kajustrhsh didoshc
enai meglh. Se ttoia perptwsh, nac apomakrusmnoc kmboc mpore na
nomzei ti den gnetai metdosh, en sthn pragmatikthta nac lloc kmboc
na qei xekinsei metdosh h opoa mwc den qei ftsei akma. Ttoiou
edouc kajusterseic enai tupikc stic doruforikc epikoinwnec me tupikoc
qrnouc thc txhc twn deuterolptwn.
Gia na antimetwpsoume na mroc twn problhmtwn tou ALOHA pou ofelontai stic sugkroseic, anaptqjhke to prtupo CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access, Pollapl prsbash me anqneush frontoc). To prtupo aut
epitrpei stouc kmbouc na anagnwrsoun thn parxh metdoshc sto fusik
mso proto epiqeirsoun na metadsoun.
H nnoia thc lxhc frontoc sthn onomasa tou protpou prorqetai
ap thn teqnik orologa thc diamrfwshc. Sthn diamrfwsh qrhsimopoiome na sma uyhlc genik suqnthtac, tou opoou allzoume
kpoio qarakthristik (to pltoc, thn suqnthta thn fsh) prokeimnou na metafroume se aut plhrofora. 'Otan se na fusik mso
qrhsimopoiome diamrfwsh, nac trpoc na aniqnesoume an uprqei
th dedomnh stigm metdosh msa ap aut enai h parousa tou frontoc smatoc. Sthn perptwsh aut den mac endiafrei ti dedomna
metafrei to fron sma. Kai mno h parousa tou sto mso deqnei
ti gnetai metdosh ap kpoio kmbo.
Prpei na pome wstso ti an kai to CSMA me aut ton trpo meinei
tic sugkroseic, den tic exalefei telewc.
Uprqoun treic basikc parallagc tou protpou CSMA:
To mh-epimnon CSMA (non-persistent CSMA)

To 1-epimnon CSMA (1-persistent-CSMA)
To p-epimnon CSMA (p-persistent CSMA)
8.3.1
Mh epimnon
CSMA (non-persistent CSMA)
O kmboc pou jlei na metadsei:
44
Elgqei (anqneush frontoc) an to fusik mso enai elejero

An to mso enai elejero, metaddei mesa ta dedomna tou
An to mso enai kateilhmmno, den suneqzei thn anqneush frontoc.
Antjeta, perimnei gia kpoio tuqao qronik disthma kai arqzei thn
diadikasa ap thn arq.
8.3.2
1-epimnon
CSMA
O kmboc pou jlei na metadsei:

An to mso enai elejero, metaddei mesa ta dedomna tou.
An to mso enai kateilhmmno, suneqzei thn anqneush frontoc. H
metdosh twn dedomnwn arqzei amswc mlic antilhfje ti to mso
enai elejero.
8.3.3
p-epimnon CSMA
To p enai nac arijmc metax 0 kai 1. To p ekfrzei thn pijanthta metdoshc tou paktou ap ton kmbo. An enai 1, to pakto ja metadoje
opwsdpote sthn prth diajsimh eukaira. An enai 0.5 tte to pakto ja
metadoje an to mso enai elejero gia do suneqmenec qronojurdec. Gia
p-epimnon CSMA, qreiazmaste sugqronismno kanli (me qronojurdec) O
kmboc pou jlei na metadsei:

An to mso enai elejero, to pakto apostlletai me pijanthta p
(pijanthta na mhn stale to pakto enai q=1-p)
An stljhke to pakto, perimnoume epibebawsh lyhc. An den
lboume, shmanei ti gine sgkroush. O kmboc perimnei kpoio
disthma kai arqzei thn diadikasa ap thn arq.
An to pakto den stljhke sthn prohgomenh qronojurda, perimnoume mia qronojurda kai arqzoume thn diadikasa ap thn
arq.
An to mso den enai elejero, perimnei mia qronojurda kai arqzei thn
diadikasa ap thn arq.
Pardeigma:
8.3 To prtupo
45
Sqma 8.4: Metdosh CSMA

8.3.3.1
0.5-epimnon
CSMA
'Estw (sqma 8.4) ti o kmboc A diajtei pakto toimo gia metdosh, kai o
kmboc B den qei dedomna gia metdosh.
1o Bma: O kmboc A elgqei to fusik mso (anqneush frontoc) kai

diapistnei ti den gnetai metdosh.
2o Bma: O kmboc A qei pijanthta 50% na metadsei (afo p=0.5)
kai den metaddei se aut thn qronojurda.
3o Bma: Afo den gine metdosh, o kmboc A elgqei xan to kanli
gia na dei an metaddei kpoioc lloc kmboc
4o Bma: To kanli exakolouje na enai elejero ( o kmboc B den
metaddei), kai o kmboc A metaddei se aut thn qronojurda
To dio pardeigma, mwc aut th for o kmboc B ja jelsei na metadsei
dedomna met ap qrno miac qronojurdac.
1o Bma: O kmboc A elgqei to fusik mso (anqneush frontoc) kai

diapistnei ti den gnetai metdosh.
2o Bma: O kmboc A qei pijanthta 50% na metadsei (afo p=0.5)
kai den metaddei se aut thn qronojurda.
3o Bma: Afo den gine metdosh, o kmboc A elgqei xan to kanli
gia na dei an metaddei kpoioc lloc kmboc. 'Omwc qei xekinsei h
metdosh tou kmbou B.
4o Bma: O kmboc A anqneuse ti to mso enai kateilhmmno. Ja
perimnei gia mia qronojurda kai ja xanarqsei ap thn arq.
8.3.3.2
Sgkrish teqnikn
CSMA
Sqetik me thn apdosh twn parapnw trin parallagn tou CSMA, prpei
na parathrsoume ta exc:
46
H qamhlterh apdosh emfanzetai sto 1-epimnon CSMA
To 1-epimnon CSMA qei tic megalterec pijanthtec sugkrosewn. An do kmboi jloun na metadsoun dedomna kai to kanli
enai kateilhmmno, enai pijann kai oi do na arqsoun tautqrona thn metdosh mlic to kanli eleujerwje. Aut sumbanei giat
sto 1-epimnon, tan o kmboc brei apasqolhmno to kanli suneqzei na ektele thn anqneush frontoc kai metaddei amswc mlic
entopsei ti enai elejero.
To mh-epimnon CSMA qei ligterec sugkroseic
Aut sumbanei epeid se perptwsh pou o kmboc aniqnesei ti to

kanli enai kateilhmmno, den suneqzei thn anqneush frontoc,
all xanaprospaje met ap tuqao qronik disthma.
H kalterh apdosh emfanzetai sto p-epimnon CSMA pwc fanetai

sto sqma 8.5.
Sqma 8.5: Apdosh teqnikn CSMA
8.3 To prtupo
Paradoqc gia thn leitourga tou
47
CSMA:
1. Ta pakta na qoun stajer mgejoc.

2. Ta mna ljh na prorqontai ap sugkroseic.
3. Na mhn uprqei fainmeno sllhyhc.
4. Kje kmboc na mpore na aniqnesei thn metdosh kje llou
kmbou.
5. H kajustrhsh didoshc na enai mikr se sqsh me to qrno
metdoshc.
Akma kai se periptseic pou h kajustrhsh didoshc enai mikr pwc
sta topik dktua to 1-epimnon CSMA parousizei sugkroseic. Paradegmata: Sto sqma 8.6, o kmboc G metaddei dedomna, kai oi A kai B enai
Sqma 8.6: Sugkroseic sto CSMA

kai oi do toimoi na metadsoun. Mlic o kmboc G teleisei, oi A kai B
aniqneoun thn dia stigm ti to mso enai elejero kai arqzoun tautqrona
metdosh me apotlesma thn sgkroush. Sto sqma 8.7, o kmboc A kai o

kmboc B anqneusan sqedn tautqrona ti to mso enai elejero. O kmboc A rqise na metaddei, kai o kmboc B lgw kajustrhshc didoshc, den
to antilfjhke gkaira, me apotlesma na arqsei kai autc thn metdosh.
'Etsi katalgoume pli se sgkroush.
48
Sqma 8.8: Sgkrish Metadsewn CSMA
8.4
To prtupo
CSMA/CD, IEEE-802.3 & Ether-
net
8.4.1
To prtupo
CSMA/CD
'Opwc edame sto prohgomeno mjhma, to prtupo CSMA beltinei thn apdosh tou ALOHA tso ston rujm dileushc so kai sthn kajustrhsh metdoshc. H beltwsh aut ofeletai sthn kalterh ekmetlleush tou fusiko
msou, kti pou epitugqnetai sto CSMA me thn mewsh twn sugkrosewn se
sqsh me to ALOHA. Sto ALOHA oi kmboi metaddoun qwrc na endiafrontai gia to an to mso enai kateilhmmno qi, kti pou odhge se suqnc
sugkroseic. Sto sugqronismno ALOHA qoume diplsia apdosh (37%)
8.4 To prtupo
CSMA/CD, IEEE-802.3 & Ethernet
49
akribc epeid apofegoume meglo mroc twn sugkrosewn (tic merikc sugkroseic). Sto CSMA apofegoume akma perissterec sugkroseic, afo
kje kmboc elgqei thn katstash tou msou prin metadsei kai apofegei
na xekinsei metdosh an to kanli enai apasqolhmno. Edame bbaia ti an
kai oi sugkroseic meinontai den apofegontai entelc.
Me thn empeira pou apoktjhke ap thn dhmiourga twn protpwn autn,
grgora katalxame sto sumprasma ti ja mporosame na epitaqnoume perisstero thn metdosh an me kpoio trpo katafrname na meisoume akma
perisstero to pljoc twn sugkrosewn. Gia to skop aut ftiqthke to
prtupo CSMA/CD to opoo apotele exlixh tou aplo CSMA. Ta arqik shmanoun Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection, dhl.
Prwtkollo Pollaplc Prsbashc me Anqneush Frontoc kai Anagnrish
Sugkrosewn.
8.4.1.1
To prblhma tou aplo
CSMA
Se opoiadpote ap tic treic morfc tou (Mh-epimnon, 1-epimnon, p-epimnon)

to apl CSMA prwtkollo (Sqma 8.9) den enai se jsh na anagnwrsei tic
sugkroseic. Sto sqma o kmboc A kai o kmboc G anqneusan thn dia

stigm ti to mso enai elejero kai apofsisan na metadsoun to pakto
touc. O kmboc A stlnei na pakto ston kmbo B kai o kmboc G ston kmbo
A. Epeid kai oi do kmboi xeknhsan thn metdosh tautqrona h sgkroush
enai anapfeukth. (Sqma 8.10) Wstso to apl CSMA den enai se jsh na
Sqma 8.10: CSMA:To moirao. . . MPAM!

aniqnesei thn sgkroush. Tso o kmboc A, so kai o kmboc G suneqzoun
50
na metaddoun parlo pou ta pakta touc qoun sugkrouste sto mso kai
qoun katastrafe.
O mnoc trpoc na katalboun oi kmboi ti ta pakta touc den ftasan
ston proorism touc enai na perimnoun thn epibebawsh lyhc. Gia to skop
aut prpei na perimnoun qronik disthma so me to qrno miac plrouc
periforc sto dktuo (o qrnoc pou qreizetai gia na pei kai na gursei
na pakto metax twn do pio apomakrusmnwn kmbwn tou diktou). Se
perptwsh sgkroushc spatalme poltimo qrno sto fusik mso afo oi
kmboi suneqzoun na metaddoun an kai ta dedomna touc katastrfontai.
8.4.1.2
H lsh tou
CSMA/CD
Sto CSMA/CD kje kmboc diajtei eidik ditaxh (Sqma 8.11) h opoa
mpore na aniqneei thn sgkroush paktwn th stigm pou gnetai.
Sqma 8.11: CSMA/CD:Anqneush Sugkrosewn

Sto sqma 8.12, o kmboc A kai o kmboc G qoun metadsei tautqrona.
H sgkroush enai anapfeukth.
Wstso, h ditaxh anqneushc twn sugkrosewn antilambnetai thn sg-
Sqma 8.12: CSMA/CD:Diakop thc Metdoshc

kroush. Oi do kmboi stamaton na stlnoun dedomna mesa, kai den suneqzoun na metaddoun to pakto touc to opoo tsi kai allic enai kata-
8.4 To prtupo
51
dikasmno. Me ton trpo aut kerdzoume qrno sto fusik mso o opooc
mpore na qrhsimopoihje gia thn apostol llwn paktwn.
8.4.1.3
Ulopohsh tou
CSMA/CD
Kat thn leitourga tou CSMA/CD, to fusik mso mpore na brsketai se

ma ap tic treic akloujec katastseic:
Kanec kmboc den metaddei dedomna. To fusik mso enai mesa diajsimo, kai anamnei opoiodpote kmbo na
arqsei metdosh
Katstash argac:
Katstash metdoshc:
Sto kanli qei sumbe kpoia sgkroush. Oi kmboi pou qoun anameiqje sthn sgkroush kraton to
kanli kateilhmmno mqri thn eplush thc. Oi uploipoi kmboi pou
qoun na metadsoun dedomna antilambnontai ti to kanli enai apasqolhmno lgw sgkroushc kai den epiqeiron na metadsoun mqri
na epistryei to kanli se katstash argac. O qrnoc pou to kanli
paramnei se aut thn katstash onomzetai perodoc antagwnismo. H
perodoc aut perilambnei to qrno pou qreizetai gia na epiluje h
sgkroush kai to mso na kataste xan toimo gia metdosh dedomnwn.
Kpoioc kmboc metaddei dedomna kanonik qwrc na uprqei sgkroush me kpoion llo kmbo. Opoiosdpote
lloc kmboc jelsei na metadsei dedomna aniqneei ti gnetai dh
metdosh kai den xekinei thn dik tou. O qrnoc pou to kanli paramnei apasqolhmno se metdosh onomzetai perodoc metdoshc.
Katstash antagwnismo:
Prpei na shmeisoume ti to CSMA/CD enai sugqronismno, qrhsimopoie

dhl. roli kai h metdosh gnetai sthn arq kje qronojurdac. Epshc to
CSMA/CD enai katllhlo mno gia ensrmata dktua. Tso to ALOHA so
kai to CSMA xeknhsan thn efarmog touc se asrmata dktua. Prospjeiec
pou ginan na qrhsimopoihje parallag tou CSMA/CD se asrmata dktua
den eqan kal apotelsmata.
Oi treic autc katastseic, emfanzontai sto sqma 8.13. 'Estw ti th
Sqma 8.13: CSMA/CD:Katastseic Msou
52
qronik stigm t0 kpoioc kmboc qei oloklhrsei thn metdosh tou paktou tou. Do lloi kmboi permenan na metadsoun to dik touc pakto
kai xekinne na metaddoun thn dia akribc qronik stigm t0 . Aut qei
san apotlesma thn sgkroush twn paktwn touc. To kanli tjetai tte
se katstash antagwnismo. Kpoiec qronojurdec katanalnontai ap touc
kmbouc pou laban mroc sthn sgkroush gia thn eplush thc. Sto disthma
aut kanec lloc kmboc den metaddei giat anagnwrzei ti to kanli enai
se katstash antagwnismo. Me thn eplush thc sgkroushc, arqzei xan
perodoc metdoshc sto kanli k.o.k. An se kpoia dedomnh qronik stigm
den uprqei metdosh ap kanna kmbo all ote kai sgkroush, to kanli
brsketai se katstash argac, den knei dhl. tpota.
8.4.1.4
Qronik disthma gia thn anqneush sgkroushc
Sqma 8.14: CSMA/CD:Qrnoi Shmtwn

Sto dktuo tou sqmatoc 8.14, stw ti oi do pio apomakrusmnoi stajmo
enai o A kai o G. An h metdosh tou A qreizetai qrno t gia na ftsei mqri
ton G, tte gia na epistryei kai h metdosh ap ton G psw ston A, qreizetai
epshc qrno t. 'Ara h kajustrhsh didoshc tou smatoc enai 2t (do forc
o qrnoc pou qreizetai gia na ftsei to sma ap ton prto stajm ston
pio apomakrusmno).
Ac upojsoume tra ti qoume mia sgkroush paktwn pou prorqontai
ap ton A kai to G kmbo (sqma 8.15): Upojtoume ti h sgkroush gine
Sqma 8.15: CSMA/CD:Sgkroush Kmbwn
8.4 To prtupo
53
se qronik stigm pou apqei qrno e ap ton kmbo G. Afo o sunolikc

qrnoc pou qwrzei ton A ap ton G enai t, sgkroush gine se qrno pou
apqei ap ton A: t-e.
Met thn sgkroush, dhmiourgetai na sma jorbou to opoo frnei
to kanli se katstash antagwnismo to opoo epistrfei xan ston kmbo
A. 'Omwc kai aut to sma ja qreiaste qrno t-e gia na epistryei. 'Ara
o sunolikc qrnoc ap thn stigm pou xeknhse h metdosh mqri na gnei
antilhpt ap ton A h sgkroush enai 2(t-e). An h sgkroush gnei pol
kont ston G, tte o qrnoc e enai amelhtoc kai o sunolikc qrnoc gia na
gnei antilhpt h sgkroush ap ton A enai 2t.
Se na topik dktuo, o qrnoc t mpore na enai pol mikrc. Tupik h
kajustrhsh didoshc enai 5 msec (ekatommuriost tou deuterolptou) an
qilimetro kalwdou.
O mgis toc qrnoc pou mpore na kajustersoume mqri na antilhfjome mia sgkroush enai 2t. (O elqistoc enai 2 forc o qrnoc
pou qreizetai gia na diadoje to sma metax do geitonikn kmbwn)
O qrnoc autc prokptei an jewrsoume ti h sgkroush gnetai metax enc paktou pou qei xekinsei ap ton prto kmbo tou diktou
kai qei proorism ton plon apomakrusmno kmbo kai ti h sgkroush
gnetai se pol kontin apstash ap ton kmbo proorismo.
O lgoc pou knoume mwc anqneush twn sugkrosewn, enai gia na stamatme th metdosh tou paktou pou sugkrosthke prin oloklhrwje kai na
kerdzoume tsi qrno gia llec metadseic.
Wstso, an o qrnoc metdoshc enc paktou enai mikrteroc ap 2t
enai pijann h metdosh tou na qei oloklhrwje mqri thn stigm
pou ja lboume to sma sgkroushc. 'Etsi den kerdzoume kajlou
qrno, kai h apdosh tou CSMA/CD enai dia me to apl CSMA
Sumprasma: Gia na leitourgsei apodotik to prtupo CSMA/CD, prpei o qrnoc metdoshc enc paktou na enai megalteroc ap to mgisto
qrno periforc enc paktou sto dktuo. Diaforetik kpoiec sugkroseic
aniqneontai tan enai plon pol arg (tan h metdosh tou paktou qei
tsi kai allic oloklhrwje).
8.4.1.5
Leitourga thc ditaxhc anqneushc sugkrosewn
H anqneush twn sugkrosewn gnetai me katllhlh ditaxh, h leitourga thc

opoac baszetai stic perissterec periptseic se analogikc mejdouc (to
pardeigma pou akolouje enai gia katanhsh kai enai ektc biblou):
Ac jewrsoume ti na yhfo me tim 1 antiproswpeetai ap mia tim

tshc 5 Volt kai na yhfo 0 ap mia tim tshc -5 Volt.
54
'Estw ti nac kmboc metaddei dedomna, kai se mia dedomnh qronik

stigm h tsh tou smatoc pou metaddei enai 5 Volt, metaddei dhl. na
yhfo me tim 1.
'Estw ti thn dia qronik stigm metaddei kai kpoioc lloc kmboc o
opooc qrhsimopoie tsh -5 Volt, metaddei dhl. na yhfo me tim 0.
Ta smata twn do kmbwn sugkroontai. 'Omwc h tsh pou uprqei
tra sto kaldio enai 5V-5V=0V.
Tso o prtoc so kai o deteroc kmboc, antilambnontai ti h tim
thc tshc sto kaldio enai diaforetik ap aut pou steilan.
Qwrc na apaitetai perissterh anlush, katalabanoun ti ta smata
touc qoun sugkrouste kai stamaton th metdosh.
Profanc oi kmboi prpei na parakoloujon thn metdosh se lh th dirkeia
thc ste na mporon na diakyoun amswc mlic antilhfjon th diafor.
Genik h anqneush thc sgkroushc gnetai me anqneush diaforc:
Sthn tsh (pltoc smatoc) thc grammc

Sthn isq tou smatoc
Prpei wstso oi morfc twn shmtwn na enai ttoiec pou na mpore h diafor
aut na anagnwriste. Aut den enai pnta dunatn. Sto prohgomeno mac
pardeigma, an kai oi do kmboi metdidan thn dia qronik stigm to yhfo 1
h tsh sth gramm ja tan 5V kai den ja mporose na aniqneute h sgkroush.
'Omwc na pakto qei arket yhfa kai enai apjano na mhn gnei telik
antilhpt h sgkroush.
8.4.1.6
Algrijmoc Ekjetikc Apoqc
Met ap mia sgkroush, kje kmboc pou thn anqneuse apqei ap metdosh dedomnwn sto dktuo gia kpoio qronik disthma. To qronik aut
disthma prpei na enai tuqao kai diaforetik gia kje kmbo, ste na mhn
qoume suneqmenec sugkroseic pou na ofelontai sthn epanlhyh thc diac
metdoshc.
Akma, kje kmboc pou summetqei se mia sgkroush prpei na apqei
ap thn metdosh gia qrno pou na enai anlogoc tou sunoliko arijmo
twn sugkrosewn stic opoec qei emplake. 'Etsi oi kmboi pou summetqoun
se pollc sugkroseic anagkzontai na apqoun ap thn metdosh gia perisstero qrno, ste na elaqistopoihje h pijanthta na dhmiourgsoun na
sgkroush.
Gia na upologiste o qrnoc pou ja apqei o kmboc ap ton antagwnism
qrhsimopoietai o duadikc algrijmoc ekjetikc apoqc (binary exponential
back-off algorithm)
8.4 To prtupo
55
Se perptwsh sgkroushc, o qrnoc qwrzetai se qronojurdec dirkeiac

2t (pou 2t enai o mgistoc qrnoc pou apaitetai gia na gnei antilhpt h
sgkroush). O qrnoc t enai profanc anlogoc thc apstashc twn do
pio apomakrusmnwn stajmn kai tupik orzetai ap to prtupo to opoo
akolouje to sugkekrimno topik dktuo. Gia pardeigma sto dktuo IEEE802.3 (10 Mbps me omoaxonik kaldio), t = 51, 2 msec.
Oi qronojurdec pou ja apqei nac kmboc pou qei emplake
sunolik se k arijm sugkrosewn enai nac tuqaoc arijmc metax
tou 0 kai tou 2k 1
Pardeigma 1:
'Estw ti nac kmboc emplketai se mia na sgkroush. Mqri tte

qei emplake sunolik se 8 sugkroseic. Gia psec qronojurdec (to
pol) ja apqei ap ton antagwnism?
Apnthsh
To ligtero pou ja apqei enai 0 qronojurdec (ja epiqeirsei xan na

metadsei mesa). Sunolik o kmboc qei emplake se 8 sugkroseic
+ 1 na = 9 sugkroseic. 'Ara ja apqei to pol gia 29 1 = 511
qronojurdec.
Pardeigma 2:
Se na dktuo IEEE-802.3 me kajustrhsh didoshc t = 51, 2 msec,

nac kmboc qei emplake se 5 sugkroseic. Upologste to mgisto
qronik disthma pou ja apqei ap ton antagwnism.
Apnthsh
Afo qei emplake se 5 sugkroseic, ja apqei gia 25 1 = 31

qronojurdec to pol. (To elqisto enai pnta 0). Afo kje qronojurda qei dirkeia 2t, ja apqei to pol gia 31 2t = 31 2 51, 2
msec=3174,4 msec.
O algrijmoc prospaje kje for na mantyei to mgisto arijm kmbwn
pou metqoun ston antagwnism ste na elaqistopoiontai oi sugkroseic.
Wstso qei kpoia meionektmata:
An o arijmc kmbwn enai mikrc, all qoun sugkentrsei sqetik

meglo arijm sugkrosewn, o qrnoc apoqc enai megloc an kai h
pijanthta nac sgkroushc enai mikr. Gia pardeigma an qoume do
kmbouc mno, all o kajnac qei dh 9 sugkroseic, h mgisth kajustrhsh gia ton kje kmbo ja ftnei tic 511 qronojurdec. Wstso
enai apjano na sugkrouston sntoma, kai h kajustrhsh aut enai
skoph.
'Otan qoume meglo arijm kmbwn, enai pijann oi sugkroseic na
enai moirasmnec sto snolo me ttoio trpo pou kajnac na qei lgec.
Sthn perptwsh aut o qrnoc apoqc tou kje kmbou enai mikrc an
kai telik h pijanthta sgkroushc enai meglh. Gia pardeigma 100
56
kmboi me 2 3 sugkroseic o kajnac, qoun mikr qrno apoqc

(to pol 7 qronojurdec) all meglh pijanthta nac sgkroushc se
sntomo disthma (epeid enai pra pollo).
8.4.2
To prtupo
IEEE-802.3
kai to
Ethernet
To prtupo IEEE-802.3 apotele ulopohsh protpou 1-epimnon CSMA/CD.

To 1-epimnon CSMA/CD leitourge me ton dio trpo pwc to 1-epimnon CSMA all qei kai anagnrish sgkroushc. Sugkekrimna, o kmboc pou
jlei na metadsei, aniqneei to kanli kai an aut enai kateilhmmno, suneqzei thn anqneush mqri na diapistsei ti enai elejero. Amswc mlic
eleujerwje to kanli, arqzei thn metdosh twn dedomnwn. An diapistsei
sgkroush (pou ofeletai se tautqronh narxh metdoshc me llo kmbo)
stamatei thn metdosh kai perimnei kpoio qronik disthma gia thn epanlhyh thc diadikasac.
H dhmiourga tou protpou auto sthrqjhke sto ALOHA kai sto CSMA
ta opoa arqik efarmsthkan sthn radioepikoinwna. Argtera h etaira XEROX Park sta ereunhtik thc ergastria sto Palo Alto qoun gnei pollc
meglec anakalyeic thc plhroforikc kataskease na ssthma me taqthta 2.94 Mbps to opoo sthrqjhke sto CSMA/CD. Me to ssthma aut
nwse 100 upologistc me kalwdwsh 1 qiliomtrou. To ssthma aut onomsthke Ethernet kai apotlese th bsh pnw sthn opoa etairec pwc h DEC
kai h Intel kataskeasan to dktuo 10 Mbps Ethernet (IEEE-802.3) To prtupo 802.3 perilambnei lh thn oikogneia protpwn 1-epimnon CSMA/CD
kai to Ethernet to opoo enai sugkekrimno emporik pron pou ulopoie me
epituqa to 802.3 kai eqe kai thn antstoiqh emporik anagnrish.
8.5
Dktua dialou me koupni dileushc
(IEEE-
802.4)
8.5.1
Eisagwg
Oi mjodoi elgqou prsbashc sto mso pou qoume mqri tra exetsei
baszontai sthn mjodo tou antagwnismo. Ta basik problmata twn antagwnistikn mejdwn enai:
Adunama praktikc antimetpishc tou problmatoc twn proteraiottwn. Pwc dhl. antidr to dktuo an uprqei kpoio pakto to opoo
enai epegon kai prpei na metadoje mesa se sqsh me lla ta opoa
mporon na perimnoun.
H kajustrhsh metdoshc mpore se arketc periptseic na gnei meglh. Gia pardeigma, sto CSMA/CD an uprqoun pollc sugkroseic,
o duadikc algrijmoc ekjetikc apoqc ja dnei lo kai megalterouc
8.5 Dktua dialou me koupni dileushc
(IEEE-802.4)
57
qrnouc apoqc stouc kmbouc pou tic proklesan me antstoiqh axhsh thc kajustrhshc.
Gia thn antimetpish twn problhmtwn autn gine grgora faner ti ja
prepe na brejon trpoi prsbashc sto mso pou na mhn baszontai sthn
antagwnistik mjodo. Mia deterh kathgora mejdwn prsbashc (sthn
opoa ankei kai to IEEE-802.4 pou ja exetsoume) enai oi mjodoi elegqmenhc prsbashc. Stic mejdouc autc den uprqei antagwnismc sto poioc
kmboc ja qrhsimopoisei kje for to fusik mso, all aut apofaszetai
me kpoio edoc sunergasac metax twn kmbwn.
8.5.2
To prtupo
IEEE-802.4
To prtupo aut baszetai se topologa dialou all pwc ja dome noht

qrhsimopoie na daktlio (sqma 8.16). Sto prtupo aut kje kmboc enai
Sqma 8.16: Nohtc Daktlioc 802.4

arijmhmnoc kai epshc gnwrzei thn diejunsh twn geitonikn kmbwn me
touc opoouc epikoinwne mesa (arister kai dexi). Oi kmboi orzontai san
geitoniko me bsh thn diejunsh touc kai mpore na mhn enai dpla o nac
ston llon.
H metdosh twn dedomnwn gnetai me thn akloujh diadikasa:
'Otan to dktuo xekinsei na leitourge thn prth for, o kmboc me

thn megalterh arjmhsh qei dikawma na metadsei prtoc.
Amswc met metabibzei ton legqo thc metdoshc ston diplan tou
kmbo stlnontac na eidik pakto elgqou to opoo lgetai koupni
dileushc.
H dia diadikasa suneqzetai kai to koupni dileushc metabibzetai
ap kmbo se kmbo qrhsimopointac pnta thn dia for knhshc kai
pernntac diadoqik ap louc touc kmbouc pnta me thn seir pou
orzetai ap thn diejunsh touc.
58
To koupni dileushc enai na eidik pakto to opoo apoteletai ap mia

kefal (head) na pedo dedomnwn kai mia our (tail). To mgejoc tou kouponio enai treic qaraktrec. O kmboc pou kje for qei to koupni aut,
qei dikawma na stelei na mnuma kajorismnou megjouc sto dktuo.
Epeid h knhsh tou kouponio enai pnta proc mia katejunsh (p.q. ap
ton kmbo me thn megalterh arjmhsh proc autn me th mikrterh) fanetai
san na knei kklo msa sto dktuo afo ftnontac ston kmbo me thn
mikrterh arjmhsh den gurzei psw, all xanarqzei ap autn me th megalterh. 'Etsi sqhmatzetai o nohtc daktlioc pou fanetai sto sqma 8.16,
an kai sthn pragmatikthta to dktuo enai dialou.
To fusik eppedo tou protpou IEEE-802.4 enai pol diaforetik kai
entelc asmbato me to antstoiqo tou IEEE-802.3. Jumzoume ed ti to fusik eppedo perigrfei to edoc twn kalwdwn, termatikn suskeun, kartn
diktou, sundsewn klp pou qrhsimopoiontai sthn ulopohsh enc diktou.
To IEEE-802.4 qrhsimopoie omoaxonik kaldio me snjeth antstash
75 Wm to opoo enai to dio pou qrhsimopoietai stic sundseic keraac
thlerashc. Uprqoun treic diaforetiko dunato trpoi diamrfwshc tou
smatoc. Oi rujmo metdoshc pou mporon na epiteuqjon enai 1 Mbps, 5
Mbps kai 10 Mbps.
8.5.2.1
Proteraithtec
'Opwc dh epame, ta dktua pou baszontai se mejdouc elegqmenhc prsbashc (mh antagwnistikc) antimetwpzoun me epituqa to prblhma twn proteraiottwn mporon dhl. na exasfalsoun me meso trpo metdosh dedomnwn ta opoa enai epegonta se sqsh me lla pou den enai.
To dktuo dialou me koupni dileushc anagnwrzei tssera eppeda proteraithtac. Gia na leitourgsei to ssthma aut, kje kmboc eswterik
qwrzetai se tssera tmmata sta opoa kai katalgoun ta pakta pou dhmiourge gia metdosh anloga me thn proteraithta touc (sqma 8.17).
Sqma 8.17: Proteraithtec sto dktuo IEEE-802.4

Kje pakto pou dhmiourge o kmboc elgqetai wc proc thn proteraithta
tou kai apojhkeetai anloga sto antstoiqo tmma. Kje tmma mpore na
periqei poll pakta (our paktwn) thc diac proteraithtac pou perimnoun
thn metdosh touc sto dktuo.
8.6 Dktua Daktulou me koupni dileushc
(IEEE-802.5)
59
'Otan eisrqetai to koupni dileushc ston kmbo, pernei prta ap to

tmma me thn uyhlterh proteraithta. An brei eke dedomna, analambnei
na ta metadsei, diaforetik pernei sto tmma me thn amswc qamhlterh
proteraithta k.o.k. mqri na ftsei sto tmma thc qamhlterhc proteraithtac. An to koupni uperbe kpoio qronik rio se na mno tmma, allzei
sto amswc epmeno. H dia aut diadikasa epanalambnetai se kje kmbo smfwna pnta me thn diadrom pou pwc epame kajorzetai ap tic
dieujnseic twn kmbwn (nohtc daktlioc).
8.5.2.2
Pleonektmata
Ta dktua dialou me koupni dileushc parousizoun ta genik pleonektmata diktwn pou qrhsimopoion mh antagwnistikc mejdouc prsbashc:
H qwrhtikthta tou diktou mpore na upologiste me akrbeia. O qrnoc kajustrhshc metdoshc enai kajorismnoc afo to koupni dileushc pernei ap kje kmbo me kuklik trpo kai kje kmboc qei
dia dikaimata sthn qrsh tou.
Den uprqoun sugkroseic pou prpei na antimetwpiston afo o legqoc prsbashc enai katanemhmnoc (mh - antagwnistikc).
8.5.2.3
Emporikc Efarmogc
Lgw thc poluplokthtac tou to dktuo dialou me koupni dileushc den

eqe meglh emporik epituqa. Diatjetai mqri smera sto emprio kai qrhsimopoijhke perisstero se biomhqanikc egkatastseic automatismo. Megalterh emporik epituqa qei to dktuo daktulou me koupni dileushc
(IEEE-802.5) to opoo ja exetsoume sto epmeno mjhma kai baszetai se
parmoiec arqc.
8.6
Dktua
Daktulou
me
koupni
dileushc
(IEEE-802.5)
8.6.1
Eisagwg
To dktuo daktulou me koupni dileushc baszetai sthn mjodo pou gnwrsame sto prohgomeno mjhma (IEEE-802.4). 'Opwc qoume dh exhgsei,
ta dktua me koupni dileushc baszontai se mh antagwnistikc mejdouc
(mjodoc elegqmenhc prsbashc) me basik pleonkthma thn lleiyh sugkrosewn kai thn egguhmnh apdosh. To dktuo daktulou protjhke gia
prth for ap thn etaira IBM thn dekaeta tou 1970 wc to plon katllhlo
gia peribllon topiko diktou. To IEEE sumperilabe to dktuo daktulou
sto prtupo 802.5
60
To dktuo daktulou sthn pragmatikthta apoteletai ap sundseic shmeou proc shmeo oi opoec sqhmatzoun daktlio. To fusik mso sndeshc
mpore na enai kaldio UTP, STP, omoaxonik, akma kai optik na.
8.6.2
To Dktuo Daktulou me Koupni Dileushc (genik)
Sto dktuo daktulou, pwc kai sto IEEE-802.4, uprqei na koupni (token) to opoo perifretai grw ap to daktlio tan kanec kmboc den knei
metdosh dedomnwn (Sqma 8.18).
Sqma 8.18: Dktuo Daktulou 802.5

'Otan nac kmboc epijume na knei metdosh:
O kmboc aposrei to koupni ap to dktuo (h perifor stamatei).

