أسس كهربية و الكترونية للتبريد و التكييف

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K

K

K

W
K J
K J
K J
K J
555741K
LM3177805
K

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KW
W
W
K J
K J
K J
K J
J
K J
K J
K J
KEF J
K J
W
KJ
KJ
--
Resistances J J

WK
EF(M , k)()J
KEF
(W) J
W
(1-1) I = P / R
K()R (A)I (W) P

KJ
J
K

KEJ FK
EJF
--
EF
0.01
2%
0.1
5%
10 %
10
20 %
100
1000
10,000
5
6
7
100,000
1000,000
EJ F
R=
EF
EJ F

47 5% kZ4 7 X 1000
R=
ThermistorsJ
--
K
(NTC) W
K(PTC)
WJ
W()RK
R =
L
A
(1-2)
A (m)
L .m
KEJ FK(m2)
10-8 .m
10-8 .m
1.72
2.75
10.6
1.62
EJ F
K110 V220
K 900 m0.3 mm

W(1-2)EJ F
= 219 1.72 10 8
--
900
0 .3
4 1000
= R =
WJ
K
W J
EJ F
U T = U1 + U 2 + U 3
(1-3)
W(Req)
(1-4) R eq = R 1 + R 2 + R 3
R1
U1
R2
U2
R3
U3
Req
UT
UT
EJF
W J
EJ F
I = I1 + I 2 + I 3
(1-5)
W(Req)
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
R eq R 1 R 2 R 3
(1-6)
--
i1
R1
I I2
R2
Req
R3
I3
EJF
K
R1=100
R3=500
R2=200

KR1 R3R2
R1
R1
R2
Req1 =
R3
1
1
1
=
+
R eq1 R 2 R 3
R eq1 =
R 2R 3
R2 + R3
R2R3
Req=R1+Req1
R2+R3
R eq1 =
200 500
= 142.8
700
R eq = R 1 + R eq1 = 100 + 142.8 = 242.8
CapacitorsJ J

WKEJ F
J
J
--
EJF
WJ
J
W
EF(F) (F) J
KEF(pF)EF(nF)
K(V) J
K J
EJ F WJ
WK
W
J
K EFJ
K
EJF
--
WJ

K
K
K
W J
(1-7)EJ F
W
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
C eq C1 C 2 C 3
(1-7)
C1
C2
C3
Ceq
EJF
W J
(1-8)EJ F
C eq = C1 + C 2 + C 3
(1-8)
C1
C2
Ceq
C3
EJF
--
J
(Reactance)
XC =
WK()
VC
1
=
I C 2fC
(1-9)
K(F) C (Hz)f ()Xc

KK50 Hz240 V 100 nF

Xc =
Ic =
:(1-9)
2 50 100 10 9
Vc
240
=
= 0.00754
X c 31831
= 31831

I c = 7.5 mA
InductorsJ J
KEJ F E F

(L)K
W(H)
L = o
N A
l
(1-10)
--
EJF
K(H/m)o(m)l(m )AN
2
K 20 10 cm3 cm
o=410-7 H/m
(1-10)
L = o
L = 4 10 7
N2A
l
0.03 2
4
= 3.55 10 6 H
0.1
20 2
WJ
-
J
K
W
(1-11)EJ F
- -
L eq = L1 + L 2 + L 3
(1-11)
L1
L2
L3
Leq
EJF
W(1-12)LeqEJ F
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
L eq L 2 L 2 L3
(1-12)
L1
L2
Leq
L3
EJF
(Reactance)
WK
XL =
VL
= 2fL
IL
(1-13)
K(H)L(Hz) f ()XL
- -
J J
90o90o
K EJ F
(1-14) X eq = R 2 + (X L X C ) 2
W
1
2
1
1
1
+
R
X
X

L
C
(1-15)
X eq =
EJF
- -

50 Hz220 V
KKR=100 , C=100 F, L=10 mHW

W(1-14)
XC =
1
1
=
= 31.8
2fC 2 50 100 10 6
X L = 2fL = 2 50 10 10 3 = 3.14
X eq = R 2 + (X L X C ) 2 = 100 2 + (3.14 31.8) 2 = 104
- -
W J
-
K1 W150 J
W J
1.5 mm
50 mm
200 -
KEJ F
WEJ F J
150
100
500
800
250
200
800
300
750
()
200
100
500
500
()
400
100
400
100
()
()
EJF
K J
K J
K200 F100 F J
K 120 15 cm4 cm J
o=410-7 H/m
- -
K25 mH15 mH J
50 Hz220 V J
KKR=100 , C=10 F, L=100 mHW
50 Hz220 V J
KKR=200 , C=100 F, L=75 mHW
- -
W
K

KW
Direct currentJ J
K
KEJ F
EJF
WJ
KEF
WJ
EF
- -
WAlternating currentJ J
J F
KE
KHz(c/s)
EJF
WJ
K380 V220 V 110 V K

K
WJ
L
KN
K Imax
I = 0.707 I max
(1-16)
U = 0.707 U max
W
(1-17)
- -
220 VK
K311 V0.707220220 V
WP
P = IU W
(1-18)
KWVUAI
L
N
Imax
0
I=0.707Imax
EJF
WJ
KEJ F120o
U1,max
U2,max
U3,max
360o
180o
120o
120o
120o
EJF
WJ
K

K
- -
J
A, B & CEJ F
KN
K(Neutral point)( lines)
IL
L1
A
IP
UL
UP
IL
IL
EJF
Up(phase
UP
UL
IP
IP
L2
L3
UP
UL
voltage)UL(line voltage)
UL = 3 UP
(1-19)
Ip(phase current)IL(line current)

W
IL = IP
(1-20)
P = 3 I L U L cos
(1-21)
KEF cos
- -
WEFJ
EJ F
(phase
UL(line
voltage)K
WWUpvoltage)
(1-22) U L = U p
Ip(phase
current)IL(line current)
(1-23) I L =
3 Ip
P = 3 I L U L cos
(1-24)
IL
L1
L2
UL
L3
IP
IL
IL
Up
UL
IP
Z
Up
IP
UL
Up
B
EJF
WJ
W

