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Aerospace
Aerospace
AEROFOIL
is technically defined as any surface, such as an airplane aileron, elevator, rudder, wing, main rotor
blades, or tail rotor blades designed to obtain reaction from the air through which it moves.
ASSYMETRICAL AEROFOIL
SYMETRICAL AEROFOIL
NACA1203
NACA0003
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA)
Maximum Camber as percentage : 0.01 X C
Position of Maximum Camber
: 0.2 X C
Airfoil thickness as percentage
: 0.03 X C
C : Chord
Angle of Attack ()
This is the acute angle measured between the chord of an aerofoil and the relative wind.
Lift:
BERNOULLIS PRINCIPLE:
This principle states that as the air velocity increases, the pressure
decreases; and as the velocity decreases, the pressure increases .
When air flows over the wing, Pressure P1 is created on the bottom
surface due to velocity V1
Pressure P2 is created on the Top surface due to Velocity V2
P2<P1 Since V1<V2
Low pressure created on the upper surface of an airplane's wings
compared to the pressure on the wing's lower surfaces, causing the
wing to be LIFTED upward.
This Produces a Resultant Upward Force called LIFT
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION
OVER AN AEROFOIL
CAUSE OF LIFT
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RADOME:
COCKPIT:
A compartment in the front of the airplane where the flight crew performs their job of
flying the aircraft.
FUSELAGE
The main body structure of the airplane is fuselage to which all other components
(such as wings and empennage) are attached. The fuselage contains the cockpit or
flight deck, passenger compartment and cargo compartment.
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Straight Wing
Swept Wing
Oblique Wing
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BI- PLANE
DELTA WING
TRI- PLANE
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Winglet:
Wingtip devices are usually intended to improve the efficiency of fixed wing air craft, to reduce the
aircraft's drag by altering the airflow near the wingtips
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WING:
A part an airplane that is attached to the fuselage. Wings are shaped like
airfoils and are used to provide lift for the airplane
FLAPS:
Flaps are Moveable parts of the trailing edge of a wing that are used to
increase lift at slower air speeds. Flaps increase lift by changing the shape of
the airfoil.
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SLATS:
Slats are movable auxiliary airfoil located on the leading edge of the wings. When
closed, it forms part of the normal contour of the wing; when opened it forms a slot
and increases lift.
SLOT:
An elongated passage through a wing whose primary function is to improve the air
flow over the wing at high angles of attack.
Flaps and slats are used during takeoff and landing. They enable the airplane to
get off the ground quickly and to land slowly.
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SPOILER
A device, normally located on the top of the wing, for changing the airflow around
a wing to reduce lift
EMPENNAGE:
The aft portion of an aircraft, usually consisting of vertical stabilizer, horizontal
stabilizer, to which control surfaces such as elevators and rudders are attached.
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HORIZONTAL STABILIZER:
At the rear of the fuselage of most aircraft one finds a horizontal stabilizer and an
elevator. The horizontal stabilizer is a fixed wing section whose job is to provide
stability for the aircraft, to keep it flying straight. The horizontal stabilizer prevents
up-and-down, or pitching, motion of the aircraft nose. It is also known as a tail plane.
The elevator is the small moving section at the rear of the stabilizer that is attached
to the fixed sections by hinges.
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ELEVATORS:
Elevators are Control surfaces on the horizontal part of the tail that are used to make
The aircraft pitch. Pulling back on the control stick will raise the elevators. This causes
the aircraft to pitch and increase the angle of attack.
VERTICAL STABILIZER:
At the rear of the fuselage of most aircraft one finds a vertical stabilizer and a
rudder. The stabilizer is a fixed wing section whose job is to provide stability for the
aircraft, to keep it flying straight. The vertical stabilizer prevents side-to-side, or
yawing, motion of the aircraft nose. It is also known as a fin. The rudder is the small
moving section at the rear of the stabilizer that is attached to the fixed sections by
hinges.
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RUDDER:
Rudder is a control surface on the trailing edge of the vertical stabilizer that is used
to make the aircraft yaw. The rudder is controlled by rudder pedals. Pushing the left
rudder pedal will tilt the rudder to the left. This will cause the nose of the aircraft to
turn to the left.
JET ENGINE:
An engine provides the thrust force that pushes the airplane through the air.
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CONTROLLING MOTION
An airplane has three control surfaces: ailerons, elevators and a rudder. Within the
cockpit, two controls operate the control surfaces. The control stick controls the
ailerons and elevators. The rudder pedals control the rudders.
Once in flight, an airplane can have six motions along and around the three axes.
TRANSLATIONAL MOTION
Motion along a straight line, such as an axis. The translational motions of an aircraft
are forward and back along the longitudinal axis, side to side along the lateral axis,
and up and down along the vertical axis.
ROTATIONAL MOTION
Pitch, roll and yaw are the rotational motions of an airplane around the lateral,
longitudinal and vertical axes.
Pitch : A rotational motion in which an airplane turns around its lateral axis.
Elevators are Control surfaces on the horizontal part of the tail that are used to make
the aircraft pitch.
Roll : A rotational motion in which the aircraft turns around its longitudinal axis.