To koupni metatrpetai ap pakto elgqou se pakto dedomnwn.
'Opwc epame sto prohgomeno mjhma to koupni enai na eidik pakto trin qaraktrwn. H metatrop tou se pakto dedomnwn gnetai me
thn antistrof enc duadiko yhfou (ap 0 se 1 antstrofa) se na
ap touc treic qaraktrec tou.
O kmboc apojhkeei ta dedomna pou jlei na metadsei sto koupni
(to opoo enai plon pakto dedomnwn) kai to xanastlnei sto dktuo.
8.6 Dktua Daktulou me koupni dileushc
(IEEE-802.5)
61
To koupni pernei ap louc touc kmbouc. O kmboc ston opoo

apeujnontai ta dedomna ta antigrfei ap to koupni. (Oi lloi aplc
afnoun to koupni na persei).
'Eqontac knei mia plrh perifor tou daktulou, to koupni epistrfei
ston kmbo pou xeknhse th metdosh. O kmboc enai upejunoc na to
aposrei plon ap thn kuklofora kai na anadhmiourgsei to kanonik koupni (pakto elgqou kai qi dedomnwn). Tupik o kmboc ja
sugkrnei an ta dedomna pou steile enai ta dia me aut pou labe
prin aposrei to koupni. An uprqei diafor, shmanei ljoc kat thn
metdosh.
Oi diepafc tou daktulou leitourgon se do katastseic: Katstash metdoshc (Sqma 8.20) kai katstash akrashc (Sqma 8.19).
Sqma 8.19: Diepaf 802.5: Katstash Akrashc
Sthn katstash akrashc (sqma 8.19) o kmboc den qei prjesh

na metadsei dedomna, all aplc antigrfei ta dedomna pou lambnei
ap thn esodo sthn xodo tou. Sthn katstash aut o kmboc mpore
na lbei dedomna pou apeujnontai se autn h aplc ta afnei na
kukloforon sto dktuo an den ton aforon.
Sthn katstash metdoshc o kmboc epijume na metadsei dedomna. Gia to skop aut prpei na aposrei to koupni ap to dktuo
kai na akoloujsei thn diadikasa pou anaframe prohgoumnwc. Sthn
katstash metdoshc h diepaf qwrzei thn sndesh tou diktou se esodo kai xodo (Sqma 8.20) kai o kmboc topojete ta dedomna sto
daktlio. Gia na enai mikr h kajustrhsh kat thn allag ap thn
62
mia katstash sthn llh h diepaf sunjwc diajtei apotamieut (ste na mhn brsketai se katstash metdoshc en akma perimnei ta
dedomna ap ton kmbo). 'Otan o kmboc lbei xan ta dedomna pou o
dioc steile (met ap mia olklhrh perifor sto dktuo) epistrfei se
katstash akrashc kai apeleujernei to koupni elgqou sto dktuo.
Sqma 8.20: Diepaf 802.5: Katstash Metdoshc

Stoiqea gia to dktuo daktulou me koupni dileushc:
O kmboc pou prkeitai na metadsei dedomna enai apokleistik upejunoc gia to mgejoc tou paktou pou ja stelei.
Epeid sto dktuo kuklofore mno na koupni, mnoc nac kmboc mpore na xekinsei metdosh kje for. 'Etsi den uprqoun sugkroseic.
8.6.2.1
Pardeigma Leitourgac 802.5 se Bmata
Gia mia sqhmatik perigraf thc leitourgac to 802.5, dete ta sqmata 8.22
wc 8.29 sto tloc tou kefalaou.
8.7
To prtupo
IEEE-802.5
To prtupo 802.5 ulopoie to dktuo daktulou me koupni dileushc pou perigryame. Gia fusik mso qrhsimopoietai to kaldio STP (Shielded Twisted
Pair) dhl. to jwrakismno kaldio sunestrammnwn zeugn. Epitugqnontai rujmo metdoshc 1 kai 4 Mbps. H IBM qei beltisei to prtupo me
rujm metdoshc mqri 16 Mbps. Qrhsimopoietai diaforik kwdikopohsh
Manchester.
8.7 To prtupo
IEEE-802.5
63
To basik prblhma pou parousizoun ta dktua aplo daktulou enai h

adunama leitourgac touc se perptwsh blbhc enc kmbou diakopc tou
daktulou. Wstso to prtupo 802.5 antimetwpzei aut to prblhma me epituqa akoloujntac fusik topologa strou (exwterik) en eswterik to
dktuo exakolouje na enai daktlioc. Kje kmboc sundetai me na kentrik kmbo me na zegoc sunestrammnwn kalwdwn, na gia thn metdosh
kai na gia thn lyh dedomnwn (sqma 8.21). O kentrikc kmboc qei na
Sqma 8.21: Fusik Topologa 'Astrou sto Prtupo 802.5

diakpth gia kje kmbo o opooc exasfalzei thn sunqeia tou daktulou
se perptwsh blbhc enc kmbou tou fusiko msou pou ton sundei. Gia
pardeigma, an kope to kaldio pou sundei ton kmbo A, o daktlioc diakptetai. 'Omwc o kentrikc kmboc antilambnetai thn diakop, kai klenei
ton diakpth pou fanetai sto sqma. 'Etsi o daktlioc ennetai xan kai
o kmboc A qei apomonwje. To uploipo mwc dktuo leitourge kanonik.
To dktuo fanetai san astrac (la ta kaldia katalgoun se na kentrik
shmeo) eswterik mwc leitourge san daktlioc.
O trpoc autc sndeshc enai arket euliktoc, afo mporon kai apomakrusmnoi kmboi na sundejon metax touc me thn qrsh polln kentrikn
kmbwn topologac strou.
64
Sqma 8.22: Oi kmboi enai se katstash akrashc. O kmboc A etoimzetai

na metadsei dedomna proc ton kmbo B. To koupni den qei ftsei akma
ston kmbo A.
Sqma 8.23: O kmboc A aposrei to koupni ap to daktlio kai metabanei

se katstash metdoshc. (H diepaf qwrzetai se esodo kai xodo)
8.7 To prtupo
IEEE-802.5
65
Sqma 8.24: O kmboc A qei metatryei to koupni ap pakto elgqou se

dedomnwn. Ta dedomna eisrqontai sto daktlio
Sqma 8.25: Ta dedomna ap ton kmbo A brskontai sto daktlio kai kateujnontai proc ton kmbo B pou brsketai se katstash akrashc.
66
Sqma 8.26: O kmboc B se katstash akrashc antilambnetai ti ta dedomna apeujnontai se autn kai ta antigrfei. To koupni suneqzei katpin
na kuklofore sto daktlio
Sqma 8.27: Ta dedomna dirqontai ap ton kmbo G o opooc antilambnetai

ti den apeujnontai se autn kai aplc ta afnei na diljoun ap thn diepaf
tou.
8.7 To prtupo
IEEE-802.5
67
Sqma 8.28: Ta dedomna epanrqontai ston kmbo A pou enai akma se

katstash metdoshc. O kmboc ta lambnei, ta elgqei gia na dei an enai ta
dia me aut pou steile kai ta aposrei ap to dktuo.
Sqma 8.29: O kmboc A afo apsure ta dedomna ap to dktuo, dhmiourge

kai apeleujernei xan sto daktlio to koupni (pakto elgqou). O kmboc
epistrfei epshc xan se katstash akrashc.
68
Keflaio 9
Logismik
Ulik Topikn
Diktwn
9.1
9.1.1
Diktuak Leitourgik Ssthma
Eisagwg
To peribllon enc topiko diktou apoteletai ap:
Ta prwtkolla epikoinwnac pou kajorzoun ton trpo prsbashc sto

mso metdoshc.
To leitourgik ssthma diktou to opoo enai to logismik pou epitrpei
stouc stajmoc ergasac na qrhsimopoion kai na diaqeirzontai touc
prouc tou diktou.
Oi strathgikc diaqerishc twn prwn enc diktou enai treic kai ja tic analsoume sthn sunqeia.
Ti ennoome me thn kfrash proi enc diktou?
Kje dunatthta pou to dktuo prosfrei stouc telikoc qrstec
(pou diaforetik den ja tan diajsimh) jewretai proc se na dktuo. Gia pardeigma, nac gqrwmoc ektupwtc LASER pou msw
tou diktou diamoirzetai kai mpore na qrhsimopoihje ap louc touc
qrstec enai nac proc tou diktou. Akma san proc mpore na
jewrhje kai nac apojhkeutikc qroc pou msw tou diktou enai
diajsimoc se na telik qrsth. Proc mpore na enai kai mia nnoia
plon afhrhmnh: P.q. loi oi upologistc tou diktou qoun prsbash sto Internet msw enc kentriko upologist. H koinqrhsth
prsbash enai epshc proc.
Ta leitourgik sustmata diktwn enai stic mrec mac poll (kai perisstera ap aut pou perigrfei to biblo sac) afo praktik plon la ta koin
leitourgik sustmata gia proswpikoc upologistc qoun enswmatwmnec
70
Logismik
Ulik Topikn Diktwn
dunatthtec diktwshc. Qarakthristik paradegmata sgqronwn leitourgikn me diktuakc ikanthtec:
Windows 98, Windows Millennium
Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP
Windows 2000 Server, 2003 Server

'Olec oi ekdseic Linux kai BSD Unix k.a.
Qarakthristik paradegmata palaiterwn leitourgikn me dunatthta diktwshc:
Windows for Workgroups 3.11
Novell Netware
Artisoft LANTastic
Banyan Vines
Windows 95
Diforec paliterec ekdseic UNIX.
9.1.2
Diktuak Ssthma Termatikn
Prkeitai gia to palitero diktuak ssthma (an kai me ta shmerin dedomna

den jewretai kan dktuo).
Sthn kardi auto tou sustmatoc brsketai nac tupik megloc kentrikc upologistc (uyhln dunatottwn), pou ankei sthn kathgora twn
mainframes ( twn minis).
9.1 Diktuak Leitourgik Ssthma
Ti enai ta
71
mainframes;
Oi prtoi upologistc pou ftiqthkan DEN tan fusik oi gnwsto

se louc mac proswpiko upologistc. H dhmiourga tou proswpiko
upologist xeknhse stic arqc thc dekaetac tou 70, tan plon h smkrunsh thc teqnologac eptreye se la ta basik exartmata enc
upologist na qwrsoun se na tupik kout (pwc perpou ta shmerin). Mqri tte, ta mhqanmata tan megla kai akrib kai h qrsh
touc periorzontan se meglec etairec, dhmsiouc kai kubernhtikoc
organismoc, panepistmia kai ereunhtik kntra. 'Enac upologistc
tpou mainframe qei tupik uyhlc dunatthtec epexergasac terstia kentrik mnmh kai praktik aperiristo apojhkeutik qro
se mondec kentrikc apojkeushc kai mpore na qrhsimopoihje ap
polloc qrstec tautqrona. Tupik katalambnei qro enc meglou dwmatou kai qreizetai eidikc sunjkec gia na leitourgsei (p.q.
klimatism klp).
Gia na gnei qrsh tou kentriko upologist ap polloc qrstec, kajnac
ap autoc diajtei na plhktrolgio kai mia ojnh pou sundontai autn.
To ssthma aut tou teliko qrsth wstso den diajtei dik tou epexergast, ote dunatthta topikc apojkeushc stoiqewn. Epshc enai ankano na
apeikonsei sthn ojnh tou grafik kai periorzetai se efarmogc keimnou.
Akribc epeid den periqei dunatthta dikc tou epexergasac, to ssthma
aut onomzetai kai qaz (kout) termatik (dumb terminal).
Sundontac na arijm ap qaz termatik se na kentrik upologist meglwn dunatottwn, qoume to diktuak ssthma termatikn. Gia to ssthma
aut mporome na parathrsoume ta exc:
Afo ta qaz termatik den diajtoun mnmh, apojhkeutik monda (p.q.

dsko, diskta klp) kai epexergast, opoiodpote edoc epexergasac kai
72
Logismik
Ulik Topikn Diktwn
apojkeushc dedomnwn gnetai ston kentrik upologist.
Se perptwsh blbhc tou kentriko upologist den enai dunat h autnomh leitourga twn termatikn afo aut den diajtoun ta qarakthristik tou upologist (enai mno plhktrolgio kai ojnh, kai na apl
kklwma epikoinwnac me ton kentrik upologist).
O kentrikc upologistc diajtei mroc thc upologistikc tou isqoc
se kje termatik pou sundetai. H apdosh tou mwc meinetai so
auxnontai oi qrstec. An mlista kje qrsthc ektele mia dedomnh
qronik stigm kpoia efarmog me auxhmnec apaitseic o kentrikc
upologistc mpore na parousizei pol qamhl apdosh (Mhn xeqnme
ti lh h epexergasa gnetai ston kentrik upologist kai qi sta
termatik).
To leitourgik ssthma pou qrhsimopoietai sthn strathgik tou diktuako
sustmatoc termatikn enai sunjwc to UNIX kai oi parallagc tou (LINUX, XENIX, BSD k.a.) Tupikc topologec enai o astrac kai to dntro.
Na shmeisoume ed ti tupik ta termatik sundontai ston kentrik me thn
bojeia apln seiriakn sundsewn oi opoec metax llwn enai kai idiatera
qamhlc taqthtac (Praktik katllhlec mno gia metdosh keimnou).
9.1.2.1
Qrsh tou diktuako sustmatoc termatikn
Sqma 9.1: Diktuak ssthma termatikn

Mia sunhjismnh qrsh tou parapnw sustmatoc kai mqri tic mrec mac
enai ta sustmata krthshc jsewn stic aeroporikc etairec. Tupik to kje grafeo thc etairac taxidiwtikc prktorac diajtei na perisstera
qaz termatik ta opoa enai sundedemna me na kentrik meglo upologist
pou brsketai sta kentrik grafea thc etairac. Qrhsimopoiontai apokleistik gia thn krthsh jsewn se programmatismnec ptseic. Parlo pou ta
eisitria diatjentai ap ta praktorea lh h doulei thc epexergasac gnetai
sto kentrik mhqnhma thc etairac.
73
'Allo na pardeigma enai ta trapezik sustmata. Kje upokatsthma thc trpezac se lh thn Ellda enai efodiasmno me mia seir termatik ta opoa sunjwc epikoinwnon me na meglo kentrik
upologist pou brsketai sto kentrik katsthma thc trpezac. Eke
fulssontai la ta stoiqea twn logariasmn twn pelatn kai gnetai kai lh h epexergasa twn sunallagn. Oi megloi upologistc
pou qrhsimopoiontai gia aut to skop enai idiatera axipistoi kai
tautqrona uprqei to pleonkthma ti mpore na dhmiourghjon antgrafa asfaleac twn dedomnwn ap na kentrik shmeo.
Ta pleonektmata tou diktuako sustmatoc termatikn, ofelontai akribc
sto ti sugkentrnei se na mhqnhma lh thn ergasa. 'Etsi:
Mporome ekola na diaqeiristome tic efarmogc pou ektelon oi qrstec, afo sthn pragmatikthta ektelontai ap na mno mhqnhma
(ton kentrik upologist). Allzontac thn efarmog eke, allzei tautqrona kai se louc touc qrstec.
Mporome ekola na dhmiourgsoume antgrafa asfaleac twn dedomnwn mac, giat aut enai pnta apojhkeumna mno ston kentrik
upologist (ta termatik den qoun autnomh apojkeush).
Ta meionektmata tou sustmatoc enai:
Se perptwsh meglou fortou (megloc arijmc qrhstn meglh knhsh dedomnwn) o kentrikc upologistc mpore na antapokrnetai pol
arg h kajlou.
Oi shmerino proswpiko upologistc diajtoun axilogh upologistik
isq. Den enai skpimo na touc qrhsimopoiome san qaz termatik
giat h isqc aut pei qamnh.
Oi teliko qrstec enai periorismnoi stic dunatthtec pou qoun afo
praktik mporon na ektelsoun mno tic efarmogc pou qoume egkatastsei ston kentrik upologist (kai tupik mno ma kje for).
Epshc den prpei na xeqnme ti den mporome na qoume grafikc apeikonseic me aut to ssthma.
H taqthta epikoinwnac enai mikr.
Gia louc touc parapnw lgouc, to diktuak ssthma termatikn praktik
qei egkataleifje stic mrec mac. Suneqzetai h qrsh tou mno se sustmata krthshc jsewn kai se orismnec trpezec en kje gia kje kainorio
etairik dktuo qrhsimopoiontai llec strathgikc.
74
Logismik
9.1.3
Diktuak
Ss thma
Ulik Topikn Diktwn
Omtimwn
Stajmn
Exuphr-
thshc
Se antjesh me to ssthma pou exetsame prohgoumnwc, ed ta termatik

enai plon kanoniko upologistc, to kajna me dik tou epexergast, mnmh,
mondec apojkeushc klp. Aut shmanei ti to kajna mpore na ektelsei
efarmogc akma kai autnoma (ektc diktou - Sqma 9.2). Stouc omtimouc
Sqma 9.2: Diktuak ssthma omtimwn stajmn

stajmoc exuphrthshc kanec den jewretai kentrikc ti qei auxhmnec
armodithtec (kanec den aske legqo pnw stouc llouc). To leitourgik
ssthma tou diktou epitrpei se kje na upologist na leitourgsei tso
wc pelthc so kai wc exuphrethtc.
Pelthc (client) se na dktuo jewretai o upologistc o opooc zhtei prsbash stouc koinqrhstouc prouc tou diktou kai touc qrhsimopoie. Gia pardeigma o upologistc enc qrsth pou tupnei se
na ektupwt tou diktou enai pelthc giat qrhsimopoie mia koinqrhsth suskeu tou diktou pou den enai sundedemnh sto mhqnhma
tou.
Exuphrethtc exuphrthc (server) se na dktuo enai o upologistc o opooc diamoirzei kpoiouc ap touc prouc touc sto dktuo
gia na qrhsimopoihjon ap llouc upologistc. Gia pardeigma, to
mhqnhma pnw sto opoo enai sundemnoc o ektupwtc ston opoo
tupnoun oi uploipoi upologistc tou diktou enai exuphrethtc
giat exuphrete ta mhqanmata pou jloun na qrhsimopoisoun ton
ektupwt tou.
Sto diktuak ssthma twn omtimwn stajmn exuphrthshc, DEN uprqei
sugkekrimnoc kai exeidikeumnoc exuphrethtc. Kje mhqnhma mpore tautqrona na enai pelthc kai exuphrethtc.
9.1.3.1
Pardeigma:
Se na grafeo miac mikrc etairac uprqoun do mhqanmata sundedemna se

dktuo. To na to qrhsimopoie o Ginnhc kai to llo h Mara. (sqma 9.3)
75
Sqma 9.3: Pardeigma qrshc omtimou diktou

O upologistc tou Ginnh diajtei na meglo sklhr dsko, kai h Mara
ton qrhsimopoie gia na apojhkeei eke kpoia arqea thc pou den qwrne sto
dik thc ssthma. O upologistc thc Marac qei sundemno na ektupwt
LASER meglhc taqthtac pou ton qrhsimopoie o Ginnhc gia na tupnei
megla ggrafa tan bizetai.
'Otan h Mara apojhkeei arqea sto dsko tou Ginnh, o upologistc
tou Ginnh enai exuphrethtc kai o upologistc thc Marac enai
pelthc
'Otan o Ginnhc ektupnei ston ektupwt LASER thc Marac, o upologistc tou enai pelthc kai o upologistc thc Marac exuphrethtc.
To gegonc ti kanec ap touc do upologistc den qei sugkekrimno rlo all mporon kai oi do na leitourgsoun tso wc peltec so kai wc
exuphrethtc touc knei omtimouc.
Ta dktua twn omtimwn stajmn exuphrthshc enai katllhla gia mikr
arijm stajmn ergasac (tupik mqri 15) kai mporon na qrhsimopoion topologec dialou ( kai astra me dianoma). Se kje upologist enai egkatesthmno na leitourgik ssthma me enswmatwmnec diktuakc ikanthtec
to opoo mpore na leitourgsei tso wc pelthc so kai wc exuphrethtc.
Se na ttoio dktuo, tupik oi qrstec:
'Eqoun thn dunatthta na qrhsimopoisoun kai na moirzontai prouc

tou diktou. Pardeigma mpore o nac na qrhsimopoie arqea pou brskontai sto dsko tou llou suskeuc pou enai sundedemnoi se lla
mhqanmata.
Mporon na antallssoun mhnmata (p.q. email) kai na ektelon progrmmata ap lla mhqanmata.
Ta leitourgik sustmata pou proorzontai gia diktuak qrsh se omtima
dktua parqoun kpoiec stoiqeideic leitourgec asfleiac kai diaqerishc.
Kpoia ap ta leitourgik sustmata pou mporome na qrhsimopoisoume
gia na ftixoume omtima dktua enai:
76
Logismik
Ulik Topikn Diktwn
Novell Netware Light (Pejamno ed kai qrnia...)

Artisoft Lantastic (Paromowc...)
Windows for Workgroups 3.11 (To prto leitourgik thc Microsoft me
enswmatwmnh diktuak ikanthta kai aut pejamno ap to 1995)
Windows NT (ekdseic 3.1, 3.5, 3.51 kai 4). Exlixh touc enai ta shmerin Windows 2000 pou qoun fusik kai aut dunatthtec diktwshc.
Windows 95, 98, Millennium kai lec oi parallagc touc.
Windows XP (lec oi ekdseic)
Linux (lec oi ekdseic).
Genik lec oi ekdseic Windows ap thn 95 (all kai ta Windows for Workgroups 3.11) kai met qoun dunatthta diktwshc se omtima dktua.
Pleonektmata twn omtimwn diktwn:
Enai apl sthn kataskeu kai thn rjmish.

Exuphreton kal mikr arijm qrhstn.
Mporon na antimetwpsoun me epituqa efarmogc pou to ssthma termatikn den mpore.
Ta meionektmata touc enai:
Sunjwc den parqoun idiatera kal asfleia.

Epeid den qoun exeidikeumno stajm exuphrthshc, den mporon na
antimetwpsoun meglh knhsh dedomnwn (forto) me kal apdosh.
Enai akatllhla gia meglo arijm mhqanhmtwn.
9.1.4
Diktuak Ss thma Stajmn Exuphrthshc me Exeidikeumnec Leitourgec
To Diktuak Ssthma Stajmn Exuphrthshc me Exeidikeumnec Leitourgec

apotele to plon sunhjismno montlo pnw sto opoo ulopoiontai ta sgqrona dktua. To ssthma aut apoteletai ap mia seir kmbwn exuphrthshc (exuphrethtc servers) oi opooi exuphreton (parqoun dhl. uphresec
p.q. diamoirasm sto dktuo) touc uploipouc kmbouc pou qoun to rlo
tou pelth. Metax llwn oi kmboi exuphrthshc mpore na prosfroun:
Prsbash se bseic dedomnwn.

Koinqrhsto logismik
77
Diamoirasm arqewn
Diamoirasm perifereiakn suskeun uliko (ektupwtc, scanner klp).
Uphresec asfaleac dedomnwn kai elegqmenhc prsbashc (Oi qrstec enc ttoiou diktou qoun noma qrsth (username) kai kwdik
prsbashc (password) ta opoa enai aparathta gia na qrhsimopoisoun
tic plhroforec tou diktou).
Uphresec kentrikc diaqerishc tou diktou kai twn kmbwn pelatn

(Gia pardeigma mpore na gnetai egkatstash logismiko se louc touc
kmbouc msw tou kentriko kmbou exuphrthshc).
Sqma 9.4: Tupik Dktuo Pelth - Exuphretht
Oi kmboi exuphrthshc enai sunjwc upologistc enisqumnwn prodiagrafn kai mporon na leitourgon se 24rh bsh. Pollc forc diajtoun
kai kpoia efedrik sustmata ta opoa touc epitrpoun na suneqsoun na leitourgon akma kai se perptwsh kpoiac blbhc. Gia pardeigma nac kmboc
exuphrthshc mpore na diajtei leitourga mirroring (antikatoptrismo).
78
Logismik
Ulik Topikn Diktwn
H leitourga tou antikatoptrismo mirroring exasfalzei thn adileipth leitourga enc sustmatoc. Ston antikatoptrism, ta dedomna pou enai apojhkeumna se na exuphretht ( genik stajm
ergasac) antigrfontai sunqeia kai se kpoion efedrik. Se perptwsh pou o arqikc exuphrethtc stamatsei na leitourge lgw
blbhc, ta dedomna enai diajsima ston efedrik kai tsi oi qrstec
tou diktou mporon na suneqsoun thn ergasa touc qwrc apleia
qrnou kai dedomnwn.
Ektc sqoliko biblou: Antikatoptrismc akma mpore na gnei kai msa sto dio to mhqnhma: Tupik oi kmboi exuphrthshc
diajtoun perissterouc ap na sklhroc dskouc pou enai kajnac akribc antgrafo tou llou. 'Otan gnetai eggraf dedomnwn,
grfontai tautqrona se louc touc dskouc. An nac dskoc katastrafe, to mhqnhma suneqzei na leitourge me ton llo qwrc na
uprqei kami diakop. Se pollc periptseic mlista enai dunat
akma kai h antikatstash tou qalasmnou dskou qwrc diakop thc
leitourgac tou mhqanmatoc.
Oi kmboi exuphrthshc enai tupik egkatesthmnoi se dik touc elegqmeno
qro pou katalgei kai h domhmnh kalwdwsh pou sundei touc stajmoc
ergasac.
9.1.4.1
To leitourgik ssthma enc kmbou exuphrthshc
'Opwc edame, sta omtima dktua la ta mhqanmata diajtoun na leitourgik ssthma to opoo mpore na enai kai to dio. To leitourgik aut touc
epitrpei na droun tso wc peltec so kai wc exuphrethtc. Wstso oi
diajsimec leitourgec touc wc exuphrethtc enai sqetik periorismnec kai
apeujnontai pnta se mikr arijm pelatn ('Allwste ta omtima dktua
qoun sunjwc wc 15 mhqanmata).
Se dktua mwc pou qrhsimopoion to montlo pelth exuphretht, to
leitourgik ssthma pou qrhsimopoietai stouc kmbouc exuphrthshc enai
sunjwc diaforetik ap aut pou qrhsimopoietai stouc peltec. Mlista
to leitourgik aut den enai aparathto na enai kan ap thn dia etaira.
Ta leitourgik sustmata gia stajmoc exuphrthshc kataskeuzontai
me skop:
Na qoun uyhl apdosh akma kai se meglh knhsh (frto) diktou.

Na parqoun meglo arijm ap exeidikeumnec uphresec (pol perissterec ap ta antstoiqa omtima).
Na parqoun uphresec asfaleac, diaqerishc dedomnwn kai elgqou
prsbashc sto dktuo.
9.1.4.2
79
'Ena sgqrono pardeigma:
'Ena dktuo mpore na qei:
'Ena mhqnhma exuphrthshc me leitourgik ssthma Windows 2000

Server. To leitourgik aut enai eidik kdosh twn Windows 2000 gia
qrsh se kmbouc exuphrthshc.
Dka mhqanmata me leitourgik ssthma Windows 2000 Professional.
Dka mhqanmata me leitourgik ssthma Windows XP Professional.
Pnte mhqanmata me leitourgik ssthma Windows 98.
An kai ta leitourgik sustmata twn stajmn ergasac enai diaforetik
metax touc, wstso mporon na sunergaston qwrc prblhma me ton stajm
exuphrthshc. 'Alla leitourgik sustmata gia stajmoc exuphrthshc:
Windows 2003 Server

Linux
Novell NetWare
Metax llwn pwc ja dome kai sto epmeno mjhma, na leitourgik ssthma gia kmbo exuphrthshc mpore akma kai na katanmei kpoiec diergasec
sto dktuo ste na ektelontai tautqrona ap perissterouc ap na upologistc
9.1.4.3
To leitourgik ss thma twn s tajmn ergasac (pelatn)
To logismik twn stajmn ergasac epitrpei:
Thn diasndesh kai epikoinwna touc me touc kmbouc exuphrthshc.

Thn allhlepdrash me touc telikoc qrstec gia ektlesh efarmogn,
diaqerish klp.
H diasndesh me touc kmbouc exuphrthshc epitugqnetai sunjwc me katllhlec krtec diktou kai antstoiqh kalwdwsh. To leitourgik ssthma
tou pelth periqei ta katllhla progrmmata gia thn leitourga thc krtac
(ta opoa dnontai kai ap ton kataskeuast thc) kajc kai ta aparathta
prwtkolla kai uphresec gia thn epikoinwna. O telikc qrsthc mpore na
qrhsimopoie touc prouc tou diktou sunjwc anloga me ta dikaimata qrshc pou tou qoun paraqwrhje (kai ta opoa elgqontai ap touc kmbouc
exuphrthshc pou enai upejunoi gia thn asfleia).
80
Logismik
9.1.5
Ulik Topikn Diktwn
Dunatthtec diktuakn leitourgikn sus thmtwn
Ta basik qarakthristik twn diktuakn leitourgikn susthmtwn:
Diaqerish Arqewn: O qrsthc mpore na dhmiourge kai na epexergzetai (tropopoie, diagrfei, anakt, apojhkeei) arqea se louc
touc kmbouc tou diktou stouc opoouc qei dikawma prsbashc. Stic
perissterec periptseic mlista o trpoc leitourgac tou diktou enai difanoc: O qrsthc qrhsimopoie tic diec diadikasec ete ta arqea
brskontai ston topik tou dsko ete sto dktuo.
Uphresec ektpwshc:
Epikoinwna metax anmoiwn leitourgikn:
Upostrixh katanemhmnwn leitourgikn sus thmtwn:
Oi qrstec tou diktou qoun thn dunatthta na qrhsimopoisoun koinqrhstouc ektupwtc pou enai sundemnoi
se llouc kmbouc stouc opoouc qoun dikaimata prsbashc.
Me qrsh katllhlwn prwtokllwn kai uphresin enai dunat h epikoinwna kai
antallag dedomnwn metax upologistn diaforetiko tpou kai arqitektonikc / kai diaforetikn leitourgikn susthmtwn. Gia pardeigma, mpore se na dktuo me mhqanmata Windows na sundsoume
mhqnhma me leitourgik Linux kai na antallssoume dedomna.
Sthn perptwsh aut ta leitourgik sustmata mpore na sunergzontai ste mia efarmog na ekteletai tautqrona se perisstera ap na
mhqanmata gia thn axiopohsh thc upologistikc isqoc tou diktou.
Prsjetec uphresec pou parqontai:
Prostasa kai asfleia dedomnwn:
prsbash appeira katastrofc touc.
Ap mh exousiodothmnh
(fault tolerance) kai ankam(fault recovery): Ta leitourgik sustmata diktwn sqedizontai ste na elaqistopoietai h pijanthta na diakope h
leitourga tou topiko diktou ap mia blbh. Akma se perptwsh sobarc blbhc, prpei to leitourgik na qei thn dunatthta na epanljei
sthn prohgomenh katstash leitourgac se so to dunat mikrtero
qronik disthma.
Dunatthta anoqc ljouc

yhc ap ljoc
H dunatthta anoqc ljouc epitugqnetai me sustmata pwc

o antikatoptrismc pou dh perigryame kai me qrsh prsjetwn
efedrikn stajmn exuphrthshc pou energopoiontai se perptwsh blbhc tou kentriko.
Me sustmata dhmiourgac antigrfwn asfaleac (backup) se antstoiqec suskeuc (p.q. mondec tainac, eggryima CD kai DVD
klp).
81
Me tic uphresec autc mpore na gnei diaqerish tou diktou tupik ap na stajm
ergasac kmbo exuphrthshc. Mporon epshc na aniqneujon ljh (parakolojhsh lajn, fault monitoring) kai na gnei antimetpish
touc (troubleshooting facilities).
Upostrixh diadikasin diaqerishc diktou:
Upostrixh sgqronwn tupopoisewn kai efarmogn:
Upostrixh diasundsewn me lla topik dktua:
'Ola
ta sgqrona leitourgik sustmata diktwn akoloujon tic teleutaec
tupopoiseic so afor ta prwtkolla epikoinwnac kai tic diktuakc
efarmogc, kai qoun dunatthta suneqoc ananwshc me tic teleutaec
ekdseic touc. 'Etsi enai anoikt se mellontikc anabajmseic, epektseic klp.
Ta leitourgik sustmata diktwn se sunduasm me antstoiqec suskeuc diktwshc mporon na ektelon lec tic diadikasec pou enai aparathtec
gia na sundejon me lla topik dktua kai akma me dktua diaforetiko tpou.
9.1.6
Prwtkolla Epikoinwnac
'Opwc qoume dh anafrei, prwtkollo epikoinwnac enai mia seir ap kannec smfwna me touc opoouc epikoinwnon metax touc oi kmboi enc diktou.
Mporome na pome ti to prwtkollo enai na edoc koinc glssac to opoo
epitrpei akma kai se anmoia metax touc sustmata (me diaforetik ulik
kai logismik diktou) na epikoinwnon kai na antallssoun dedomna. Uprqoun difora prwtkolla diktou, smera mwc epikrate genik to TCP/IP.
Genik mporome na katatxoume ta prwtkolla epikoinwnac se do kathgorec(Sqma 9.5):
Sqma 9.5: Eppeda Prwtokllwn Epikoinwnac
Kajorzoun ton trpo me ton

opoo epikoinwnon metax touc oi efarmogc to logismik dhl. pou
Prwtkolla uyhlo epipdou
82
Logismik
Ulik Topikn Diktwn
qrhsimopoie o telikc qrsthc. Gia pardeigma, na ttoio prwtkollo

enai to POP3 pou qrhsimopoietai gia thn lyh Hlektroniko Taqudromeou (email) ap progrmmata pwc to Outlook Express.
Kajorzoun ton trpo me ton

opoo metaddontai ta smata msa ap na mso metdoshc.
Prwtkolla qamhlo epipdou
Se na topik dktuo uprqoun kai ta do eppeda. H epikoinwna metax

touc gnetai msw prwtokllwn pou egkajiston kai diathron sundouc epikoinwnac (session protocols) kai ta opoa epshc epiblpoun thn knhsh kai
tuqn ljh. Ta prwtkolla sunjwc tupopoiontai (ap organismoc pwc
o ISO kai o IEEE) kai oi kataskeuastc mporon na dhmiourgsoun diktuak
ulik pou na ta qrhsimopoie kai se telewc anmoia metax touc sustmata.
Gnwst diktuak prwtkolla:
To prwtkollo IPX (Internetwork Packet eXchange) to opoo qrhsimopoietai sta dktua Novell Netware.
To gnwst se louc mac TCP/IP to opoo qrhsimopoietai ap thn
pleioyhfa twn topikn diktwn smera met thn epikrthsh thc qrshc
tou sto Internet.
To prwtkollo AppleTalk to opoo qrhsimopoietai se apl topik dktua upologistn Apple Macintosh (eidik palaiterwn montlwn).
'Alla prwtkolla, pwc DecNet, Netbeui klp.
Den enai apjano se mia meglh etaira organism na uprqoun perisstera
ap na diaforetik dktua (me lla prwtkolla, ulik, leitourgik ssthma
klp). Oi perissterec etairec wstso tenoun na enopoisoun ta diaforetik
touc dktua se aut pou onomzetai diktuak sustmata epiqeirsewn. Stic
periptseic autc ta dktua mporon na enwjon metax touc exasfalzontac
aplc ti oi stajmo ergasac pou qreizontai prsbash se diaforetik dktua qoun egkatesthmna ta antstoiqa prwtkolla pou apaitontai gia thn
epikoinwna.
9.1.6.1
Pardeigma
Mia etaira qrhsimopoie wc basik thc diktuak leitourgik ssthma to Novell Netware. Diajtei mwc kai na server pou qrhsimopoie leitourgik
ssthma UNIX. Pwc nac upllhloc thc etairac mpore na qei prsbash
kai sta do, qrhsimopointac na mno sugkekrimno stajm ergasac?
To Novell Netware qrhsimopoie to prwtkollo IPX.

To Unix qrhsimopoie prwtkollo TCP/IP.
9.2 Eidikc Diktuakc Exoplismc
83
O stajmc ergasac tou upalllou ja mpore na epikoinwnsei kai me ta do

aut mhqanmata an qei egkatesthmna kai ta do prwtkolla. Stic perissterec periptseic kai leitourgik sustmata mporome na egkatastsoume
perisstera ap na prwtkolla tautqrona qwrc na ephrezei to na th
leitourga tou llou.
Na shmeisoume ed ti to prwtkollo TCP/IP anaptqjhke kai qrhsimopoijhke prth for se peribllon UNIX to UNIX (smera to Linux)
llwste enai kai to leitourgik sto opoo sthrzetai praktik o kormc
tou Internet all lgw thc didoshc tou TCP/IP smera uposthrzetai
ap thn pleionthta twn leitourgikn susthmtwn (p.q. Windows) all kai
diktuako uliko thc agorc. To UNIX jewretai ap polloc wc to oikoumenik leitourgik giat mpore na parqei pljoc uphresin (kai diktuakn)
se upologistc lwn twn megejn. (Uprqoun upologistc tsphc akma kai
rolgia qeirc pou ektelon UNIX Linux).
To UNIX mpore na sunergaste se peribllon topiko diktou me lla
leitourgik, kai pwc anaframe pio pnw qreizetai aplc na uposthrzoun
to prwtkollo TCP/IP.
9.1.7
Asfleia
H asfleia se na topik dktuo (eidik se dktua me euasjhta etairik dedomna) enai na idiatera sobar jma. H asfleia anafretai se problmata
pwc h apleia dedomnwn, h parapohsh touc akma kai h upoklop touc.
To prblhma enai akma pio polploko an uprqoun diktuakc diasundseic
msw diktwn eureac perioqc, afo tte ote kai to mso metdoshc ankei
plrwc sthn etaira.
Se periptseic metdoshc dedomnwn msw diktwn eureac perioqc,
qrhsimopoietai suqn kruptogrfhsh stic plhroforec pou prkeitai
na metadojon. 'Etsi akma kai an gnei upoklop touc den mporon
na qrhsimopoihjon giat qreizetai to antstoiqo kleid gia thn apokruptogrfhsh. H kruptogrfhsh exasfalzei ti mno o telikc
paralpthc gia ton opoo proorzetai to mnuma mpore na to diabsei.
Oi diaqeiristc se na topik dktuo qoun thn dunatthta na orzoun poioc
qrsthc qei prsbash se poiouc stajmoc ergasac kai dedomna kai mporon
epshc na parakoloujon (msa ap to biblo sumbntwn) an gnetai appeira
parabisewn tou diktou. Perisstera gia thn asfleia sto mjhma 11.3
9.2
9.2.1
Eidikc Diktuakc Exoplismc
Epikoinwniakc Exoplismc
Se na etairik peribllon, enai shmantik oi qrstec na qoun dunatthta

prsbashc sta dedomna thc epiqerhshc ap opoiodpote shmeo (fusik j-
84
Logismik
Ulik Topikn Diktwn
sh) twn egkatastsewn thc. Bbaia pwc qoume dh exhgsei sto jma
thc asfleiac den enai ote anagkao ote epijumht na qoun loi oi qrstec prsbash se la ta dedomna thc etairac. Tupik, kje qrsthc qei
dunatthta na qrhsimopoisei mno ta dedomna pou anafrontai sto tmma
thn omda ergasac tou. Gia to lgo aut qrhsimopoiontai perioristikc teqnikc prsbashc (pwc h qrsh onmatoc qrsth username kai kwdiko
prsbashc password) me bsh tic opoec oi qrstec qoun sugkekrimna
dikaimata prsbashc sta dedomna. Wstso enai dunatn h prsbash aut
na prorqetai ap opoiodpote mhqnhma (kje jsh) tou diktou. Prgmati,
ta topik dktua enai sunjwc sqediasmna me ttoio trpo ste h prsbash
na exarttai mno ap ta anagnwristik tou qrsth (user credentials) kai
qi ap to mhqnhma sto opoo qrhsimopoiontai. Gia pardeigma, nac aplc
upllhloc den ja qei perissterh prsbash sta dedomna thc etairac an
qrhsimopoisei ton upologist tou dieujunt.
Epeid se pollc periptseic ta megla etairik dktua sthrzontai se
anmoia metax touc upologistik sustmata (tso ap poyh logismiko
so kai uliko) enai shmantik na exasfalzetai h epikoinwna kai h prsbash
twn qrhstn anexrthta ap ton tpo tou mhqanmatoc kai tou leitourgiko
pou qrhsimopoion. Akma, mpore diaforetiko qrstec na qrhsimopoion
diaforetik progrmmata gia na apokton prsbash sta dia dedomna. 'Ara
enai shmantik akma kai oi efarmogc na enai sqediasmnec me ttoio trpo
pou na mporon na epexergzontai ta dia dedomna kai na ta apojhkeoun me
ton dio trpo.
9.2.1.1
Pardeigma:
'Ena dktuo to opoo qrhsimopoie se stajmoc ergasac mhqanmata

Windows qrhsimopoie to prgramma Microsoft Word gia epexergasa
keimnou.
An prosjsoume sto dktuo aut na mhqnhma Linux, mporome na
egkatastsoume to antstoiqo prgramma Open Office to opoo diajtei
epexergast keimnou sumbat me thn morf keimnou tou Word. 'Etsi
mporome na epexergastome ta dia arqea me diaforetik progrmmata
kai ap diaforetik leitourgik.
Ektc ap tic efarmogc, shmantik gia na qoume epikoinwna metax anmoiwn mhqanhmtwn enai ta prwtkolla diktou. To prto bma gia thn diktwsh anomoiogenn susthmtwn enai h epilog koinn prwtokllwn. Sto
fusik eppedo, ta dedomna pou metaddontai msa ap to dktuo dirqontai
ap to diktuak ulik, pwc kaldia, krtec diktou, dianomec klp. Kpoia
ap ta exartmata aut ja exetsoume paraktw.
9.2.2
85
Basikc mondec epikoinwniako exoplismo
'Eqoume dh exetsei sto prohgomeno biblo thc B Txhc kpoia exartmata

pwc ta modems (diapodiamorfwtc) kai touc poluplktec (multiplexers)
Upenjumseic:
Ta modems enai genik suskeuc pou epitrpoun thn metdosh dedomnwn msa ap grammc pou den enai sqediasmnec eidik gia to
skop aut. P.q. th metdosh dedomnwn msa ap thlefwnik gramm h opoa up fusiologikc sunjkec metafrei analogik dedomna
fwnc kai qi yhfiak dedomna upologist.
Oi poluplktec enai suskeuc pou epitrpoun thn tautqronh dileush
yhfiakn dedomnwn ap polloc kmbouc msa ap mia koin gramm
dedomnwn. Aut gnetai an jumste me thn grgorh enallag thc
metdoshc ap ton na stajm ston llo me thn bojeia hlektronikn
diakoptn (poluplexa sto qrno).
Ektc ap mondec auto tou tpou, sta dktua qrhsimopoiontai akma kai
pljoc llwn epikoinwniakn suskeun pou ja exetsoume paraktw.
9.2.2.1
Metwpiko epexergastc (Front
End Processors)
Oi metwpiko epexergastc (Front End Processors FEP) enai sthn pragmatikthta upologistc pou diaqeirzontai tic epikoinwnec enc meglou upologistiko sustmatoc tupik enc mainframe. Gia to skop aut enai ap
thn ma krh sundemnec me aut to upologistik ssthma kai ap thn llh
me tic aparathtec grammc epikoinwnac kai epikoinwniak ulik.
Sunjwc oi metwpiko epexergastc analambnoun tic diergasec pou qoun na knoun me epikoinwna kai asfleia, pwc:
Apostol kai metdosh paktwn sunarmolghsh kai aposunarmolghsh paktwn (packet assembly / disassembly) .
'Elegqoc asfleiac prsbashc sto dktuo.
'Elegqoc metdoshc - anqneush kai dirjwsh lajn.
Me ton trpo aut, oi parapnw ergasec den ektelontai stouc upologistc
twn qrhstn kai tsi kerdzoume qrno.
Suqn h nnoia tou Metwpiko Epexergast sqetzetai me thn nnoia tou
Elegkt Epikoinwnin (communications controller) ton opoo qoume sunantsei sto biblo thc B txhc. Wstso o Metwpikc Epexergastc qei suqn
perissterec dunatthtec kai mporome na ton programmatsoume gia perissterec ergasec ap ti ston Elegkt Epikoinwnin.
86
Logismik
9.2.2.2
Ulik Topikn Diktwn
Krtec diktou
Oi krtec diktou gnwstc kai me thn suntomografa NIC (Network Interface