K
K
K
- -
K

K
Ohm's lawJ
J
KEJ F
EJF
W
E = IR
(1-25)
I ()R (V) E
K(A)
K
K

K

AQ P = IE
Q E = IR
P 100
=
= 0.455
E 220
E
220
R = =
= 484
I 0.455
I =
K
- -
I
R1
E1
R2
E2
EJF
WJ
K EJ FK
K
WEJ F
R eq = R 2 + R 2
Q E = I R eq
I =
E
R eq
WR2R1
I=
E
R1 + R 2
WR1
E1 = I R 1 =
R1
E
R1 =
E
R1 + R 2
R1 + R 2
(1-26)
E2 = I R 2 =
R2
E
R2 =
E
R1 + R 2
R1 + R 2
(1-27)
- -
WJ
K
EJ F
I1
I2
R1
R2
EJ F
WER2R1EJ F
E
E
E
=
+
R R1 R 2
W
I = I1 + I 2 =
R1 + R 2
E
R 1R 2
(1-28)
- -

K220 V
K
220 V
I2
25
50
I1
I1 =
220
220
= 4 .4 A , I 2 =
= 8 .8 A
50
(25)
P2 = I 2 E = 4.4 220 = 968 W
P2 = I 2 E = 8.8 220 = 1936 W
Kirchoff's lawsJ J

EJ F
K
R1
I1
()
E1
E2
R2
I2
()
E3
I3
R3
EJF
K??
W I3 a I1, I2 EJ Fa
I1 + I 2 = I 3
(1-29)
- -
J
W ?
K?
I, IIEJ F

WI K
(1-30) R 1 I 1 - R 2 I 2 = E 1 - E 2

R2I2 E1R1I1
WIIKE2
R 2I2 + R 3I3 = E 2 E3
(1-31)
- -
KI1, I2, I3(1-29, 1-30, 1-31)
R1= 10 , R2= 5 , R3= 4 WEJ
E1= 15 V, E2= 10 V, E3= 2 V
WI, IIEJ F
(1)10 I1 - 5 I2
= 15 10 = 5
5 I2 + 4 I3 = 10 2 = 8
I 1 + I2 = I3
(2)
Wa
(3)
W(2)(3)I3
5 I2 + 4 (I1 + I2) = 4 I1 + 9 I2 = 8
(2)
W5 (2)9(1)
90 I1 45 I2 = 45
20 I1 + 45 I2 =40
= 85
110 I1
I1 = 0.773 A
W(2)
I2 =
10 0.773 5
= 0.545 A
5
W(3)
I 3 = 0.773 + 0.545 = 1.318 A
- -
Magnetism and electromagnetism J J

(lodestone)
(magnet)
K
K (magnesia)
K

K(non-ferrous)(ferrous)

K(Wb)KEJ F()
EJF
ElectromagnetismJ
K

J F
- -
J F K
KE
E
KEJ F
EJF
EJF
EJ F
EJ F
- -
K

K
S N
EJF
W (mmf)
(1-32) mmf = NI
K(A)INEFA.Tmmf
J
EJ F

H=
NI
A.Turn / m
l
(1-33)
K(m)lA.T/mH
EJF
- -
5 A50010 cm
K
W(1-33)
NI 100 5
H=
=
= 5000 A.T / m
l
0.1
EJ F
Kr
H=
NI
2r
(1-34)
I
r
o
N=
EJF
- -
Magnetic reluctanceJ

RmK
W(A)(l)
(1-35) R m =
l
A
H 1
KELFH/m
Wr
r =
(1-36)
r 410-7 H/m o

K
0.9999912
1000
1.000214
0.9999906
EJ F
J
mmf
K

K
W
(1-37) =
mmf
NI
=
Rm
Rm
Wb
W(1-35)
- -
NIA
l
(1-38)
W
B=
NI
= ( ) = H
A
l
Wb / m 2
(1-39)
K
(1-39)
Self inductanceJ

K

EJ F K

tIN
(1-40) E = N
I
= L
t
t
+ []
E [V]
[Wb]
A [m2]
EJF
- -
K(H)L
L=
W(1-40)K
N
I
(1-41)
W(1-38)
(1-42) L =
N NIA AN 2
=
I
l
l
Mutual inductanceJ
K
EJ F
K
K K
EJF
- -
KEJ F
J F
KE
EJF
- -

EJ F J
2 A100
K1 mmK
KEJ F
l= 40 cm
N=100
A=2 cm2
JF
1000rEJ
FW
W(1-34)(1-33)
R ms =
l
0 .4
=
= 1.59 10 6
7
4
o r A 4 10 1000 2 10
NI
100 2
=
= 1.25 10 4 Wb
6
R m 1.6 10
WW
R ms =
l
0.39
=
= 1.55 10 6
7
4
o r A 4 10 1000 2 10
R ma =
l
oA
10 3
4 10
2 10
= 3.98 10 6
- -
R m = R ms + R ma = 1.55 10 6 + 3.98 10 6 = 5.53 10 6

=
NI
200
=
= 0.36 10 4 Wb
6
R m 5.53 10
- -
220 V/60 Hz
60 Hz
KEJ F
J
J

800
12 V
100
400
800
200
()
100
12 V
100
200
400
100
()
( -)
K J
2 A10015 cm
10 cm4 cm300 J
K
2 mm60 cm3 cm2 J

5 K12 V300
K
- -

]<gj]<]<j<^]<]
KW
W
W
K J
K J
K J
W
KJ
KJ
- -
W
Electric Transformers
KEF
J J

FE1KEJ F
WEN2FE2EN1
E2 N2
=
E1 N1
(2-1)
16
N1 N2
E1
E2
EJF

1001000
K220 V
E2 N2
=
E1 N1

E2 =
- -
N2
100
E1 =
220 = 22 V
N1
1000
KEJ F K
EL
K
EJF
Types of transformersWJ
1J
K
K