Ailerons are Control surfaces on the trailing edge of each wing that are used to
make the aircraft roll.
Yaw : A rotational motion in which the aircraft turns around its vertical axis.
Rudder is a control surface on the trailing edge of the vertical stabilizer that is used
to make the aircraft yaw.
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A force may be thought of as a push or pull in a specific direction. This slide shows
the forces that act on an airplane in flight.
Weight
Weight is the force generated by the gravitational attraction of the earth on the
airplane. The weight force pulls an aircraft toward the Earth and must be overcome
by a combination of lift and thrust.
Lift
Lift is an aerodynamic force that is perpendicular to the airflow around an aircraft. In
normal flight, the lift force "lifts" the aircraft into the air. But most aircraft lift is
generated by the wings.
Drag
Drag is the aerodynamic force that opposes an aircraft's motion through the air.
Drag is generated by every part of the airplane. As the aircraft flies through the air, it
resists the motion of the aircraft. This resistance is due to friction between the air
molecules and the surface of the aircraft.
Factors that affect the magnitude of the drag force including: the shape of the
airplane, the "stickiness" of the air, the speed.
Thrust
Thrust is a mechanical force generated by the engines to move the aircraft through
the air. The magnitude of the thrust depends on many factors associated with the
propulsion system: type of engine, number of engines, throttle setting, and speed.
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Monocoque, from Greek for single (mono) and French for shell
(coque), is a construction technique that supports structural load by
using an object's external skin as opposed to using an internal frame
or truss that is then covered with a non-load-bearing skin. Monocoque
construction was first widely used in aircraft in the 1930s. Structural
skin is another term for the same concept. Douglas DC-3
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DOUBLER:
A second sheet or plate installed next to the web or skin in a small area subject to
high local loads to provide a double thickness of material.
A Tripler is a third sheet to provide three layers of material.
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FRAME:
A circumferential structural member in the body that supports the stringers and skin.
DECK:
The horizontal floor in the control cabin or passenger cabin. The horizontal
structure to support fuselage tank
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BULKHEAD:
A heavy structural member in the fuselage to contain pressures or fluids or to disperse
concentrated loads. A heavy circumferential frame that may or may not be entirely
closed by a web.
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FAIRING:
An auxiliary structural member shaped to provide a smooth flow of air and reduce
drag of a part to which it is fitted.
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LONGERON:
A principal longitudinal member of the framing of an aircraft fuselage.
Usually continuous across a number of points of support.
SKIN:
The outside covering of an aircraft.
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STRINGER:
Longitudinal members in the fuselage or span wise members in the wing to transmit
skin loads into the body frames or wing ribs.
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STIFFENER:
A metal part, other than flat sheet, formed or extruded and used in the framing of a
structure to provide rigidity.
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WEB:
A thin-gage plate of sheet, when supported by stiffening angles and framing, provides
great shear strength for its weight. Used in many applications throughout an aircraft
because of its strength to weight ratio.
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RIB:
A light structure conforming to the shape of the airfoil over which the skin is attached
and which transfers the air load to the spars.
CLIP:
Sometimes called as a bracket. Usually a small angle used to attach light
weight parts such as wiring clamps
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SPARS:
A principal span wise beam in the structure of a wing, stabilizer. It is usually a
primary load carrying member in the structure.
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CHORD:
Sometimes called as a cap. A strong member that forms the edges of beam structures
or heavy frames.
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HAT SECTION:
The cross-section shape of the stringers used in the fuselage. A common rolled
shape that looks like a top hat with the brim curled up.
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Composite materials (or composites)are engineered materials made from two or more
constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties which remain
separate and distinct on a macroscopic level within the finished structure.
Composites are made up of individual materials referred to as constituent materials. There are two
categories of constituent materials: matrix and reinforcement. The matrix material surrounds and
supports the reinforcement materials by maintaining their relative positions. Engineered composite
materials must be formed to shape. The matrix material can be introduced to the reinforcement
before or after the reinforcement material is placed into the mold cavity or onto the mold surface.
The matrix material experiences a melding event, after which the part shape is essentially set.
Depending upon the nature of the matrix material, this melding event can occur in various ways
such as chemical polymerization or solidification from the melted state.
A variety of molding methods can be used according to the end-item design requirements. The
principal factors impacting the methodology are the natures of the chosen matrix and reinforcement
materials. Another important factor is the gross quantity of material to be produced. Large quantities
can be used to justify high capital expenditures for rapid and automated manufacturing technology.
Small production quantities are accommodated with lower capital expenditures but higher labor and
tooling costs at a correspondingly slower rate. Most commercially produced composites use a
polymer matrix material often called a resin solution. There are many different polymers available
depending upon the starting raw ingredients. There are several broad categories, each with
numerous variations. The most common are known as polyester, vinyl ester, epoxy,phenolic,
polymide,polyamide,polypropylene,PEEK, and others. The reinforcement materials are often fibers.
As a rule of thumb hand lay up results in a product containing 60% resin and 40% fibre, whereas
vacuum infusion gives a final product with 40% resin and 60% fibre content. The strength of the
product is greatly dependent on this ratio.
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