Cards) enai ap ta pio basik kai sunhjismna exartmata enc diktou kai
loi sqedn qoume dei kai mporome na tic anagnwrsoume. Sunjwc prkeitai gia exartmata pou topojetontai me morf krtac sto eswterik enc
upologist kai epitrpoun th sndesh tou sto kalwdiak mso tou diktou.
Oi krtec diktou leitourgon sto fusik eppedo thc arqitektonikc OSI.
Jumzoume ti to fusik eppedo se na dktuo anafretai sto edoc
twn kalwdwn kai sundsewn pou qrhsimopoie, stouc dunatoc trpouc diasndeshc klp.
'Otan lme ti oi krtec diktou leitourgon sto fusik eppedo thc
arqitektonikc, shmanei ti enai pnta sqediasmnec gia kpoio sugkekrimno tpo diktou. 'Opwc qoume dh dei, uprqoun dktua pou
leitourgon me kaldio sunestrammnwn zeugn, lla me omoaxonik
diafrwn megejn klp. Gia kajna ap aut ta kaldia uprqoun kai
ta antstoiqa bsmata sndeshc ta opoa enai pol diaforetik. Kje krta diktou sqedizetai sunjwc gia na deqje na sugkekrimno
tpo sndeshc kai tsi leitourge se na tpo diktou.
'Eqoume loipn diaforetikc krtec diktou gia Ethernet, Dktuo
dialou me koupni dileushc, dktuo daktulou (token ring) klp.
Se asrmata topik dktua, oi krtec diktou diajtoun mia keraa pou
qrhsimopoietai gia thn epikoinwna me ton stajm bshc. Uprqoun
akma kai krtec diktou gia optik metdosh dedomnwn msw optikc
nac.
Sqma 9.6: Krta diktou thc etairac Realtek gia sndesh se dktuo Ethernet. Diakrnetai h upodoq gia sndesh RJ-45 me kaldio sunestrammnwn
zeugn.
87
Gia na exasfalsoume ti kje krta diktou mpore na anagnwriste san

monadik ap to dktuo, qei ap kataskeu thc na eswterik arijm diejunshc, to legmeno MAC Address. Prkeitai gia na arijm diaforetik gia
kje krta diktou, o opooc parqetai ap ton kataskeuast. Prosxte ti
o arijmc autc den qei sqsh me thn diejunsh tou kmbou sto TCP/IP
(pou mpore na allxei) all mpore na qrhsimopoihje gia na entopiste h
krta sto dktuo akma kai qwrc th qrsh prwtokllou. H katanom twn
dieujnsewn autn pou anafrontai sto fusik eppedo thc krtac gnetai
ap to IEEE.
Oi krtec diktou ektelon pollc ap tic leitourgec thc diktuakc epikoinwnac pou perilambnontai sth sumfwna twn stajmn pou epikoinwnon.
Metax llwn perilambnoun, rjmish paramtrwn epikoinwnac pwc rujmc
metdoshc, mgejoc paktou, lxh qrnou klp.
Oi krtec diktou qoun sugkekrimna hlektrik kai mhqanik qarakthristik:
enai aut pou kajorzoun ton trpo

leitourgac thc krtac wc hlektronik kklwma kai rujmzoun touc trpouc metdoshc twn duadikn yhfwn, to qronism, ta smata elgqou
klp.
enai aut pou kajorzoun touc trpouc thc fusikc sndeshc thc krtac me to mso metdoshc. Gia pardeigma, to edoc tou sundth pou diajtei h krta kai to opoo kajorzei
kai to edoc tou kalwdou pou mporome na sundsoume (p.q. omoaxonik, sunestrammnwn zeugn klp).
Hlektrik qarakthris tik
Mhqanik qarakthris tik
Oi krtec diktou periqoun kuklmata ta opoa mporon na aniqnesoun

(kai se kpoiec periptseic na diorjsoun) ljh kat th metdosh lyh
dedomnwn. Epshc anloga me thn krta kai to edoc tou diktou, mpore na
gnetai kai anqneush sugkrosewn sthn dia thn krta.
Tloc oi krtec diktou kajorzoun kai tic mejdouc prsbashc sto mso
tou topiko diktou, smfwna me ta prtupa IEEE-802.X lla pwc ta
analsame se prohgomena keflaia.
9.2.2.3
Dianomec
O dianomac katanemhtc diktou, gnwstc me to noma Hub enai mia suskeu pou qrhsimopoietai gia na ensei la ta kaldia pou prorqontai ap
touc stajmoc ergasac tou diktou se na kentrik shmeo h kmbo. 'Opwc
mporome ekola na katalboume, se mia ttoia perptwsh h topologa tou
diktou enai astrac. (Jumhjete wstso ti eswterik h topologa mpore
na enai daktlioc, kai exwterik na fanetai san astrac)
Tupik o dianomac, katalambnei se aut thn perptwsh th jsh tou
kentriko kmbou. 'Opwc xroume h topologa tou astra qei to pleonkthma
88
Logismik
Ulik Topikn Diktwn
Sqma 9.7: Tupik Dktuo me Qrsh Dianoma

ti diakop enc kalwdou ephrezei mno ton stajm ergasac pou sundetai
me aut kai qi to uploipo dktuo. To proswpik diaqerishc tou diktou
mpore me eidik mhqanmata kai diagnwstik progrmmata na entopsei to
shmeo thc blbhc.
H basik ergasa tou dianoma enai na lambnei ta eiserqmena smata
ap na stajm kai na ta epanaekpmpei stouc uploipouc. O dianomac den
mpore na xeqwrsei se poion stajm apeujnetai to kje sma, kai tsi kje
eiserqmeno sma emfanzetai se lec tic exdouc tou. (Aut enai kai mia
basik tou diafor me ton diakpth diktou Network Switch.)
Oi dianomec diakrnontai stic kathgorec:
'Eqoun mikr arijm jurn kai qrhsimopoiontai se mikr topik dktua. Den apaiton hlektrik sndesh (trofodosa) kai den knoun kami ensqush metatrop tou smatoc.
Pajhtiko dianomec:
Energhtiko dianomec:
Prkeitai gia suskeuc me megaltero

arijm jurn ap tic pajhtikc. Proorzontai gia megaltera dktua,
kai qoun thn ikanthta na anadhmiourgon kai na enisqoun to sma
pou lambnoun prin to metadsoun xan. Qreizontai trofodosa rematoc kai leitourgon kai wc epanalptec (ja touc exetsoume se epmeno
mjhma).
Oi dianomec mpore na sundontai kai metax touc, auxnontac tsi ton diajsimo arijm jurn. Oi sundseic autc akoloujon ta prtupa thc domhmnhc
kalwdwshc. Oi dianomec qrhsimopoiontai me kaldia sunestrammnwn zeugn kai sundseic RJ-45.
Me th qrsh dianomwn qoume ta paraktw pleonektmata:
Dieuklunsh epktashc / allagc diktou pou qei ulopoihje me bsh

tic arqc thc domhmnhc kalwdwshc.
Dunatthtec epilogc anmesa se diaforetik edh topikn diktwn pwc Ethernet, daktlioc dauloc me koupni dileushc, all akma
kai dunatthta epikoinwnac kai diasndeshc me lla dktua uyhln epidsewn eureac perioqc.
9.3 Epanalptec
89
Dunatthtec kentrikc diaqerishc kai sullogc plhroforin sto dktuo.

Dunatthtec anoqc kai ankamyhc ap ljh pou exasfalzoun thn
suneq leitourga tou diktou.
9.3
Epanalptec
9.3.1
Eisagwg
Oi basikc suskeuc pou ja parousisoume paraktw, qrhsimopoiontai gia

thn diasndesh topikn diktwn. Ja dome tic basikc leitourgec touc, tic
basikc diaforc metax touc kai tic dunatthtec touc. H gnsh twn parapnw jewretai aparathth prokeimnou na mporome na epilxoume kje for
pou sqedizoume na no dktuo tic katllhlec suskeuc.
Ja exetsoume:
Ton epanalpth
Thn gfura
To dromologht
(repeater)
(bridge)
(router)
Ektc ap tic parapnw suskeuc, sta topik dktua qrhsimopoiontai kai

llec. Pollc forc uprqoun suskeuc pou epektenoun sunduzoun leitourgec twn parapnw suskeun. 'Eqoume dh dei sto prohgomeno mjhma
touc dianomec (hubs). Prpei na anafroume ed, ti ektc ap touc dianomec uprqoun kai oi diakptec (switches) me antstoiqh all beltiwmnh
leitourga.
9.3.2
Epanalptec
'Opwc gnwrzoume dh ap thn Metdosh Dedomnwn thc B Txhc, na hlektrik sma to opoo diaddetai se opoiodpote mso metdoshc, exasjene
met ap mia orismnh apstash.
90
Logismik
Ulik Topikn Diktwn
Jumhjete ti tan na sma diaddetai gia pardeigma msa ap na

kaldio, kajc h apstash megalnei to pltoc tou smatoc gnetai mikrtero. Tautqrona enai pijann to sma na proslambnei
jrubo ap to exwterik peribllon. Gia pardeigma, an to kaldio
pernei anmesa ap lla mhqanmata kai hlektrikc egkatastseic,
dhmiourgontai parembolc pou emfanzontai san jruboc msa sto
sma. Ap mia apstash kai met o sunduasmc thc exasjnhshc kai
tou jorbou mpore na odhgsei se plrh apleia dedomnwn.
Eidik se yhfiak smata (pwc aut pou metaddontai se na topik
dktuo) , h exasjnhsh kai o jruboc arqzoun na gnontai shmantik tan ftsoun se shmeo na mhn mpore na gnei dikrish metax
tou logiko 0 kai tou logiko 1 (ta opoa antiproswpeontai ap
do diaforetikc stjmec tshc). Arqik aut mpore na dhmiourge
kpoia lanjasmna duadik yhfa ston paralpth, all se perptwsh meglhc exasjnhshc jorbou opoiadpote dirjwsh enai plon
adnath.
Genik kai gia topik dktua, mporome na jewrsoume ti na sma pou qei diadoje se kaldio mkouc megalterou ap 300 mtra qei exasjensei
arket kai swc dhmiourghje prblhma kat thn lyh tou.
An jloume wstso na steloume to sma tou topiko diktou se apstash megalterh twn 300 mtrwn kai se peribllon topiko diktou aut
mpore na enai pijan se mia meglh ktiriak egkatstash - an jloume
na sundsoume do topik dktua metax touc prpei me kpoio trpo na
anadhmiourgsoume kai enisqsoume to sma. O epanalpthc enai h ditaxh pou analambnei aut th diadikasa. O epanalpthc diajtei mia esodo h
Sqma 9.8: Epanalptec

opoa lambnei to exasjenhmno sma tou diktou. Eswterik, o epanalpthc
diabzei ta dedomna pou periqontai sto sma kai to anadhmiourge sthn arqik tou morf (Prosxte ti aut enai mia diadikasa diaforetik ap thn
ensqush). To sma aut pou plon qei apallaqje ap ton jrubo kai qei
enisquje sto arqik tou pltoc paraddetai sthn xodo tou epanalpth. H
qrsh epanalpth odhge sthn axhsh tou fusiko erouc tou diktou.
9.3 Epanalptec
91
Suqn o epanalpthc qrhsimopoietai gia thn epktash enc tmmatoc tou

topiko diktou, ste na prostejon se aut noi qrstec. Epshc mpore
na ennei do tmmata enc topiko diktou ta opoa brskontai se kpoia
apstash metax touc.
Sqma 9.9: Smbola Epanalhptn
9.3.3
Tpoi Epanalhptn
(single port repeaters): Diajtoun

mia jra eisdou kai mia jra exdou. To sma pou lambnoun sthn
jra eisdou, to anadhmiourgon pwc exhgsame parapnw kai to odhgon sthn jra exdou. Qrhsimopoiontai gia thn diasndesh do apomakrusmnwn tmhmtwn enc topiko diktou, pwc fanetai sto sqma
9.10.
Epanalptec miac jrac
Epanalptec polln jurn (multi port repeaters): 'Eqoun

mia esodo kai perissterec ap mia exdouc kai qrhsimopoiontai pollc forc sthn diasndesh topikn diktwn ta opoa qrhsimopoion
diaforetikoc tpouc kalwdwshc.
Epanalptec optikc metdoshc
Epanalptec topikc metdoshc (local repeaters): Qrhsimopoiontai gia thn diasndesh do diou tpou topikn diktwn pou
brskontai metax touc se mikr apstash (qi megalterh twn 2 (do)
qiliomtrwn).
Epanalptec apomakrusmnhc diasndeshc
(optical repeaters): 'Eqoun

ftiaqte eidik gia thn ensqush shmtwn diktwn pou qrhsimopoion
optikc nec (stic opoec profanc ant gia hlektrik smata, metaddetai fwc).
(remote repeaters): Qrhsimopoiontai sthn diasndesh do topikn diktwn pou brskontai se apstash megalterh twn do qiliomtrwn metax touc. Tupik, kajna ap ta dktua sundetai se na epanalpth kai oi duo epanalptec sundontai metax touc me kpoia sndesh uyhlc taqthta
(sunjwc optik, me qrsh optikc nac).
92
Logismik
Ulik Topikn Diktwn
kataqwrhtc (buffered repeaters): Aut to

edoc epanalpth qei thn dunatthta proswrinc apojkeushc twn dedomnwn (plaiswn) pou lambnei kai pou prpei na metaferjon ap to
na dktuo sto llo. H apojkeush aut enai qrsimh tan ta dedomna metafrontai se meglh apstash, kai tsi oi epanalptec auto
qrhsimopoiontai gia thn diasndesh idiatera apomakrusmnwn diktwn.
Se perptwsh meglou frtou tou diktou kai efson h gramm metdoshc den qei dunatthta na metadsei mesa ta dedomna pou katafjnoun ston epanalpth ta dedomna paramnoun apojhkeumna
sthn proswrin mnmh tou epanalpth mqri na gnei dunat h apostol
touc.
Epanalptec
Epanalptec
dianomec (repeater hubs): Prkeitai gia to

plon sunhjismno kai qrhsimopoiomeno edoc epanalpth, to opoo
sunduzei thn leitourga tou epanalpth me aut tou dianoma pou edame sto prohgomeno mjhma. Diajtei pollaplc jrec kai mpore
na diasundsei dktua ta opoa baszontai se diforouc kalwdiakoc
tpouc pwc UTP, STP, optik na klp. Parqoun meglh euelixa eidik tan prpei na anasqediaste na dktuo kai na gnei anakatanom
twn kmbwn tou, ste na uposthriqjon topik dktua me diaforetikc
kalwdiseic ap thn egkatesthmnh domhmnh kalwdwsh.
Sqma 9.10: Epanalpthc miac Jrac
Sqma 9.11: Epanalpthc - Dianomac
9.4 Gfurec
93
(smart repeaters): Prkeitai gia suskeuc pou qoun perisstero qarakthristik gefurn par epanalptwn. Stic gfurec ja anaferjome se epmeno mjhma.
'Exupnoi epanalptec
H pragmatikthta gia touc epanalptec:
'Ena tso apl jma so oi epanalptec, to biblo to periplkei skopa. Ousiastik suskeuc pou na leitourgon apokleistik san
epanalptec den brskontai smera sto emprio. H leitourga tou epanalpth (anadhmiourga ensqush smatoc) enswmatnetai se pollc
diktuakc suskeuc pwc gia pardeigma stouc dianomec (energoc)
kai tic gfurec. Uprqoun epshc epanalptec gia asrmata topik
dktua oi opooi epektenoun thn embleia tou diktou anagennntac
kai ekpmpontac xan to sma pou lambnoun ste na kalyei gewgrafik megalterh apstash.
9.4
9.4.1
Gfurec
Eisagwg
H dhmiourga twn gefurn uprxe apotlesma thc exlixhc twn epanalhptn,

all kai twn periorismn pou dhmiorghse h qrsh touc. H angkh gia diasndesh topikn diktwn metax touc gnetai stic mrec mac olona kai megalterh, kai stic perissterec periptseic h qrsh epanalhptn kai dianomwn
den krnetai eparkc.
'Opwc qei dh anaferje, tso oi epanalptec (qi oi xupnoi epanalptec) so kai oi dianomec leitourgon sto fusik eppedo thc arqitektonikc
OSI.
Oi suskeuc pou leitourgon sto fusik eppedo thc arqitektonikc
den mporon na katanosoun thn morf to perieqmeno twn dedomnwn pou dirqontai ap msa touc. Ote oi epanalptec, ote oi
dianomec periqoun kpoio kklwma epexergasac. 'Etsi, den epembanoun kajlou sto perieqmeno twn dedomnwn pou dqontai.
Gia pardeigma, stw nac epanalpthc pou sundei do tmmata A
kai B enc topiko diktou metax touc. O epanalpthc anadhmiourge ta smata tou diktou A kai ta stlnei sto dktuo B. Aut gnetai
akma kai gia ta smata tou diktou A pou den qoun proorism kpoio upologist sto B. O epanalpthc, epeid leitourge sto fusik
eppedo tou OSI den mpore na katalbei poia pakta proorzontai gia
to tmma A kai poia gia to B giat den gnwrzei thn dom tou diktou
ote kai th fusik jsh kje mhqanmatoc.
Ta meionektmata pou dhmiourgontai ap thn qrsh tou aplo epanalpth,
parakmptontai an qrhsimopoisoume thn gfura (bridge). H gfura, pwc
kai o dromologhtc (router) pou ja dome sto epmeno mjhma, leitourge
94
Logismik
Ulik Topikn Diktwn
Sqma 9.12: Smbolo Gfurac

qi mno sto fusik eppedo all kai se aut thcgrammc dedomnwn tou
montlou OSI. H leitourga thc gfurac enai parmoia me aut tou epanalpth, all akribc epeid leitourge sto eppedo grammc dedomnwn mpore na
diaqeiriste kai na prei apofseic gia ta plasia pou pernne msa ap aut.
To biblo den perigrfei poujen thn diafor plaisou kai paktou.
Merikc forc qrhsimopoiome ton na ton llo ro, wstso uprqei safc dikrish:
To pakto brsketai sto eppedo 3 tou OSI. (Eppedo diktou)

To plasio (frame) brsketai sto eppedo 2 (gramc dedomnwn)
tou OSI.
Gia na metadoje na pakto msa se na sugkekrimno tpo diktou
enswmatnetai msa se na perisstera plasia. To plasio periqei
kai lla dedomna aparathta gia na katalboume pte p.q. xekinei
kai teleinei to kajna (p.q. sto Frame Relay pou ja dome sto
keflaio 15, to plasio qei shmaec arqc - tlouc).
To mgejoc tou plaisou exarttai kat bsh ap to mgisto mgejoc
mondwn dedomnwn (datagrams) pou mpore na metadsei to sugkekrimno edoc diktou. Aut onomzetai MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit). Gia pardeigma sto Ethernet to MTU enai 1500 bytes.
'Ena pakto pou lgw megjouc den qwrei na metadoje se na plasio, qwrzetai (fragmentation) se perisstera.
H gfura, dedomnou ti douleei sta eppeda 1 kai 2, prgmati den
mpore na diaqeiriste pakta (eppedo 3) all plasia.
Sta pleonektmata twn gefurn prpei na sumperilboume thn dunatthta
touc gia ekolh suntrhsh, prosarmog se dktua ta opoa metabllontai
(p.q. tan emec prosjtoume afairome mhqanmata) kajc kai h dunatthta touc na sundoun dktua diaforetikn rujmn metdoshc.
Msw thc gfurac, to eppedo grammc dedomnwn enai se jsh na qeiriste th ro twn dedomnwn me trpo apotelesmatik. Gia pardeigma, mia
9.4 Gfurec
95
Sqma 9.13: Eppeda leitourgac thc Gfurac sto OSI

gfura pou ennei do tmmata topikn diktwn mpore na katalbei an kpoio plasio ap to prto tmma proorzetai gia to detero. Sthn perptwsh
aut to prowje sto detero. An mwc antilhfje ti na plasio ap to
prto tmma apeujnetai se na upologist xan tou prtou tmmatoc den
to prowje sto detero tmma. 'Etsi kerdzoume qrno all kai eroc znhc
sto mso metdoshc afo den metaddontai qrhsta dedomna. Genik uprqei
kpoioc algrijmoc pou kajorzetai ap ton kataskeuast thc gfurac, kai
o opooc akoloujetai gia na apofassei h gfura poia plasia ja persoun
kai me poio trpo ap to na dktuo sto llo. Akma msa ap th gfura, to
eppedo grammc dedomnwn enai se jsh na elgxei ta ljh thc metdoshc
kai ton legqo prsbashc sto mso.
9.4.2
Leitourgec Gefurn
Oi basikc leitourgec twn gefurn enai oi akloujec:
(forwarding): Enai to prasma enc plaisou ston telik tou proorism.
Projhsh
Oi gfurec genik enai suskeuc xupnec (diajtoun epexergast kai

mnmh kai mporon na diaqeiriston dedomna). Gnwrzoun thn dom tou
diktou sto opoo qoun sundeje. Pardeigma sto sqma 9.14. Sto
sqma 9.14, h gfura gnwrzei ti to tmma tou Diktou 1 apoteletai
ap touc upologistc 01 kai 02 kai to tmma tou diktou ap touc
03,04,05 kai 06. Ta dedomna aut brskontai apojhkeumna se na
eswterik pnaka thc gfurac.
Ac upojsoume ti o upologistc 03 tou Diktou 2, dhmiourge na
pakto pou proorzetai gia ton upologist 02 tou Diktou 1. H gfura gnwrzei se poio dktuo ankei o kje upologistc kai prowje to
plasio ap to Dktuo 2 proc to Dktuo 1. To plasio bbaia suneqzei
na metaddetai kai sto Dktuo 2 (h gfura den qei dunatthta na diakyei thn metdosh tou msa sto Dktuo 2, an kai den brsketai eke o
paralpthc).
96
Logismik
Ulik Topikn Diktwn
Sqma 9.14: Gfura: Leitourga Projhshc
(filtering): (Sqma 9.15) H gfura qei thn dunatthta na diaqwrzei ta dedomna (plasia) me bsh kpoia kritria. H
leitourga aut onomzetai filtrrisma, en to prgramma pou ektele
h gfura kai periqei tic odhgec me bsh tic opoec gnetai o diaqwrismc onomzetai fltro. Msw tou filtrarsmatoc, h gfura metaddei
ta plasia ap to na dktuo sto llo mno an pragmatik o proorismc
touc brsketai sto llo dktuo. Plasia pou dhmiourgontai ap na
upologist enc tmmatoc tou diktou kai apeujnontai se na llo
upologist tou diou tmmatoc, aporrptontai (filtrrontai) ap th gfura kai den metaddontai (skopa) sto llo tmma. 'Etsi kerdzoume
eroc znhc sto dktuo (afo to fusik mso den metafrei qrhsta
dedomna). H leitourga tou filtrarsmatoc enai idiatera shmantik,
kajc oi gfurec qoun thn ikanthta na prosarmzontai se epektseic
twn topikn diktwn dieukolnontac tsi th diaqerish olklhrou tou
topiko diktou.
(transparency) mjhsh (learning): (Sqma 9.16)

O pnakac dieujnsewn miac gfurac periqei tic dieujnseic twn stajmn ergasac kajc kai to tmma tou diktou sto opoo ankei kje
stajmc. An emec prosjsoume na no stajm ergasac se na tmma
tou diktou ( allxoume jsh se na uprqonta stajm), sto prto
plasio pou ja stelei o stajmc autc, h gfura ton anagnwrzei wc
no kai ton kataqwre ston pnaka twn dieujnsewn thc. H diadikasa
aut onomzetai diafneia mjhsh. Me th leitourga thc diafneiac
h gfura mpore na anakalyei thn dom enc diktou qwrc emec na
pragmatopoisoume kpoio programmatism ap mnoi mac. H diafneia
Filtrrisma
Diafneia
9.4 Gfurec
97
Sqma 9.15: Gfura: Filtrrisma

prosddei sthn gfura meglh euelixa kai elaqistopoie thn angkh
gia dikc mac parembseic kai suntrhsh. Sto pardeigma tou sqmatoc
Sqma 9.16: Gfura: Diafneia Mjhsh

9.16, qei prosteje nac noc stajmc (o 07) sto Dktuo 1. Sthn prth metdosh dedomnwn ap ton stajm aut, h gfura ton anakalptei
kai ton prosjtei ston pnaka dieujnsewn thc. 'Etsi den qreizetai ap
98
Logismik
Ulik Topikn Diktwn
mrouc mac kami epiplon rjmish. Oi leitourgec pou anaframe pio

pnw enai pol shmantikc giat apallssoun to dktuo ap prsjeth
kuklofora qrhstwn dedomnwn, afo exasfalzetai ti ta dedomna
metaddontai mno sto tmma tou diktou pou proorzontai.
9.4.3
Tpoi Gefurn
Gfura me legqo prsbashc sto mso
Meikt metafras tik gfura
(Media Access
Control (MAC) Bridge): Qrhsimopoietai gia thn diasndesh do
diou tpou topikn diktwn. (p.q. Ethernet me Ethernet token ring
me token ring) kai den mpore na qrhsimopoihje gia na sundsei diaforetiko tpou topik dktua.
(mixed bridge link bridge
translation bridge): Qrhsimopoietai gia thn diasndesh diaforetikn metax touc tpwn paradosiakn topikn diktwn (pwc Ethernet,
token ring, token bus kajc kai llwn diktwn uyhln epidsewn pwc
to Fast Ethernet kai to FDDI). Sthn perptwsh aut mac endiafrei kai
prpei na gnwrzoume thn sunolik apdosh thc gfurac kajc kai thn
apdosh kje miac ap tic diaforetikc prtec pou diajtei.
(transparent bridge
learning bridge): Enai h gfura pou qei thn dunatthta (pwc
anaframe kai prohgoumnwc) na anakalptei thn dom enc diktou
aniqneontac thn diejunsh kai thn topojesa kje stajmo ergasac
(akma kai an prosjsoume se na uprqon dktuo nouc stajmoc). H
gfura tsi anakalptei thn sunolik topologa tou diktou. H leitourga aut enai shmantik kai thn parqoun oi perissterec gfurec.
Mporome na sundsoume metax touc ttoiec gfurec kai se aut thn
perptwsh enai dunatn na sunergaston gia na broun to kaltero drmo gia thn projhsh twn dedomnwn ston proorism touc. H difanh
gfura ulopoie thn diadikasa thc mjhshc pou anaframe prohgoumnwc. Qrhsimopoietai tso sto Ethernet so kai sto Token Ring qei
mwc megalterh efarmog sto Ethernet.
Difanh gfura gfura mjhshc
(Source Routing Bridge): Qrhsimopoietai se sunduasm me llec diou tpou sta dktua
Token Ring. H teqnik dromolghshc ap thn phg prorqetai ap
thn etaira IBM kai sqedisthke eidik gia qrsh se dktua token ring
ste na enai dunat h metax touc diasndesh. Oi gfurec auto tou
tpou mporon na qrhsimopoihjon kai se dktua Ethernet kai eidik an
aut qoun topojethje se ditaxh brqou (to ti ennoe ed to biblo
ja paramenei na mustrio). An kai h leitourga twn gefurn autn
moizei me thn leitourga twn dromologhtn pou ja dome sto epmeno
mjhma, wstso den enai akribc h dia.
Gfura dromolghshc ap thn phg
9.5 Dromologhtc
99
Smfwna me thn teqnik dromolghshc ap thn phg (source routing)

to pakto, xekinntac ap ton apostola tou, periqei dh lec tic
plhroforec gia thn dromolghsh tou dhl. louc touc endimesouc
stajmoc kai thn diadrom pou prpei na akoloujsei gia na pei ston
proorism tou. Sthn perptwsh aut, rloc thc antstoiqhc gfurac
enai na diabsei tic plhroforec autc kai na kateujnei anloga to
pakto ston proorism tou.
(transparent source routing bridge): Sunduzei tic do parapnw leitourgec. Uposthrzei dromolghsh ap thn phg gia ta prwtkolla pou
th qrhsimopoion kai antstoiqa leitourgec diafneiac gia ta uploipa.
Gfura topikc diasndeshc
Gfura apomakrusmnhc diasndeshc
Gfura polln jurn (multi port bridge): Qrhsimopoietai gia

thn diasndesh trin perissterwn topikn diktwn me diaforetikoc
tpouc diepafn (busmtwn) p.q. 10Base-2, 10Base-5 kai Token Ring.
Gfura metagwgc (switching bridge): 'Eqei thn ikanthta na

dromologe pol grgora ta pakta ston proorism touc qwrc na qreizetai na ta apojhkeei. Sunduzei ta qarakthristik twn gefurn topikc diasndeshc (local bridge) kai gefurn polln jurn (multi port
bridge).
9.5
Difanh gfura dromolghshc ap thn phg
(local bridge): Qrhsimopoietai

gia thn diasndesh do diou tpou topikn diktwn pou brskontai se
mikr apstash metax touc.
(remote bridge): Qrhsimopoietai gia thn diasndesh do topikn diktwn pou brskontai se
meglh apstash metax touc (h opoa mpore na ftnei kai na xepernei
ta 300 qilimetra).
Dromologhtc
Oi dromologhtc (routers) enai snjetec diatxeic pou efeurjhkan sthn dekaeta tou 1970 gia thn diasndesh twn topikn diktwn metax touc. To
qarakthristik touc enai ti mporon na uposthrxoun thn tautqronh sndesh polln diaforetikn tpwn diktwn ta opoa mpore na baszontai kai se
diaforetik msa metdoshc (p.q. omoaxonik kaldio, UTP, grammc ISDN
klp). Oi dromologhtc qoun poll koin shmea me tic gfurec, epektenoun
mwc shmantik tic leitourgec touc. Metax llwn oi dromologhtc:
Ektelon legqo sta eiserqmena pakta.

Auxnoun thn axiopista thc sndeshc.
100
Logismik
Ulik Topikn Diktwn
Epitrpoun thn sndesh diaforetikn metax touc upodiktwn p.q. to

dktuo enc grafeou me to Internet.
9.5.1
Leitourgec Dromologhtn
Dromolghsh genik mpore na onomaste h diadikasa metaforc dedomnwn

ap na shmeo se na llo. H diadikasa aut mpore na perilambnei san
na bma kai thn eresh thc kalterhc dunatc diadromc gia thn metafor
(efson uprqoun perissteroi ap nac diajsimoi drmoi pou na sundoun
thn afethra me ton proorism).
Sqma 9.17: Dromologhtc thc Etairac CISCO

Mia basik diafor twn dromologhtn ap tic gfurec pou exetsame sto
prohgomeno mjhma enai ti oi dromologhtc leitourgon epshc kai sto
eppedo diktou tou OSI. (Jumhjete ti oi gfurec leitourgon sto fusik
eppedo kai sto eppedo grammc dedomnwn, en oi pio aplc suskeuc pwc
oi dianomec leitourgon sto fusik eppedo).
H basik diafor me tic gfurec, enai ti oi dromologhtc uposthrzoun
arket pio polplokec diatxeic (topologec) diktwn stic opoec enai pijann
do shmea tou diktou na ennontai me perissterec ap ma diadromc. Gia
pardeigma, sto Internet (to opoo den ja mporose na leitourgsei qwrc
dromologhtc) metax do kmbwn (p.q. tou upologist sac sto spti kai
miac diktuakc topojesa pou episkpteste th dedomnh stigm) uprqoun
pollc diadromc tic opoec mporon na akoloujsoun ta pakta kat thn
metafor touc. Mlista an upojsoume ti blpete mia selda sto Internet
katebzete na arqeo, den enai kan sgouro ti la ta pakta ap ta
opoa apoteletai qoun akoloujsei thn dia diadrom gia na ftsoun ston
upologist sac.
Oi dromologhtc qoun genik thn dunatthta na exisorropsoun to forto thc knhshc lwn twn diaforetikn diadromn parnontac an psa stigm
(dunamik) apofseic gia to poia diadrom ja akoloujsoun ta pakta (me thn
9.5 Dromologhtc
101
Sqma 9.18: Smbolo kai Eppeda Leitourgac Dromologhtn

propjesh bbaia ti uprqoun diajsimec perissterec ap mia diadromc
kai qrhsimopoietai kpoia teqnik dromolghshc). Genik oi dromologhtc
pou brskontai se mia diadrom sunergzontai metax touc kai antallssoun
stoiqea sqetik me thn knhsh tou diktou, tic kajusterseic kje diadromc tic opoec metrne kai lla stoiqea ta opoa dnoun thn apdosh
tou diktou sto opoo brskontai (gia pardeigma oi dromologhtc mporon
na aniqnesoun kai an kpoia diadrom qei diakope entelc). O trpoc pou
sunennoontai metax touc oi dromologhtc kajorzetai ap kpoiouc koin
apodektoc kannec kai sumfwnec, gnwstoc wc prwtkolla dromolghshc
(routing protocols).
Oi dromologhtc mporon na lambnoun apofseic sqetik me thn dromolghsh basizmenoi tso stic dieujnseic pou parnoun ap to eppedo diktou, so kai ston tpou tou paktou dedomnwn pou metafretai. Sthn
prth perptwsh, h leitourga tou dromologht enai anapfeukta sundedemnh me to prwtkollo pou qrhsimopoietai sthn metdosh.
Uprqoun diforoi kataskeuastc dromologhtn kai kajnac qei ta dik tou montla ta opoa mpore na kumanontai ap aploc dromologhtc gia
sndesh enc topiko diktou me to Diadktuo (pwc autc pou qoume sto ergastrio) mqri ta megajria pou qrhsimopoiontai stouc diktuakoc kormoc
tou Internet kai qoun upologistik isq thc txhc twn uperupologistn
afo diakinon kai dromologon ekatommria pakta kje deuterlepto.
Kurarqoc kuriolektik ston toma twn dromologhtn jewretai h etaira
Cisco h opoa kai ousiastik kajorzei ta prtupa pou qrhsimopoion kai oi
dromologhtc llwn etairin. Na shmeisoume ed ti oi dromologhtc, an
kai enai suskeuc pou moizoun pollc forc exwterik me dianomec gfurec enai eswterik kanoniko upologistc me dik touc leitourgik ssthma
kai pljoc rujmsewn sto opoo emec mporome na parmboume. Periqoun
102
Logismik
Ulik Topikn Diktwn
metax llwn kai pnakec dromolghshc (pwc oi gfurec periqoun pnakec

dieujnsewn).
To rlo tou dromologht se kpoio dktuo mpore epshc na ton qei
kai nac kanonikc upologistc me thn bojeia katllhlwn programmtwn.
(Gia pardeigma to leitourgik ssthma Windows 2000 Server diajtei mia
uphresa pou onomzetai Routing & Remote Access)
Sunoyzontac, oi dromologhtc ektelon tic paraktw leitourgec:
Filtrroun kai dromologon ta pakta anloga me ton tpo touc.

Uposthrzoun pollc diaforetikc sundseic metax twn diktwn (diaforetikc diadromc) auxnontac tsi thn axiopista twn sundsewn
(afo se perptwsh diakopc miac diadromc qrhsimopoietai autmata
mia enallaktik).
H dromolghsh twn paktwn gnetai kje for dunamik, lambnontac upyh thn katstash tou diktou (sunjkec knhshc, kajustrhsh
klp).
Genik oi dromologhtc epeid sthn ousa enai exeidikeumnoi upologistc enai arket akribteroi ap tic gfurec all prosfroun pol perisstera pleonektmata. Mporon na diasundsoun metax touc diaforetik
edh diktwn tso ta paradosiak so kai uyhln epidsewn kai akma
qrhsimopoiontai eurtata gia thn diasndesh topikn diktwn me dktua eureac perioqc. Eutuqc, h olona auxanmenh isqc twn mikroepexergastn,
h ptsh timn kai h ragdaa axhsh thc teqnologac knoun olona kai pio
oikonomik thn qrsh twn dromologhtn oi opoo ja enai aparathtoi kai sto
mllon gia thn anptuxh tou Internet uyhlc taqthtac. Oi dromologhtc
pou kukloforon smera sthn agor qoun pollc dunatthtec pwc h upostrixh pollapln prwtokllwn tou epipdou diktou en pollo qoun kai
enswmatwmna qarakthristik gfurac (multi protocol bridge router).
(Shmewsh: Sthn Ellhnik agor pou tra arqzei na qrhsimopoie sundseic ADSL gia oikiak paroq Internet, uprqoun arketo fthno Routers
gia qrsh sto spti me tim pou kumanetai ap 50 wc 100 eur.)
9.6
Arqc
Sqedashc
Diaqerishc
Topikn
Diktwn
9.6.1
Sqedash Topikn Diktwn
Gia thn kataskeu enc opoioudpote meglou rgou (pwc enai gia pardeigma na meglo etairik dktuo upologistn) swc o pio shmantikc pargontac
enai h swst arqik tou sqedash. Me thn sqedash ja apofassoume thn
morf pou ja qei to dktuo, tic dunatthtec tou ta ulik pou ja qrhsimopoihjon kai genik louc touc pargontec pou mpore na ephresoun jetik
arnhtik thn leitourga tou diktou.
9.6 Arqc Sqedashc
Diaqerishc Topikn Diktwn
103
Gia na sqedisoume kai na ulopoisoume na dktuo prpei prta na apantsoume merik shmantik erwtmata:
Poia ja enai h qrsh tou diktou? Den qoume tic diec angkec kai
apaitseic ap na mikr dktuo pnte upologistn enc mikro grafeou
kai na dktuo ekatontdwn upologistn miac meglhc epiqerhshc.
Poiec enai oi apaitseic twn qrhstn kai ti edouc efarmogc ja ektelontai?
Pso pijan enai na qreiaste mellontik epktash tou diktou kai
kat pso meglh ja enai aut?
Poio ja enai to kstoc tou arqiko sqediasmo kai ulopohshc, kai
poio to kstoc leitourgac tou diktou? Sumfrei thn etaira qi?
Poia ja enai ta diktuak exartmata kai h topologa pou ja qrhsimopoisoume?
Aut kai poll akma erwtmata kalomaste na apantsoume sthn dirkeia
tou sqediasmo enc diktou. To poia ap aut enai shmantik exarttai
ap to dktuo pou sqedizoume. Se pollc periptseic o pargontac kstoc
enai idiatera shmantikc afo suqn anagkazmaste na brome thn lsh pou
sumbibzei to so to dunatn qamhltero kstoc me thn kalterh apdosh.
Sqediasm qoume qi mno sthn perptwsh pou dhmiourgome ap thn
arq na no dktuo, all kai tan kalomaste na tropopoisoume (na beltisoume suqn na epektenoume) na uprqon dktuo. Se aut thn perptwsh uprqoun prsjetec duskolec pou ofelontai stouc periorismoc pou dh
uprqoun ap to parn dktuo (p.q. to edoc thc egkatesthmnhc kalwdwshc,
problmata qrou, mhqanmata ta opoa sunergzontai mno me sugkekrimna lla kai ta opoa prpei na suneqsoun na leitourgon kai sto no dktuo
k.a.)
Sunoyzontac, oi basikteroi pargontec pou lambnoume upyh mac enai
(smfwna me to biblo):
Sqedizoume to dktuo smfwna me tic uprqousec angkec all lambnontac upyh mac kai thn pijan mellontik epktash thc qrshc tou
(mellontikc frtoc). Sthn sqedash mac den prpei na emaste kontfjalmoi. An sqedizoume na dktuo gia mia etairea pou epektenetai,
enai sqedn sgouro ti argtera ja klhjome na prosjsoume se aut
na mhqanmata kai endeqomnwc diasundseic kai me lla topik dktua.
Prpei aut na to qoume problyei sthn arqik mac sqedash ste oi
epektseic na enai eukolterec.
Prpei na frontsoume gia thn jsh kai thn katanom twn stoiqewn
tou diktou. Pou ja enai dhl. topojethmnoi oi stajmo ergasac kai
104
Logismik
Ulik Topikn Diktwn
to diktuak ulik. Prpei na problyoume gia pardeigma na egkatastsoume domhmnh kalwdwsh kai se mrh pou endqetai argtera na
qreiastome na sundsoume kpoio upologist.
Prpei na knoume melth skopimthtac biwsimthtac tou diktou.