KK
- -
J J
24 V
110
VEJ
KEJ F
()
()
EJF
F EF
J J
W

K (VA)J
20 24 V
P=
V
24 24
=
= 28.8 VA
X
20
(2-2)
- -
2 A
W
P = VI = 24 2 = 48 VA
(2-3)
- -
2002000
K220 V
91672 VA220 V
KK100
- -
W
Electric Motors

K
K
EFK
KEJ FE
F
KEJ F
N
S
S
S
EJF
K
50 HzK
EJ FK 50

E 1/50F
- -
L1
L1
L2
S
L2
N
L1
L2
S
EJF
600%
Three Phase MotorsJ J

W
The squirrel cage induction motorsW

The wound rotor induction motorsW
The synchronous motorsW
K
- -
K(rotating
field)
E F
KE F
K
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
2 1
3
1
EJF
Rotating field
E FEJ F
K EYF
K
o
K
EJ Fo
K
- -
EJ F
KA, B, Co
KC'C C-C'
KCC'
K

N
N
C
A'
B'
A
B
C'
S
T1
C
A'
B'
A
B
C'
N S
C
A'
B'
A
B
C'
T2
T3
Phase B
60
120
C
A'
B'
A
B
C'
N
T4
180
C
A'
B'
A
B
C'
S N
C
A'
B'
A
B
C'
S N
C
A'
B'
A
B
C'
T5
Phase A
T6
S
T7
240
300
360
Phase C
EJF
CT1
CKA,B
A', BC'C
KA, BB', A
AoT2
CB
K
KAA'A
CC'BB, C
KoKB'
- -
T6T5T4T3
KoT7
EJF
Induction motorsW
E FK
KEEJ FF
K
K
K
- -
Ns(synchronous
speed)
W
(2-4) N s =
120 f
rpm
P
HzfW
NrNs
W(S)
(2-5) S =
Ns Nr
100 %
Ns
60
Hz
KK3550 rpm

120 f 120 60
=
= 3600 rpm
P
2
N Nr
3600 3550
100 =
100 = 1.4%
S= s
3600
Ns
Ns =
J
W
K J
K J
K J
- -
J
K EJ F
K
K
K K
K J
J

K
KK
400
300
600
400
200

100
200
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
( -)
- -

K
The squirrel cage induction motorsJ

KEJ F
KEJ F
K
EJF
EJF
AK
K
AB-E
K
F-V
K
J
EJ F
K
- -
LJ
9.0-9.99
10.0-11.19
11.2-12.49
12.5-13.99
14.0-15.99
16.0-17.99
18.0-19.99
20.0-22.39
22.4-and up
0-3.14
3.15-3.54
3.55-3.99
4.00-4.49
4.50-4.99
5.00-5.59
5.60-6.29
6.30-7.09
7.10-7.99
8.00-8.99
L
M
N
P
R
S
T
U
V
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
EJ F
10 hp
KJ480 V
K7.5 kVA/hp 7.1-7.99 kVA/hpJEJ F
WJ
kVA = 7.5 10 = 75
I=
kVA
75 1000
1000 =
= 156.25 A
V
480
EJ F
K240/480 V10 hp
60 Hz K480 V14 A240 V28 A

1800
rpmF1745 rpm
- -
FJKKE
SFKE240 V312 A480 V156 AEJ F
F
KEJ FKE
MOTOR NAMEPLATE
hp
10
Volts
240/480
T1
T2
Amps
28/14
Hz
60
FL speed
1745 rpm
code
J
SF
1.25
Frame Model No.

xxxx
xxxx
T3
Phase
3
EJF
EJF
K(Y-)J
Y- motor starting methodJ

11 kW
SKEJ F
E
FY
KEF
- -
K
L1
L2
L3
X
Y
Z
X
Y
Z
--
L1
L1
L2
L2
L3
L3
--
--
-Y ( -)
The wound rotor induction motorsJ
K
K EJ F
(Y)

KEJ F
KK
EJF
- -
KEJ F
M1
T1
M2
T2
M3
T3
EJF
K(I=E/R)
K
KK
K
KK

E F
KE F
EJ FK
K
- -
WK
L1 L2 L3
M
M
T2
T3
R3-3
M1
T1
R2-3
R1-3
M2
S3
S2
S1
M3
S3
S2
S1
R1
M
R1
OL
S1
R2
R2
S2
R3
R3
S3
EJF
M J
MKR1
MK
K
R1 J
S1
KR2
R1-3S1 J
K
KR3S2R2 J
- -
KR2-3S2 J
S3 R3
J
KR3-3
M J
K

K
Synchronous Motors J
J
K
K J
K J
KEJ F
EJF
- -
J
A
KEJ F
AK
K
K
A

EJF
- -
Single phase motorsJ J
EJ FK
(V)
WJ
0.05-0.333
230115
0.05-0.5
0.05-5
230115
0.05-6
230115
230115
0.01-0.25
230115
EJ F
Resistance split-phase induction J

motor
J F
KE
EF
K
- -
--
--
--
--
EJF
Capacitor-Start induction motorJ
KEJ F
EF
K
K
EJ FK(Blowers)
- -
EJF
Permanent split-capacitor motorJ

EJ F
K
K
K

Capacitor-start, capacitor run J

motor
EJ F
K
K
The shaded-pole induction motor J
KEJ FK
K

- -
K

K

EJF
Starting relays for split phase induction motors J
EF
K
K
Current relayJ
K EJ F
K

- -
L1
L2
EJF
Potential relayJ

K
EJ FK
L1
R L2
C
EJF
Overload protectionJ J
overload relays
K
- -
K

K
L1
--
--
--
EJF
L2
The solder-melting type of overloadJ
K EJ F
K
KEJ F
KEJ F
KEJ F
L1
L2
M
M
EJF
- -
Bimetal type of overloadJ
KEJ F
K

K
EJF
EJ F
KEJ F
- -
EJF
EJF
K

KEJ F
L1
L2
L1
L2

EJF
RelaysJ J
EJ FK
K
K
K(NC)? ? (NO)? ?
- -
KEJ FK
NC
C
NO
EJF
KEJ F
EJF
EJ F
(FSCR)K

FE F
E

K
- -
L1

FSCR
FSCR
COMP
FSCR
G
FSCR
R
L2

()