H melth aut exetzei to dktuo pou sqedizoume ap poyh kstouc
egkatstashc all kai leitourgac suntrhshc. 'Etsi blpoume an
sumfrei thn etairea h lsh pou protenoume an ta xoda suntrhshc enai uperbolik gia tic uphresec pou mac parqei to dktuo. Gia
pardeigma, mia mikromesaa epiqerhsh pijanc den mpore na antxei
to kstoc qrshc miac misjwmnhc grammc pou na sundei do topik
dktua sta magazi thc msa se mia plh. Prpei se aut thn perptwsh
na brome enallaktikc lseic.
Prpei na meletsoume thn asfleia tou diktou tso ap eswterikc
so kai ap exwterikc parembseic. Aut enai idiatera shmantik se
etairik dktua kai akma pio shmantik an uprqoun diasundseic metax diktwn pou qrhsimopoiontai exwterikc (mh idikthtec) grammc.
Akma prpei na lboume sobar upyh mac kai thn pijanthta epijsewn msw Internet pou enai stic mrec mac auxhmnh.
Prpei na meletsoume kai na kajorsoume poioi lloi perioristiko pargontec uprqoun ste na touc sumperilboume sthn melth mac. Gia
pardeigma, perioristikc pargontac enai sunjwc to kstoc. Mpore
mwc na uprqoun kai periorismo pou ofelontai sthn topojesa, th
gewgrafik kluyh kajc kai me to edoc twn dedomnwn pou kinontai
sto dktuo.
Me bsh thn melth pou ja pragmatopoisoume, ja mporome na proume
apofseic sqetik me thn arqitektonik kai thn topologa pou ja qei to
dktuo pou ja ulopoisoume. Ta jmata pou mac aforon enai sunjwc:
Oi teqnikc metdoshc pou ja qrhsimopoihjon (o trpoc pou to sma

metaddetai sto kanli).
O tpoc tou kanalio (fusiko msou) pou ja qrhsimopoihje gia na
uposthrxei to dktuo.
Thn topologa tou diktou (ton trpo sndeshc twn kmbwn metax
touc).
Thn teqnikc prsbashc sto mso tou diktou, pwc dhl. moirzontai oi
upologistc thn prsbash sto koin mso metdoshc, ste na qoun
loi kat to dunatn ta dia dikaimata kai dunatthtec prsbashc (isomoira).
9.6 Arqc Sqedashc
Diaqerishc Topikn Diktwn
105
Ta mhqanmata pou ja qrhsimopoihjon gia tic diasundseic (p.q. dianomec, gfurec, epanalptec, dromologhtc). Aut kajorzontai anloga
me tic angkec all kai to mgejoc tou diktou.
Sto erthma thc epilogc lwn twn parapnw, enai profanc ti den
uprqei mia kai monadik swst apnthsh. Mpore suqn na katalxoume se
mia omda ap pijanc lseic kai gia kje mia ap autc ja qei sugkekrimna
pleonektmata kai meionektmata. H telik lsh exarttai ap pargontec
pou mpore na enai kai upokeimeniko (p.q. qoume megalterh empeira sthn
sqedash enc edouc diktou kai tsi to qrhsimopoiome suqntera ap lla).
9.6.2
Basik Diaqerish Topikn Diktwn
Prosoq: O ttloc enai entelc sqetoc me to jma
Ta leitourgik sustmata pou qrhsimopoiontai stouc stajmoc exuphrthshc (server) twn topikn diktwn enai ftiagmna me arjrwt (modular)
morf. 'Ena arjrwt leitourgik ssthma mac parqei diforec uphresec
pou leitourgon me thn morf anexrthtwn programmtwn (modules) ta opoa
mporome kat perptwsh na energopoisoume na apenergopoisoume. 'Etsi
o kje diaqeiristc sustmatoc qei dunatthta na energopoisei se kje
stajm exuphrthshc mno tic leitourgec pou qreizetai. Anloga me tic
uphresec autc kje stajmc exuphrthshc mpore na analbei na perissterouc basikoc rlouc. Paradegmata arjrwtn leitourgikn susthmtwn enai to Novell Netware, ta Windows 2000 Server / Windows 2003
Server / Windows NT Server, to Linux klp. Basiko rloi kai uphresec pou
uposthrzontai perilambnoun:
Stajmc exuphrthshc arqewn: 'Eqei na knei me ton diamoirasm arqewn pou qoume dh sunantsei. Sthn perptwsh aut o exuphrethtc diamoirzei mroc tou apojhkeutiko tou qrou gia qrsh ap
touc qrstec tou diktou. Akma elgqei poioi qrstec qoun prsbash ston qro kai ta arqea pou enai apojhkeumna me thn bojeia twn
dikaiwmtwn prsbashc.
Stajmc exuphrthshc plh
(gateway) hlektroniko
Parqei se eppedo epiqerhshc topiko diktou
dunatthtec antallagc mhnumtwn hlektroniko taqudromeou, metfrash mhnumtwn metax diaforetikn susthmtwn kai endeqomnwc
uphresec katalgou. Mpore akma na prowje mhnmata hlektroniko taqudromeou ap kai proc to Diadktuo.
taqudromeou:
106
Logismik
Ulik Topikn Diktwn
Stajmc exuphrthshc epikoinwnin: Parqei sundseic (sunjwc msw diktwn eureac perioqc) se lla apomakrusmna dktua
se megla upologistik sustmata (mainframes).
Stajmc exuphrthshc bshc dedomnwn:
Sthn perptwsh
aut o exuphrethtc diajtei egkatesthmno kpoio ssthma bshc dedomnwn (to opoo mpore gia pardeigma na periqei etairik dedomna,
pwc peltec, pwlseic klp) kai dqetai ap touc qrstec twn stajmn
ergasac aitseic gia ankthsh kai apojkeush dedomnwn, anazhtseic
klp.
Akma mpore na parqetai pljoc llwn uphresin pou qoun na knoun me to dktuo ta dedomna. Gia pardeigma mpore na qoume na
exuphretht pou na dhmiourge antgrafa asfaleac twn dedomnwn mac,
uphresec prsbashc se ulik pwc ektupwtc klp., uphresec apomakrusmnhc (msw thlefnou) prsbashc klp.
Sthn pragmatikthta, mporome na perigryoume ed ta dia prgmata pou exetsame sto keflaio 7 sqetik me tic uphresec pou parqontai ap na topik dktuo: Diamoirasm arqewn, Diamoirasm
uliko klp. Oi prsjetec uphresec pou parqontai ap na diktuak leitourgik ssthma enai arketc all to biblo den tic exetzei.
Epshc tpota ap aut pou perigrfontai sthn pargrafo 9.6.2 den
qei sqsh me ton ttlo Diaqerish topikn diktwn.
Keflaio 11
Eisagwg sta Dktua
Uyhln Epidsewn
11.3
11.3.1
Endodktua
Eisagwg
Sth shmerin koinwna thc plhroforac, h mesh kai gkurh plhrofrhsh kai
antallag dedomnwn enai prwtarqik angkh gia thn swst leitourga miac
etaireac organismo. Den enai tuqao to gegonc ti h mhqanogrfhsh kai
to diktuak ssthma miac etairac jewretai prtisthc shmasac gia thn leitourga thc kai se perptwsh kakc leitourgac touc uprqei meglh apleia
kerdn. Gia na epitqei mia epiqerhsh touc basikoc thc stqouc, enai aparathth h suneqc ro plhroforin tso ap dedomna pou prorqontai ap
to qro thc epiqerhshc so kai ap exwterik dktua (p.q. Diadktuo).
Enai bbaia faner ti h teqnologa suneqc exelssetai tso ston toma
twn epikoinwnin so kai stouc upologistc. Wstso to edoc twn dedomnwn
pou diakinontai msa se mia etaira tic perissterec forc paramnei sqetik
ametblhto, an kai h teqnologa pou analambnei na ta diakinsei exelssetai
suneqc. Oi epiqeirseic genik qreizontai mesh kai asfalc prsbash sta
dedomna touc, se qrno kat to dunatn ligtero kai gia to lgo aut uprqei suneqc reuna gia thn eresh lo kai pio euliktwn montlwn diaqerishc
twn plhroforin.
Ta na plhroforiak sustmata enai basismna se dktua uyhln epidsewn kai se diktuakc efarmogc upostrixhc omdwn ergasac (workgroup
applications). Ta plhroforiak sustmata auto tou tpou enai akma up
reuna kai anptuxh, afo metax llwn oi epiptseic touc sthn koinwna kai
o akribc rloc touc den enai akma gnwst.
Mia ap tic teleutaec exelxeic ston toma thc diaknhshc plhroforin enai kai ta endodktua. To endodktuo intranet enai na dktuo pou baszetai
sta prtupa epikoinwnac tou Internet (Diadiktou) all qrhsimopoietai sto
108
Eisagwg sta Dktua Uyhln Epidsewn
peribllon enc topiko diktou. Sto Diadktuo, h plon basik efarmog

gia ton qrsth enai o Web Browser (fullometrhtc) to prgramma dhl. me
to opoo blpoume istoseldec. H basik morf thc plhroforac sto Internet
brsketai se istoseldec oi opoec periqoun desmoc (links) pou mac metafroun se llec jseic thc diktuakc topojesac pou episkeptmaste akma
kai se llouc diktuakoc tpouc. Se na endodktuo, o fullometrhtc qrhsimopoietai me parmoio trpo all aut th for gia na brome dedomna msa
sto topik dktuo thc epiqerhshc. H morf me thn opoa apojhkeontai ta
dedomna thc epiqerhshc enai ttoia ste na mporome na ta diaqeiristome
kai na ta dome msa ap progrmmata pwc o Internet Explorer, Netscape
Navigator, Mozilla Firefox k.a.
Basik qarakthristik twn endodiktwn enai ta paraktw:
Epitrpoun grgorh anptuxh tou prwttupou miac efarmogc epeid

aut gnetai me gnwstc ap to Internet teqnikc, glssec, kai mejdouc programmatismo.
Mporon na epektajon ekola anloga me tic angkec thc etairac
tou organismo.
Oi qrstec qoun thn dunatthta prsbashc sta dedomna thc epiqerhshc me pol apl trpo msa ap na fullometrht (browser) me trpo
moio me tou Diadiktou.
Lgw tou ti qrhsimopoiontai fullometrhtc gia thn diaqerish twn
dedomnwn, aut mpore na gnei ap opoiodpote leitourgik ssthma
kai mhqnhma diajtei antstoiqo prgramma (kai qi anagkastik to
dio prgramma).
Dnetai h dunatthta katanemhmnhc epexergasac twn plhroforin tou
topiko diktou tou organismo.
Oi uprqousec phgc plhroforin mporon ekola na enswmatwjon
akma kai an prorqontai ap eterogen (diaforetik) sustmata, afo
oi teqnologec Web pwc h JAVA , HTML, CGI, ASP, PHP klp. qoun dhmiourghje ste na leitourgon se poll leitourgik me ton
dio trpo.
Mporon na qrhsimopoihjon poll edh plhroforin, kemeno eiknec,
qoc, bnteo klp.
11.3.2
Angkec pou Exuphreton ta Endodktua
Ta endodktua epeid qrhsimopoion thn logik tou pagksmiou isto, den

susswreoun genik thn plhrofora se na monadik shmeo. Antjeta, qrh
sthn teqnik tou uperkeimnou (hypertext), o qrsthc tou endodiktou mpore
na entopsei plhroforec pou an kai sundontai metax touc msw desmn
11.3 Endodktua
109
enai apojhkeumnec se diaforetik shmea tou diktou kai to perieqmeno

touc mpore na ananenetai kai na sunthretai ap diaforetik prswpa. H
katanemhmnh diaqerish thc plhroforac kai o ekoloc trpoc ankthshc thc
knei ta endodktua na elkustik trpo epikoinwnac.
Ta pleonektmata ap thn qrsh twn endodiktwn enai:
Mikr kstoc anptuxhc kai pardoshc.
Ekolh egkatstash, qrsh kai suntrhsh.
Dunatthta sunergasac me paradosiakc efarmogc kai bseic dedomnwn.
Anoiqt arqitektonik anexarthsa ap tic lseic enc kataskeuast
dunatthta qrshc eterogenn susthmtwn (leitourgikn, fullometrhtn klp).
11.3.3
11.3.3.1
Domik Stoiqea Endodiktwn
Dunatthta diasndeshc
Ta endodktua ofeloun thn parxh touc metax llwn sthn dunatthta diasndeshc twn topikn diktwn metax touc. Se na endodktuo, mporon na
sundontai la ta topik dktua miac etaireac (p.q. lwn twn grafewn thc
etairac se kje plh thc Elldac) kai na dhmiourgetai tsi na meglo dktuo me periorismno mwc kai kajorismno arijm qrhstn. H diasndesh
aut twn topikn diktwn mpore na gnetai:
Me misjwmnh gramm ap to na topik dktuo se na llo topik

dktuo tou organismo thc epiqerhshc.
Msw tou Diadiktou me qrsh asfaloc sndeshc h opoa exasfalzei
ti an kai ta dedomna thc epiqerhsh kinontai msw tou Diadiktou,
mporon na ta diaqeiriston mno oi qrstec thc epiqerhshc pou qoun
prsbash se aut kai kanec lloc. (Prkeitai gia thn leitourga VPN,
Virtual Private Networking, Eikonik Idiwtik Dktuo).
11.3.3.2
Stajmo Exuphrthshc Endodiktwn
Oi stajmo exuphrthshc endodiktwn (intranet servers) enai exeidikeumna sustmata me meglh isq epexergasac, meglo apojhkeutik qro, kai
mejdouc gia thn diasflish twn dedomnwn kai thc suneqc leitourgac. Baszontai sunjwc se paradosiak leitourgik sustmata pwc to UNIX (kai
to Linux) wstso prpei na shmeisoume ti kai h Microsoft qei plon shmantik merdio autc thc agorc me ta leitourgik Windows NT Server, 2000
Server kai ta pio prsfata Windows 2003 Server.
110
11.3.3.3
Bseic Dedomnwn
To basiktero qarakthristik enc endodiktou enai h apojkeush kai h

orgnwsh twn plhroforin ap ton fora (organism epiqerhsh) pou to
qrhsimopoie. Se pollc periptseic ta dedomna miac epiqerhshc enai apojhkeumna se ma perissterec bseic dedomnwn. To endodktuo qei thn
dunatthta na epikoinwne me sustmata bsewn dedomnwn diaforetikn kataskeuastn kai na parqei aut ta dedomna stouc telikoc qrstec me
thn morf istoseldwn. Oi qrstec qoun prsbash msw enc progrmmatoc fullometrht, sqeta ap to ssthma to opoo qei qrhsimopoihje
sthn dhmiourga thc bshc dedomnwn. To peribllon tou fullometrht pou
qrhsimopoietai gia thn allhlepdrash me to qrsth enai na safc pleonkthma, giat oi qrstec enai exoikeiwmnoi me thn qrsh twn programmtwn
perighshc sto Diadktuo.
11.3.3.4
Asfleia
H asfleia enai nac idiatera krsimoc pargontac se na peribllon endodiktou. Gnetai qrsh firewalls (teqoc prostasac, suskeun pou den
epitrpoun se na exwterik dktuo pwc to Internet na apoktsei prsbash
stic eswterikc plhroforec tou endodiktou), kruptogrfhshc (qoume dh
anaferje) kai pistopohshc aujentikthtac (authentication) gia na exasfaliste h asfleia twn dedomnwn tou endodiktou.
Se pollc periptseic sta endodktua gnetai kai qrsh tou Internet gia
antallag dedomnwn metax twn topikn diktwn miac etairac. All akma kai se aplc kajhmerinc sunallagc enai aparathto na exasfalzetai h
asfleia. Gia pardeigma, tan knoume agorc ap na hlektronik katsthma prpei na diasfalzetai ti o arijmc thc pistwtikc mac krtac, an kai
pernei msa ap pljoc mhqanhmtwn, prpei na mpore na diabaste mno
ap emc kai ton telik apodkth thc sunallagc. Ttoiou edouc dedomna
prpei me kpoio trpo na kruptografontai.
Ta do plon diadedomna prwtkolla gia thn asfleia twn sunallagn
enai to SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) kai to S-HTTP (Secure HTTP). To SSL
anaptqjhke ap thn Netscape kai uposthrzetai ap la ta pronta thc.
Qrhsimopoie kruptogrfhsh RSA h opoa leitourge anmesa sta prwtkolla HTTP (uyhlo epipdou) kai TCP/IP (qamhlo epipdou). Enai dhl.
nac endimesoc anmesa sto prwtkollo pou pragmatopoie thn sndesh (to
TCP/IP) kai aut pou eujnetai gia thn antallag twn dedomnwn (HTTP).
To llo gnwst prwtkollo enai to S-HTTP, Secure-HTTP to opoo
ftiqthke gia na dieukolnei tic emporikc sunallagc sto Diadktuo. Stic
sunallagc autc prokptoun problmata aujentikthtac prpei dhl. me kpoio trpo na exasfalzetai ti ta dedomna kinontai pragmatik proc ton
swst apodkth kai me kpoio trpo na diasfalzetai h tautthta tou. Oi
peltec kai exuphrethtc pou antallssoun dedomna msw tou S-HTTP,
11.3 Endodktua
111
qrhsimopoion kruptogrfhsh sta mhnmata touc kai h aujentikthta touc

exasfalzetai me thn mjodo thc yhfiakc upografc. H gnhsithta thc yhfiakc upografc enai dunatn na epalhjeute.
Sto Internet leitourgon kpoiec etairec pou onomzontai Forec Hlektronikc Pistopohshc (FHP) kai oi opoec ekddoun (katpin athshc) hlektronik pistopoihtik ta opoa bebainoun thn egkurthta thc yhfiakc
upografc miac etairac enc qrsth. Mia ttoia gnwst etaira enai h
Verisign (www.verisign.com). Kat thn dirkeia miac asfaloc sunallagc,
o qrsthc qei thn dunatthta na elgxei to pistopoihtik asfaleac kai na
diapistsei ti ntwc h tautthta thc etairac enai alhjin kai h sunallag
enai axipisth. H mjodoc baszetai sthn kdosh enc pistopoihtiko ap
ton FHP kai do kleidin enc dhmsiou kai enc idiwtiko. Me to dhmsio
kleid epalhjeetai to pistopoihtik, en me to idiwtik upogrfetai kje
sunallag pou pragmatopoie h etaira.
11.3.3.5
Dialeitourgikthta
'Ena ap ta shmantik pleonektmata twn endodiktwn enai h dialeitourgikthta touc dhl. h ikanthta sunergasac touc me lla sustmata (bseic
dedomnwn, sustmata automatismo grafeou klp) diac diaforetikc arqitektonikc, ta opoa mporon na leitourgon se diaforetik leitourgik
sustmata. H dialeitourgikthta diakrnetai sta aklouja tra eppeda:
Eppedo diktou: Uposthrzetai meglo fsma prwtokllwn (TCP/IP,

SNA, IPX klp) epitrpontac tsi prsbash se la ta gnwst edh topikn diktwn. Akma uposthrzontai ta bohjhtik prwtkolla DHCP
(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), DNS (Domain Name System)
ta opoa qrhsimopoiontai se uphresec ereshc onomtwn diktuakn
tpwn kai dieujunsiodthshc kajc kai prwtkolla dromolghshc pwc to RIP (Router Information Protocol) gia thn diasndesh topikn
diktwn se dktua eureac perioqc.
Me to eppedo aut uposthrzetai h prsbash se sustmata arqewn me thn qrsh twn prwtokllwn IPX/SPX,
NCP, NFS. Stic bseic dedomnwn h dialeitourgikthta exasfalzetai
msa ap sustmata pwc to ODBC (Open Database Connectivity),
ADO, OLEDB klp. Sto hlektronik taqudromeo qrhsimopoiontai ta
prwtkolla POP3, IMAP, SMTP. Gia th diasndesh me lla sustmata qrhsimopoiontai prwtkolla pwc to OfficeVision.
Eppedo Efarmogn:
Eppedo Dedomnwn:
Se aut to eppedo h dialeitourgikthta exasfalzetai me to montlo pelthc exuphrethtc kai me orismnec arqitektonikc pwc 3-tier kai n-tier (DCOM, CORBA klp katanemhmnwn
antikeimnwn).
112
To biblo ed anafretai se pollc teqnologec qrhsimopointac mno ta arqik touc (suntomografec) kai qwrc dustuqc na exhge tpota. Na pome ed: ODBC enai na ssthma me to opoo mporome
na qrhsimopoisoume mia bsh dedomnwn ap na dik mac prgramma qwrc anagkastik na periorizmaste se na ssthma diaqerishc
bshc sugkekrimnou kataskeuast. Ta prtupa ADO kai OLEDB
qoun anaptuqje ap th Microsoft gia sunergasa programmtwn me
tic dikc thc bseic dedomnwn. Ta prwtkolla POP3 IMAP kai
SMTP qrhsimopoiontai ap lec tic efarmogc hlektroniko taqudromeou kai enai uyhlo epipdou. To POP3 (Post Office Protocol)
enai upejuno gia th lyh dedomnwn se progrmmata pwc to Outlook Express en to SMTP gia apostol.
Ta prwtkolla DHCP kai DNS qrhsimopoiontai: To prto gia na
apoddei autmata dieujnseic tou TCP/IP se kmbouc tou diktou,
kai to detero gia na metatrpei ap na noma mhqanmatoc topojesac (p.q. www.microsoft.com) sthn antstoiqh diejunsh IP
(207.46.20.60). Perisstera gia to DNS anafrontai se epmeno keflaio.
Keflaio 12
Prtupa Diktwn Uyhln
Epidsewn
12.1
12.1.1
Prtupa
FDDI-I
kai
FDDI-II
Eisagwg
'Ena ap ta basik prtupa gia dktua uyhln epidsewn enai to FDDI pou
uprqei se do parallagc: FDDI-I kai FDDI-II. H suntomografa FDDI
prokptei ap tic lxeic Fiber Distributed Data Interface. H lxh Fiber dhlnei ti to dktuo qrhsimopoie teqnologa optikn inn. H plrhc apdosh
tou rou sta Ellhnik enai Dktuo Optikc Diasndeshc Katanemhmnwn
Dedomnwn. To prtupo arqik anaptqjhke ap thn epitrop protpou tou
Amerikaniko Institotou Protpwn ANSI (American National Standards
Institute) sta tlh thc dekaetac tou 1980. Thn epoq ekenh eqan dh arqsei na anaptssontai oi katanemhmnec efarmogc.
Stic katanemhmnec efarmogc, to broc thc epexergasac den brsketai se kpoio kentrik mhqnhma, all stouc stajmoc ergasac
kje qrsth. Aut qei san apotlesma meglh kuklofora dedomnwn (mhnumtwn) metax twn stajmn ergasac kai ra auxhmnh
kuklofora sto dktuo.
Me thn anptuxh twn katanemhmnwn efarmogn, sntoma fnhke ti ta mqri tte paradosiak dktua (Ethernet kai Daktlioc me koupni dileushc
Token Ring) den mporosan na antapexljoun sthn auxhmnh knhsh. Prokuye tsi h angkh gia thn dhmiourga enc nou msou pou ja mporose na
antapokrije se auxhmnh knhsh dedomnwn kai tautqrona ja parousaze
auxhmnh axiopista h opoa enai lo kai pio shmantikc pargontac se na
dktuo me katanemhmnec efarmogc (pou oi efarmogc den baszontai se na kentrik isqur upologistik ssthma). To ANSI afo oloklrwse ton
kajorism tou FDDI to upballe sto Diejn Organism Protpwn (ISO) o
114
Prtupa Diktwn Uyhln Epidsewn
opooc dhmiorghse ap autc tic prodiagrafc mia diejn kdosh tou FDDI
pou enai apluta sumbat me thn kdosh pou anptuxe to ANSI.
12.1.2
Topologa
Fusik Mso Metdoshc
To FDDI enai na topik dktuo uyhln epidsewn to opoo qrhsimopoie wc

mso metdoshc tic poltropec (multi mode) optikc nec.
Stic poltropec optikc nec, o purnac thc optikc nac qei sqetik
meglo mgejoc me apotlesma to fwc na kuklofore msa sthn optik na qi me thn morf miac kai monadikc aktnac all polln. H
poltroph optik na enai sqetik ekolh sthn kataskeu all akribc epeid to fwc taxideei se pollc aktnec, telik diaqetai kai
exasjene. 'Etsi oi nec autc den enai katllhlec gia pol meglec
apostseic giat qoun sqetik meglec apleiec.
Uprqoun kai oi montropec optikc nec, stic opoec to fwc kuklofore me thn morf mac kai mno aktnac. Enai leptterec, pio snjetec
sthn kataskeu (kai akribterec) kai mporon na qrhsimopoihjon gia
megalterec apostseic.
H topologa tou diktou FDDI-I enai diplo daktulou kai kje daktlioc
ulopoietai me optikc nec. H mjodoc pou qrhsimopoietai gia legqo prsba-
Sqma 12.1: Daktlioc FDDI

shc enai to gnwst mac koupni dileushc (token passing). 'Ara qoume dipl
daktlio optikn inn me koupni dileushc. H taqthta metdoshc ftnei ta
100 Mbps (se orismnouc kataskeuastc 200 Mbps) kai h mgisth apstash
metax do diadoqikn kmbwn mpore na enai 2 qilimetra. (Jumhjete ti
12.1 Prtupa
FDDI-I
kai
FDDI-II
115
kje kmboc sundetai sto daktlio me thn bojeia anametadth epanalpth). Mporon na sundejon mqri kai 1000 kmboi se mgisth apstash
200 qiliomtrwn.
Lgw tou uyhlo rujmo metdoshc, qrhsimopoietai sunjwc gia thn diasndesh (wc dktuo kormo) llwn diktwn me qamhltero rujm metdoshc.
To edoc tou fwtc pou kinetai msa sthn optik na tou FDDI prorqetai sunjwc ap mia fwtododo ekpompc fwtc LED (Light Emitting Diode)
kai DEN qrhsimopoietai LASER. (To LASER enai monoqrwmatik fwc kai
sunjwc to qrhsimopoiome se montropec nec.) Ta LED qoun exairetik
qamhl kstoc. Ta qarakthristik tou FDDI apaiton rujm sflmatoc
duadiko yhfou mikrtero ap 1 sta 2.5 1010 bits. H apodekt apleia
isqoc metax do kmbwn mpore na enai 11 db mpore dhl. na qaje perpou
to 92% thc isqoc tou smatoc anmesa se do kmbouc. To sma wstso anapargetai (anagenntai) ston pompodkth (transceiver) kje kmbou.
Mporome na ekmetalleujome ta pleonektmata tou FDDI se stajmoc er-
Sqma 12.2: Tupik Dktuo FDDI

gasac qrhsimopointac nan perissterouc sullktec (concentrators).
Tupik stouc stajmoc ergasac twn telikn qrhstn, den qrhsimopoiome krtec diktou pou na dqontai optikc nec (meglo kstoc).
O sullkthc (concentrator) dqetai to optik sma ap thn optik
na kai to metatrpei se antstoiqo hlektrik sma to opoo mpore
na qrhsimopoihje qwrc meglo kstoc se na opoiodpote stajm.
(Aut enai h perfhmh fwtohlektrik metatrop pou grfei to biblo).
H sndesh tou sullkth me touc stajmoc ergasac gnetai sunjwc msw
kalwdou UTP gia apostseic mikrterec ap 100 mtra kai to prtupo aut
enai genik gnwst wc CDDI (Cable Distributed Data Interface) kai wc
TPDDI (Twisted Pair Distributed Data Interface). H parakolojhsh thc
swstc leitourgac tou FDDI gnetai me mia ditaxh pou onomzetai FDDI
probe (Sqma 12.3). Sto sqma 12.3, ston daktlio enai sundedemnoi do
sullktec pou metatrpoun to optik sma se hlektrik. Met thn metatrop
116
Sqma 12.3: Qrsh Sullkth sto FDDI
aut mporome plon na sundsoume sto daktlio dktua Ethernet. Gia thn
sndesh aut qrhsimopoiome dromologhtc kai dianomec (Hubs).
'Opwc dh anaframe, to FDDI apoteletai ap do daktulouc optikn
inn. O nac onomzetai basikc daktlioc (primary ring) kai o lloc deuterewn daktlioc (secondary ring). Ston basik daktlio h metdosh dedomnwn gnetai me thn for twn deiktn tou rologio (dexistrofa) en
ston deutereonta daktlio gnetai me thn antjeth for (aristerstrofa).
(Kai parakal mh forte ta rolgia sac anpoda pwc oi suggrafec tou
sqoliko biblou, sel. 150)
An spsei kpoioc ap touc do daktulouc, o lloc mpore na qrhsimopoihje wc efedrikc. Sthn perptwsh pou spsoun kai oi do perpou sto dio
shmeo mpore na dhmiourghje nac noc daktlioc diplsiou mkouc. Kje
kmboc qei diakptec pou mporon na qrhsimopoihjon gia thn nwsh twn
do daktulwn kai gia thn parkamyh enc kmbou pou qei prblhma.
Tloc sto FDDI uprqoun do kathgorec kmbwn, oi klshc A kai oi
klshc B. Oi kmboi thc klshc A sundontai kai me touc do daktulouc
en thc klshc B mno me ton na. Profanc oi kmboi klshc B apotelon
pio oikonomik lsh an kai ligtero axipisth. Se mia egkatstash FDDI
mporome na epilxoume kai ap ta do edh kmbwn anloga me to pso
shmantik enai anoq sfalmtwn gia to sugkekrimno dktuo.
DAS = Dual Attach Station Kmboc diplc sndeshc (Klsh A)

SAS = Single Attach Station Kmboc aplc sndeshc (Klsh B)
12.2 Prtupo 100
12.1.5
Mbps Ethernet
Perigraf tou
117
FDDI-II
Prosoq: H pargrafoc sto biblo enai sthn lh kai enai entelc

sqeth kai xekrfwth. Den bgzei kanna apoltwc nhma kai milei gia prgmata ta opoa poujen den qei orsei prin kai ote ta
gnwrzete ap kanna llo mjhma tou biblou tou biblou thc B
txhc
To FDDI-II enai mia exlixh tou FDDI-I pou dhmiourgjhke gia na prosfrei
isqronh knhsh (isochronous traffic) dhl. me egguhmno stajer rujm metdoshc. (To prblhma tou isoqronismo pou qoume anafrei se prohgomena
majmata.)
O isoqronismc apaitetai se periptseic pou uprqei periorismc qrnou
stic efarmogc ('Otan qreizetai mia efarmog na prei kpoia dedomna msa
ap to dktuo se egguhmno qrno kai tuqn kajustrhsh touc knei thn
leitourga thc problhmatik. Gia pardeigma h thlediskeyh kai genik oi
efarmogc polumswn, eidik autc pou periqoun kinomenh eikna.)
To FDDI-II uposthrzei do diaforetikoc trpouc leitourgac: Ton basik trpo (basic mode) pou leitourge pwc sto FDDI-I kai ton ubridik
trpo (hybrid mode) pou prosfrei uphresec isqronhc metdoshc.
Sto FDDI-II uprqei nac stajmc diaqerishc (SMT, Station Management). 'Otan kpoioc qrsthc zhtsei na metafrei dedomna msw isqronhc
metdoshc, o stajmc diaqerishc metafrei ton daktlio sthn ubridik morf. Sthn ubridik tou morf o daktlioc epitrpei thn isqronh metdosh,
knontac ton tsi katllhlo gia metdosh fwnc kai bnteo. To FDDI-II
parqei tic diec sugqronismnec kai asugqrnistec uphresec me to FDDI-I
sun thn ubridik (isqronh) leitourga.
Akma sto FDDI-II parqetai h dunatthta diasndeshc me kuklmata
fwnc kai bnteo pou leitourgon me thn mjodo thc metagwgc kuklmatoc (metagwg kuklmatoc qrhsimopoietai sta paradosiak sustmata epikoinwnin pwc thn stajer thlefwna). 'Etsi mpore na gnetai antallag
dedomnwn metax enc diktou FDDI-II kai enc sustmatoc epikoinwnac me
metagwg kuklmatoc gia metafor dedomnwn qou / eiknac se pragmatik
qrno me isqronh metdosh.
12.2
12.2.1
Prtupo 100
Mbps Ethernet
Eisagwg
H epitrop protpwn tou IEEE prteine thn kajirwsh enc taqterou diktou tpou Ethernet. To klasik Ethernet pou qoume dei mqri tra, qei
taqthta 10 Mbps kai baszetai sthn teqnologa CSMA/CD.
Parousisthkan arqik do proseggseic:
118
Na suneqiste h qrsh tou CSMA/CD kai na epitaqunje to dh uprqon prtupo ste na ftsei thn taqthta twn 100 Mbps. H prosggish
aut mac dwse to prtupo 100 Base-T Fast Ethernet aplostera
Fast Ethernet 100 Mbps Ethernet.
Na dhmiourghje nac noc trpoc prsbashc sto mso (sqetoc me touc
mhqanismoc pou qoume dh mjei sto Keflaio 8) kai o opooc na baszetai sthn mjodo tou aitmatoc proteraithtac (demand priority).
Dhmiourgjhke tsi na no prtupo pou epitrpei thn metdosh tou
Ethernet sto fusik mso me bsh autn ton no mhqanism prsbashc. To ssthma aut epektjhke gia na epitrpei kai thn metdosh
plaiswn se dktuo daktulou me koupni kai pre thn onomasa 100
Base-VGAnyLan.
Sto mjhma aut exetzoume to prtupo Fast Ethernet. To prtupo 100
Base-VGAnyLan parousizetai se mjhma pou enai EKTOS ULHS.
12.2.2
Fusik msa metdoshc sto
100 Mbps Ethernet
H epitqunsh tou klasiko Ethernet ap ta 10 Mbps sta 100 Mbps epitugqnetai me thn mewsh kat 10 forc tou qrnou pou apaitetai gia thn metdosh
enc duadiko yhfou se sqsh me to klasik Ethernet (Sqma 12.4). 'Ara
Sqma 12.4: Mgejoc Duadiko Yhfou sto Fast Ethernet

sto qrno pou to klasik Ethernet metaddei na yhfo, sto Fast Ethernet
metaddontai 10, ra qoume dekaplsia taqthta dhl. 100 Mbps.
Ektc ap thn allag aut wstso, lec oi llec prodiagrafc tou
Ethernet pou qoun na knoun me to mgejoc tou plaisou, thc posthtac
twn dedomnwn pou metafrei, kajc kai ton mhqanism elgqou prsbashc
sto mso paramnoun diec anmesa sta do prtupa.
To prtupo tou Fast Ethernet perilambnei thn dunatthta autmathc
anqneushc kai diaqerishc tou rujmo metdoshc sto mso. 'Etsi mporome
se na dktuo Fast Ethernet na sundsoume kai upologistc me apl Ethernet
kai na qrhsimopoiome tautqrona metdosh 10 Mbps kai 100 Mbps. Mlista
12.2 Prtupo 100
Mbps Ethernet
119
oi antstoiqec rujmseic aniqneontai kai egkajstantai autmata qwrc dik

mac parmbash.
Uprqoun treic tpoi fusiko msou (kalwdou) pou qoun prodiagrafe
ap to IEEE gia to prtupo 100 Mbps Ethernet. 'Opwc qoume anafrei sto
mjhma 7.5 oi sumbolismo twn tpwn perilambnoun tupik treic plhroforec:
Ton rujm metdoshc, thn morf shmatodosac basikc znhc eureac znhc
kai h trth plhrofora anafretai sunjwc sth mgisth apstash pou mpore
na kalyei to fusik mso. Sthn perptwsh tou 100 Mbps Ethernet, h trth
plhrofora anafretai sto edoc tou fusiko msou (kalwdou) kai qi sthn
apstash.
'Etsi qoume:
100 Base-T4: Metdosh basikc znhc, rujmc metdoshc 100 Mbps.

To T4 upodhlnei ti qrhsimopoietai kaldio sunestrammnwn zeugn
me tssera zegh (dhl. sunolik 8 kaldia). Prpei na qrhsimopoihje
kaldio UTP toulqiston kathgorac 3 (an kai tupik qrhsimopoietai
kathgorac 5). Meionkthma enai ti sthn perptwsh aut qreizetai na
qrhsimopoihjon kai ta tssera zegh en uprqei prtupo pou qrhsimopoie mno do (pio oikonomik).
100 Base-TX: Metdosh basikc znhc, rujmc metdoshc 100 Mbps.
To TQ dhlnei qrsh kalwdou sunestrammnwn zeugn me do zegh
(4 kaldia). Baszetai sto antstoiqo ANSI prtupo gia metdosh
dedomnwn.
100 Base-FX: Metdosh basikc znhc, rujmc metdoshc 100 Mbps.
To FX dhlnei qrsh zegouc do kalwdwn optikc nac kai qei
epshc protupopoihje ap to ANSI.
Genik ta prtupa FX kai TX enai gnwst kai me to noma 100Base-X. Jumzoume ed ti metdosh basikc znhc shmanei ti to sma metaddetai apeujeac sto fusik mso qwrc thn qrsh kpoiou edouc diamrfwshc. ('Opwc
grfei to biblo, ta smata Ethernet metaddontai mno sto eppedo tou fusiko msou. Ti ennoe rage?)
12.2.3
Autmath diapragmteush
H leitourga thc autmathc diapragmteushc enai na proairetik (all pol

shmantik stic mrec mac) stoiqeo tou protpou Ethernet pou epitrpei stic
suskeuc na antallssoun plhroforec sqetik me tic dunatthtec pou qoun
se mia sugkekrimnh sndesh.
Gia pardeigma, an sundsoume na upologist me krta diktou Fast
Ethernet me na llo me krta diktou klasiko Ethernet (Sqma 12.5) H
krta diktou twn 100 Mbps mpore na leitourgsei kai sta 10 Mbps tou
klasiko Ethernet. 'Omwc h krta diktou twn 10 Mbps den mpore na leitourgsei sta 100 Mbps. Msw mwc thc autmathc diapragmteushc gnetai
120
Sqma 12.5: Autmath Diapragmteush

mia epikoinwna pou epitrpei stic do suskeuc na kajorsoun poia enai h
mgisth taqthta pou mporon na qrhsimopoisoun kai oi do tautqrona.
Katpin apokajstatai h kanonik epikoinwna metax touc. Sto pardeigma
mac, met thn autmath diapragmteush h krta diktou twn 100 Mbps ja
arqsei na leitourge sta 10 Mbps.
'Otan egkajstatai mia na suskeu, h autmath diapragmteush aniqneei
tic dunatthtec thc kai epilgei ton kaltero dunat sunduasm touc ste
na sunergzontai me lec tic llec suskeuc tou diktou. H autmath diapragmteush mac epitrpei tsi na egkajistome me eukola kai qwrc dikc
mac rujmseic diktuak ulik ap diforouc kataskeuastc me pljoc sunduasmn. H autmath diapragmteush pntote xekinei ap ton uyhltero
sunduasm taqthtac kai dunatottwn kai proqwrei stouc qamhlterouc mqri na brei kpoion pou leitourge. 'Otan o sunduasmc autc breje, h epikoinwna apokajstatai kanonik (to kanli epanrqetai sthn kanonik tou
leitourga) kai gnetai diafanc mqri na diakope h sndesh.
Gia pardeigma, se na dktuo Fast Ethernet plrwc amfdromo (blpe
12.2.4), h autmath diapragmteush ja dokmaze kat proteraithta ta prtupa:
A
B
C
D
E
100 Base TX Full Duplex Ethernet

100 Base T4
100 Base TX
10 Base T Full Duplex Ethernet
10 Base T
Ed to biblo grfei ti h autmath diapragmteush leitourge san diakpthc kai epilgei kje for to katllhlo fusik
mso. Aut enai GIGANTIA MPAROUFA. Den uprqei kanna dktuo sto opoo na egkajistome 5 fusik msa (!!) kai na epilgoume
met. Aplc h diapragmteush brskei ton bltisto sunduasm taqthtac / dunatottwn me bsh tic suskeuc pou egkajistome.
Prosoq:
12.2 Prtupo 100
12.2.4
Mbps Ethernet
121
Full Duplex Ethernet
To Full Duplex Ethernet enai mia parallag tou protpou thc teqnologac
Ethernet pou epitrpei plrwc amfdromh (amfpleurh) metdosh. Aut thn
stigm brsketai se diadikasa protupopohshc ap to IEEE. Lgw lleiyhc
epshmou protpou oi kannec gia thn dhmiourga miac plrwc amfdromhc
sndeshc mpore na diafroun ap na diktuak kataskeuast se na llo
kai tsi h sunergasa metax touc den enai pnta bbaih.
H plrwc amfpleurh leitourga enai arket apl se sqsh me to kanonik
Fast Ethernet afo h mnh diafor enai ti kje suskeu qei tautqrona
thn dunatthta na lambnei kai na stlnei dedomna. To pleonkthma enai
ti (jewrhtik toulqiston) mporome na qoume diplsio rujm metdoshc
se sqsh me to 100 Mbps Ethernet. Se kje kro tou sundsmou mporome
na qoume sndesh mno miac suskeuc tan qrhsimopoiome leitourga Full
Duplex. ('Allh mia mustria frsh tou biblou. . . ).
12.2.5
Epanalptec
Fast Ethernet
Stouc epanalptec pou qrhsimopoiontai se dktua Fast Ethernet, oi jrec

den qrhsimopoion diepafc Ethernet. H sndesh me to fusik mso gnetai qrhsimopointac thn dia diepaf exartmenh ap to mso (MDI: Media
Dependent Interface) kai thn dia suskeu fusiko epipdou (PHY: Physical
Layer Device). Wstso oi jrec tou epanalpth den leitourgon sto eppedo
tou plaisou tou Ethernet all se eppedo duadiko yhfou.
Ti shmanei den leitourgon sto eppedo tou plaisou
Ethernet all se eppedo duadiko yhfou?