()
EJF
Contactors and motor starters J J

Relay
Contactor
J FK
EJ FE
K
EJF
EJF
- -
K J
K J
K J
K J
K60 Hz J
60 Hz J
KK1750 rpm
60 Hz J
K 6 %
K J
K J
10 hp J
KEJ FKC480 V
K J
K J
- -
K J
K J
K J
K J
J
K
J
K
J
K
K J
K J
- -

]<gj]<]<j<^]<]
KW
W
W
K K
K K
K K
K
K
W
KJ
KJ
- -
W
Semi-conductors
Solid-state
devices
K
E F

KK
Conductors, in sulators and semiconductorsJ
K
K
EJ J F
K
KEJ J F
( -)
K
KEJ J F

- -
J F
KEJ
Positive and negative semi-conductorsJ J

KEJ J F?pJ ?
?
EJ J F
K?nJ
n- -
p- -
EJF
p-
Kn-
K
DiodeJ J
n-p-
K EJ J FKEJ J F
K EJ J F
- -
K
J J F
KE

()
()
()
()
EJF
10
8
6
4
-100 -75 -50 -25 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

-1

-2
-3

-4
EJF
KEJ F
2 mA
K0.3 A100 V0.6 V
EJ F
K

- -
EJ F
K
OA91
OA47
1N5402
1N4007
1N4148
1.0 V
1.6 V
1.0 V
2.1 V
0.6 V
3A
1A
100 mA
50 mA
50 mA
200 V
1000 V
75 V
115 V
25 V
10 A
10 A
25 nA
75 A
30 A
EJ F
J J
J
K EJ J F
J FEFEF
KEJ

- -
--
--
EJ_F
EF J
K
EJ FK
K
KEJ F
JEJF
EJF
ClipperJ
EJ F
KK
- -
EJF
Wave detectorJ
EJ FK
K(Amplitude modulationF
( -)
Light emitting diodesJ J

K
K
K5-30 mA
WKEJ F
R=
VS VF
(3-1)
K
I
VFVS
K10 mA2 VIVF
- -
VS
EJF
K K5 V
WI=10 mAVF=2 V(3-1)

R=
52
1000 = 300
10
- -
(n)(p) J
J
K J
K J
K J
J
- -
W
The transistors
J J
K
KEJ F n-p-np-n-p
K

KEJ F
n-p-n
p-n-p
KEJ FK
p n
EJF
npn
pnp
EJF
EJF
- -
J J
K
K
K 20020
K100 mA1 mA100

K200 mA2 mA
W
K J
K J
K J
Transistor as an amplifierJ J
W
J
J
EJ F
K
RL
RL
iin RE
vin
-
vout
iin RB
vout
vin
-
EJF
- -
iin RB
vin
RL
vout
EJ F
The transistor as a switchJ J

EJ FK (0.2
VF
1-10 k
TR
1-10 V

RB
TR
0V

EJF
KEJ FK
- -
5V

R
10 k
5V
0V
TR
0V
EJF
KEJ F
K4010 mA2 V

RL
R L =
52
1000 = 300
10

IB =
IC
10
=
= 0.25 mA
1000 40
0.5 mA
WJ
RB =
5 1000
= 10 k
0 .5
- -
J J
J F
K E
K
TR1
TR2
( -)
- -
K60, 40
pnp
EJ F
K50
5V

100
5V
RB
TR
0V
JF
- -
W
Integrated circuits
J J
KEJ F
K
E BC
n
EJF
KEJ F(Scale of integration)
EF
Scale of integration
1-10
SSI
Small
10-100
MSI
Medium
100-1000
LSI
Large
1000-10000
VLSI
Very large
10000-100000
SLSI
Super large
EJ F
EJ FK
4024 741
- -
555
K EJ F
14
16
28
40
13
15
27
39
12
14
26
38
11
13
25
37
10
12
24
36
11
23
35
10
22
34
21
33
20
32
10
19
10
31
11
18
11
30
12
17
12
29
13
16
13
28
14
15
14
27
15
26
16
25
17
24
18
23
19
22
20
21
EJF
K
KTTLCMOS
- -
Operational amplifiersJ J
K100,000(A)
K
-VCC+VCC
EJ FK
K
Inverting
input
2 M
RiKNon-inverting input
10
K106 M
K100
EA=100,000F
80%K

K
Vcc
V1
Ri
V2

Vcc
I1
Iout
Ro
A(V1-V2)

Vout

I2
Vout
V2
-Vcc

-Vcc
V1
( -)
- -
741J J
K 741
3KE FEJ F
62
K74
1
2
3 741
741 EJF
16 V4 V100,000741
K741EJ FK0.5 W
Vout (V)
20
15
10
5
-0.3
-0.2

-Vsat
+Vsat
-0.1
-5
-10
0.1
0.2
0.3
V2-V1
(mV)
-15
-20
16 V 105
EJF
- -
J J
W
ComparatorJ
KK
V1V2EJ F
K8.00012 VV2
K
100,000
K 80%
K15 V 0.12 mV (V2-V1)
Vout (V)
15 V
10 V
15 V
10 V
V2
12 V
V2
10 V
10 V
V1
o.12 mV
V1
8V
8V
V2-V1
(mV)
EJF
Inverting amplifier circuitJ

EJ F
KRFRin
WK
Vout =
RF
Vin
R in
(3-2)
RF
Vin
Rin
VCC
Vout
-VCC
EJF
- -
KVinVout(3-2)
K-5 V0K50 mV0

W(3-2)KEJ F
R F Vout
5
R in
Vin
0.05
= 100
WRF1 kRin
R F = 1 100 = 100 k
Summing amplifierJ
EJ F
K
WK
R
R
R
Vout = F V1 + F V2 + F V3
R2
R3
R1
(3-3)
RF
VCC
V1
V2
V3
R1
Vout
R2
R3
-VCC
EJF
- -
Differential amplifier J
J FK
WKE
Vout =
RF
(V2 V1 )
R in
(3-4)
RF
VCC
V1
V2
Rin
Vout
Rin
RF -V
CC
EJF
Voltage followerJ
bufferK
KEJ FK
VCC
Vout
Vin
-VCC
EJF
Instrumentation amplifierJ
EJ FK
- -
WK
2R + R e R 3
Vout = 1
(V2 V1 )
R
e
R 2
(3-5)