An mia suskeu leitourge se eppedo plaisou Ethernet, tte qei
thn ikanthta na diaqwrsei ta dedomna pou lambnei se plasia kai
katanoe poia kai psa yhfa apotelon to kje plasio. Mia ttoia suskeu mpore na qeiriste tic plhroforec san oloklhrwmnec
mondec, afo diaqeirzetai olklhra plasia.
Antjeta o epanalpthc leitourge se eppedo duadiko yhfou. 'Opwc
dh xroume kje plasio apoteletai ap arket duadik yhfa. O
epanalpthc den enai se jsh na diaqwrsei ta plasia metax touc.
Aplc ta lambnei san mia seir ap duadik yhfa kai ta anametaddei
se kje jra tou me th seir pou ta labe.
Ap thn llh pleur, nac dianomac epanalpthc mpore na qei mia jra
pou na katanoe pragmatik ta plasia tou Ethernet. H jra aut mpore na
qrhsimopoihje gia thn diaqerish tou dianoma ap kpoio diaqeirist pou brsketai se na apomakrusmno stajm ergasac msw tou aplo prwtokllou
diaqerishc diktou (SNMP: Simple Network Management Protocol). Sunjwc parqetai dunatthta sto diaqeirist na katagrfei ap apstash ta
ljh tou dianoma se kje jra kajc kai na apomonnei jrec tou dianoma
prokeimnou na entopsei kai diorjsei blbec sto dktuo.
122
Sto Fast Ethernet diakrnoume do edh epanalpth (sto klasik Ethernet

uprqei na):
Class I: Genik auto tou edouc oi epanalptec

epitrpoun megalterec kajusterseic sugqronismo. O epanalpthc
autc lambnei to hlektrik sma (sma grammc) ap to fusik mso
tou diktou. Eswterik, to metatrpei xan se yhfiak sma dedomnwn. 'Otan to metaddei xan stic uploipec jrec to metatrpei xan
se hlektrik sma (sma grammc). Epeid msa ston epanalpth ta
dedomna qoun pnta thn dia morf, o epanalpthc Class I mpore na
qrhsimopoihje gia na sundsei metax touc tmmata diktou pou qrhsimopoion diaforetik trpo shmatodthshc pwc ta 100Base-TX /
FX kai 100Base-T4. H diadikasa metatropc twn shmtwn ap to na edoc shmatodthshc sto llo qrhsimopoie arket qrno msa ston
epanalpth (meglo arijm palmn rologio) me apotlesma na mpore
na qrhsimopoihje mno nac epanalpthc tpou Class I se na dedomno
upodktuo tan qrhsimopoietai to mgisto mkoc kalwdwshc.
Touc epanalptec
Touc epanalptec
Class II: Oi epanalptec auto epitrpoun mikrterec kajusterseic sugqronismo. To eiserqmeno se mia jra sma metaddetai mesa se lec tic uploipec qwrc na gnetai prta metatrop tou se yhfiak pwc sto Class I. Oi epanalptec Class II
sundontai me tmmata tou diktou pou qrhsimopoion thn dia teqnik
shmatodosac pwc ta 100Base-TX kai 100Base-FX. 'Otan qrhsimopoietai to mgisto mkoc kalwdwshc se na upodktuo, mporon na
qrhsimopoihjon to pol do epanalptec Class II.
Keflaio 14
Eisagwg sta Dktua
Eureac Perioqc
14.1
14.1.1
Stoiqea Diktwn Eureac Perioqc
Orismc
Basikc 'Ennoiec
Ta Dktua Eureac Perioqc (ja ta lme DEP) enai aut pou ektenontai
se meglh gewgrafik ktash. Ta dktua aut mpore na enai uperastik
(na sundoun dhl. pleic metax touc) diejn (na xepernne ta fusik
snora twn kratn kai na kalptoun apostseic so kai to mgejoc tou
planth). Oi kmboi se na DEP mpore na enai autnomoi upologistc, all
na DEP mpore akma na qrhsimopoihje kai gia na diasundsei metax touc
apomakrusmna topik dktua.
Oi rujmo metdoshc sta DEP enai anlogoi me thn teqnologa pou qrhsimopoietai kje for, genik mwc smera epitugqnetai mgistoc rujmc
metdoshc pou xepern ta 622 Mbps.
'Otan nac stajmc ergasac se na topik dktuo qreizetai na epikoinwnsei me kpoio antstoiqo enc llou topiko diktou, to dktuo pou ja
analbei aut thn epikoinwna enai na DEP. Gia thn diasndesh topikn
diktwn me DEP qrhsimopoiontai eidikc suskeuc.
Oi shmantikc diaforc twn DEP ap ta topik dktua:
Ta topik dktua qoun genik mikrc kajusterseic metdoshc se sqsh me ta DEP. Oi kajusterseic sta DEP den ofelontai sthn taqthta didoshc tou smatoc (ta hlektrik smata diaddontai praktik
me taqthta fwtc 300000 qilimetra to deuterlepto kai oi apostseic ston planth enai pol mikrc) all sto gegonc ti ta pakta se
na DEP pernne ap par polloc endimesouc kmbouc kai diktuakc
suskeuc mqri na ftsoun ston proorism touc. Kje ttoioc kmboc
suskeu prokale thn dik tou kajustrhsh.
124
Eisagwg sta Dktua Eureac Perioqc
Ta topik dktua pwc lei kai to noma touc kalptoun mia periorismnh
se ktash gewgrafik perioq. 'Opwc qoume dh pei, sta topik dktua
h egkatesthmnh kalwdwsh tupik den uperbanei ta 200 qilimetra.
Antjeta, ta DEP mporon na kalyoun pol megalterh perioq (kai
olklhro ton planth).
Uprqei meglh diafor taqthtac metax DEP kai topikn diktwn.
Ta topik dktua qoun mikr genik kajustrhsh metdoshc kai meglh
taqthta metaforc dedomnwn. Antjeta ta DEP qarakthrzontai ap
megalterec kajusterseic kai arket mikrterec taqthtec metaforc.
Sta DEP ta ljh pou sumbanoun kat thn metdosh enai pol perisstera ap ti sta topik dktua.
Ta ljh pou sumbanoun kat thn metdosh sta DEP den gnontai antilhpt ap touc telikoc qrstec, afo to ssthma frontzei gia thn
epanametdosh twn paktwn pou katastrfhkan. Aut mwc qei san
apotlesma thn akma megalterh mewsh thc apdoshc (taqthtac) tou
diktou kai thn axhsh tou qrnou metdoshc.
14.1.2
Taxinmhsh
Ta DEP mporon na taxinomhjon anloga me thn teqnik metagwgc pou

qrhsimopoion.
H teqnik metagwgc anafretai ston trpo me ton opoo apokajstatai h epikoinwna anmesa se do kmbouc enc diktou pou epijumon
na epikoinwnsoun.
DEP Metagwgc Kuklmatoc: Sta DEP metagwgc kuklmatoc gia kje metdosh dedomnwn, egkajstatai na mnimo (fusik)
kklwma msa ap to opoo metaddontai ta dedomna gia sh ra apaitetai. To kklwma aut eleujernetai tan h metdosh oloklhrwje
kai mpore na qrhsimopoihje ap llouc kmbouc. Ta dktua ISDN kajc kai to klasik thlefwnik dktuo (gia metdosh fwnc) sthrzontai sthn teqnik thc metagwgc kuklmatoc. Sto sqma 14.1 (phg:
CISCO) fanetai na WAN me metagwg kuklmatoc: Oi kmboi pou
fanontai arister kai dexi epikoinwnon metax touc. Gia to skop
aut dhmiourgetai na fusik kklwma me katllhlh nwsh twn endimeswn diktuakn suskeun. H nwsh aut gnetai me kpoio fusik
mso (p.q. kaldio) kai endeqomnwc me th bojeia diakoptn me touc
opoouc mpore to kklwma na sundeje kai na qrhsimopoihje kai ap
llouc kmbouc tan teleisei h sugkekrimnh qrsh tou.
DEP metagwgc paktou:
Sta DEP me metagwg paktou den

uprqei kpoio mnimo fusik kklwma. Antjeta oi kmboi metaddoun
14.1 Stoiqea Diktwn Eureac Perioqc
125
Sqma 14.1: DEP Metagwgc Kuklmatoc

pakta ta opoa dromologontai katllhla msa ap tic diforec diktuakc suskeuc pou uprqoun sthn diadrom mqri na ftsoun ton
proorism touc. Mpore mlista na uprqoun diforec enallaktikc
diadromc gia ton dio proorism. Sta DEP metagwgc paktou oi diktuakc suskeuc moirzontai mia sndesh shmeou proc shmeo gia thn
metafor twn paktwn ap ton na kmbo ston llo. Gia na gnetai
qrsh thc diac grammc ap pollc suskeuc tautqrona qrhsimopoietai h mjodoc thc statistikc poluplexac. Ta DEP pou sthrzontai
sthn teqnik aut enai p.q. to Q25, to Frame Relay (FR, metagwg
plaisou) to SMDS (Switched Multi-Megabit Data Services) klp.
'Ena noht kklwma enai na logik kklwma to opoo exasfalzei axipisth epikoinwna anmesa se do
diktuakc suskeuc. 'Ena noht kklwma diafrei ap to fusik kklwma to opoo qrhsimopoietai sthn metagwg kuklmatoc. To noht
kklwma DEN sqhmatzetai ap kpoio fusik mso to opoo sundetai
anloga me diakptec, all enai sthn pragmatikthta mia prodiagrammnh noht diadrom pou akoloujon ta pakta msa se na DEP metagwgc paktou. Aut fanetai stouc kmbouc pou epikoinwnon san
metagwg kuklmatoc, efson nomzoun ti qoun mia olklhrh sndesh diajsimh mno se autoc. Ta noht kuklmata diakrnontai se do
edh:
DEP Nohtn kuklwmtwn:
Egkajstantai anloga
me thn zthsh kai termatzontai tan h metdosh oloklhrwje.
Ta mnima noht kuklmata:
Ta proswrin noht kuklmata:
Qrhsimopoiontai gia thn

mnimh diasndesh suskeun pou antallssoun dedomna suneqc
126
kai enai pnta diajsima.

14.1.3
Qrsh
H qrsh twn DEP smera enai meglh kai suneqc auxanmenh. Se pollc
mlista periptseic emaste qrstec thc teqnologac aut qwrc na to suneidhtopoiome. Gia pardeigma h anlhyh qrhmtwn ap na upokatsthma miac
trpezac apaite thn qrsh enc DEP, afo mpore na gnei ap opoiodpote
katsthma thc qrac sqeta me to katsthma pou gine h katjesh. 'Allo
pardeigma enai h qrsh dedomnwn sta grafea miac meglhc etairac tan ta
dedomna aut brskontai se kpoio llo apomakrusmno upokatsthma thc.
'Allec endeiktikc efarmogc twn DEP enai:
Ta dktua kormo (backbone) qrhsimopoiontai gia na metafroun meglo gko dedomnwn pou prorqetai
sunjwc ap thn nwsh polln mikrterwn diktwn miac perioqc se
mia llh apomakrusmnh perioq. Fantastete gia pardeigma ti mia
etairea paroqc uphresin Internet, qei shmea parousac se louc
touc nomoc thc Krthc kai parqei sundseic Internet se oikiakoc
qrstec. 'Ola aut ta dedomna prpei na metadojon sta kentrik thc
etairac sthn Ajna kai ap kei stouc proorismoc touc. H metdosh
gnetai msa ap na dktuo kormo. Sthn prxh to dktuo kormo tou
Diadiktou apoteletai ap mia seir DEP. Ta dktua kormo mpore na
enai dhmsia idiwtik.
Ulopohsh diktwn kormo:
Diasndesh apomakrusmnwn topikn diktwn:
Ta DEP
qrhsimopoiontai gia thn diasndesh topikn diktwn pou brskontai
se meglec apostseic metax touc. P.q. gia thn sndesh upokatasthmtwn trapezn meglwn epiqeirsewn.
14.2
14.2.1
Arqitektonik
Fusik Msa
Gia na epileqje to katallhltero fusik mso gia thn diasndesh enc DEP
prpei arqik na kajoriste o skopc gia ton opoo ja qrhsimopoihje to
DEP. Diaforetik fusik msa epitugqnoun diaforetikc taqthtec all qoun kai diaforetik kstoc egkatstashc kai qrshc. Kpoia ap ta fusik
msa pou qrhsimopoiontai enai ta aklouja:
Ed pli to biblo mperdeei thn nnoia twn fusikn
mswn (ta opoa mpore na enai kaldia, optikc nec klp) me ton trpo
qrshc touc. 'Etsi anafretai se kanlia (ta opoa dhmiourgontai
me qrsh twn fusikn mswn) kai qi sta dia ta fusik msa pou
qrhsimopoiontai.
Prosoq:
14.2 Arqitektonik
127
Ta kanlia yhfiakc epikoinwnac

tpou T apotelon prtupo thc amerikanikc biomhqanac epikoinwnin.
Ta antstoiqa eurwpak prtupa enai h seir kanalin E. H onomasa
touc qarakthrzetai ap to grmma T ( E) kai na arijm, p.q. T1, T2,
T3, T4. H dom touc enai ierarqik kai kajorzetai ap tic sustseic
thc yhfiakc metdoshc kai poluplexac dedomnwn. Me ton trpo aut
kai h taqthta touc anebanei anloga me ton arijm. Gia pardeigma,
to kanli tpou T1 qei taqthta 1,544 Mbps en to T4 qei 274,176
Mbps. (Prosoq: To biblo grfei 1.544 ennontac Q-
Kanlia Epikoinwnac E / T :
lia Pentaksia Sarnta Tssera to opoo enai ljoc!!!

'Opwc ljoc enai kai to 274.176 Prkeitai aplc gia
site sto Internet ap to opoo pran tic plhroforec...) H seir E (eurwpak) qei taqthta ap
2,048 Mbps (to E1) wc 565,148 Mbps (to E5)
kak antigraf ap to
Sugqronismno Optik Dktuo (SONET,
Doruforikc Sundseic:
Synchronous Optical
NETwork): To SONET qrhsimopoie metdosh msw optikn inn
kai epitugqnei rujmoc metdoshc thc txhc twn Gbps. (1Gbps=1000
Mbps = 1.000.000 Kbps = 1.000.000.000 bps=109 bps) H teqnologa
pou qrhsimopoie to SONET den qei plrwc anaptuqje protupopoihje, wstso gnetai qrsh tou se arketc ap tic megalterec pleic
tou ksmou kai enai diajsimh emporik. Qrhsimopoietai ap pollc
meglec thlepikoinwniakc etairec, kai sth shmerin tou morf epitugqnei rujmoc metdoshc mqri 622 Mbps. Se tso uyhloc rujmoc
(kai stic meglec apostseic pou kalptei na DEP) h qrsh kalwdou gnetai problhmatik (meglec apleiec, ljh, jruboc) kai tsi
dikaiologetai h qrsh optikn inn (pou qoun megaltero kstoc).
Oi doruforikc epikoinwnec qoun ragdaa anptuxh ta teleutaa qrnia. Se aut qei suntelsei shmantik
h anptuxh nac teqnologac dorufrwn oi opooi ekpmpoun me megalterh isq ekpompc ap touc antstoiqouc palaiterouc (H teqnologa
aut onomzetai DBS, Direct Broadcast Satellites, dorufroi apeujeac
ekpompc.) Megalterh isqc ekpompc shmanei ti mpore oi dktec na
qrhsimopoion arket mikrterec keraec (ktoptra) gia thn lyh twn
shmtwn qontac tsi kai mikrtero kstoc. Oi antstoiqec termatikc
diatxeic onomzontai VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminals dhl.
me ktoptro mikrc diamtrou). Se pollc periptseic h qrsh touc
qarakthrzetai pio sumfrousa kai eulikth ap thn qrsh epgeiwn misjwmnwn grammn optikn inn. Aut enai idiatera emfanc se
perioqc pou enai dsbatec (p.q. oreinc) kai pou enai dskolo na
peraston kaldia. To kstoc twn VSAT enai pollc forc sugkrsimo me ta antstoiqa termatik pou qrhsimopoiontai gia epgeiec
kalwdiseic. Exllou oi doruforikc sundseic apotelon se pollc
128
periptseic thn monadik efikt lsh akma kai mia kal enallaktik
(backup) tan oi epgeiec sundseic den leitourgon. Oi rujmo metdoshc sta doruforik dktua mpore na kumanontai ap 9600 bps c 1,544
Mbps kai perisstero.
ISDN: Oi perissteroi gnwrzoume to ISDN ap thn qrsh pou knoume sto spti mac gia ta sunhjismna mac thlefwnmata kai
prsbash sto Internet. To ISDN prorqetai ap ta arqik twn lxewn
Integrated Services Digital Network to opoo mporome na apodsoume wc Yhfiak Dktuo Enopoihmnwn Uphresin. An kai sthn oikiak
qrsh to qoume gia metdosh fwnc (thlefwna) pou enai analogik
dedomna, to ISDN enai na plrwc yhfiak dktuo to opoo metatrpei (yhfiopoie) akma kai thn fwn gia na thn metadsei. (To kout
to opoo topojete o OTE sthn egkatstash thc ISDN knei aut th
leitourga.) To ISDN qrhsimopoie thn teqnologa thc poluplexac sto
qrno (TDM) gia na metadsei tautqrona poll logik kanlia msa
ap to dio fusik mso. 'Eqoun protupopoihje gia qrsh ta aklouja
kanlia:
Sundseic
Analogik thlefwnik kanli (eroc 4000 Hz 4Khz). Gia

metdosh fwnc.
A:
B:
64 Kbps yhfiak kanli (me palmokwdik diamrfwsh PCM)

to opoo mpore na qrhsimopoihje gia metdosh dedomnwn fwnc
(Gia fwn prpei na gnei yhfiopohsh).
C: Yhfiak kanli taqthtac 8 16 Kbps.

D: Yhfiak kanli 16 Kbps gia shmatodosa ektc diktou ISDN
(kanli to opoo metafrei bohjhtik dedomna gia ton sugqronism twn basikn).
E: Yhfiak kanli 64 Kbps gia shmatodosa ektc diktou ISDN
(pwc kai to parapnw).
H: Yhfiak kanli me taqthta pou mpore na enai 384, 1536
1920 Kbps.
Bbaia den shmanei ti se kje sndesh ISDN qrhsimopoiontai la aut ta
kanlia. Mporon na qrhsimopoihjon diforoi sunduasmo, all h diejnc
epitrop epikoinwnin qei tupopoisei mno ta paraktw:
2B+D Qrhsimopoiontai do kanlia tpou B (kajna ap ta opoa mpore na metafrei me rujm 64

Kbps) kai na kanli D gia shmatodosa (bohjhtik dedomna). Autc
enai kai o sunduasmc pou qoume sthn oikiak qrsh sthn Ellda.
Sunduzontac ta do kanlia B mporome na qoume mgisth metafor
dedomnwn 128 Kbps (h opoa enai kai h mgisth taqthta pou mporome na epitqoume sto Internet me tic ISDN pou qoume.) Ta kanlia
Kanlia basiko rujmo:
14.2 Arqitektonik
129
mporon na leitourgsoun anexrthta: To na 64 Kbps gia metafor

dedomnwn kai to llo gia metafor p.q. fwnc. Gia thn metafor
fwnc qreiazmaste rujm deigmatolhyac 8000 Hz kai degmata 8 bit,
ra 8000 Hz * 8 bit = 64000 bps, so akribc kai na kanli basiko
rujmo. 'Ola ta bohjhtik dedomna gia to sugqronism metafrontai
ap to kanli D kai tsi lh h qwrhtikthta tou B enai elejerh gia
ta dik mac dedomna. Auto tou edouc h sndesh anafretai kai me
ton ro N-ISDN (narrowband ISDN) kai apotele epktash tou klasiko thlefwniko diktou. Proorzetai gia oikiak qrsh kai mikrc
epiqeirseic.
Kanlia prwteontoc rujmo: 23B+D (H.P.A. kai Ia-
Proorzetai kurwc gia qrseic pou

apaiton megalterh qwrhtikthta, pwc gia pardeigma oi etairec pou
diajtoun yhfiak idiwtik thlefwnik kntra (PBX). H epilog twn
23 kanalin tpou B gia thn Amerik gine prokeimnou to ssthma na
mpore na enswmatwje sto antstoiqo dktuo T1 thc AT&T (etairac
thlepikoinwnin). Antstoiqa h epilog twn 30 kanalin tpou B gia
thn Eurph gine gia na enswmatwje sto ssthma thc CCITT to opoo
qei taqthta 2048 Mbps. Uprqei akma to ssthma 32B+D sto opoo
ta do xtra kanlia qrhsimopoiontai gia leitourgec suntrhshc kai
elgqou tou sustmatoc.
pwna) 30B+D (Eurph)
Ubridik kanlia: 1A+1C.
14.2.2
Topologec
'Opwc dh qoume pei, h topologa anafretai ston trpo (ditaxh) sndeshc

sto qro twn kmbwn enc diktou. Uprqoun diforec topologec (qoun
exetaste sto keflaio 7) oi opoec parqoun diaforetikc h kajema dunatthtec epktashc all kai diaforetik kstoc kai sqsh kstouc / apdoshc.
Ed ja anaferjome stic basikc topologec pou qrhsimopoiontai sta DEP
kai ja exetsoume ta pleonektmata kai ta meionektmata touc:
Topologa omtimou diktou (Sqma 14.2)(peer to peer

network topology): Sthn topologa omtimou diktou, kje kmboc
qei tic diec dunatthtec. H topologa aut apotele ton aplostero
trpo sndeshc twn kmbwn se na DEP kai pollc forc o trpoc
autc mpore na enai kai o mnoc dunatc. Ousiastik apoteletai ap
mia seir sundsewn shmeou proc shmeo kai dhmiourgetai kurwc me th
qrsh misjwmnwn grammn. Lgw thc aplthtac tou qei kai qamhltero kstoc ap llec topologec. Wstso parousizei do basik
meionektmata:
Den qei meglh dunatthta epktashc: Ta dedomna gia na ftsoun ston kmbo proorismo pernne ap louc touc endimesouc
130
Sqma 14.2: Topologa Omtimou Diktou

kmbouc pou brskontai sthn diadrom touc. 'Etsi tan prostjetai akma nac kmboc endimesa, prostjetai akma na bma
(hop) sthn diadrom. Aut auxnei tic pijanthtec dhmiourgac
lajn sthn metdosh kai epshc qamhlnei thn apdosh tou diktou (auxnontai oi kajusterseic).
Se perptwsh pou kpoioc kmboc parousisei blbh kai den mpore

na diaqeiriste ta dedomna pou eisrqontai se autn (all proorzontai gia kpoio llo kmbo pou brsketai sthn diadrom) epeid
(tupik) den uprqei enallaktik diadrom, mpore endeqomnwc na
odhgsei se katrreush olklhro to DEP. Aut bbaia exarttai
kai ap thn mjodo dromolghshc kai ton gko twn plhroforin
pou kinontai sto dktuo.
(Sqma 14.3) H topologa daktulou mpore na kataskeuaste ekola an proume thn topologa tou omtimou
diktou (pou moizei me dialou) kai prosjsoume akma na dromologht ste o dauloc na klesei kai na dhmiourghje daktlioc. Bbaia
pwc fanetai kai sto sqma, prpei oi dromologhtc pou brskontai
sto E1 kai E3 na qoun mia epiplon jra. H axhsh tou kstouc enai amelhta, mwc h topologa tou daktulou epitrpei thn dunatthta
dunamikc dromolghshc (dynamic routing). Sthn dunamik dromolghsh, lgw twn prsjetwn grammn metdoshc, enai dunatn oi dromologhtc na epilxoun ap mia seir enallaktikn diadromn. Aut
enai idiatera shmantik se perptwsh blbhc kpoiou kmbou. Gia pardeigma, sto sqma thc prohgomenhc seldac, an upojsoume ti ta
pakta ap ton E1 dromologontai proc ton E3 msw tou E2, an o E2
qalsei, h dromolghsh mpore na gnei diamsou tou E4. 'Etsi apofegoume thn sunolik katrreush tou DEP pou ja sunbaine an eqame
omtimh topologa.
Topologa Daktulou:
Wstso kai h topologa daktulou upkeitai se periorismoc. 'Enac sh-
14.2 Arqitektonik
131
Sqma 14.3: Topologa Daktulou

mantikc periorismc sunanttai tan jloume na epektenoume to daktlio. H prosjkh enc nou kmbou shmanei sndesh tou me do llouc
geitonikoc kmbouc (sto omtimo dktuo mno me na). An o kmboc
pou prosjtoume enai idiatera apomakrusmnoc ap touc llouc to
kstoc egkatstashc kai suntrhshc do sundsewn enai apagoreutik. To kstoc metdoshc wstso mpore na meiwje me thn qrsh
kpoiwn enallaktikn teqnikn.
'Alloc periorismc tou daktulou enai ti se kje prosjkh kmbou
(pwc kai sto omtimo dktuo) prokaletai axhsh tou arijmo twn bhmtwn (hops) pou apaitontai gia thn prsbash se na kmbo me endeqmena antstoiqa problmata pwc sthn omtimh topologa.
H topologa strou (Sqma 14.4) apotele

mia parallag thc omtimhc topologac. Mporome na dhmiourgsoume
topologa strou qrhsimopointac sundseic metagwgc plaisou (frame relay) kai sundseic shmeou proc shmeo me misjwmnec grammc.
Genik to DEP topologac strou pou qrhsimopoie sundseic shmeou
proc shmeo qei megalterh dunatthta epktashc ap na DEP pou
qrhsimopoie omtimh topologa daktlio. Epshc kje kmboc apqei
ap ton llo to pol apstash do bhmtwn (hops). Gia pardeigma,
gia na epikoinwnsei o kmboc E1 me ton E4, ja prpei ta pakta na
diljoun msa ap ton dromologht E2 (na bma) kai ton E4 (llo
na bma). Efson loi oi kmboi epikoinwnon metax touc msw tou
kentriko, autc pntote apotele to na ap ta bmata.
Topologa 'Astrou:
O dromologhtc pou brsketai sthn jsh tou kentriko kmbou, enai

eidiko tpou kai onomzetai sullkthc dromologhtc (concentrator
router). O dromologhtc autc analambnei na sundsei louc touc
llouc dromologhtc metax touc. Me thn qrsh thc suskeuc au-
132
Sqma 14.4: Topologa 'Astrou

tc lnontai kai ta problmata kai oi periorismo tou omtimou diktou,
afo plon h epktash tou DEP enai ekolh efson uprqoun diajsimec jrec ston sullkth. To mno pou qreizetai gia thn sndesh enc
nou kmbou enai h prosjkh enc akma dromologht gia ton kmbo
kai fusik thc grammc metdoshc pou ja ton sundsei me ton sullkth
(ton kentrik kmbo). Se na omtimo dktuo, h prosjkh nou kmbou enai arket pio polplokh (eidik an prkeitai o noc kmboc na
paremblhje anmesa se do llouc).
To monadik swc meionkthma thc topologac strou, enai h adunama
leitourgac tou se perptwsh blbhc tou sullkth, kai kat epktash
tou kentriko kmbou. O kmboc autc qarakthrzetai wc krsimoc giat
pash thc leitourgac tou mpore na prokalsei thn diakop olklhrhc
thc epikoinwnac tou DEP. Sto sqma mac bbaia o krsimoc kmboc
enai o E2.
Plrwc sunektik topologa: (Sqma 14.5) 'Olec oi parapnw topologec enai lgo pol gnwstc kai ap ta topik dktua kai
na koin qarakthristik touc enai ti qoun pol sugkekrimnh ditaxh (astrac, daktlioc, dauloc klp). Wstso sta DEP sunantme
pollc forc kai topologec pou den fanontai na tairizoun se kpoio
sugkekrimno sqma, afo pollc forc nac kmboc enai sundemnoc
me plhjra llwn kmbwn kai uprqoun pollc diadromc ap ton na
kmbo ston llo. Ttoiou edouc topologec qarakthrzontai genik wc
diktuwt.
14.2 Arqitektonik
133
Mia ttoia perptwsh diktuwto qoume sthn plrwc sunektik topologa. Se autn kje kmboc tou diktou sundetai me apeujeac sundseic
me louc touc llouc kmbouc. Enai ekolo na anakalyoume an mia
topologa enai plrwc sunektik an metrsoume ton arijm twn sundsewn kje kmbou: An h topologa enai plrwc sunektik kai uprqei
arijmc kmbwn n, kje kmboc ja qei n-1 sundseic. Gia pardeigma
se mia plrwc sunektik topologa me 4 kmbouc, kje kmboc ja qei
3 sundseic.
Sqma 14.5: Plrwc Sunektik Topologa

H plrwc sunektik topologa parqei bbaia plrh axiopista ap
katastrofik sflmata (qei plrh anoq lajn fault tolerance).
Wstso qei kai to megaltero kstoc ap kje llh topologa giat
apaite ton megaltero arijm sundsewn an kmbo ap opoiadpote
llh topologa kai ra kai perisstero diktuak ulik kai suskeuc.
Mia plrwc sunektik topologa me 4 kmbouc apaite na dromologht
toulqiston tessrwn jurn se kje kmbo kai an prosteje stw kai
nac kmboc qreizetai akma mia jra se kje kmbo. Kai bbaia prpei
na upologsoume kai to kstoc twn sundsewn metax twn kmbwn.
Gia to lgo aut, h plrwc sunektik topologa jewretai oriak wc
proc tic dunatthtec epktashc thc, an kai egguhmna parqei apstash
enc bmatoc ap kje kmbo se opoiodpote llo (efson den uprqoun blbec). 'Ara apotele idanik perptwsh me mikr mwc praktik
134
efarmog. 'Ena pardeigma efarmogc plrwc sunektikc topologac

enai h diasndesh periorismnou arijmo dromologhtn metax touc ste na qoun mgisth taqthta (qwrhtikthta) kai axiopista.
(Sqma 14.6) Prkeitai gia mia

pio sumfrousa parallag thc plrwc sunektikc topologac pou parqei meglh euelixa kai mpore na rujmiste me diforouc trpouc.
Sthn merikc sunektik topologa kpoioi kmboi enai sundemnoi me
louc touc llouc en lloi den enai. 'Etsi enai dunatn do kmboi
na qoun na bma sthn diadrom touc, en lloi na qoun perisstera.
Mlista mia merikc sunektik topologa mpore na prokyei ap mia
plrwc sunektik an den sundsoume louc touc kmbouc metax touc
apeujeac. (Tupik paralepoume apeujeac sundseic se kmbouc pou
anamnoume na qoume mikr knhsh dedomnwn meinontac tsi kai to
kstoc). Me ton trpo aut na merikc sunektik dktuo qei kalterec dunatthtec epktashc ap na plrwc sunektik afo enai safc pio oikonomik. Tautqrona o arijmc twn apaitomenwn bhmtwn
beltistopoietai gia louc touc qrstec tou DEP. Oi merikc sunektiMerikc sunektik topologa:
Sqma 14.6: Merikc Sunektik Topologa

kc topologec pou prokptoun ap to sunduasm enc daktulou kai
polln dndrwn enai kai oi dhmofilsterec sthn ulopohsh twn DEP
epeid qoun kalc dunatthtec epktashc kai enai euliktec.
14.2 Arqitektonik
135
Sqma 14.7: Dktuo Metagwgc

14.2.3
Teqnikc Metagwgc
Kat kanna, ta dedomna gia na ftsoun ap thn phg ston proorism touc
qrhsimopoion polloc endimesouc kmbouc. H teqnik aut onomzetai metagwg kai ta dktua pou th qrhsimopoion onomzontai dktua metagwgc
(switching networks). 'Ena ttoio dktuo fanetai kai sto sqma 14.7. Oi do
teqnikc metagwgc pou qrhsimopoiontai kai qoume dh anafrei enai:
Metagwg kuklmatoc
Metagwg paktou
Gia tic do autc teqnikc qoume anaferje sthn pargrafo 14.1.2. Ed ja

epikentrsoume stic do parallagc (upoperiptseic) thc metagwgc paktou:
(datagram).
Metagwg me qrsh autodnamou paktou
Metagwg paktou me qrsh nohto kuklmatoc.
Sthn prth perptwsh, ta pakta periqoun thn diejunsh tou paralpth

kai dromologontai ap kje endimeso kmbo pou pernne. Enai pijann
pakta ta opoa ankoun sthn dia metdosh dedomnwn kai qoun dio telik
proorism, na akoloujsoun diaforetikc diadromc msa sto dktuo mqri na
ftsoun ston proorism touc.
Sthn metagwg me qrsh nohto kuklmatoc, kajorzetai ap prin mia
diadrom thn opoa kai ja akoloujsoun upoqrewtik la ta pakta pou
ankoun sthn dia metdosh.
Tupik, sta DEP protimtai h qrsh thc metagwgc paktou ant gia
metagwg kuklmatoc. Ta basik pleonektmata thc qrshc autc so afor
ta DEP enai:
136
Oi sundseic metax twn kmbwn mporon na moiraston dunamik (anloga me tic angkec thc metdoshc). 'Ara qoume pol kalterh apodotikthta grammc.
Enai dunat h diasndesh kmbwn me diaforetikoc rujmoc metdoshc.

Kje kmboc sundetai sto dktuo me to rujm metdoshc pou o dioc
epilgei kai mpore na epitqei. Dedomna pou rqontai se autn ap
taqterouc kmbouc apojhkeontai proswrin mqri na mporsei na ta
deqje.
Se perptwsh meglou frtou tou diktou, den enai apluto ti to

dktuo ja arqsei na aporrptei na qnei pakta. Apl ja qoume kai
antstoiqh mewsh apdoshc.
Enai dunatn na doje proteraithta se kpoia pakta an aut enai

aparathto. An gia pardeigma kpoioc kmboc qei apojhkeumna kpoia pakta pou perimnoun na metadojon, mpore na epilxei me bsh
kpoia kritria poia enai ta pio epegonta kai na ta metadsei prta.
Akolouje nac pnakac sgkrishc twn qarakthristikn kai dunatottwn kai

gia ta tra edh metagwgc.
14.2 Arqitektonik
137
Metagwg Kukl-
Metagwg
matoc
tou (Autodnamou)
me noht kklwma
To monopti diadrom
metdoshc enai apokleistik (dhmiourgetai me
fusik sndesh)
Den uprqei apokleistik monopti. Kje pakto thc metdoshc mpore

na akoloujsei diaforetik diadrom
H metdosh dedomnwn
enai suneqc
Enai ikanopoihtik gia
efarmogc pou qreizontai allhlepdrash (epikoinwna me to qrsth)
Ta mhnmata pou metaddontai den apojhkeontai se endimesouc kmbouc
To monopti enai ap
thn arq kajorismno
gia lh th dirkeia thc
sndeshc.
H metdosh gnetai me
pakta
allhlepdrash
Den uprqei apokleistik monopti metdoshc.

(Wstso la ta pakta
miac metdoshc qrhsimopoion thn dia diadrom.)
H metdosh gnetai me
pakta
allhlepdrash
Ta mhnmata mpore na
apojhkeuton proswrin
mqri na metadojon.
Ta mhnmata apojhkeontai
proswrin
mqri na metadojon.
Den uprqei kajorismno monopti. Kje pakto mpore na akoloujsei diaforetik diadrom.
Pijann na uprqei kajustrhsh sthn egkatstash thc sndeshc.
Den uprqei kajustrhsh sthn egkatstash,

all mpore na uprqoun
kajusterseic sthn metdosh twn paktwn.
O apostolac pijann
ja enhmerwje an kpoio
pakto den ftsei ston
proorism tou.
Sthn arq thc sndeshc

kajorzetai na monopti
to opoo paramnei stajer gia lh th dirkeia
metdoshc thc sugkekrimnhc sndeshc.
Uprqei kajustrhsh
tso sthn egkatstash
thc sndeshc so kai
sthn
metdosh
twn
paktwn.
O apostolac ja enhmerwje an den gnei dunat
h apokatstash thc sndeshc.
An kat thn egkatstash thc sndeshc, o paralpthc enai apasqolhmnoc, stlnei ston apostola sma kateilhmmnou.
Se perptwsh meglou
frtou tou diktou enai
pijann na mhn mporon
na
pragmatopoihjon
nec sundseic. Wstso
aut den epibarnei
tic sundseic pou dh
leitourgon.
Pak-
O megloc frtoc auxnei thn kajustrhsh metdoshc lwn twn paktwn pou metaddontai.
Metagwg paktou
O megloc frtoc endeqomnwc na empodsei thn

egkatstash nwn sundsewn en tautqrona prokale kajustrhsh stic metadseic twn
paktwn pou dh gnontai.
138
Metagwg Kukl-
Metagwg
matoc
tou (Autodnamou)
me noht kklwma
O qrsthc enai upejunoc gia thn apleia dedomnwn (mhnumtwn).
To dktuo mpore na enai

upejuno gia thn apleia anexrthtwn paktwn.
O rujmc metdoshc kai
o kdikac pou qrhsimopoietai den enai aparathta stajer.
To eroc znhc metdoshc kajorzetai dunamik.
Uprqoun epiplon duadik yhfa elgqou msa
se kje pakto pou metaddetai.
To dktuo mpore na enai

upejuno gia thn apleia olklhrwn akoloujin ap pakta.
O rujmc metdoshc kai
o kdikac pou qrhsimopoietai den enai aparathta stajer
To eroc znhc metdoshc kajorzetai dunamik.
Uprqoun epiplon duadik yhfa elgqou msa
se kje pakto pou metaddetai.
O rujmc metdoshc enai tupik stajerc, pwc kai o kdikac pou

qrhsimopoietai.
To eroc znhc metdoshc enai stajer.
Met thn egkatstash
thc sndeshc den apaitontai epiplon eidik
duadik yhfa elgqou
msa sthn plhrofora.
14.3
14.3.1
Pak-
Metagwg paktou
Tupopoiseic Diejnn Organismn
Eisagwg
Ta DEP san dktua epikoinwnac dedomnwn, kalptoun meglec gewgrafikc apostseic qrhsimopointac prwtkolla kai teqnikc pou parqontai ap
organismoc thlepikoinwnin. Ta prtupa pou qrhsimopoiontai sta DEP antistoiqon sta tra prta eppeda tou OSI: To Fusik Eppedo, to Eppedo
Grammc Dedomnwn (pou qwrzetai sta upoeppeda LLC kai MAC) kai to
Eppedo Diktou.
Ja exetsoume kpoia ap ta plon shmantik prtupa paraktw kai sto
epmeno keflaio.
14.3.2
Prtupo Q.25
To prtupo qei dhmiourghje ap thn ITU-T (diejn nwsh thlepikoinwnin)

Kajorzei ton trpo me ton opoo mpore na dhmiourghje kai na diathrhje sndesh metax tou exoplismo enc qrsth kai enc DEP.
'Eqei sqediaste gia na leitourge apotelesmatik anexrthta ap to
edoc twn susthmtwn pou sundontai sto dktuo
Qrhsimopoietai se dktua thlepikoinwniakn organismn pou sthrzontai sthn teqnik thc metagwgc paktou. Oi sundromhtc mpore na
qrenontai anloga me th qrsh pou knoun sto dktuo (ogkoqrwsh).
14.3 Tupopoiseic Diejnn Organismn
14.3.3
Prtupo Metagwgc Plaisou
139
(Frame Relay)
To prtupo metagwgc plaisou (FR: Frame Relay) enai uyhlc apdoshc prwtkollo DEP kai sthrzetai sthn metagwg paktou
Leitourge sta do prta eppeda tou OSI
H arqik tou sqedash problepe qrsh sto ISDN, smera mwc qrhsimopoietai se poikila diktwn
Parqei diepaf (interface, diasndesh) anmesa ston exoplism tou
qrsth kai ston exoplism tou DEP pou apotele kai th bsh gia thn
metax touc epikoinwna.
Epitugqnei rujmoc metdoshc ap 56 Kbps wc 2 Mbps.
Enai apotelesmatiktero ap to Q.25 kai jewretai wc antikatastthc
tou.
Mpore na uposthrxei sgqrona msa metdoshc pwc oi optikc nec
Apotrpei qronobrec diadikasec (p.q. legqoc lajn) pou tan aparathtec se palaitera prwtkolla kai msa metdoshc
'Eqei protupopoihje ap thn ITU-T kai sthn Amerik ap to ANSI.
14.3.4
Prtupo
HSSI (High Speed Serial Interface)
Prkeitai gia prtupo seiriakc metdoshc, uyhlc taqthtac (Seiriak

diepaf uyhlo rujmo metdoshc).
H diepaf anmesa ston exoplism tou qrsth kai ton exoplism tou
DEP qei anaptuqje ap thn Cisco kai thn T3Plus Networking.
Arqik protjhke sthn epitrop ANSI gia jerhsh (ANSI EIA/TIA
TR30.2) en sth sunqeia metafrjhke sto toma protupopohshc thc
ITU-T
14.3.5
Prtupo
ISDN
Prorqetai ap ta arqik twn lxewn Integrated Services Digital Network Yhfiak dktuo oloklhrwmnwn (enopoihmnwn) uphresin
Prkeitai gia na snolo prwtokllwn pou protjhkan ap etairec
thlepikoinwnin (kurwc thlefwnac) me skop na gnei dunatn na metaferjon dedomna pwc fwn, eikna, bnteo kai dedomna msa ap to
thlefwnik dktuo me pol pio apodotik trpo se sqsh me thn koin
(dial up) sndesh.
140
Enai mia enallaktik lsh se sqsh me to prtupo metagwgc plaisou

(frame relay) kajc kai twn thlefwnikn diktwn eureac perioqc (Wide Area Telephone Services) ta opoa leitourgon me grammc T1 E1.
Enai idiatera qrsimo se epiqeirseic pou kai mpore na qrhsimopoihje
gia thn diktwsh apomakrusmnwn grafewn.
'Eqei protupopoihje ap thn ITU-T kai antistoiqe sta tra prta
eppeda tou OSI.
14.3.6
Prtupo
PPP (Point to Point Protocol)
Prtupo shmeou proc shmeo.
Parqei sundseic anmesa se

dromologhtc, se exoplism qrhstn kai se diktuak exoplism pou
qrhsimopoie tso sugqronismna so kai asugqrnista kuklmata.
(Qrhsimopoietai smera sthn Ellda ap lec tic etairec paroqc Internet gia paroq uphresin se qrstec dial-up, se souc dhl. qrhsimopoion modem). Orzetai ap mia seir sustseic gia thn leitourga
tou pou apotelon kai to prtupo.
Dhmiourgjhke sta tlh tou 1980 gia na kalyei angkec pou prorqontan ap lleiyh prwtokllwn kai na periorsei thn anptuxh twn
seiriakn sundsewn.
Antimetwpzei ta problmata pou dhmiourgontai sto Diadktuo ap
apomakrusmnec sundseic.
14.3.7
Prtupo
SMDS
Prkeitai gia to Switched Multi-Megabit Data Services prtupo metagwgc gia uphresec dedomnwn polln ekatommurwn duadikn yhfwn
(pa paidi, kyte kai kti. . . ).
Baszetai sth metagwg paktou (autodnamou) pou qrhsimopoietai sta
dhmsia dktua dedomnwn.
Mpore na qrhsimopoihje sta DEP gia na uposthrxei efarmogc diktwn uyhln epidsewn (katanemhmnh epexergasa).
Mpore na qrhsimopoihje me msa pou parqoun uyhloc rujmoc metdoshc pwc oi optikc nec.
Ftnei se rujmoc metdoshc mqri 44,736 Mbps (qrhsimopointac optik na kaldio).
Keflaio 15
Prtupa Diktwn Eureac
Perioqc
15.1
15.1.1
Prtupo Q.25
Eisagwg
Ta prta dktua upologistn tan genik mikrc ktashc kai oi uphresec pou
pareqan tan idiatera periorismnec. Aut ofelontan kat krio lgo sto
gegonc ti h teqnologa den tan idiatera aneptugmnh, me apotlesma tso
oi upologistc so kai oi suskeuc epikoinwnac na qoun meglo kstoc
kai periorismnec ikanthtec (upologistik isq). 'Opwc loi gnwrzoume h
pragmatik epanstash ston toma twn upologistn lje me thn eferesh kai
thn eurea qrsh tou mikroepexergast o opooc enai nac epexergastc se
na kai monadik oloklhrwmno kklwma. H exlixh twn mikroepexergastn
odghse sthn dhmiourga kai thn epikrthsh twn proswpikn upologistn.
Sta arqik pntwc dktua, h epikoinwna tan kurwc metax twn meglwn upologistn thc epoqc (mainframes). H lsh se aut thn perptwsh
tan h egkatstash kai qrsh mnimwn kuklwmtwn pou exasflizan thn epikoinwna touc. Wstso, ta sustmata aut den baszontan se sugkekrimna
kai koin apodekt prtupa, kai tsi h diasndesh touc me sustmata llwn
dunatottwn kataskeuastn tan apagoreutik.
H apathsh gia diasndesh diaforetikn kai apomakrusmnwn metax touc
susthmtwn all kai to kstoc twn mnimwn sundsewn, kane epitaktik
thn angkh qrshc twn dhmoswn diktwn epikoinwnac (p.q. tou thlefwniko diktou) gia thn antikatstash twn misjwmnwn grammn epikoinwnac.
Gia na epiteuqje wstso diasndesh metax diaforetikn susthmtwn (tso
ap pleurc uliko so kai ap leitourgik) prepe na kajoriston kpoia
akrib prtupa ta opoa ja rizan thn diepaf metax tou diktou kai twn sundromhtn. 'Ena ap ta prtupa aut enai to Q.25 to opoo protupopoijhke
ap thn ITU-T. To Q.25 kajorzei thn diepaf metax thc termatikc dita-
142
Prtupa Diktwn Eureac Perioqc
xhc sundromht (DTE: Data Terminal Equipment) kai thc termatikc ditaxhc kuklmatoc dedomnwn (DCE: Data Circuit-terminating Equipment)
to opoo ankei sto dktuo metagwgc. To Q.25 enai sumbat me to montlo
anaforc OSI.
15.1.1.1
Ti enai to
DTE?
H termatik ditaxh sundromht (DTE) enai genik mia suskeu pou sundetai sto dktuo kai prowje ta dedomna thc antallssontac pakta. Aut
bbaia shmanei ti mia ttoia suskeu den metaddei ta dedomna amswc, all
sugkentrnei katllhlh posthta dedomnwn, ta omadopoie se pakta kai
ta stlnei. To DTE epshc lambnei plhroforec ap to dktuo me morf
paktwn. Klasik pardeigma suskeuc DTE enai na sugqronismno ter-
Sqma 15.1: Termatik DTE

matik. An wstso h suskeu pou prkeitai na sundsoume sto dktuo den
qei dunatthta na dhmiourgsei pakta (all stlnei ta dedomna mesa, pwc na asugqrnisto termatik) tte prpei na paremblloume metax thc
suskeuc kai tou diktou mia eidik suskeu pou lgetai PAD (Packet Assembler Disassembler, Sunarmologhtc Aposunarmologhtc Paktwn). H
suskeu aut sugkentrnei ta dedomna tou termatiko, kai ta sunarmologe
se pakta katllhla gia thn apostol sto dktuo. Epshc aposunarmologe
ta pakta tou diktou ste na qoun morf katanoht ap to termatik.
Sqma 15.2: Suskeu PAD
15.1.1.2
Ti enai to
DCE?
To DCE enai genik nac kmboc tou diktou o opooc analambnei thn sndesh twn DTE metax touc, qontac leitourgec pwc projhsh paktwn,
klseic ap na DTE se na llo klp. Tupik pnw sta DCE sundontai oi
DTEs.
15.1 Prtupo Q.25
15.1.1.3
143
To prtupo Q.25
To prtupo Q.25 kajorzei mia seir kannwn pou orzoun thn epikoinwna
metax twn termatikn (DTE) kai twn kmbwn metagwgc (DCE). Oi basikc
uphresec pou parqei to Q.25 enai:
Antallag kwdikn gia thn apokatstash miac sndeshc.

Leitourgec pou aforon thn apostol kai lyh dedomnwn, diaqerish
diadikasac elgqou sfalmtwn kai exasflish axipisthc metdoshc
plhroforin.
Sthn pragmatikthta to Q.25 kajorzei th diepaf me to dktuo qrhsimopointac diaforetik prwtkolla gia kajna ap ta tra eppeda tou diktou
(fusik, grammc kai dedomnwn).
15.1.2
Noht Kuklmata
To dktuo Q.25 apoteletai ap kmbouc metagwgc paktwn oi opooi sundontai an do me sundseic shmeo proc shmeo. 'Opwc fanetai ap to sqma
15.3, uprqei nac toulqiston drmoc epikoinwnac metax do tuqawn kmbwn tou diktou.
Sqma 15.3: Dktuo Q.25

Gia lgouc oikonomac stic kalwdiseic, enai dunatn do termatik
DTE na moirzontai thn dia gramm epikoinwnac. Aut enai efikt epeid den metaddoun pntote la ta termatik dedomna. Se kje perptwsh,
mporome na kajorsoume na sugkekrimno qronik disthma metdoshc gia
kje termatik, ste na moirzontai thn dia gramm. Aut enai h gnwst
mac mjodoc poluplexac sto qrno (TDM, Time Division Multiplexing) pou
qoume didaqje sto mjhma thc B Txhc.
144
'Otan gnetai antallag dedomnwn metax do DTE msw tou diktou metagwgc paktwn, lme ti metax touc ufstatai na noht kklwma (virtual
circuit). Sto noht kklwma den uprqei mesh fusik (p.q. kalwdiak) sndesh metax twn do kmbwn pou epikoinwnon, all to dktuo touc sundei
noht qrhsimopointac tic dieujnseic apostola kai paralpth pou uprqoun sta pakta pou metaddontai. Ta noht kuklmata enai do eidn:
Ta mnima noht kuklmata PVCs (Permanent Virtual

Circuits): Se aut h sndesh metax twn do DTEs diathretai mnima.
Ta kuklmata aut antistoiqon sunjwc se misjwmnec thlefwnikc
grammc.
SVCs (Switched Virtual

Circuits): Se aut h sndesh metax twn do DTEs uprqei mno
kat th dirkeia pou apaitetai gia th metdosh twn dedomnwn kai met termatzetai. Antistoiqon stic epilogikc sundseic (pou mporon
na gnoun me kanonik klsh msw tou thlefwniko diktou) kai enai
gnwst kai me to noma proswrinc sundseic.
Ta proswrin noht kuklmata
Se perptwsh proswrino nohto kuklmatoc, prin thn narxh thc epikoinwnac, enai aparathth h apokatstash tou nohto kuklmatoc (thc diadromc dhl. pou ja akoloujsoun ta pakta). Aut enai aparathto, giat met
ton termatism thc metdoshc h diadrom aut qnetai (to kklwma katargetai). Gia thn apokatstash tou nohto kuklmatoc apostllontai eidik
pakta elgqou prin thn narxh thc kanonikc epikoinwnac. H diadikasa aut
den qreizetai kai den qei nhma gia ta mnima kuklmata, afo to kklwma
enai pnta energ kai mporon na apostllontai pakta ap th mia meri sthn
llh opoiadpote stigm.
15.1.3
H Leitourga tou Q.25
Prokeimnou na gnei metdosh dedomnwn sto Q.25, aut prpei na qwriston

se pakta sugkekrimnou megjouc p.q. 128 qaraktrwn ektc swc ap to
teleutao to opoo mpore na enai mikrtero. (Gia pardeigma, an jloume
na metadsoume 17250 qaraktrec, ja qoume 134 pakta twn 128 kai to teleutao ja enai 98 qaraktrec.) To Q.25 kajorzei thn morf tou plaisou
tou paktou dedomnwn pou qrhsimopoietai. Kje pakto apoteletai ap thn
epikefalda to pedo dedomnwn tou qrsth kai to metablht pedo plhroforac kai enjulaknetai (enswmatnetai) sto plasio plhroforac (information
frame).
To plasio plhroforac perilambnei (Dete kai to sqma sth sel. 234
tou sqoliko biblou):
Th shmaa arqc tou plaisou pou deqnei pou xekin to sugkekrimno

plasio.
15.1 Prtupo Q.25
145
Thn epikefalda tou plaisou

To pakto dedomnwn me to pedo plhroforin tou qrsth
To pedo elgqou thc akoloujac tou plaisou
Th shmaa tlouc tou plaisou
'Etsi to sunolik pakto (plasio) perilambnei lec tic plhroforec pou
apaitontai gia na kajoriste h diadrom tou paktou ap to na shmeo sto
llo.
H apostol twn dedomnwn se poll mikr pakta qei shmantik pleonektmata se sqsh me thn apostol se na meglo:
H dromolghsh twn paktwn enai pio apotelesmatik afo na mikr

pakto den qreizetai pol qrno gia na metadoje kai tsi den qrhsimopoie gia pol ra mia sndesh DTE / DCE.
Se perptwsh lanjasmnhc lyhc apleiac tou paktou kat th metdosh, ta dedomna pou prpei na epanalhfjon enai lga, afo to
pakto enai mikr kai den qreizetai epanametdosh twn prohgomenwn.
H asfleia twn dedomnwn enai kalterh, afo an kpoioc upoklyei
na pakto, ja prpei na qei kai ta uploipa gia na mpore na qrhsimopoisei tic plhroforec kai ja prpei epshc na mpore na ta blei kai
sth swst seir.
H axiopista thc sndeshc enai kalterh, afo msa ap thn antallag
paktwn epibebainetai kai h mqri ekenh th stigm swst epikoinwna
metax twn kmbwn.
To prtupo Q.25 kajorzei ton trpo kai tic diadikasec epikoinwnac metax DTE kai DCE. H epikoinwna ulopoietai se tra eppeda:
Kajorzei ta mhqanik, hlektrik,
leitourgik kai diadikastik qarakthristik gia thn energopohsh thc
fusikc sndeshc miac DTE me mia DCE ste na gnei h metafor twn
duadikn yhfwn thc plhroforac.
Eppedo 1 fusik eppedo:
Eppedo 2 eppedo grammc dedomnwn:
Eppedo 3 eppedo diktou:
Se aut to eppedo,
ta duadik yhfa ap ta opoa apoteletai h plhrofora omadopoiontai
se plasia. Sto eppedo aut epshc kajorzontai oi diadikasec pou
apaitontai gia thn antallag twn plaiswn kai h antimetpish twn
sfalmtwn thc metdoshc.
Ta dedomna twn qrhstn kajc
kai oi aparathtec plhroforec parnoun th morf paktou kai metafrontai ap kai proc to dktuo.
146
Kajna ap ta tra eppeda parqei tic uphresec tou sto amswc uyhltero ap aut eppedo kai epikoinwne me to antstoiqo eppedo thc llhc
pleurc tc sndeshc DTE / DCE. Smfwna me to prtupo pou edame parapnw, uprqei sumfwna metax tou Q.25 kai tou OSI. Kje pakto dedomnwn
qei plhroforec dromolghshc kai elgqou ektc ap ta dia ta dedomna thc
plhroforac kai qei sugkekrimno mgejoc.
15.2
Prtupo Metagwgc Plaisou
(Frame Re-
lay)
15.2.1
Eisagwg
Stoiqea gia to prtupo metagwgc plaisou:
Qrhsimopoietai sta DEP uyhlc apdoshc.

Apotele ousiastik exlixh tou protpou Q.25.
Leitourge sta do prta eppeda tou OSI (to fusik kai to grammc
dedomnwn).
Sthrzetai sth metagwg paktwn kai mlista metablhto mkouc (variable length) ta opoa onomzontai plasia.
Arqik qrhsimopoijhke sta dktua ISDN all ap to 1988 kai met
qei beltiwje shmantik kai qrhsimopoietai eurtera.
'Eqei protupopoihje ap thn diejn epitrop thlepikoinwnin ITU-T
kai ap to Amerikanik ANSI.
Epitugqnei rujmoc metdoshc pou enai pollaplsia twn 64 Kbps (
k x 64Kbps pou k nac arijmc ap 1 wc 32). Mgisth taqthta =
32 Q 64 Kbps = 2048 Kbps = 2,048 Mbps. Kpoioi kataskeuastc
prospajon taqthtec mqri 45 Mbps. Se ergasthriak eppedo qei
epiteuqje taqthta 100 Mbps.
Qrhsimopoietai tso se dhmsia so kai se idiwtik dktua kai epitugqnei kalterh ekmetlleush tou erouc znhc twn fusikn mswn
kajc kai mewsh kstouc twn diatxewn epikoinwnac pou apaitontai.
15.2.2
Suskeuc Metagwgc Plaisou
'Opwc kai sto prtupo Q.25, sthn metagwg plaisou oi suskeuc pou qrhsimopoiontai mpore na enai:
15.2 Prtupo Metagwgc Plaisou
(Frame Relay)
147
(DTE): 'Opwc qoume dh pei, o roc autc anafretai kurwc sto termatik pou qei o qrsthc (termatik
ditaxh dedomnwn) p.q. nac hlektronikc upologistc pou qrhsimopoietai se na grafeo kai to opoo epikoinwne me antallag paktwn.
Termatik Dedomnwn
Termatik ditaxh kuklmatoc (epikoinwnac) dedomnwn
(DCE): O roc autc anafretai stic diatxeic pou enai upejunec gia
thn apokatstash thc epikoinwnac anmesa sta DTE kai gia thn metagwg kai metafor twn dedomnwn. Se pollc periptseic oi mondec
DCE ankoun se thlepikoinwniakoc organismoc dhmsiouc forec
pou parqoun uphresec FR se iditec kai epiqeirseic.
Ektc ap ta parapnw pou enai gnwst dh ap to prtupo Q.25, sto Frame Relay uprqoun kai oi suskeuc prsbashc metagwgc plaisou (FRAD,
Frame Relay Access Device) pou mporon na diaqeiriston poll prwtkolla kai llec diktuakc suskeuc epitrpontac tsi diasndesh diaforetikn
tpwn topikn diktwn msw diktwn metagwgc plaisou. Gia pardeigma, me
qrsh FRAD mporon na diasundejon msw FR diaforetik dktua pwc daktulou me koupni dileushc kai Ethernet. Ta dktua FR pollc forc enai
dhmsia (oi diktuakc suskeuc touc ankoun se meglouc forec dhmsiouc
thlepikoinwniakoc organismoc) kai uprqoun suskeuc pou epitrpoun kai
epilogik prsbash se dktua FR.
Sqma 15.4: Dktuo Metagwgc Plaisou
148
15.2.3
Noht kuklmata metagwgc plaisou
'Opwc anaframe, to prtupo FR qrhsimopoie ta do prta eppeda tou OSI

kai tsi h leitourga tou enai prosanatolismnh eidik sth qrsh tou epipdou
logikc grammc. To prtupo FR qrhsimopoie noht kuklmata metagwgc
plaisou ta opoa ulopoiontai msw mia nohtc sndeshc metax twn DTE
qrhsimopointac to dktuo FR (dhl. tic DCE).
Ta noht kuklmata sto prtupo FR parqoun epikoinwna diplc katejunshc anmesa se do DTE.
Ta noht kuklmata qarakthrzontai ap mia tautthta sndeshc grammc dedomnwn (DLCI: Data Link Connection Identifier).
Perisstera ap na noht kuklmata mporon na moirzontai to dio
fusik mso qrhsimopointac thn gnwst mac mjodo thc poluplexac
(sto qrno). Me ton trpo aut meinetai h poluplokthta kai o exoplismc pou apaitetai tan qreizetai na sundejon pollc suskeuc
DTE.
'Opwc kai sta dktua Q.25, ta noht kuklmata mpore kai ed na enai
proswrin (SVC, Switched Virtual Circuit) mnima (PVC, Permanent
Virtual Circuit).
15.2.4
Dom plaisou metagwgc
H dom tou plaisou metagwgc sto prtupo FR fanetai sto sqma 15.5
Epexghsh thc domc:
Sqma 15.5: Dom Plaisou Metagwgc Frame Relay
(flag) pwc kai sto Q.25 qrhsimopoietai gia na shmatodote

thn arq kai to tloc kje plaisou. H tim pou periqetai enai pnta
h dia (sto duadik, to 01111110 to 126 sto dekadik to 7E sto
dekaexadik).
H shmaa
To pedo diejunsh (address) to opoo periqei plhroforec sqetikc me to noht kklwma to opoo sundei thn DTE me ton exoplism
tou diktou.
To pedo dedomna (data) to opoo enai metablhto mkouc, metafrei ta pakta (dedomna) tou qrsth kai den mpore na uperbanei se
mgejoc touc 16000 qaraktrec.
(Frame Relay)
149
To pedo legqoc akoloujac plaisou (FCS, Frame Check

Sequence) to opoo periqei plhroforec pou qrhsimopoiontai gia ton
legqo lajn sth metdosh. H tim tou pedou auto upologzetai ap
th suskeu pou xekin th metdosh kai epalhjeetai ap ton paralpth
gia na exasfaliste h akeraithta twn dedomnwn.
15.2.5
Sgkrish twn protpwn
FR
kai Q.25
'Opwc qoume dh anafrei, to prtupo metagwgc plaisou parousisthke

san exlixh kai beltwsh tou protpou Q.25. Se sqsh me to Q.25 qei
pleonektmata ta opoa qoun kurwc na knoun me mikrterec kajusterseic
kat th metdosh kai me megalterh axiopista.
Sto prtupo Q.25, uprqei meglh epibrunsh tou diktou ap thn kuklofora twn paktwn, pwc fanetai sto sqma 15.6 Sto sqma 15.6 fanetai
Sqma 15.6: Epibrunsh sto Q.25

to eppedo do (grammc dedomnwn) kai h ro twn dedomnwn pou apaitontai
gia na metadoje na pakto ap thn phg ston proorism tou, kajc kai thn
epistrof enc plaisou anagnrishc.
Smfwna me to eppedo grammc dedomnwn, kje bma (hop) dhl. se

kje endimeso kmbo apaite thn antallag enc plaisou dedomnwn
kai enc plaisou anagnrishc. Dhl. tan dedomna p.q. ap thn phg ftsoun ston endimeso kmbo tou sqmatoc, autc ja stelei na
plasio anagnrishc psw sthn phg.
Stouc endimesouc kmbouc, uprqoun pnakec katstashc gia kje
noht kklwma pou brsketai se leitourga gia na dieukolnetai o legqoc kukloforac kai o legqoc lajn, pwc orzetai ap to Q.25
'Ara sto prtupo Q.25 qoume epibarnseic sto dktuo pou ofelontai se
meglh kuklofora plaiswn anagnrishc (genik plhroforin elgqou) ap
150
touc endimesouc kmbouc. Ta dedomna aut metaddontai msa ap to dio

noht kklwma to opoo metaddei kai thn qrsimh plhrofora tou qrsth.
To prtupo metagwgc plaisou beltinei thn filosofa thc metagwgc
paktou tou Q.25 meinontac tic epibarnseic. Oi kriec diaforc enai:
To prtupo FR qrhsimopoie xeqwrist noht kanli gia thn shmatodosa (smata elgqou). 'Etsi den epibarnetai to noht kklwma pou
metafrei ta qrsima dedomna me dedomna elgqou. Gia ton dio lgo,
oi endimesoi kmboi den qreizetai gia kje sndesh na qrhsimopoion
pnakec katstashc kai mhnmata prodou gia na elgqoun thn katstash tou kanalio. To kanli shmatodosac analambnei epshc tic
diadikasec elgqou klshc (thn antallag mhnumtwn gia thn dhmiourga tou kuklmatoc).
H poluplexa kai h metagwg paktwn sto FR gnetai sto eppedo 2
(grammc dedomnwn) kai qi sto eppedo 3 (diktou) pwc gnetai sto
prtupo Q.25. Me ton trpo aut katargetai na olklhro eppedo
epexergasac kai aplopoietai h diadikasa.
Den apaitontai legqoi roc kai lajn se kje kmbo. Sto FR h
metdosh gnetai ap kmbo se kmbo (hop by hop) kai oi endimesoi
kmboi den ektelon legqo roc lajn. An ttoioi legqoi krijon
aparathtoi, ja ekteleston ap kpoio llo antero eppedo kai qi
ap to FR.
Sqma 15.7: Metdosh kai endimesoi kmboi sto prtupo metagwgc plaisou
Sto sqma 15.7 fanetai h leitourga thc metagwgc plaisou. H phg stlnei
ston proorism na mno plasio dedomnwn kai lambnei na plasio anagnrishc. To plasio aut dhmiourgetai se na uyhltero eppedo kai qi sto
FR. 'Ara den enai dunatn na gnei msa ap to FR legqoc roc epipdou 2
pwc gnetai sto Q.25. Me ton dio trpo epshc sto FR den enai dunatc o
(Frame Relay)
151
legqoc lajn se kje bma (hop) en kti ttoio gnetai sto Q.25. 'Etsi
uprqei mikrterh epibrunsh tou diktou ap thn antallag epiplon mhnumtwn. Bbaia aut mpore na odhgsei se meiwmnh axiopista, all jewretai
ti sta sgqrona dktua aut antistajmzetai ap tic pol kalterec grammc
metdoshc pou qrhsimopoiontai.
Pleonektmata thc teqnikc metagwgc plaisou:
Meiwmnec epibarnseic thc grammc dedomnwn se sqsh me to Q.25

Rujmo metdoshc wc 2 Mbps.
Eroc znhc on demand (katpin apaitsewc).
Pollc metadseic (snodoi) pnw sthn dia gramm dedomnwn (me qrsh poluplexac).
Sugkritikc pnakac Misjwmnwn kuklwmtwn
Paroqc
Misjwmna
FR
Q.25
Q.25
FR
OQI
OQI
NAI
NAI
NAI
NAI
NAI
NAI
NAI
NAI
Kuklmata
Uyhlo rujmo metdoshc

Dijesh erouc znh katpin athshc
Sundseic polln shmewn
Euelixa sthn ulopohsh
Qamhl kstoc
NAI
OQI
NAI
OQI
OQI
Pleonektmata se sqsh me to Q.25 perilhptik:
Diamoirasmc jrac / grammc dedomnwn me qrsh teqnikn poluplexac.

Uyhlc rujmc metdoshc.
Uyhl apdosh.
Mikrc kajusterseic.
Eroc znhc katpin athshc (on demand).
Sundseic me poll shmea.
Euelixa sto kstoc ulopohshc tou diktou.
Eukola metatropc uparqntwn diktwn se metagwgc plaisou.
Ekolh epktash diktou.
Ekolh diaqerish diktou.
152
Sumbatthta me poll prtupa.

Idiatera kal apdosh se seir efarmogn.
Idiatera kal apdosh se sunduasm me dktua ISDN.
15.3
Prtupo
15.3.1
TCP/IP
Eisagwg
Sto prtupo TCP/IP qoume dh anaferje sto mjhma diktwn thc B Txhc.
'Iswc to shmantiktero prwtkollo twn hmern mac, to TCP/IP qrhsimopoietai se lec sqedn tic morfc diktwn (topik, eureac perioqc, uyhln
epidsewn klp) kai qei eurea apodoq ap louc touc kataskeuastc diktuakn suskeun all kai leitourgikn susthmtwn. To TCP/IP enai
sthn pragmatikthta mia oikogneia prwtokllwn pou periqei metax llwn
to TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) kai to IP (Internet Protocol)
'Opwc qoume dei sto mjhma thc B Txhc, to TCP/IP ulopoietai san prwtkollo tessrwn epipdwn (Sqma 15.8 Paraktw perigrfontai ta prwt-
Sqma 15.8: Ta tssera eppeda tou TCP/IP

kolla pou ankoun sthn oikogneia TCP/IP:
To prwtkollo TCP: Transmission Control Protocol: To

prwtkollo TCP prwtkollo elgqou metdoshc enai na prwtkollo prosanatolismno sth sndesh. Prosfrei axipisth, diplc katejunshc sndesh gia thn ulopohsh miac diergasac tou qrsth.
(Connection Oriented): Enai ta prwtkolla aut pou gia na xekinsoun metdosh dedomnwn prpei na exasfalsoun arqik mia diadrom (noht
kklwma) gia th metdosh twn paktwn. Ta prwtkolla aut exasfalzoun ti ta dedomna ja ftsoun ston paralpth kai mlista
qwrc sflmata.
Prwtkolla prosanatolismna sthn sndesh
15.3 Prtupo
TCP/IP
153
UDP: User Datagram Protocol: To prwtkollo UDP enai na prwtkollo qwrc sndesh (connectionless). Se
antjesh me to TCP, to UDP qrhsimopoie metdosh autodnamwn paktwn (ta opoa onomzontai datagrams ) kai den exasfalzei ti ja
ftsoun ston proorism touc.
To prwtkollo
Ta prwtkolla qwrc sndesh (connectionless) qrhsimopoion autodnama pakta (datagrams) kai den sqhmatzoun noht
kuklmata gia thn apostol touc. H apostol twn paktwn gnetai qwrc na uprxei kpoia arqik epikoinwna metax apostola kai
paralpth. Gia to lgo aut ta prwtkolla qwrc sndesh den jewrontai axipista afo ta pakta mpore na mhn ftsoun pot ston
proorism touc.
To prwtkollo
To prwtkollo IP: Prkeitai gia to detero shmantik prwtkollo, to detero sunjetik tou onmatoc TCP/IP. To prwtkollo aut
enai upejuno gia th diaknhsh twn plhroforin (paktwn) pou dhmiourgontai ap ta prwtkolla TCP kai UDP. Den uprqei mesh sndesh
metax twn ergasin tou qrsth kai tou prwtokllou IP. Oi ergasec
tou qrsth qrhsimopoion TCP UDP kai to IP aplc analambnei
th metdosh touc.
To prwtkollo
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol):

To prwtkollo aut qeirzetai ta ljh kai elgqei th diaqerish plhroforin metax twn puln diasndeshc diktou (gateways) kai twn
kmbwn.
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): To

prwtkollo aut knei antistoqhsh miac diejunsh Diadiktou me mia
diejunsh uliko. H diejunsh Diadiktou exarttai ap ton tpo tou
diktou pou sundetai o upologistc.
154
Ti enai h diejunsh Diadiktou kai ti h diejunsh

uliko?
Kje diktuak ulik (p.q. mia krta diktou) qei na monadik anagnwristik arijm pou onomzetai MAC Address. Den uprqoun
do diktuakc suskeuc me dio MAC Address. O arijmc autc enai h diejunsh uliko afo anagnwrzei me monadik trpo na ulik
kommti tou diktou.
Ap thn llh, h diejunsh diktou enai nac arijmc 32 bit o opooc
enai suqn qwrismnoc se tssera tmmata (octets), p.q. 10.14.28.135
(ja to dome kai sth sunqeia)
To prwtkollo ARP brskei thn antistoqhsh metax thc diejunshc
Diadiktou kai thc diejunshc uliko. An tou dsoume mia diejunsh Diadiktou (p.q. 10.14.28.135) mpore na brei se poia diejunsh
uliko antistoiqe.
RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol): To prwtkollo aut knei thn antstrofh ergasa ap to prwtkollo ARP. Dqetai dhl. mia diejunsh uliko kai thn metafrzei
se diejunsh Diadiktou.
To prwtkollo
Gia na katalbete kaltera thn leitourga tou ARP / RARP dete to pardeigma tou sqmatoc 15.9.
Sqma 15.9: Leitourga Prwtokllwn ARP kai RARP
15.3.2
Dieujunsiodthsh
H diejunsh enc upologist sto TCP/IP enai mia seir arijmn pou ton
qarakthrzoun me monadik trpo msa sto dktuo. Epeid to TCP/IP qrhsimopoietai tso se topik dktua so kai sto Diadktuo, prpei oi dieujnseic
na dnontai me ttoio trpo ste na mhn uprqei perptwsh sgkroushc (dhl.
15.3 Prtupo
TCP/IP
155
Sqma 15.10: Kria Stoiqea Prwtokllwn TCP/IP

do upologistc na qoun thn dia diejunsh sto dio dktuo). 'Otan qrhsimopoiome to TCP/IP se peribllon topiko diktou (kai to dktuo aut den
qei mesh diasndesh me to Diadktuo) mporome emec na epilxoume dieujnseic gia touc upologistc. Se perptwsh mwc pou dnoume dieujnseic se
upologistc pou sundontai sto Diadktuo, prpei me kpoio trpo na diasfalsoume ti den qrhsimopoiome diejunsh pou qei doje se llon upologist,
opoudpote ston ksmo. Epeid fusik den enai dunatn na gnwrzoume mia
ttoia plhrofora, to diamoirasm twn dieujnsewn sto TCP/IP ton qei
analbei nac kentrikc organismc, to Kntro Plhroforin Diktou (NIC,
Network Information Center).
Mia diejunsh sto TCP/IP apoteletai ap 32 duadik yhfa (bits) ta
opoa sunjwc organnoume se tssera nomera ap 0-255 (mgejoc na byte
to kajna, 4 bytes Q 8 bits to kje byte = 32 bits) ta opoa onomzontai kai
octets. Gia pardeigma, mia diejunsh IP qei th morf 10.14.28.135
Sthn pragmatikthta, mia diejunsh IP perilambnei do tmmata:
Thn tautthta diktou (network identifier) h opoa anafretai

se na idiatero kommti enc diktou pou sundetai sto Diadktuo. H
tautthta diktou anagnwrzei me na monadik trpo na tmma diktou
156
(upodktuo).
Thn tautthta kmbou (host identifier) h opoa anafretai kai

anagnwrzei mia monadik suskeu (p.q. upologist) pou brsketai sundedemnh sto sugkekrimno tmma tou diktou.
Mia apl antistoqhsh ap thn kajhmerinthta:
Mia polukatoika enai na upodktuo diamerismtwn kai brsketai se

mia sugkekrimnh diejunsh (odc, arijmc). Aut enai h tautthta
diktou thc. Gia na pme se na sugkekrimno diamrisma thc polukatoikac (kmboc) prpei akma na gnwrzoume ton rofo kai pou
brsketai ston rofo. Aut enai h tautthta kmbou.
Ed pntwc prpei na shmeiwje ti mia suskeu (kmboc) den sundetai aparathta se na mno dktuo, ra mpore na qei tautqrona perissterec ap
mia dieujnseic. Gia pardeigma o dromologhtc pou diajtei to sqoleo mac
sundei to topik mac dktuo me to Diadktuo. 'Eqei do diaforetikc dieujnseic IP: Mia pou ofeletai sthn sndesh tou me to Diadktuo kai mia gia
thn sndesh tou sto topik dktuo. H doulei tou enai akribc na dromologe pakta (dedomna) ap thn mia diejunsh sthn llh. Profanc h nnoia
thc diejunshc enai entelc teqnht kai den qei kajlou na knei me thn
teqnologa tou diktou tou fusiko msou pou qrhsimopoietai, all mno
me thn sqedash tou diou tou TCP/IP prwtokllou.
Me dedomno ti qrhsimopoiontai 32 bits gia thn diejunsh enc upologist, kai aut prpei na periqoun tso thn tautthta diktou so kai thn
tautthta kmbou, tjetai to erthma psa ap ta yhfa aut qrhsimopoiontai gia to na kai psa gia to llo.
H pragmatikthta enai ti emec mporome na epilxoume psa yhfa ja
qrhsimopoihjon gia ta do aut tmmata thc diejunshc, all praktik qoun dh taxinomhje tsseric klseic diktwn. Gia na gnei aut h taxinmhsh
ta 32 duadik yhfa qwrsthkan se omdec twn okt (4 arijmo, na byte o
kajnac pwc anaframe prin). H kwdikopohsh aut thc diejunshc me peda
kajorismnou mkouc apodeiknetai apotelesmatik.
Paraktw fanontai oi tsseric autc klseic. (Prosoq to sqma tou
sqoliko biblou qei ljoc!)
Klsh A
Sthn klsh A (sqma 15.11), gia tautthta diktou qrhsimopoiontai ta 8

prta yhfa. To prto yhfo qei upoqrewtik thn tim 0. 'Etsi h tim thc
prthc oktdac mpore na enai ap 00000000 = 0 mqri 01111111= 127.
Mporome na qoume 128 diaforetik dktua (sthn pragmatikthta 126)
sundemna metax touc an enai klshc A. To kje dktuo mpore na qei mqri
224 2 = 16.777.214 upologistc.
Klsh B
Sthn klsh B (sqma 15.12), gia tautthta diktou qrhsimopoiontai ta 16
15.3 Prtupo
TCP/IP
157
Sqma 15.11: Katanom yhfwn sthn Klsh A

prta yhfa. Ta prta do yhfa qoun upoqrewtik thn tim 10. 'Etsi h tim
thc prthc oktdac mpore na enai ap 10000000=128 mqri 10111111=191.
Mporome na qoume tsi 214 = 16384 diaforetik dktua se klsh B. To
kje dktuo mpore na qei mqri 216 2 = 65534 upologistc
Sqma 15.12: Katanom yhfwn sthn Klsh B

Klsh C
Sthn klsh C (Sqma 15.13, gia tautthta diktou qrhsimopoiontai ta
24 prta yhfa. Ta prta tra yhfa qoun upoqrewtik thn tim 110.
'Etsi h tim thc prthc oktdac mpore na enai ap 11000000=192 mqri
11011111=223. Mporome na qoume tsi 221 = 2097152 diaforetik dktua
sundedemna metax touc se klsh C. To kje dktuo mpore na qei mqri
28 2 = 254 upologistc. To dktuo tou sqoleou mac enai klshc C.
Sqma 15.13: Katanom yhfwn sthn Klsh C
D
H klsh aut (Sqma 15.14) qrhsimopoietai gia dktua pou knoun qrsh
thc metdoshc pollaplc apostolc ekpompc (multicasting) kai qrhsimopoion thn antstoiqh diejunsh. Sthn perptwsh aut den uprqei tautthta
diktou, all gia na qarakthriste h diejunsh san pollaplc apostolc ta
tssera prta yhfa qoun thn tim 1110.
Klsh
Sqma 15.14: Katanom yhfwn sthn Klsh D

Genik gia tic dieujnseic
158
Tic perissterec forc grfoume tic dieujnseic IP qrhsimopointac dekadikoc arijmoc kai qi duadik yhfa. Gia to skop aut, omadopoiome se
omdec twn okt ta yhfa, ste na prokyei ap kje omda nac dekadikc
arijmc ap 0 wc 255 (mgejoc na byte). Gia pardeigma ta duadik yhfa:
11000000101010000000000000000001
Ta qwrzoume an okt (bzoume ed teleec):
11000000.10101000.00000000.00000001
Kai grfoume thn anaparstash sto dekadik thc kje omdac:
192.168.0.1
'Otan grfoume tic dieujnseic me aut ton trpo (dhl. pnta!!!) qwrzoume
touc arijmoc metax touc me teleec. Epeid oi arijmo prokptoun o kajnac
ap okt duadik yhfa, onomzontai kai oktdec octets.
Bbaia en oi mhqanc enai katllhlec gia na jumontai yhfa, o njrwpoc den enai, kai gia to lgo aut tic perissterec forc oi dieujnseic
mporon na anaparastajon kai me lxeic pou qwrzontai epshc me teleec
pwc gia pardeigma:
www.sch.gr
Bbaia gia na qrhsimopoihje aut ap na mhqnhma, prpei na metatrape
xan sto arijmhtik tou antstoiqo. Se lo to Diadktuo uprqoun diaskorpismna mhqanmata pou analambnoun na ektelsoun aut thn uphresa thc
metfrashc ap dieujnseic me lxeic se dieujnseic me arijmoc. H uphresa
aut enai ousiastik mia uphresa antistoqhshc (katalgou). Fantastete
san na yqnete na thlfwno kai na koitte ston thlefwnik katlogo na
noma gia na to brete. O katlogoc knei antistoqhsh onmatoc se arijm. Sto Diadktuo, aut onomzetai Ssthma Onomasac Perioqn (DNS,
Domain Name System).
15.3.3
Leitourga tou
TCP
To TCP kai to IP apotelon ta do plon shmantik prwtkolla thc

oikogneiac TCP/IP
Sqedisthke gia na parqei axipisth epikoinwna metax do kmbwn
diaforetikn all sundedemnwn metax touc diktwn
15.3 Prtupo
TCP/IP
159
Enai prwtkollo prosanatolismno sth sndesh (connection oriented).