R3
R2
V1
R1
Re
Vout
R1
R2
R3
V2
( -)
K1 kR1, R2, R3EJ F

K1000Re
2R + R e
Vout
= 1
V2 V1
Re
2 1000 + R e
1000 =
Re
W(3-5)
R 3
R 2
1000
1000
1000R e = 2000 + R e
Re =
2000
= 2.002
999
- -
D.C. Power supplyJ J
WEJ F
Von
Iol
Vol
Vr
Von
Vol
EJF
RippleJ
J FK
WE
Vr
Z
Vol
Load regulationJ
WEJ FK

- -
Von Vol
100 Z
Vol
Output ImpedanceJ
WEJ F
Von Vol
Z
I ol
K24 V2 V WJ
K2 A WJ
K0.1 WJ
K0.5 % WJ
K10 mV
WJ
K K
Voltage regulatorW
K
KK
Fixed voltage regulatorJ
(5V, 9V, 12V, 15V, 18V,
XX79XX78XX24V)
EJ FK
K
K3 V
- -
+Vin
C1
100n
IC
78XX
C2
100n
-Vin
+Vout
C1
100n
C3
10
IC
79XX
C2
100n
-Vout
C3
10
0V
0V
( -)
Variable voltage regulatorJ
K30 V1.2 VLM317

KEJ FK1.5 A
+Vin=21 V
C1
100n
0V
IC
LM317K

1000
+Vout =1.5-13 V
1.5 A
100
C2
100n
C3
10
EJF
K
W
WEJ F
K250 mA12V HJ
K750 mA5VHJ
K100 mA 5VJ J
- -
SJ
K1 AF J
K5 ABRJ
50 220/12-0-12 VTJ
KVA
7805EFIC21J
K25 V4700 FJ
16 10 FJ
7812EFIC1J
79L05EFIC31J
K25 V470 FJ
KV
K100 nFJ
T1
F
100n
50 VA
IC1
7812
100n
12 V
250 mA
10
12 V
220 V
0V
0V
12 V
0V
4700
IC2
7805
BR
100n
100n
5V
750 mA
10
0V
470
100n
100n
IC3
79L05
10
-5 V
100 mA
EJF
TimersJ J
K

- -
K
K555
555
EJ F
15 V5 V 8K
23K 1
Threshold6K
4K
IC
555
6
5
555 EJF
KAstableMono stable555
K2
AstableJ
IC555CRBRA
3KEJ F
W
- -
+5-15 V
8
RA
7
RB
IC
555
6
1
T1
5
0.01 F
T2
EJF
T1 = 0.693 (R A + R B ) C
(3-6)
T2 = 0.693 R B C
1.44
f=
( R A + 2R B ) C
(3-7)
(3-8)
KK CRBRA T2T1
RBT2T1
KRA

KEJ FT2T150 c/s

W(3-8)1FCEJ F
(I) R A
1.44
1.44
+ 2R B =
=
= 28.8 k
f C 50 1 10 6
WEJ FEJ F
(II)
T1 R A + R B
=
T2
RB
R A T1
=
1 = 2 1 =1
R B T2
RA = RB
W () ( ) RB
3 R A = 28.8
- -
R A = R B = 9 .6 k
Mono stableJ
CRTKEJ F
W
T = 1.1RC
(3-9)
KCRT
+5-15 V
T1
8
R
7
IC
555
6
C
5
0.01 F
EJF
KIC555

33 FCEJ F
WR(3-9)
T
3
=
= 82.65 k
1.1 C 1.1 33 10 6
- -
R=
CountersJ J

WDecimal system and binary systemJ
222222K
F2EJ FK
E2101F20E2100
K
E2102F200
KEF
1000
100
10
23
22
21
20
103
102
101
100
EJF
E
F
W(1101)KEJ F
1 2 + 0 2 + 1 2 + 1 2 = 13

?KE
J F
(bit)?
"four bit binary number"
K 0-15
- -
WJ
K
K(four bit binary counter)K

K
1

0
1
A=1
0
B=2
1
0
1
C=4
0
1
D=8
0
0
10
11
12
13
14
15
EJF
Binary countersJ
EJ F
KEDCBAF
KA, B,
C, D
DCBA
K0110
K1101
- -
K
0 V"0"5 V
K5 V"1"
K
0-9J
90EJ F
K E4511F(4518)
6543DCBA45181
E4511F
5K E0-9F
K220
5-9V
5-9 V
16
16
1
2
7
D
IC
C
4518 B
A
6
5
4
3
3
6
2
1
7
4
5
D
C IC
B 4511
A
R=220
13 R
a
12 R
b
11 R
c
10 R
d
9 R
e
15 R
f
14 R
g
a
f
b
c
e
d
( -)
- -

K J
K J
K J
K J
K741 J
K J
10
K J
mV
KK1.5 V
100 mv50 mv J
K110
2 kR1, R2, R3EJ F J

K500Re
KLM317 J
220 V J
K-12 V1.5 -13 V
K555 J
K10 c/s J
K555 J
KIC555K J
K1110 J
K12 J
K(Four bit counter) J

K J
- -

]<gj]<]<j<^]<]
KW
W
W
KKKK

K
K
K
K
K
W
K
W
K
--
WW
J
J
W
Wave generatorJ
AVOJ
EFJ
J EFJ
K
K
W
--
J
OFFJ
VJ
VJ
kHzJ
COMJ
J
J
J
EJ F
--
Wave generator ( -)
Bread Board EJF
- -
W
W
KAVO
EF
J
J
EF
W
W
K J
K J
AVO
RL
( -)
- -
KAVO J
K J
J
v =
KEF J
U=IR
(4-1)
W
W
K J
K J
R
E
10 k
( -)
- -
AVO
KAVO J
K(k 10 8 6 4 2)R J
W J
v =
R
E
R + 10
10
W
W
K J
J
K
KEF J
K J
K J
- -
WW
K J
K J
K J
K J
W
Wave generatorJ
J
J
EJ F
- -
W
K J
KCH1 J
K J
J
K
TIME/DV J
KEJ F
WfT J
f=
1
s
T
(4-2)
UmaxU
KUmax=1.41U
Umax
EJF
- -
EFEF
E3F
K
W

EF

KJ
KJ
KJ
KJ
KJ
EF
????
- -
KW
KW

KJ
KJ
KJ
KJ
KJ
K
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
- -
K0-10 AJ K0-300 VJ
KJ
W
KEJ F
A
A
A

208 V
V
B
C
( -)
- -
(A)IL
C
(V)UP
OC
OB
(V)UL
OA
CA
BC
AB

(4-3) U L = 3 U P
(4-4) I L = I P
- -
- K0-300 VJ
KJ
K0-10 AJ
KEJ F
A
A
C
A
V
A

120 V
V
B
A
( -)
- -
(A)IP
B
(V)UP
(A)IL
CA
BC
AB
(V)UL
CA
BC
AB

(4-5) U L = U P
(4-6) I L = 3 I P
- -
K
K30
CEJ
KEJ F
EF
EF
EF
Im (A)
IN (A)
Im (A)
IN (A)
Im (A)
IN (A)
Im (A)
IN (A)
Im (A)
IN (A)
Im (A)
IN (A)
mm2
15
19
24
32
42
54
73
98
129
158
198
245
292
344
391
448
528
608
726
830
10
10
20
25
35
50
63
80
100
125
160
200
250
315
315
400
400
500
630
630
26
33
42
57
77
103
124
155
193
230
268
310
353
414
479
569
649
20
25
35
50
63
80
100
125
160
200
200
250
315
315
400
500
500
12
15
18
26
34
44
61
82
108
135
168
207
250
292
335
382
453
504
-
6
10
10
20
25
35
50
63
80
100
125
160
200
250
250
315
400
400
-
20
27
35
48
64
85
105
132
163
197
230
263
301
357
409
-
16
20
25
35
50
63
80
100
125
160
200
200
250
315
315
-
11
15
20
25
33
45
61
83
103
132
165
197
235
-
6
10
16
20
25
35
50
63
80
100
125
160
200
-
15
20
26
36
48
65
81
103
-
10
16
20
25
35
50
63
80
-
0.75
1
1.5
2.5
4
6
10
16
25
35
50
70
95
120
150
185
240
300
400
500
KEF
Im
KEF IN
KEF
30 oC
EJ F
- -
E60 CF
0.91
3530
0.82
4035
4540
0.71
5045
0.58
5550
0.41
EJ F
U
K
(4-7) U =
l I
A
m lAI
Km2A
K125%
- -
KEJ FEF
mm2

1
Hp
4
220 V
220 V
220 V
7 kW
220 V
5 Hp
150 TR
K
W
WJ
P = I V cos W WJ
P = 3 I V cos W WJ
0.9 cos
KJ
1 T.R. =3.5 kW
- -
W
W
KJ
KJ
KDPSTJ
K0-10 AJ
KEJ F
A
V
EJF
(P)
K70 Hz
KEF110 V
(lampbank) 3 ADPST
KK
(line
current)(coil volts)(line volts)
- -
RPM
I
A
Ucoil
Hz
(laminated core)
(air core)
(laminated core)
(air core)
FEF(remove

the core)
KE
K
(line volts)Elaminated core)

K(line current)(coil volts)
FEF(remove the core)

KE
- -
Lcoil
Z coil
X L coil
Rcoil

Hz
K
K
Sample calculations W
f =
Z coil =
E coil
I
Ns P
120
X L coil = ( Z coil ) 2 ( Rcoil ) 2 ,
L=
XL
2f
W
K
K
- -

EFEFEFEF
E3F
K
W

EF

KYJ
K J
KJ
KJ
EF
????
K
- -
KW
KW

KYJ
K J
KJ
KJ
K
- -
Electric Motors

3- single phase
KKK phase
K
WK
W3- phase induction motorsJ
Squirrel cage motors
Three phase, wound rotor motors
Synchronous motors
Wsingle phase motorsJ
Split phase motors
Capacitor- start motors
Capacitor start, capacitor run motors
Permanent-capacitor motors
Shaded pole motors
W
K
(FLA)125%
- -
Overload Protection Devices
K(Thermal overload protection )

(Thermal overload protection- manual reset )

(single phase motors)
120 V motors
220V motors
K
K
(3- phase motors)
3
4
559 W ( Hp)

- -
(Three phase motors)
(Single phase motors)
EAVO meterF
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKWEF
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
WJ
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
- -
W
Methods of starting
(direct- on- line starting)K
(star- delta starting)K
(autotransformer starting)K
(overheating)W
100% 50%W
K
(Direct- on- line starting)

500%
K 200%75%
700%
(Rotor resistance starting )

K

- -
200%K
K150%100%250%
(Star- delta starting)

K
K
K
(Autotransformer starting )
E F
K
W
WJ
KEJ F
K
K
L1
L2
L3
EJF
- -
(Star- delta starting)J

(star-
delta switch)
EJ F
L1
L2
L3
X
Y
Z
X
Y
Z
--
L1
L1
L2
L2
L3
Y
--
L3

--
( -)
-Y
(Autotransformer starting )J
KEJ F
K
L1
L2
L3
EJF
J
K
- -
Electric Motors Trouble Diagnosis

W
KK
J
EF
KK
KK
KK
10 %K
KK
K
KK
- -
K
E
KF
KK
K
- -
KK J

Motor Runs
loose K
- -
W
EF(3-phase)
- -
KMotor overheatsJ
(starting cycle)
KW
KW
(FLA)W