Parqei axipistec uphresec metdoshc akma kai se kanli metdoshc
pou den enai endeqomnwc axipisto.
Enai sumbat me ierarqhmnec arqitektonikc prwtokllwn pwc autc
orzontai ap to OSI.
Enai ierarqik epnw ap to IP. To IP qei dunatthta na stelei kai
na lbei metablhto megjouc mondec dedomnwn (PDUs) pou enswmatnontai stic mondec dedomnwn Diadiktou (Internet Datagrams).
To TCP uposthrzei genik prwtkolla pou brskontai ierarqik ktw
ap aut, kai ta opoa den parqoun axipistec metadseic. Uposthrzetai mia
uphresa metdoshc mondwn dedomnwn (datagram service) h opoa mpore na
enai kai anaxipisth, all leitourge apodotik se na snolo ap efarmogc
epikoinwnin.
Qarakthristik enai ti to TCP mpore na qrhsimopoihje tso se topik
dktua so kai se DEP all epshc kai me poll diaforetik edh sundsewn
(p.q. dial-up epilogik sndesh msw thlefnou pwc oi oikiakc sundseic
Internet). Akma qrhsimopoietai se dktua uyhln epidsewn all kai se
dktua qamhln rujmn metdoshc.
Msw tou TCP uprqei dunatthta diasndeshc eterogenn metax touc
susthmtwn (llwn kataskeuastn kai arqitektonikc). Epshc oi diergasec
epikoinwnac pou frnei se prac to TCP uposthrzoun na meglo fsma
efarmogn.
To TCP prosdiorzei th morf pou ja qoun oi plhroforec elgqou

pou antallssontai metax do upologistn prokeimnou h metdosh
plhroforin na enai axipisth. Kajorzei dhl. tic diadikasec pou
exasfalzoun ti ta dedomna stlnontai kai lambnontai qwrc ljh.
To TCP kajorzei ton trpo me ton opoo diaqwrzontai ta dedomna
tan apeujnontai se pollaploc qrstec oi opooi mwc qrhsimopoion
ton dio upologist.
To TCP kajorzei ton trpo me ton opoo oi kmboi pou epikoinwnon
mporon na epanljoun se kanonik leitourga met ap sflmata. Pijan sflmata enai: katastrof paktou, apleia paktou, pollapl
apostol tou diou paktou.
To TCP kajorzei ton trpo me ton opoo oi kmboi kataqwron th
metdosh miac akoloujac dedomnwn kai sumfwnon gia ton termatism
thc.
160
15.3.3.1
Jrec kai sundseic sto
TCP
Prosoq: H sugkekrimnh pargrafoc sto biblo sqedn den bgzei

nhma bgzei ljoc nhma. To paraktw kemeno apotele thn pragmatikthta (aplopoihmnh). 'Opoioc mpore ac papagalsei to biblo.
Eg aplc adunat na apodsw ed to nhma tou.
'Ena qarakthristik tou TCP enai ti epitrpei thn tautqronh qrsh tou ap
pollc efarmogc tautqrona se na mno upologist. Enai gia pardeigma
dunatn, tautqrona se na upologist na blpoume istoseldec (perissterec
thc mac tautqrona, kai mlista an jloume qrhsimopointac kai diaforetik
progrmmata fullometrht), na elgqoume to hlektronik mac taqudromeo
kai na metafroume arqea msw thc uphresac metaforc arqewn (to gnwst
FTP).
'Omwc ta pakta tou TCP fjnoun ston upologist mac epeid apl qoun
stale sth sugkekrimnh IP diejunsh. Pwc mwc xeqwrzontai ta dedomna
pou proorzontai gia kje efarmog pou qrhsimopoie o qrsthc?
Gia na luje to prblhma aut, kajierjhkan oi legmenec jrec prwtokllou. Kje jra qei na sugkekrimno jetik kai akraio arijm kai
diaforetikc efarmogc qrhsimopoion diaforetikc jrec gia thn epikoinwna
touc. 'Etsi na pakto TCP den kateujnetai aplc proc mia sugkekrimnh
IP diejunsh (pou deqnei ton telik apodkth upologist) all kai se mia
sugkekrimnh jra h opoa deqnei thn efarmog ( ton tpo thc efarmogc)
pou ja paralbei ta dedomna.
Ed mwc prokptei to exc prblhma: An kje upologistc qrhsimopoie diaforetik jra gia thn ektlesh thc diac diadikasac, tte pwc ja
enai efikt h epikoinwna; Fantastete gia pardeigma o upologistc A na
qrhsimopoie thn jra 35 gia metafor arqewn kai o B thn jra 40. An o B
stlnei dedomna ston A ja jewre ti prpei na epikoinwnsei me thn jra
40 tou A all o A ja perimnei epikoinwna sthn 35 kai h metdosh den ja
enai dunat. Gia na gnei dunat, ja prpei prin thn narxh thc metdoshc
na uprxei kpoia sunennhsh metax twn upologistn gia to poia jra ja
qrhsimopoihje.
Gia na apofgoume thn epibrunsh thc prsjethc autc epikoinwnac
sunennhshc, kajierjhkan diejnc kai ginan apodektc kpoiec sugkekrimnec jrec gia thn ektlesh twn plon koinn diadikasin. Oi jrec autc
apotelon plon prtupo pou akoloujetai ap la ta leitourgik sustmata. 'Etsi gia pardeigma h metafor arqewn msw tou FTP pragmatopoietai
msw twn jurn 20 kai 21. Oi plhroforec twn istoseldwn (prwtkollo
HTTP) metaddontai msw thc jrac 80.
Oi jrec autc qoun desmeute gia tic sugkekrimnec qrseic kai den epitrpetai oi kataskeuastc efarmogn na tic qrhsimopoisoun gia kti llo.
Wstso to TCP/IP qei pollc jrec (tupik mac endiafroun oi prtec
1024, all enai pol perissterec) kai se kpoiec ap autc den qei doje
15.3 Prtupo
TCP/IP
161
sugkekrimnoc skopc. Autc mporon na qrhsimopoihjon gia opoiodpote

eidik skop jloume.
O pnakac sthn epmenh selda deqnei merikc ap tic jrec tou TCP kai
tic qrseic touc. (Periqontai mno oi jrec pou qei o pnakac tou biblou)
162
Arijmc
Lxh Kleid
Jrac
0
1-4
Reserved
5
7
RJE, (Remote Job Entry)

ECHO
DISCARD
11
USERS (SYSTAT)
13
DAYTIME
15
NETSTAT
17
QUOTE (Quote of the

Day)
19
CHARGEN (Character Generator)
20
FTP DATA
21
FTP CONTROL
23
TELNET
25
SMTP
Ermhnea
Uphresa
TCP
Desmeumnh
Elejerec jrec (kat to biblo, all qi plon)
Esodoc ergasac ap apstash
Antqhsh. Xanastlnei ta dedomna pou lambnei psw ston
apostola.
Qrhsimopoietai
gia dokimc.
Aprriyh. 'Oti dedomna lambnontai se aut thn prta katastrfontai. Qrhsimopoietai
gia dokimc.
Se exuphrethtc me energ thn
antstoiqh uphresa, dnei lsta twn qrhstn pou qrhsimopoion to ssthma th dedomnh
stigm.
Epistrfei thn hmeromhna kai
ra
Poioc enai sto dktuo (den
qrhsimopoietai plon)
H rsh thc hmrac. Epistrfei
na mnuma (sunjwc na rht
h gnwmik). Gia dokimc.
Stlnei psw sthn phg touc
qaraktrec pou lambnei. Gia
dokimc.
File Transfer Protocol. Gia metafor arqewn. H jra 20
qrhsimopoietai gia thn metafor.
File Transfer Protocol. Gia metafor arqewn. H jra 21
qrhsimopoietai gia ton legqo
thc metaforc.
To Telnet epitrpei apomakrusmnh prsbash kai diaqerish
msa ap na peribllon entoln.
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. Msw autc thc jrac gnetai apostol mhnumtwn hlektroniko taqudromeou.
15.3 Prtupo
Arijmc
TCP/IP
Lxh Kleid
Jrac
37
TIME
39
42
RLP
NAMESERVER
53
DOMAIN (DNS)
67
BOOTPS (Bootstrap
Protocol)
68
BOOTPC (Bootrstap
Client)
69
79
TFTP (Trivial File

Transfer Protocol)
FINGER
80
HTTP
95
101
102
SUPDUP
HOSTNAME
ISO-TSAP
113
AUTH (Authentication Service)

UUCP-PATH Unix to
Unix Copy
117
123
133-159
160-223
224-241
247-255
NTP
163
Ermhnea
Uphresa
TCP
Epistrfei mia tim 32 bit me
ton arijm twn deuterolptwn
pou qoun persei ap thn ra 00:00 thc 1/1/1900 (Ja leitourge mqri to 2036)
Resource Location Protocol
'Onoma stajmo uphresac onomtwn.
'Onoma stajmo pou parqei
uphresec DNS.
Epitrpei dunamik rjmish paramtrwn tou TCP/IP ap
kentrik shmeo. H jra 67
qrhsimopoietai ap ton antstoiqo exuphretht.
'Opwc kai parapnw, all h jra 68 qrhsimopoietai ap ton
pelth thc uphresac.
Parmoia all pio apl uphresa FTP.
Dnei plhroforec gia kpoio
sugkekrimno qrsth
Metafrontai oi plhroforec
twn istoseldwn.
'Onoma kmbou
ISO Transport Services. Gfura metax Q.25 kai TCP.
Prwtkollo anagnrishc pelth.
Metafor arqewn metax
susthmtwn me leitourgik
UNIX.
Network Time Protocol
Elejerec jrec (kat to biblo, all den enai aljeia)
Desmeumnec jrec (kat to biblo, all qoun dh qrhsimopoihje)
Elejerec jrec
Elejerec jrec
164
15.3.3.2
Axiopista Epikoinwnac
Prosoq: Prkeitai gia llh mia fober kakogrammnh pargrafo

sto sqolik biblo
'Opwc dh qoume pei to TCP enai to axipisto tmma tou prwtokllou
TCP/IP, afo enai prosanatolismno sthn sndesh (connection oriented).
Mia akolouja dedomnwn pou stlnontai se na paralpth prpei na lhfjon
opwsdpote swst kai me th swst seir. O legqoc axiopistac thc metdoshc kai h seir elgqontai sto TCP me thn bojeia miac seirc arijmn
pou onomzontai arijmo akoloujac (sequence numbers). Antstoiqa o paralpthc twn dedomnwn epibebainei th lyh qrhsimopointac antstoiqouc
arijmoc epibebawshc (acknowledgement numbers).
Gia na stelei to TCP dedomna qrhsimopoie to prwtkollo IP. Ta
dedomna metafrontai se mplokc ta opoa onomzontai segments (tmmata) To mgejoc tou kje tmmatoc apofaszetai ap to prwtkollo.
Tupik mia metdosh ja perilambnei poll tmmata. Enai pijann
kpoia tmmata na ftsoun me ljoc qronik seir ston paralpth
all gia na gnei lyh twn dedomnwn prpei na xanampon sthn swst
seir. Aut gnetai me thn bojeia twn arijmn akoloujac tou tmmatoc. (O arijmc akoloujac deqnei pou prpei na topojethje to
prto byte dedomnwn tou tmmatoc msa sto snolo twn dedomnwn
pou qoun lhfje ste na qoume thn swst seir.).
Ta tmmata metaddoun epshc kai na arijm epibebawshc ta opoa epibebainoun th lyh tou tmmatoc ap ton paralpth. O arijmc epibebawshc
periqei epshc th jsh tou epmenou byte dedomnwn pou perimnei na lbei
o paralpthc (ton arijmc akoloujac thc epmenhc oktdac dedomnwn pou
ja stelei o apostolac).
15.3.3.3
Lxh qrnou twn metrhtn kai epanametdosh
Mia shmantik leitourga gia thn axipisth metdosh twn dedomnwn sto TCP
enai h diaqerish thc lxhc qrnou (timeouts) kai thc epanametdoshc (retransmissions). Lxh qrnou qoume tan stlnontac na pakto dedomnwn
den lboume epibebawsh lyhc msa se na kajorismno qronik disthma.
(Jummaste ti to TCP enai axipisto prwtkollo kai perimnei anagnrish
lyhc gia ta dedomna pou qoun stale). H lxh qrnou sto TCP gnetai
me ton exc trpo: 'Otan gnei metdosh miac omdac dedomnwn, to TCP
energopoie na metrht. (Skeftete to san antstrofh mtrhsh). 'Otan o
metrhtc autc mhdeniste kai den qei lhfje epibebawsh lyhc thc omdac,
to TCP jewre ti ta dedomna qjhkan katastrfhkan. Sthn perptwsh
aut gnetai epanametdosh.
15.3 Prtupo
TCP/IP
165
An kai h parapnw diadikasa fanetai apl, wstso den enai. Den prpei na xeqnme ti sto peribllon tou Diadiktou, ta dedomna pernon ap
polloc endimesouc kmbouc mqri na ftsoun ston proorism touc. Se mia
sugkekrimnh metdosh ta pakta mpore na pernne msa ap pljoc endimeswn diktwn, puln, dromologhtn kai diktuakn suskeun. 'Etsi kje
for oi kajusterseic enai diaforetikc. H kajustrhsh metablletai akma kai me to forto (thn knhsh) tou diktou to opoo ephrezei th leitourga
twn puln kai twn dromologhtn pou qrhsimopoiontai kai den enai genik
dunatn na problefje. 'Etsi genik to TCP den mpore na gnwrzei ek twn
protrwn psoc qrnoc ja qreiaste gia na lbei mia epibebawsh, akma kai
gia mia sugkekrimnh metdosh.
166
Keflaio 16
Logismik - Ulik
16.3
16.3.1
Diaqerish Diktou
Eisagwg
Ta teleutaa qrnia h explwsh twn diktwn tso twn topikn so kai twn
megalterwn enai ragdaa. Eidik se na meglo topik dktuo (pou mpore na
qei ktash enc meglou ktiriako sugkrotmatoc) akma kai enc DEP, h
suntrhsh kai o legqoc tou mpore na enai mia diadikasa asmforh, epponh
kai qronobra, pou apaite na asqolhjon arketo njrwpoi. Me ton ro
Diaqerish Diktou ennoome th diadikasa tou autmatou ( so to dunatn
automatopoihmnou) elgqou enc opoioudpote diktou upologistn ste to
kstoc suntrhshc tou na enai kat to dunatn mikrtero kai h apdosh tou
h kalterh dunat.
Uprqoun difora sustmata diaqerishc enc diktou. Kat bsh ta sustmata aut antigrfoun thn logik tou sustmatoc pelth exuphretht
pou dh gnwrzoume. Mno pou sthn perptwsh enc sustmatoc diaqerishc
o pelthc onomzetai diaqeiristc kai o exuphrethtc onomzetai antiprswpoc. Geniktera na ssthma diaqerishc apoteletai ap:
(manager) pou enai na prgramma (logismik) pou

ekteletai se kpoio mhqnhma tou diktou kai to opoo qrhsimopoie o
upejunoc suntrhshc tou diktou (network administrator) gia na stelei entolc diaqerishc. Oi entolc diaqerishc mporon gia pardeigma
na allzoun rujmseic se mia diktuak suskeu (qwrc na qreizetai na
metakinhjome sto shmeo pou brsketai h suskeu aut) akma kai
na elgqei thn katstash leitourgac enc tmmatoc tou diktou ap
makri.
Ta diaqeirizmena s toiqea diktou
To diaqeiris t
(Network Elements,
NE) ta opoa enai diktuakc suskeuc pou sunantme se na topik dktuo pwc gfurec, dromologhtc, modems, epanalptec klp. Pollc
ap autc tic suskeuc qoun dunatthta apomakrusmnhc diaqerishc.
168
Logismik - Ulik
Gia pardeigma nac dromologhtc mpore na mac epitrpei na allzoume

tic rujmseic tou (p.q. pnakac dromolghshc) ap kpoio mhqnhma tou
diktou qrhsimopointac istoseldec. Genik h diaqerish twn NE gnetai me thn bojeia eidikn prwtokllwn pou onomzontai prwtkolla
Diaqerishc Diktou (Network Management Protocols, NMP).
Touc antiprospouc (Agents) pou enai epshc progrmmata (logismik) to opoo brsketai egkatesthmno se kje diaqeirizmeno stoiqeo diktou me skop na katastsei dunat thn epikoinwna tou me ton
diaqeirist. H diaqerish gnetai me ton exc trpo: O diaqeiristc
(manager) stlnei tic katllhlec entolc diaqerishc kai elgqou msw tou prwtokllou diaqerishc diktou. Oi entolc autc lambnontai
ap touc antiprospouc stouc opoouc apeujnontai. Oi antiprswpoi
ektelon tic entolc autc sta diaqeirizmena stoiqea diktou (NE)
pou elgqoun.
Wstso ed prpei na shmeisoume ti den mporome na ektelsoume

progrmmata antiprospwn se lec tic diktuakc suskeuc. Ef son o antiprswpoc enai na prgramma gia na ekteleste qreizetai
h antstoiqh suskeu pou apeujnetai na qei dunatthtec epexergasac (epexergast, mnmh...). Uprqoun diktuakc suskeuc pou
qoun ttoiec dunatthtec kai ra mporon na ektelsoun prgramma
agent. Gia pardeigma pwc qoume exhgsei, oi dromologhtc enai
sthn pragmatikthta upologistc, ra qoun dunatthta ektleshc
programmtwn diaqerishc. Uprqoun mwc suskeuc pwc ta hubs,
oi gfurec kai ta modems pou den qoun ikanthta epexergasac kai
ra den mporon na ektelsoun prgramma antiprospou.
Gia na diaqeiristome stoiqea diktou sta opoa den mporome na
ektelsoume agents, qrhsimopoiome touc legmenouc plhrexosiouc
antiprospouc (proxy agents). 'Enac plhrexosioc antiprswpoc dqetai tic entolc ap na diaqeirist qrhsimopointac to prwtkollo
diaqerishc pou enai katanoht ap autn, analambnei mwc na epikoinwnsei me th diaqeirizmenh suskeu kai na ektelsei tic katllhlec entolc diaqerishc qrhsimopointac to aplostero endeqomnwc
prwtkollo pou qrhsimopoie h suskeu aut.
(Management Information Base) h opoa enai mia bsh dedomnwn pou moirzontai metax
touc oi diaqeiristc kai antiprswpoi kai h opoa periqei plhroforec
sqetik me ta diaqeirizmena stoiqea diktou (NE). H bsh plhroforin diaqerishc periqei epshc plhroforec pou kajorzoun kai thn
dom tou perieqomnou thc diaqeirizmenhc plhroforac (Prkeitai gia
mia kanonik bsh dedomnwn: Periqei kai pnakec pou perigrfoun thn
Thn bsh plhroforin diaqerishc
16.3 Diaqerish Diktou
169
dom twn pinkwn pou periqoun tic plhroforec thc bshc). Sqediastik h MIB apeikonzetai me morf dntrou en ta perieqmena thc
paristnontai ap ta flla tou dntrou.
Sqma 16.1: Pardeigma Montlou Diaqeirist - Antiprospou
Sqma 16.2: Pardeigma Montlou Diaqeirist - Plhrexosiou Antiprospou

Se na snjeto ssthma diaqerishc (pwc aut pou ja sunantsoume se na
dktuo meglhc ktashc me polloc kmbouc) mpore na uprqoun pollo
diaqeiristc kai antiprswpoi. Epeid h dom tou sustmatoc enai ierarqik,
nac diaqeiristc mpore na ektele thn diadikasa diaqerishc gia touc dikoc
tou antiprospouc all tautqrona mpore na apotele kai o dioc antiprswpo gia kpoion diaqeirist pou brsketai pio pnw sthn ierarqa (kai ap
170
Logismik - Ulik
Sqma 16.3: Sqsh twn epimrouc mondwn sthn diaqerish tou Diktou
ton opoo dqetai entolc). Me ton trpo aut diaqeiristc kai antiprswpoi orzoun mia morf ierarqac ap peda (perioqc) diaqerishc (Sqma 16.4)
Ta peda aut onomzontai, smfwna me thn orologa tou montlou anaforc
Sqma 16.4: Perioqc Diaqerishc
OSI, perioqc diaqerishc (management domains). Epeid wstso smera

qoun epikratsei do arqitektonikc diktwn upologistn, tou OSI kai tou
TCP/IP, gnetai kai h anlogh dikrish sth diaqerish diktwn, dhl. diaqerish diktwn OSI kai diaqerish diktwn TCP/IP.
16.3.2
Platfrma Diaqerishc Diktou
Lgoi oikonomiko, exoikonmhshc qrou kajc kai h lleiyh mpeirwn teqnikn, epballan thn angkh diaqerishc twn diforwn stoiqewn tou diktou
ap na mno ssthma to opoa kai parousizei grafik tic diasundseic tou se
171
na digramma pou onomzetai diktuakc qrthc. Gia na kalufje h parapnw

angkh, dhmiourgjhke na pakto logismiko (prgramma) to opoo apotele
thn platfrma diaqerishc diktou (Network Management Platform). Prkeitai gia na logismik pou epitele tic basikc leitourgec diaqerishc tou
diktou sta poll kai diaforetik stoiqea pou to apartzoun kai perilambnei:
(GUI, Graphical User Interface), to grafik dhl. peribllon pou blpei o qrsthc pou to qrhsimopoie.
o opooc enai pol qrsimoc se kje perioq

diaqerishc tou diktou. Perilambnei ergalea anqneushc kai diaqerishc blabn, ta opoa mlista qoun thn dunatthta na epishmanoun me
diaforetik qrwmatism ta shmea me blbh, ergalea pou emfanzoun
me sqhmatik (grafik) trpo thn noht kai fusik diamrfwsh tou
diktou kai tloc ergalea mtrhshc kai apeiknishc thc apdoshc sunolik tou diktou twn epimrouc suskeun tou. Kai ta ergalea aut
qoun dunatthta qrwmatikc apeiknishc anloga me thn apdosh.
To prosarmozmeno ssthma epilogn.
(DBMS: Database Management System) to opoo qrhsimopoion oi efarmogc

gia thn apojkeush twn plhroforin touc.
To ss thma plhrofrhshc
To hmerolgio sumbntwn
Th grafik diepaf qrs th
To diktuak qrth
To ss thma diaqerishc bshc dedomnwn
to opoo enai mia tupopoihmnh mjodoc gia thn ntlhsh plhroforin ap ta stoiqea tou diktou.
sto dktuo).
(Katagrfei gegonta pou sunbhsan
Ta ergalea grafikn.
(API: Application
Programming Interface). Prkeitai gia mia bibliojkh toimwn sunartsewn programmtwn pou mporon na qrhsimopoihjon msa ap
kpoia glssa programmatismo gia na qoume prsbash stic plhroforec diaqerishc msa ap dik mac progrmmata. H bibliojkh aut
prpei na enai tupopoihmnh kai na parqei tic diec sunartseic, giat
se perptwsh pou nac organismc apofassei na allxei platfrma, ja
prpei na allxei kai kje efarmog pou diajtei gia na epikoinwne me
thn platfrma.
To ssthma asfaleac.
Thn diepaf progrmmatoc efarmogc
172
Logismik - Ulik
16.3.3
Arqitektonikc diaqerishc
Gia na mpore mia platfrma diaqerishc diktou na ektele tic leitourgec pou
perigrfhkan prohgoumnwc, ja prpei na qrhsimopoie kpoia arqitektonik
diaqerishc. Oi arqitektonikc diaqerishc pou isqoun proc to parn enai h
kentrik, h ierarqik kai h katanemhmnh.
(Centralized): (Sqma 16.5) Prkeitai

gia thn pio apl kai klasik arqitektonik diaqerishc. H platfrma
diaqerishc brsketai egkatesthmnh se na kentrik stajm ergasac
o opooc kai analambnei la ta kajkonta diaqerishc tou diktou. H
arqitektonik aut enai sumbat me to montlo diaqeirist antiprospou pou parousisame prohgoumnwc. H platfrma diaqerishc epitele
tic paraktw leitourgec:
Kentrik arqitektonik
Analambnei thn epikoinwna me la ta diaqeirizmena stoiqea msw twn antiprospwn kai tou prwtokllou diaqerishc.
Diaqeirzetai thn apojkeush twn plhroforin diaqerishc tou diktou. H apojkeush mpore na gnetai kentrik se na shmeo,
gia lgouc asfaleac na enai katanemhmnh se poll mhqanmata,
all o legqoc pwc kai loc o sqediasmc thc arqitektonikc enai kentrikc (ta dedomna mporon na diabzontai kai na grfontai
mno ap to kentrik mhqnhma).
Parqei mia eniaa eikna tou diaqeirizmenou diktou ston upejuno diaqeirist msw katllhlou peribllontoc epikoinwnac me
to qrsth.
Sqma 16.5: Kentrik Arqitektonik Diaqerishc
173
Ierarqik Arqitektonik (Hierarchical): (Sqma 16.6) Sthn

arqitektonik aut qrhsimopoiontai pollc platfrmec diaqerishc. H
ma ap autc leitourge san kentrikc stajmc exuphrthshc tou diktou, en oi llec san peltec. Autc den qoun qwrist DBMS, all qrhsimopoion to DBMS tou kentriko stajmo en o suntonismc
twn leitourgin touc gnetai ap to diaqeirist pou brsketai uyhltera sthn ierarqa. Orismnec ap tic leitourgec sto ierarqik ssthma
Sqma 16.6: Ierarqik Arqitektonik Diaqerishc

diaqerishc ektelontai ap ton kentrik diaqeirist, en llec anatjentai stouc epimrouc diaqeiristc. Genik o kentrikc diaqeiristc
sugkentrnei mno tic shmantikc plhroforec afnontac tic epimrouc
leptomreiec stouc diaqeiristc pou brskontai sto qamhltero eppedo. H epikoinwna metax tou kentriko diaqeirist kai twn epimrouc
diaqeiristn mpore na gnetai msw tou diou tou diktou pou diaqeirzontai ete kai msw anexrthtou diktou diaqerishc. Sthn deterh
aut perptwsh, qoume kalterh axiopista afo akma kai se perptwsh sobarc blbhc tou kanoniko diktou, ja qoume epikoinwna twn
diaqeiristn metax touc.
H ierarqik arqitektonik parqei kaltero legqo kai uyhlterh apdosh sth diaqerish tou diktou. 'Ena ap ta basik thc pleonektmata
enai ti apomonnei ap to eppedo tou kentriko diaqeirist ta prwtkolla kai touc diaqeiristc pou brskontai sta qamhltera eppeda. Au-
174
Logismik - Ulik
t enai idiatera shmantik se eterogen dktua (pou qrhsimopoiontai

leitourgik sustmata kai prwtkolla diaforetik metax touc all
diasundedemna) giat tsi emfanzetai sto qrsth to peribllon diaqerishc san omoiogenc akma kai an sthn pragmatikthta den enai.
(Distributed): (Sqma 16.7) Aut h arqitektonik apotele ousiastik sunduasm thc kentrikc kai thc
ierarqikc. Qrhsimopoie pollc omtimec platfrmec diaqerishc, kje ma ap tic opoec apotele na kentrik ssthma. Mia platfrma
enai epikefalc miac seirc ap omtima sustmata diaqerishc (pwc
sthn ierarqik arqitektonik). Wstso kje platfrma mpore na qei
to dik thc ssthma diaqerishc bshc dedomnwn (DBMS) me stoiqea
pou na aforon opoiodpote shmeo tou diktou. Epeid h diaqerish
Katanemhmnh arqitektonik
Sqma 16.7: Katanemhmnh Arqitektonik Diaqerishc

katanmetai se topikoc diaqeiristc qei genik mikrterec apaitseic
se ulik kai upologistik isq. Kj nac ap touc topikoc diaqeiristc diaqeirzetai mno ton toma thc armodithtac tou kai den qei to
broc thc parakolojhshc olklhrou tou diktou. An mwc qreiaste
plhroforec gia perioq tou diktou pou den tou ankei mpore na tic
zhtsei ap ton antstoiqo omtimo diaqeirist.
16.4
16.4.1
Prwtkolla Diaqerishc
Eisagwg
Ta prwtkolla diaqerishc diktou kajorzoun ton trpo me ton opoo oi

diaqeiristc (managers) epikoinwnon me touc antiprospouc (agents) gia na
16.4 Prwtkolla Diaqerishc
175
gnei h diaqerish twn diaqeirizmenwn stoiqewn diktou (Network Elements).

Sugkekrimna, ta prwtkolla aut kajorzoun:
Ton akrib trpo epikoinwnac diaqeirist antiprospou.

Th morf kai thn shmasa twn mhnumtwn pou antallssontai.
Sto prwtkollo TCP/IP qrhsimopoiome na sunduasm twn paraktw gia
mia apl kai apotelesmatik diaqerish:
To prwtkollo aplc diaqerishc diktou
SNMP (Simple
Network Management Protocol).
Thn dom plhroforin diaqerishc
(SMI, Structure of Ma-
nagement Information).
Thn bsh plhroforin diaqerishc
(MIB, Management In-
formation Base).
Genik wstso, se dktua pou qrhsimopoion thn arqitektonik OSI (p.q.
megla eterogen dktua) qrhsimopoiome ta paraktw:
To prwtkollo koinc diaqerishc plhroforin
CMIP
(Common Management Information Protocol).
Thn uphresa koinc diaqerishc plhroforiakn s toiqewn
(CMISE, Common Management Information Service Element)..

Ta prwtkolla SNMP kai CMIP apotelon aut th stigm ta shmantiktera
prwtkolla diaqerishc diktwn.
16.4.2
Diaqerish
TCP/IP
- Prwtkollo
SNMP
Sto prwtkollo SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) pou qrhsimopoietai sto TCP/IP kje antiprswpoc (mh xeqnme ti o antiprswpoc
enai na logismik dhl. prgramma) diajtei mia seir ap metablhtc twn
opown oi timc mpore na allzoun. O antiprswpoc prpei na enai se jsh
na parousisei autc tic timc se kpoio diaqeirist pou ja tic zhtsei.
Metablhtc: Sth sugkekrimnh perptwsh, edh plhroforin twn
opown h tim mpore na allzei anloga me thn katstash tou diktou.
Gia pardeigma, stw ti nac antiprswpoc parakolouje ta ljh
tou diktou pou parathrontai se mia prta enc dromologht. H
metablht enai Ljh diktou sto dromologht kai h tim thc enai
aut pou kje for metrei o antiprswpoc.
Oi metablhtc mpore na enai apeikonseic diforwn antikeimnwn (dieujnseic,

metrhtc k.a.) Kajema ap autc tic apeikonseic mpore na mhn dnei plrh
176
Logismik - Ulik
eikna thc katstashc tou antikeimnou pou anafretai, afo na polploko

antikemeno mpore na qei perissterec ap mia apeikonseic kai kje ma na
anafretai se mia diaforetik idithta stoiqeo tou. (Gia pardeigma, se mia
sndesh TCP uprqoun poll metrsima qarakthristik kai kajna ap aut
enai mia apeiknish, all kanna ap mno tou den arke gia na krnoume thn
katstash thc sndeshc sunolik)
Se kje perptwsh, oi apeikonseic autc sugkentrnontai smfwna me to
SNMP kai apojhkeontai se na pnaka. To snolo tra lwn autn twn
metablhtn apotele telik thn bsh plhroforin diaqerishc (MIB). 'Enac
stajmc diaqerishc sto SNMP qei thn dunatthta na elgqei (diabzei)
autc tic timc kai na bgzei tsi sumpersmata gia thn katstash sthn opoa
brsketai to diaqeirizmeno stoiqeo tou diktou pou anafretai. 'Omwc o
diaqeiristc qei epshc dunatthta na metabllei tic timc autc kai me aut
ton trpo na parembanei stic rujmseic tou diktou. Genik o diaqeiristc:
Parakolouje thn apdosh tou diktou.

Elgqei tic paramtrouc pou aforon thn katstash kai leitourga tou
diktou.
Mpore na analsei kai na apomonsei sflmata kajc kai na prei
bmata gia thn apokatstash touc.
O kje antiprswpoc kratei plhroforec pou anafrontai mno se na
uposnolo thc bshc plhroforin diaqerishc (MIB View, apeiknish thc
bshc) kai oi plhroforec autc enai anlogec me ta prwtkolla (IP, TCP,
UDP) pou qrhsimopoiontai sto mhqnhma pou ekteletai. Kje diaqeiristc
diajtei diaforetik trpo prsbashc gia kje apeiknish thc MIB. Kpoioi
diaqeiristc qoun dikaimata mno angnwshc en lloi qoun dunatthta
metabolc (eggrafc) sth bsh. Profanc oi diaqeiristc pou qoun dunatthta eggrafc mporon me ton trpo aut na metablloun tic rujmseic
tou diktou. Me to ssthma aut twn dikaiwmtwn, ulopoietai na montlo
asfaleac.
Sqma 16.8: Diaqeiristc - Antiprswpoc sto prwtkollo SNMP
16.4 Prwtkolla Diaqerishc
177
An nac antiprswpoc kratei dedomna sto mhqnhma tou pou den aforon to dio to mhqnhma pou ektele thn diaqerish all kpoio llo, tte o
antiprswpoc dra gia logariasm llou kai enai plhrexosioc antiprswpoc
(proxy agent).
To prwtkollo SNMP dnei na pol mikr posost ap plhroforec
stic efarmogc diaqerishc sqetik me ton legqo tic allagc timn pou kanan oi antiprswpoi stic timc twn apeikonsewn MIB. H epikoinwna metax
diaqeiristn kai antiprospwn gnetai me thn antallag mondwn dedomnwn
prwtokllou (PDU, Protocol Data Units). Kje ma ap tic mondec autc
kwdikopoietai msa se na kai monadik pakto UDP (User Datagram, autodnamo pakto) kai antallssetai me thn qrsh tou prwtokllou UDP. To
SNMP enai domhmno me ttoio trpo ste na efarmzetai akribc pnw ap
to UDP. To prtupo SNMP v2 (deterh kdosh) apotele exlixh tou arqi-
Sqma 16.9: Mondec dedomnwn prwtokllou sto SNMP

ko SNMP kai qei skop na exaleyei kpoia ap ta shmantik meionektmata
thc prthc kdoshc all kai na epektenei to prtupo ste na mpore na qrhsimopoihje (ektc ap to TCP/IP) kai se prwtkolla pou akoloujon to
prtupo OSI. Ta prsjeta stoiqea / beltiseic tou SNMP v2 enai:
Kalterh dom plhroforin diaqerishc.

Nec leitourgec prwtokllou.
Nec MIB.
Megalterh asfleia.
178
Logismik - Ulik
Mroc II
Parartmata
Parrthma A
Erwtseic ap ta Keflaia
182
A.1
Erwtseic ap to Keflaio 7
1. Poia enai ta basik qarakthristik gnwrsmata enc topiko diktou?

2. Ti enai o rujmc sflmatoc duadiko yhfou?
3. Pwc diaqwrzontai ta topik ap ta mhtropolitik kai ta eureac perioqc dktua?
4. Pwc ephrezetai h apdosh twn topikn diktwn anloga me thn geni
touc?
5. Poia enai h nnoia tou diamoirasmo prwn? Poia edh diamoirasmn
gnwrzete?
6. Poia enai ta tra upoeppeda thc arqitektonikc twn topikn diktwn
kai pwc aut sqetzontai me ta eppeda tou OSI?
7. Ti onomzoume fusik mso?
8. Ti enai h metdosh basikhc kai ti h metdosh eureac znhc?
9. Anafrate ta fusik msa pou qrhsimopoiontai sta ensrmata topik
dktua.
10. Ti perilambnei h protupopohsh thc kalwdwshc twn ktirwn kat to
prtupo EIA/TIA 568 A/B?
11. Anafrate kai perigryte ta uposustmata miac domhmnhc kalwdwshc.
12. Ti gnwrzete gia thn qrsh radiosuqnottwn sta asrmata topik dktua?
13. Ti enai topologa?
14. Poiec enai oi basikc topologec topikn diktwn? (Sqma)
15. Ti gnwrzete gia thn topologa dialou?
16. Ti gnwrzete gia thn topologa dntrou?
17. Poioc enai o rloc thc kefalc rzac se mia topologa dntrou?
18. Ti gnwrzete gia thn topologa daktulou?
19. Ti enai o anametadthc sthn topologa daktulou?
20. Poia enai ta pleonektmata thc topologac daktulou?
21. Ti gnwrzete gia thn topologa strou?
22. Analste tic treic morfc elgqou pou mporon na ulopoihjon se mia
topologa strou.
23. Ti enai o pajhtikc kai ti o energc kentrikc kmboc?
24. Poioc enai o rloc thc kuylhc se na asrmato topik dktuo?
25. Pwc epanaqrhsimopoiontai oi suqnthtec se na asrmato topik dktuo?
26. Poiec enai oi dunatc sundseic ekpompc se na asrmato topik dktuo?
27. Ti gnwrzete gia tic sundseic shmeou proc shmeo se na asrmato
topik dktuo?
A.2 Erwtseic ap to Keflaio 8
183
28. Ti ennoome me ton ro Mjodoc elgqou prsbashc sto mso?