W
E
F
- -
E
FW
KW
W
10 %
KK
- -
Motor bearings run J
KK
K
- -
WJ
W
() W(open)
W(shorted)
K(grounded)
50 1 W
(C)(S)WEF
(S)
(C)( R)
K( burnout ) K( R)
K
(hermetic)
EJ F(A, B, C) J
KEA, B, CF J
W
A-B= 12 , A-C= 2 , C-B = 10
KCA-BJ
SBA-CC-BJ
KRA
10
2
12
EJF
- -
WJ
open capacitor J
shorted capacitor J
W
KEJ F
EJF
KJ
KJ
WJ
QU = I
1
2 f C
(4-8)
(4-9) C =
I
U 2 f
UHzfAIFC
KV
- -
KJ
EAVO- meterFJ
W
KJ
KJ
KJ
KJ
WEF
J J J
WJ

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
- -

EFEFEF
E3F

EF

KJ
KJ
KJ
EF
????
- -
KW
KW

KJ
KJ
KJ
K
- -
Contactors & Relays
K

K
EJ FWJ
(NO)W
2,4,6,. K1,2,3,
W
1413W
2423
3433
W
K21
- -
1 3
13 23 11
14 24
21
12 22
EJF
WJ
KEJ F
EJF
- -
W
Current relays
(upside
down)W
(continuity)
(0 1 ) W
K
potential relays
K
- -
current relaysJ
potential relaysJ
W
K
K
WJ
current relays
potential relays
KJ
WJ
current relays

potential relays

- -
KJ
KJ
KJ
J
W
WJ
L
K1
S
K1
N
A1
A2
13
21
14
22
K2
H1
H2
( -)
KJ
KH2H1J
- -
EF
K

K
K K
K
EF K
W
K
K
K
K
K
- -
EF
KEKKK
K K
KF
EF
EF
FEF
KEF
KE
- -
W
FEF
KE
EF
EF
EF
K
- -
EF
K
- -
KEF
K
K
W
KEF
FEF
KE
K
- -
KEF
EFEF
KEFEF
EF
KEF
KEF
- -
Defrost Timers
.EJ F 31KEJ F
EF1-2 1
EF1-4

3
4
1
2
EJF
EJ F
- -
vvvv
vvvv
3
3
EJF
EJ F
EJ F EF
- -
vvvv
vvvv
4
1
EJF
K(reduction gear wear)(bearings)
EF
K
K
- -
(frost free )
KJ
KJ
WJ
31
KW
KW
21
KW
KW
41
KW
KW
F
KE
- -

EFEFEF
E3F
K
W

EF

KJ
KJ
KJ
KJ
EF
????
- -
KW
KW

KJ
KJ
KJ
KJ
K
- -
Autotransformers
EJ F(tap)
K220 V(250 V15 VF
220 V Input
EJF
KEJ FEJ F
- -
18 A
6A
240 V
18 A
180 V
24 A
4/3
( -)
c
b
5A
20 A
250 V
20 A
200 V
25 A
b
a
4/5
EJF
KEJ F
3
2
H
Off
Shaded
pole
EJF
E F
- -
(Avometer)
(DPST)
(1-phase)
EWattmeterF
W
1
A
240 V
A.C.
2
A
V
3
EJF
KEJ F
(DPST)
(magnetizing current)KEF
K(watts core loss)
K 4
EF
- -
W1

(2-3)
(2-3)
(1-
3)
EJ F
W
2
120 V
A.C.

120
A
V
EJF
K
(DPST)
(magnetizing current)KEF
K(watts core loss)
EF
K

KEF
- -
W2

(2-3)
(2-3)
(1-
3)
W(1)
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKEconductive power)
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKEtransformed power)
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
W(2)
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKEconductive power)
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKEtransformed power)
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
- -
(Thermostat)W
W
Line thermostatEFW
EJ F
K
L1
N
110 V
110 V
EJF
- -
K
EF
K
W
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
Low voltage thermostatW
EJ F
K K
K
L1
N
110 V
110 V
24 V
Y
W
G
EJF
- -
ELF
K
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
- -
Pressure Switches

K
K
(LP)
- -
KEF
KEF
K
W
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
EKKKcut outF
K
K
K
K
- -
W

EF

KJ
KJ
KJ
EF
????
- -
KW
KW

KJ
KJ
KJ
K
- -
Electric Wiring Diagrams
(wiring diagrams)
(schematic diagrams)
K K
W

Reading Schematic diagrams

WEJ F

EOFF positionF
K NC NO NO NC
K (ON)
EOFFF(start)
- -
M
OL
M

Motor
M
EJF
- -
W
KEJ F
A
2
AB=15
AC= 3
BC=18
2
6
1
L1

800

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
2
4
5
6
5
6
6
1
2
2
2
4
4
5
( -)
- -
W
KCRSEJ F
W
(3-phase)EJ F
(contactors)(start stop switch )
KEF
( -)
W
KEJ F
K
- -
W
K
KEF
K
( -)
- -
W
K
K
K
KK
K
K
K
K
- -

EFEFEF
E3F
K
W

EF

J
K
J
K
J
EFK
EF
????
- -
KW
KW

J
K
J
K
J
EFK
K
- -
1200 m0.4
mm
K1.7210-8 .m
W
150
250
500
500
K1000 F & 2000 F

EFW
K
K380 VJ
K
I2
500
220 V
250
I1
--
K
I1
400
I3
I2
12 V
800
2 A10010
EFW
cm
K
91672 VA220 V
KK100
K60 Hz
K
60 Hz
KK1750 rpm
K
--
EFW
12 VJ
K
KJ
KJ
J
K50
5V

100
5V
RB
TR
0V
20 mVJ
K2 V
K10 c/s
K220 V5V
--
W
10102=1000 5%
=1 k 5%
W
R =
L
1200
= 1.72 10 8
A
(0.4 10 3 ) 2
4
R = 164.25
W500 & 500
1
1
1
2
=
+
=
R eq
500 500 500
1
R eq = 250
1
R eq = 150 + 250 + 250 = 650
C eq = 1000 + 2000 = 3000 F
--
K
W
UL = 3 UP
IL = IP
IL
L1
UL
IP
A
UP
UL
UP
L3
IL
UL
IP
IP
L2
UP
IL
Up =
UL
3
W
=
380
3
= 219.4 V
--
W220 V
I1 =
U 220
=
= 0.88 A
R 1 250
I2 =
U 220
=
= 0.44 A
R 2 500