29. Ti enai o kentrikc kai ti o katanemhmnoc legqoc?
30. Exhgste thn nnoia tou sugqronismnou kai asugqrnistou elgqou
prsbashc.
31. Ti ennoome me ton ro dunamik dsmeush qwrhtikthtac?
32. Se poiec paradoqc baszontai oi parapnw teqnikc?
33. Ti onomzetai sgkroush?
34. Ti enai h qronojurda?
35. Anafrate ta basik prtupa IEEE-802.Q.
36. Exhgste pwc analontai oi tpoi xxBase-yy kai xxBroad-yy.
A.2
1. Poia enai ta basik qarakthristik twn diktwn prthc deterhc kai

trthc genic?
2. Ti onomzoume antagwnistik mjodo?
3. Ti enai h isomoira?
4. Poioc enai o mgistoc rujmc metdoshc enc diktou prthc genic?
5. Poioc enai o mgistoc rujmc metdoshc enc diktou deterhc genic
kai pwc epiteqjhke h axhsh tou?
6. Ti enai o isoqronismc kai poiec efarmogc den leitourgon swst qwrc
autn?
7. Poia dktua qarakthrzontai wc uyhln epidsewn; Ti rujmoc metdoshc epitugqnoun?
8. Pou dhmiourgjhke to prtupo ALOHA kai ap poion?
9. Ti enai o mgistoc qrnoc plrouc periforc paktou sto dktuo?
10. Me poio trpo bebainetai o apostolac enc paktou sto ALOHA ti
to pakto paradjhke epituqc ston paralpth?
11. Ti enai merik kai ti olik sgkroush?
12. Pwc mporome na apofgoume tic merikc sugkroseic?
13. Poiec enai oi diaforc sugqronismnou kai asugqrnistou ALOHA?
14. Poiec enai oi paradoqc pou prpei na knoume gia na metrsoume me
epituqa thn apdosh tou ALOHA?
15. Poia enai h apdosh tou ALOHA kai poia tou sugqronismnou ALOHA?
Pou ofeletai h diafor?
16. Poia enai h basik diafor ston trpo leitourgac tou ALOHA kai tou
CSMA?
17. Ti shmanei anqneush frontoc?
18. Exhgste ton trpo leitourgac tou mh-epimnon CSMA.
19. Exhgste ton trpo leitourga tou 1-epimnon CSMA.
184
20. Ti ekfrzei to p sto p-epimnon CSMA

21. Pwc energe o kmboc tan jlei na metadsei kai to mso enai kateilhmmno a. Sto mh-epimnon CSMA b. Sto 1-epimnon CSMA g. Sto
p-epimnon CSMA.
22. Taxinomste tic treic parallagc tou CSMA me bsh thn apdosh (ap
th qamhlterh proc thn uyhlterh).
23. Poia enai basik diafor tou CSMA/CD ap to apl CSMA?
24. Poiec enai oi treic katastseic stic opoec mpore na brsketai to kanli
sto CSMA/CD?
25. Psoc enai o qrnoc pou mpore na qreiaste gia na anagnwriste mia
sgkroush?
26. Ti prpei na isqei so afor to qrno metdoshc enc paktou gia
na qoume praktik diafor apdoshc metax tou aplo CSMA kai tou
CSMA/CD?
27. Me tic edouc teqnikc epitugqnetai h anagnrish sugkrosewn sto
CSMA/CD?
28. Me poio trpo upologzetai h dirkeia pou ja apqei nac kmboc pou
proklese mia sgkroush?
29. Poio enai to mgejoc miac qronojurdac apoqc kai giat?
30. Ti enai o duadikc algrijmoc ekjetikc apoqc?
31. Poia enai ta meionektmata tou algorjmou duadikc apoqc?
32. Poia mjodoc prsbashc ulopoietai sto prtupo IEEE-802.3?
33. Poia enai ta basik meionektmata (problmata) twn antagwnistikn
mejdwn prsbashc?
34. Na exhgsete pwc gnetai h metdosh dedomnwn sto prtupo IEEE802.4 (dialou me koupni dileushc)
35. Pwc antimetwpzetai to prblhma twn proteraiottwn sto prtupo IEEE802.4 (dialou me koupni dileushc)?
36. Na perigryete to fusik mso pou qrhsimopoietai sto prtupo IEEE802.4 (dialou me koupni dileushc)
37. Na perigryete tic do katastseic stic opoec mpore na brsketai o
kmboc sto prtupo IEEE-802.5 (daktulou me koupni dileushc)
38. Na perigryete ton trpo metdoshc twn dedomnwn sto prtupo IEEE802.5 (daktlioc me koupni dileushc)
39. Pwc antimetwpzetai to prblhma thc diakopc tou daktulou ( blbhc
enc kmbou) sto prtupo IEEE-802.5?
A.3
185
1. Poia enai ta basik qarakthristik tou diktuako sustmatoc termatikn?

2. Giat ta termatik se na ttoio ssthma onomzontai qaz?
3. Poia enai ta pleonektmata kai poia ta meionektmata tou sustmatoc?
4. Anafrete paradegmata qrshc tou sustmatoc auto smera.
5. Poia enai ta basik qarakthristik tou diktuako sustmatoc omtimwn
stajmn exuphrthshc?
6. Poia enai ta pleonektmata kai meionektmata tou sustmatoc auto?
7. Ti parathrseic mporete na knete gia to leitourgik ssthma twn
mhqanhmtwn se na omtimo dktuo? Poiec uphresec tou den enai sunjwc idiatera aneptugmnec?
8. Anafrete leitourgik sustmata pou enai katllhla gia leitourga se
omtimo dktuo.
9. Poia ta basik qarakthristik tou diktuako sustmatoc me exeidikeumnec leitourgec?
10. Anafrete paradegmata leitourgikn susthmtwn katllhlwn gia stajmoc exuphrthshc (servers).
11. Poia enai ta pleonektmata kai ta meionektmata tou parapnw sustmatoc?
12. Ti enai o antikatoptrismc? (mirroring)
13. Perigryte tic basikc dunatthtec twn diktuakn leitourgikn susthmtwn.
14. Ti shmanoun oi nnoiec anoq ljouc kai epankamyh ap ljoc ?
15. Ti enai ta prwtkolla uyhlo kai ti ta qamhlo epipdou?
16. Ti ennoome me ton ro diktuak sustmata epiqeirsewn?
17. Ti gnwrzete gia thn asfleia tou diktou? Se poiec periptseic qrhsimopoietai sunjwc kruptogrfhsh?
18. Perigryte to montlo Pelthc Stajmc Exuphrthshc
19. Ti enai o Metwpikc Epexergastc?
20. Ti enai ta mhqanik kai hlektrik qarakthristik miac krtac diktou?
21. Poia enai ta basik qarakthristik tou dianoma?
22. Ti enai pajhtikc kai ti energhtikc dianomac?
23. Se poio eppedo tou OSI leitourge o dianomac?
24. Ti topologa epitugqnoume me thn qrsh dianoma?
25. Poia enai h basik leitourga tou epanalpth kai pte ton qrhsimopoiome?
26. Se poio eppedo tou OSI leitourge o epanalpthc?
27. Poioi enai oi basiko tpoi epanalhptn?
186
28. Se poia eppeda tou OSI leitourge h gfura?

29. Na perigryete tic treic basikc leitourgec twn gefurn
30. Poioi enai oi diaforetiko tpoi twn gefurn kai poia h leitourga tou
kje tpou?
31. Ti enai dromolghsh?
32. Se poia eppeda tou OSI leitourge o dromologhtc?
33. Poiec enai oi basikc diaforc dromologht gfurac?
34. Ti enai ta prwtkolla dromolghshc?
35. Poiec enai oi basikc leitourgec tou dromologht?
36. Poiouc pargontec prpei na lboume upyh mac sto sqediasm enc
topiko diktou?
37. Poia teqnik jmata mac apasqolon sthn ulopohsh enc topiko diktou?
38. Ti enai na arjrwt leitourgik ssthma?
39. Anafrate paradegmata arjrwtn leitourgikn susthmtwn
40. Poiec uphresec (rlouc) mpore na qei nac exuphrethtc diktou?
A.4
1.
2.
3.
4.
Na orsete thn nnoia tou endodiktou

Na anafrete ta basik qarakthristik twn endodiktwn
Poia enai ta pleonektmata ap th qrsh twn endodiktwn?
Poia enai ta leitourgik sustmata pou qrhsimopoiontai stouc stajmoc exuphrthshc twn endodiktwn?
5. Ti gnwrzete gia to SSL kai to S-HTTP.
6. Na perigryete ta tra eppeda dialeitourgikthtac twn endodiktwn.
A.5
1. Poio enai to fusik mso sto FDDI kai poia h topologa tou diktou
auto?
2. Poia enai h taqthta metdoshc sto FDDI-I kai poia h mgisth apstash?
3. Pwc pargetai to fwc pou qrhsimopoietai sto FDDI?
4. Poioc enai o rloc tou sullkth? (concentrator)
5. Pwc onomzontai oi daktlioi, kai pwc antimetwpzetai to prblhma thc
diakopc twn daktulwn?
6. Poiec enai oi do klseic kmbwn tou FDDI kai poiec oi diaforc touc?
7. Poiec enai oi do morfc leitourgac tou FDDI-II? Ti epiplon epitugqnoume se sqsh me to FDDI-I?
187
8. Poia enai h taqthta metdoshc tou Fast Ethernet?

9. Poia do prtupa protjhkan gia thn dhmiourga tou Fast Ethernet kai
pou baszetai h leitourga tou kajenc?
10. Me poio trpo epitugqnetai h 10 plsia taqthta sto Fast Ethernet
se sqsh me to klasik?
11. Poia enai ta fusik msa pou qrhsimopoiontai sto Fast Ethernet kai
poiec oi protupopoiseic touc me bsh to IEEE?
12. Ti enai h leitourga thc autmathc diapragmteushc?
13. Ti epitugqnoume me to Full Duplex Ethernet?
14. Poia enai ta edh twn epanalhptn sto Fast Ethernet kai poia ta basik
qarakthristik touc?
A.6
1. Dste nan orism twn diktwn eureac perioqc (DEP)

2. Poiec enai oi basikc diaforc twn DEP ap ta topik dktua? (Anaptxte)
3. Taxinomste ta DEP anloga me thn teqnik metagwgc pou qrhsimopoion (onomastik)
4. Perigryte ta DEP metagwgc kuklmatoc
5. Perigryte ta DEP metagwgc paktou (autodnamou)
6. Perigryte ta DEP metagwgc paktou (me qrsh nohto kuklmatoc)
7. Ti enai ta proswrin kai ti ta mnima noht kuklmata?
8. Poiec enai oi basikc qrseic twn DEP? (Perigraf gia kje ma)
9. Poia enai ta fusik msa twn DEP? (onomastik)
10. Ti xrete gia ta kanlia T/E?
11. Ti gnwrzete gia to SONET?
12. Ti gnwrzete gia tic doruforikc sundseic sta DEP?
13. Ti gnwrzete gia thn qrsh tou ISDN sta DEP?
14. Poia enai ta qarakthristik twn kanalin A, B, C, D, E, H tou ISDN?
15. Ti gnwrzete gia ta kanlia basiko kai prwteontoc rujmo ISDN?
16. Poiec enai oi basikc topologec sta DEP? (onomastik)
17. Ti gnwrzete gia thn topologa omtimou diktou twn DEP?
18. Ti gnwrzete gia thn topologa daktulou twn DEP?
19. Ti gnwrzete gia thn topologa strou twn DEP?
20. Ti enai h dunamik dromolghsh?
21. Ti enai ta bmata (hops)?
22. Ti enai o sullkthc dromologhtc (concentrator router)?
23. Ti enai h plrwc kai ti h merikc sunektik topologa?
188
24.
25.
26.
27.
Poiec topologec onomzontai diktuwt?

Poia topologa twn DEP qei thn kalterh axiopista?
Poia topologa twn DEP qei thn qeirterh epektasimthta?
Poia enai h basik diafor sthn diadrom twn paktwn tan qrhsimopoiome autodnama pakta ap tan qrhsimopoiome noht kklwma?
28. Poia enai ta pleonektmata thc qrshc metagwgc paktou sta DEP
se sqsh me thn metagwg kuklmatoc?
29. Na sugkrnete ta DEP metagwgc kuklmatoc, autodnamou paktou
kai nohto kuklmatoc son afor ta qarakthristik pou anafrontai
paraktw:
Monopti metdoshc
Kajustrhsh sndeshc
Antapkrish se perptwsh meglou frtou
Apleia dedomnwn
Stajerthta rujmo metdoshc
Endimesh apojkeush dedomnwn
Eroc znhc metdoshc
Metdosh Yhfwn Elgqou
30. Poia enai ta basik prtupa gia DEP pou gnwrzete? (onomastik)
31. Poia enai ta basik qarakthristik tou protpou Q.25?
32. Poia enai ta basik qarakthristik tou protpou metagwgc plasou?
(Frame Relay)
33. Poia enai ta basik qarakthristik tou protpou HSSI?
34. Poia enai ta basik qarakthristik tou protpou ISDN?
35. Poia enai ta basik qarakthristik tou protpou PPP?
36. Poia enai ta basik qarakthristik tou protpou SMDS?
A.7
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Poia angkh dhmiorghse to prtupo Q.25?

Ti enai to DTE?
Ti enai to DCE?
Ti enai kai pte qrhsimopoietai to PAD?
Ti enai ta proswrin kai ti ta mnima noht kuklmata?
Poia enai h dom tou plaisou plhroforac tou Q.25?
Poia enai ta pleonektmata thc apostolc twn dedomnwn se poll
mikr pakta?
8. Perigryte ta tra eppeda epikoinwnac sto Q.25
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
Ti rujmoc metdoshc epitugqnoume sto prtupo FR?

Ti enai oi suskeuc FRAD?
Perigryte th dom tou plaisou sto prtupo FR
Poiec enai oi kriec diaforc metax Q.25 kai FR?
Giat to FR epibarnei ligtero to dktuo ap to Q.25?
Poia enai ta shmantik pleonektmata thc metagwgc plaisou?
Poia enai ta pleonektmata thc metagwgc plaisou se sqsh me to
Q.25?
Poia enai ta tssera eppeda tou prwtokllou TCP/IP?
Ti enai ta prwtkolla me sndesh kai ti ta qwrc sndesh?
Perigryte ta 6 prwtkolla thc oikogneiac TCP/IP (TCP, IP, UDP,
ICMP, ARP, RARP)
Poia enai h leitourga twn prwtokllwn ARP kai RARP?
Poia enai h leitourga tou ICMP?
Poia enai h leitourga tou UDP?
Poia enai h leitourga tou IP?
Perigryte ta do tmmata ap ta opoa apoteletai mia diejunsh IP
Poiec enai oi tsseric klseic twn diktwn? Psa duadik yhfa qrhsimopoiontai gia kje tmma diejunshc se kje klsh?
Pte qrhsimopoietai h klsh D?
Poioc enai o skopc tou sustmatoc onomasac perioqn (DNS)?
Pwc anaparistnetai mia diejunsh IP me dekadikoc arijmoc?
Ti enai oi jrec (ports) sto TCP?
Ti enai oi arijmo akoloujac kai epibebawshc sto TCP?
Ti enai to prblhma thc lxhc qrnou?
Giat enai polploko to prblhma thc epanametdoshc dedomnwn se
peribllon Diadiktou?
A.8
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
189
Ti ennoome me ton ro diaqerish diktou?

Ap ti apoteletai to montlo diaqeirist antiprospou?
Ti enai ta diaqeirizmena stoiqea diktou (Network Elements)?
Ti enai o antiprswpoc (agent)?
Ti enai o diaqeiristc (manager)?
Poioc enai o rloc thc bshc plhroforin diktou (MIB)?
Ti enai to prwtkollo diaqerishc diktou (Network Management Protocol)?
8. Pte qrhsimopoietai o plhrexosioc antiprswpoc (proxy agent)?
190
9. Ti enai oi perioqc diaqerishc (management domains)?

10. Ti enai h platfrma diaqerishc diktou?
11. Ap poia mrh apoteletai h platfrma diaqerishc diktou (onomastik)?
12. Poiec enai oi dunatthtec tou diktuako qrth?
13. Ti enai h diepaf progrmmatoc efarmogc (API)?
14. Poiec enai oi arqitektonikc diaqerishc (onomastik)?
15. Ti gnwrzete gia thn Kentrik (Centralized) arqitektonik diaqerishc?
16. Ti gnwrzete gia thn Ierarqik (Hierarchical) arqitektonik diaqerishc?
17. Ti gnwrzete gia thn Katanemhmnh (Distributed) arqitektonik diaqerishc?
18. Poia ta basik pleonektmata thc Katanemhmnhc arqitektonikc diaqerishc?
19. Ti kajorzoun ta prwtkolla diaqerishc?
20. Poia prwtkolla diaqerishc qrhsimopoiontai sto montlo OSI?
21. Poia prwtkolla diaqerishc qrhsimopoiontai sto TCP/IP?
22. Pwc gnetai h antallag dedomnwn metax diaqeirist antiprospou
sto SNMP?
23. Ti enai oi metablhtc se na antiprswpo SNMP?
24. Pwc ulopoietai na montlo asfleiac sto SNMP?
25. Pte nac SNMP antiprswpoc qarakthrzetai plhrexosioc?
26. Poiec enai oi basikc diaforc metax tou SNMP kai tou SNMP v2?
Parrthma B
Jmata Panellhnwn
Exetsewn
192
Jmata Panellhnwn Exetsewn
B.1
JEMATA 2002
JEMA 1o
1.
Na
anafrete
poietai
onomas tik
to ss thma thc
ta
pnte
(5)
uposus tmata
domhmnhc kalwdwshc
me
ta
opoa
ulo-
enc ktirou.
Mondec 5
2.
Se
na
ssthma
domhmnhc
kalwdwshc
enc
ktirou
na
perigryete
to
upossthma kentrikc diasndeshc.
Mondec 10
3.
Ti enai sgkroush kai ti enai sllhyh kat th metdosh dedomnwn se

na topik
dktuo?
Mondec 10
JEMA 2o
1.
Na
perigryete
mh-epimnon
ton
CSMA
trpo
leitourgac
tou
1-epimnon
CSMA
kai
tou
. (Den qreizetai na kataskeusete sqma).
Mondec 13
2.
Na
perigryete
tic
katas tseic
stic
opoec mpore
na brsketai to
sug-
CSMA/CD
qronismno kanli kat to prtupo
. (Den qreizetai na ka-
taskeusete sqma).
Mondec 12
JEMA 3o
1.
Na
perigryete
kai na
to
diktuak
ssthma
anafrete ta pleonektmat
omtimwn
stajmn
exuphrthshc
tou.
Mondec 15
2.
Ti
enai
dianomac
kataskeusete
kai
poia
kria
ergasa
tou?
(Den
qreizetai
na
sqma).
Mondec 7
3.
Na
anafrete onomastik tic
kathgorec twn dianomwn.
Mondec 3
JEMA 4o
1.
Qwrc
na
na
anaferjete
perigryete
tso
gia
gia ton
th
tic
stouc
tpouc
periptseic
diasndesh
do
stic
kai
stic
opoec
perissotrwn
epimerism enc topiko
leitourgec
twn
qrhsimopoietai
topikn
gefurn,
mia
diktwn,
gfura,
so
kai
diktou.
Mondec 16
2.
Na
anafrete
touc
lgouc
stouc
opoouc
ofelontai
kurwc
ta
probl-
mata pou dhmiourgontai kat th diasndesh eterogenn diktuakn sus thmtwn.
Mondec 9
B.2 JEMATA 2003
B.2
193
JEMATA 2003
JEMA 1o
1.
Na perigryete ton trpo metdoshc dedomnwn sto prtupo IEEE 802.4

(dktuo dialou
me koupni dileushc).
Mondec 15
2.
Na
orsete
kai
na
perigryete
th
leitourga
thc
autmathc
diapragm-
teushc.
Mondec 10
JEMA 2o
1.
Na
perigryete
ta
qarakthris tik
tou
diktuako
sus tmatoc
termati-
kn, sumperilambanomnwn twn pleonekthmtwn kai meionekthmtwn tou

(den apaitetai sqma).
Mondec 12
2.
Na
perigryete
th
diafneia
(mjhsh)
wc
leitourga
twn
gefurn
(den
apaitetai sqma).
Mondec 7
3.
Poiec
enai
kai poioc
oi
pijanc
blbec
sto
kalwdiak
mso
tou
protpou
FDDI
o trpoc antimetpisc touc?
Mondec 6
JEMA 3o
1.
Ti
enai
endodktuo
(intranet)
kai
poia
enai
ta
basik
qarakthristik
tou?
Mondec 10
2.
Me
poion
nwn
se
trpo
na
epitugqnetai
peribllon
asfleia
endodiktou?
De
thc
epikoinwnac
qreizetai
na
twn
dedom-
anaferjete
se
sugkekrimna prwtkolla.
Mondec 6
3.
Na perigryete touc tpouc tou fusiko msou sto prtupo 100
Ethernet
Mbps
Mondec 9
JEMA 4o
1.
Na
perigryete
tic
shmantikc
(DEP) ap ta topik dktua
diaforc
twn
diktwn
eureac
perioqc
(TD).
Mondec 15
2.
Na
perigryete
th
merikc
sunektik
topologa
sta
dktua
eureac
pe-
rioqc (DEP) kai na dsete na endeiktik sqma thc topologac autc.
Mondec 10
194
B.3
JEMATA 2004
JEMA 1o
1.
Ti enai
o dia
oiras
c logis
iko se
na topik dktuo?
Mondec 8
2.
Na
perigryete
tic
treic
(3)
orfc
jon sthn topologa s trou
elgqou
sta topik
pou
poron
na
ulopoih-
dktua.
Mondec 12
3.
Na
orsete thn nnoia
tou isoqronis
o.
Mondec 5
JEMA 2o
1.
Na
perigryete
tetai
th
leitourga
tou
sugqronis
nou
ALOHA
(den
apai-
sq
a).
Mondec 8
2.
Na
perigryete tic treic (3)
basikc leitourgec twn dro
ologhtn.
Mondec 9
3.
Na orsete th dialeitourgikthta sta endodktua kai na anafrete ono

ta tra
astik
(3) epped thc.
Mondec 8
JEMA 3o
1.
Na
perigryete th
leitourga tou
Full Duplex Ethernet
Mondec 5
2.
Na
perigryete
protpou 100
th
leitourga
twn
epanalhptn
Class I
kai
Class II
tou
Mbps Ethernet.
Mondec 14
3.
Na taxino
e thn
sete ono
teqnik
astik ta dktua eureac perioqc (
etagwgc
EP), s
fwna
pou qrhsi
opoion.
Mondec 6
JEMA 4o
1.
Na perigryete th leitourga twn suskeun prsbashc

sou (
FRAD
) tou
protpou
etagwgc
plaisou
etagwgc plai-
(FR)
Mondec 5
2.
Na
perigryete
(FR)
. (
th
do
tou
en apaitetai sq
plaisou
sto
prtupo
etagwgc
plaisou
a).
Mondec 12
3.
Ti
enai
kai
zhtontai
ti
angkec
kalptei
platfr
diaqerishc
diktou?
en
ta stoiqea pou thn apotelon).
Mondec 8
B.4 JEMATA 2005
B.4
195
JEMATA 2005
JEMA 1o
1.
Ti enai
Prwtkollo Epikoinwnac kai ti
enai Isomoira?
Mondec 6
2.
Na anafrete tic paradoqc pou prpei na gnoun gia na metrhje h apdosh tou
asugqrnis tou
ALOHA.
Mondec 10
3.
Na
dsete ta paraktw qarakthris tik
Fusik
mso,
mso
metdoshc,
Mgis th
nolik
Topologa,
aps tash
metax
tou
FDDI
Mjodoc
do
elgqou
diadoqikn
aps tash, Mgis to pljoc kmbwn pou
prsbashc
kmbwn,
Mgis th
sto
su-
mporon na sundejon
Mondec 9
JEMA 2o
1.
Na perigryete thn katstash antagwnismo tou kanalio epikoinwnac
CSMA/CD
sto prtupo
Mondec 10
2.
Sta
Topik
kai pte h
Dktua,
topologa
pte
apotele
kal
epilog
topologa
Dialou
'Astrou?
Mondec 6
3.
Poiec enai oi leitourgec thc platfrmac diaqerishc thc Kentrikc Arqitektonikc
Diaqerishc Diktou?
Mondec 9
JEMA 3o
1.
Ti enai
oi diatxeic
DTE, DCE
kai
PAD
tou protpou Q.25?
Mondec 9
2.
Poia
enai
pakta
ta
pleonektmata
thc
apostolc
dedomnwn
se
poll
mikr
sto prtupo Q.25?
Mondec 8
3.
Na perigryete ta do (2) edh nohtn kuklwmtwn tou protpou Q.25

kai na
dsete na pardeigma
gia to
kajna.
Mondec 8
JEMA 4o
1.
Ti enai
kai ti knoun oi
Antiprswpoi
sth Diaqerish
Diktou?
Mondec 3
2.
Na
anafrete ta
pleonektmata twn Endodiktwn.
196
Mondec 8
3.
(time - out)
TCP
Na perigryete ton trpo diaqerishc thc lxhc qrnou

twn epanametadsewn
(retransmissions)
tou protpou
kai
Mondec 14
B.5 JEMATA 2006
B.5
197
JEMATA 2006
JEMA 1o
1.
Na
perigryete
thn
topologa
dntrou
sta
topik
dktua
kai
na
anaf-
rete ta prsjeta meionektmat thc se sqsh me thn topologa dialou

Mondec 8
2.
Gia
poiec
grammc
(MAC)
leitourgec
(LLC)
enai
upejuno
to
upoeppedo
elgqou
logikc
kai gia poiec to upoeppedo elgqou prsbashc sto mso
sta topik dktua?
Mondec 6
3.
Pc antimetwpsthke ap to prtupo IEEE 802.5 (daktlioc me koupni

dileushc)
to
prblhma
thc
katrreushc
blbh tou kalwdiako msou?
tou
diktou
ap
endeqmenh
Mondec 7
4.
Na
anafrete onomastik touc
tpouc twn epanalhptn.
Mondec 4
JEMA 2o
1.
Ti
ekfrzei
sete
ti
rujmc
shmanei
1, 5x109
na
sflmatoc
enai
duadiko
rujmc
yhfou
sflmatoc
(BER)
duadiko
Na
yhfou
exhgsoc
me
Mondec 7
2.
Poia
enai
s thmtwn
ta
tssera
(4)
basik
qarakthris tik
twn
leitourgikn
su-
twn topikn diktwn?
Mondec 10
3.
Pc diaqeirzetai to dktuo dialou me koupni dileushc (prtupo IEEE

802.4) thn proteraithta twn paktwn pou diajtei gia apostol o kje
kmboc;
Mondec 8
JEMA 3o
1.
Na anafrete ta pleonektmata thc metagwgc paktou se sqsh me th

metagwg
kuklmatoc sta
dktua eureac perioqc (DEP).
Mondec 10
2.
Poia
enai
ktua
eureac
ta
qarakthris tik
perioqc
(DEP)
thc
topologac
kai
poioi
oi
omtimou
basiko
diktou
periorismo
sta
thc?
d-
(den
apaitetai sqma).
Mondec 10
3.
Ti epiplon parqei to
FDDI-II
se sqsh me
to
FDDI-I
198
Mondec 5
JEMA 4o
1.
Ti
enai
mas tik
kai
ta
poio
skop
s toiqea
qei
ap
ta
diaqerish
opoa
diktou?
apoteletai
to
Na
anafrete
montlo
ono-
diaqeirist-
antiprospou.
Mondec 7
2.
Poiec enai oi kriec diaforc metax twn protpwn Q.25 kai metagwgc
plaisou
(FR)
Mondec 9
3.
Na perigryete analutik ta eppeda sta opoa ulopoietai h epikoinwna

sto prtupo Q.25.
Mondec 9
Parrthma G
GNU Free Documentation

License
200

Version 1.2, November 2002
c
Copyright 2000,2001,2002
Free Software
Foundation, Inc.
51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
02110-1301 USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and
distribute verbatim copies of this license
document, but changing it is not allowed.
Preamble
The purpose of this License is to make
a manual, textbook, or other functional and
useful document free in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or
without modifying it, either commercially
or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher
a way to get credit for their work, while not
being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
This License is a kind of copyleft,
which means that derivative works of the
document must themselves be free in the
same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order
to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for
any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed
book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction
or reference.
1. APPLICABILITY AND
DEFINITIONS
This License applies to any manual or
other work, in any medium, that contains a
notice placed by the copyright holder saying
it can be distributed under the terms of this
License. Such a notice grants a world-wide,
royalty-free license, unlimited in duration,

to use that work under the conditions stated
herein. The Document, below, refers to
any such manual or work. Any member of
the public is a licensee, and is addressed as
you. You accept the license if you copy,
modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under copyright law.
A Modified Version of the Document means any work containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into another language.
A Secondary Section is a named
appendix or a front-matter section of the
Document that deals exclusively with the
relationship of the publishers or authors of
the Document to the Documents overall
subject (or to related matters) and contains
nothing that could fall directly within that
overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is
in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter
of historical connection with the subject or
with related matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.
The Invariant Sections are certain
Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections,
in the notice that says that the Document
is released under this License. If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may
contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.
The Cover Texts are certain short
passages of text that are listed, as FrontCover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the
notice that says that the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover
Text may be at most 5 words, and a BackCover Text may be at most 25 words.
A Transparent copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose specification is
available to the general public, that is suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely avail-
201
able drawing editor, and that is suitable for
input to text formatters or for automatic
translation to a variety of formats suitable
for input to text formatters. A copy made in
an otherwise Transparent file format whose
markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent
modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is not Transparent
if used for any substantial amount of text.
A copy that is not Transparent is called
Opaque.
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without
markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly
available DTD, and standard-conforming
simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed
for human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF
and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and edited
only by proprietary word processors, SGML
or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and
the machine-generated HTML, PostScript
or PDF produced by some word processors
for output purposes only.
The Title Page means, for a printed
book, the title page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
material this License requires to appear in
the title page. For works in formats which
do not have any title page as such, Title
Page means the text near the most prominent appearance of the works title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
A section Entitled XYZ means a
named subunit of the Document whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ
in parentheses following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ
stands for a specific section name mentioned
below, such as Acknowledgements,
Dedications, Endorsements, or
History.) To Preserve the Title
of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a section Entitled XYZ according to this definition.
The Document may include Warranty
Disclaimers next to the notice which states
that this License applies to the Document.
These Warranty Disclaimers are considered
to be included by reference in this License,
but only as regards disclaiming warranties:

any other implication that these Warranty
Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License.
2. VERBATIM COPYING
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially
or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license
notice saying this License applies to the
Document are reproduced in all copies, and
that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not
use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the
copies you make or distribute. However,
you may accept compensation in exchange
for copies. If you distribute a large enough
number of copies you must also follow the
conditions in section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the
same conditions stated above, and you may
publicly display copies.
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
If you publish printed copies (or copies
in media that commonly have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than
100, and the Documents license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover
Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover
Texts on the back cover. Both covers must
also clearly and legibly identify you as the
publisher of these copies. The front cover
must present the full title with all words of
the title equally prominent and visible. You
may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the
covers, as long as they preserve the title of
the Document and satisfy these conditions,
can be treated as verbatim copying in other
respects.
If the required texts for either cover are
too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put
the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the
rest onto adjacent pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque
copies of the Document numbering more
202
than 100, you must either include a

machine-readable Transparent copy along
with each Opaque copy, or state in or
with each Opaque copy a computer-network
location from which the general networkusing public has access to download using
public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document,
free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of
Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that
this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least
one year after the last time you distribute
an Opaque copy (directly or through your
agents or retailers) of that edition to the
public.
It is requested, but not required, that
you contact the authors of the Document
well before redistributing any large number
of copies, to give them a chance to provide
you with an updated version of the Document.
4. MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modified
Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided
that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever
possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must
do these things in the Modified Version:
A. Use in the Title Page (and on the
covers, if any) a title distinct from
that of the Document, and from
those of previous versions (which
should, if there were any, be listed
in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title
as a previous version if the original
publisher of that version gives permission.
B. List on the Title Page, as authors,
one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of
its principal authors, if it has fewer

than five), unless they release you
from this requirement.
C. State on the Title page the name of
the publisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher.
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of
the Document.
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice
for your modifications adjacent to
the other copyright notices.
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the
Modified Version under the terms of
this License, in the form shown in the
Addendum below.
G. Preserve in that license notice the
full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Documents license notice.
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
I. Preserve the section Entitled History, Preserve its Title, and add to
it an item stating at least the title,
year, new authors, and publisher of
the Modified Version as given on the
Title Page. If there is no section
Entitled History in the Document,
create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document
as given on its Title Page, then add
an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence.
J. Preserve the network location, if any,
given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the
Document, and likewise the network
locations given in the Document for
previous versions it was based on.
These may be placed in the History section. You may omit a network location for a work that was
published at least four years before
the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers
to gives permission.
K. For any section Entitled Acknowledgements or Dedications, Preserve the Title of the section, and
203
preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or
dedications given therein.
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections
of the Document, unaltered in their
text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
M. Delete any section Entitled Endorsements. Such a section may not
be included in the Modified Version.
N. Do not retitle any existing section
to be Entitled Endorsements or to
conflict in title with any Invariant
Section.
O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
If the Modified Version includes new
front-matter sections or appendices that
qualify as Secondary Sections and contain
no material copied from the Document, you
may at your option designate some or all of
these sections as invariant. To do this, add
their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in
the Modified Versions license notice. These
titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
You may add a section Entitled Endorsements, provided it contains nothing
but endorsements of your Modified Version
by various partiesfor example, statements
of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five
words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover
Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts
in the Modified Version. Only one passage
of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover
Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the
same cover, previously added by you or by
arrangement made by the same entity you
are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on
explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the
Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for
or to assert or imply endorsement of any

Modified Version.
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
You may combine the Document with
other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4
above for modified versions, provided that
you include in the combination all of the
Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in
its license notice, and that you preserve all
their Warranty Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain
one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced
with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
different contents, make the title of each
such section unique by adding at the end
of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if
known, or else a unique number. Make the
same adjustment to the section titles in the
list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
In the combination, you must combine
any sections Entitled History in the various original documents, forming one section
Entitled History; likewise combine any
sections Entitled Acknowledgements, and
any sections Entitled Dedications. You
must delete all sections Entitled Endorsements.
6. COLLECTIONS OF
DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting
of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the
individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you
follow the rules of this License for verbatim
copying of each of the documents in all other
respects.
You may extract a single document
from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you
insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in
204
all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically

require changing the actual title.
7. AGGREGATION WITH
INDEPENDENT WORKS
9. TERMINATION
A compilation of the Document or its

derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is
called an aggregate if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to
limit the legal rights of the compilations
users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an
aggregate, this License does not apply to
the other works in the aggregate which are
not themselves derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section
3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one
half of the entire aggregate, the Documents
Cover Texts may be placed on covers that
bracket the Document within the aggregate,
or the electronic equivalent of covers if the
Document is in electronic form. Otherwise
they must appear on printed covers that
bracket the whole aggregate.
8. TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms
of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections
with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you
may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original
versions of these Invariant Sections. You
may include a translation of this License,
and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original
versions of those notices and disclaimers. In
case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License
or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled Acknowledgements, Dedications,
or History, the requirement (section 4) to
You may not copy, modify, sublicense,

or distribute the Document except as expressly provided for under this License. Any
other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or
distribute the Document is void, and will
automatically terminate your rights under
this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full
compliance.
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF

THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may
publish new, revised versions of the GNU
Free Documentation License from time to
time. Such new versions will be similar in
spirit to the present version, but may differ
in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
Each version of the License is given a
distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
version of this License or any later version
applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that
specified version or of any later version that
has been published (not as a draft) by the
Free Software Foundation. If the Document
does not specify a version number of this
License, you may choose any version ever
published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
ADDENDUM: How to use this

License for your documents
To use this License in a document you
have written, include a copy of the License
in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title
page:
c
Copyright YEAR
YOUR
NAME. Permission is granted
to copy, distribute and/or
modify this document under
the terms of the GNU Free
205
Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version

published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no FrontCover Texts, and no BackCover Texts. A copy of the
license is included in the section entitled GNU Free Documentation License.
with the Front-Cover Texts

being LIST, and with the
Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
If you have Invariant Sections without

Cover Texts, or some other combination of
the three, merge those two alternatives to
suit the situation.
If your document contains nontrivial
If you have Invariant Sections, FrontCover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace
the with...Texts. line with this:
examples of program code, we recommend
with the Invariant Sections

being LIST THEIR TITLES,
the GNU General Public License, to permit
releasing these examples in parallel under

your choice of free software license, such as
their use in free software.

Μετάδοση Δεδομένων Και Δίκτυα Υπολογιστών

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Μετάδοση Δεδομένων Και Δίκτυα Υπολογιστών

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Metdosh Dedomnwn kai Dktua Upologistn To Anepshmo Bojhma

3h 'Ekdosh Qani, 12/10/2006

touc rouc thc 'Adeiac Elejerhc Tekmhrwshc

opoiasdpote epmenhc pwc ekddetai ap to 'Idruma Elejerou

Free Documentation License

teleutaa kdosh tou biblou

O mnoc alhjinc nmoc enai ekenoc pou odhge sthn eleujera,

Eisagwg sta Topik Dktua

Basik Stoiqea Topikn Diktwn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Prtupa Topikn Diktwn

Ulik Topikn Diktwn

11 Eisagwg sta Dktua Uyhln Epidsewn

11.3 Endodktua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

11.3.3 Domik Stoiqea Endodiktwn . . . . . . . . .

12 Prtupa Diktwn Uyhln Epidsewn

12.1 Prtupa FDDI-I kai FDDI-II . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14 Eisagwg sta Dktua Eureac Perioqc

15 Prtupa Diktwn Eureac Perioqc

14.1 Stoiqea Diktwn Eureac Perioqc . . . . . . . . . .

15.1.3 H Leitourga tou Q.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16.3 Diaqerish Diktou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B Jmata Panellhnwn Exetsewn

GNU Free Documentation License

Tupik Dktuo Sqoliko Ergasthrou

Metdosh Asgqronou ALOHA . . . .

Diepaf 802.5: Katstash Akrashc . . . . .

Diktuak ssthma termatikn . . . . . . . . . . .

DEP Metagwgc Kuklmatoc

15.1 Termatik DTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16.1 Pardeigma Montlou Diaqeirist - Antiprospou . . . . . .

Basik Stoiqea Topikn Diktwn

Orismc, basikc nnoiec, taxinmhsh, qarakthris tik

Mpore na enai ensrmato asrmato.

Eisagwg sta Topik Dktua

Sqma 7.1: Tupik Dktuo Sqoliko Ergasthrou

Dikrish topikn diktwn ap lla dktua.

Ektc ap ta topik dktua uprqoun akma ta mhtropolitik dktua kai ta

'Eqoun egkatesthmno mkoc kalwdwshc ap 100-200 qilimetra.

'Eqoun egkatesthmnh kalwdwsh pnw ap 200 qilimetra.

Genic topikn diktwn

Ta topik dktua diakrnontai se treic genic anloga me thn teqnologa touc

7.1 Basik Stoiqea Topikn Diktwn

To asrmato dktuo mpore plon na kostzei ligtero se egkatstash

Qrsh topikn diktwn

Eisagwg sta Topik Dktua

Sqma 7.2: Apl Topik Dktuo

'Enac sqediogrfoc (plotter).

To topik dktuo epitrpei ton diamoirasm

7.1 Basik Stoiqea Topikn Diktwn

apeujeac se kpoio stajm ergasac. To kuritero pleonkthma tou

Eisagwg sta Topik Dktua

Se pollc periptseic, qrstec

Omdec sunergasac qrhstn:

Ta topik dktua dnoun

7.1 Basik Stoiqea Topikn Diktwn

Enai h taqthta me thn opoa metafrontai

'Otan uprqei epikoinwna do

Metdosh shmeo proc shmeo

'Otan nac kmboc metaddei tautqrona to

Rujmc sflmatoc duadiko yhfou

Anafretai ston trpo me ton

'Elegqoc prsbashc sto mso

Eisagwg sta Topik Dktua

H arqitektonik enc diktou kajorzetai ap:

O mnoc alhjinc nmoc enai ekenoc pou odhge sthn eleujera,