I1
400
I3
I2
12 V
(II)
(I)
800
I 2 800 = 12
I 3 400 I 2 800 = 0
(I)
(II)
WI2(I)
I2 =
12
= 0.015 A
800
WI1(II)I2
I3 =
0.015 800
= 0.03 A
400
Wa
I1 = I 2 + I 2 = 0.015 + 0.03 = 0.045 A
--

W
H=
NI 100 2
=
= 2000 AT / m
l
0 .1
W
E2 N2
=
E1 N1
E 2 = 220
100
= 24 V
916
W
I=
P 72
=
=3A
V 24
W
Ns =
120 f 120 60
=
= 3600 rpm
P
2
WJ
11 kW
YSKEF
E
F
KEF

K
--
L1
L2
L3
X
Y
Z
L1
L1
L2
L2
--
L3
--
L3

--
Ns =
120 f 120 60
=
= 1800 rpm
P
4
W
S=
N s N 1800 1750
=
100 = 2.78%
Ns
1800

E
FK
K EF
--
K
KEF
KEF
L1
L2
--
--
--
W2 VVF10 mAJ
R=
Vs VF 12 2
=
= 1000
I
0.01
Kn-p-np-n-p
--
Ic =
5
= 0.05 A
100
IB =
I c 0.05
=
= 0.001 A
50
K0.002 AIB
R=
5
= 2.5 k
0.002
W
J
G=
Vo
2
=
= 100
Vin 0.02
W10
10 k
10 k
1 k
5V
5V
1 k
20 mV
2V
-5 V
-5 V
W10 c/s
--
+5-15 V
8
RA
7
RB
IC
555
6
1
5
0.01 F
T1
T2
W555
W1 FC
R A + 2R B =
T1 R A + R B
=
T2
RB
1.44
1.44
=
= 144 k
f C 10 1 10 6
R A T1
=
1= 2 1=1
R B T2
(I)
R A = R B (II)
W(I)(II)RB
3R A = 144
R A =
144
= 48 k
3
220 V5 V
--
220/9 V
7805
2200 F
100 nF
10 F
T1
220 V
0V
9V
0V
BR
2200
100n
IC2
7805
100n
5V
10
0V
--
Alternating current
Ampere
Amplification
Amplifier
Armature
Atom
Autotransformer
Avometer
B
Base
Battery
Bimetal
Bimetal strip
Binary counter
Binary number
Binary system
Bridge circuit
Brush
C
Capacitor
Capacity
EF
Charge
Clipper
Coil
--
Collector
Comparator
Conductor
Connection
Contact
Contact points
Contactor
Control circuit
Core
Counter
Current
Current divider
Cycle
Cylindrical
D
Delta connection
Direct current circuits
Degree
Differentiation
Direct current
EF
Diode
Discharge
E
Electromotive force
Electromagnetism
Electron
Electronic circuit
Emitter
--
Field
Flux
Force
Forward bias
Frame
Frequency
Full load
Full wave
Fuse
G
Gain
H
Half wave
EF

Heater
Heating element
I
Impedance
Impurity
Inductance
EF
Induction
Induction motor
Input
Instrumentation amplifier
Insulator
Integrated circuit
Intensity
Inverting input
--
Ion
K
Kirchoff's law
L
Light emitting diode
Line of magnetic forces

Line current
Line voltage
Load regulation
LSI (large scale integrated circuits)
M
Magnet
Magnetism
Magnetic flux
Magnetic flux density
Magnetomotive force
Meter
Motor
Mutual inductance
Nameplate
Non-inverting input
Normally close (NC)

Normally open (NO)
Ohm's law
Operational amplifier
Oscillation
Oscilloscope
--
Output
Output impedance
Overload
P
Parallel connection
EF

Periodical time
Permeability
EF
Phase
Phase current
Phase voltage
Pole
Potential difference
Potentiometer
Power supply
Protection
R
Rectifier
EF
Regulator
Relay
Reluctance
Resistance
Resistivity
Reverse bias
Ripple
Rods
Rotating field
Rotor
S
--
Saturation
Self induction
Semiconductor
Series connection
EF
Single phase
Slip ring
Solenoid
Speed
Split phase motor
Spring
Squirrel cage induction motor

Star connection
Starter
Stator
Summing amplifier
Switch
Symbol
Synchronous motor
Synchronous speed
T
Thermostat
EF
Three phase
Thermistor
EF

Timer
Torque
Transformer
Transistor
Tube
--
V
Volt
Voltage
Voltage divider
Voltage regulator
Voltmeter
W
Watt
Wave
Wound rotor induction motor
--
K??
? ?
KL
? ?
K??
??
KL
K
? ?
KJ
7- Stephen L. Herman and Benniel L. Sparkman, "Electricity and control for heating,
ventilating and air conditioning", Delmar Publishers Inc., 1986.
8- Russell E. Smith, "Electricity for Refrigeration, heating, and air Conditioning", Delmar
Publishers Inc., 1987.
9- Robert N. Bateson, "Introduction to control system technology", Fifth edition, Prentice
Hall, 1996.
10- "Integrated electronics, Analog and Digital Circuits and its Application", Radio
Shake.
11- John R. Duff, "Laboratory Experiments, Alternating current Fundamentals", Delmar
Publishers Inc., 1961.
--
W
W
J J
_
J
J J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J J
J
J
J
J
J J

J J
J
J
J J
J
J
J
EFJ
J J
WJ
J J
J J
J
J
J
J
J
J

W
W
J J
J J
J J
J J

J J
W
J J
J
J
J J
J
J
J J
J
J J
J J

W
W
J J
J J
J J
J J
J
J
EF
J J

W
J J
J J
J J
J J
J J

W
J J
J J
741J
J J
J
J
J
J
J J
W
W
J J
555
J J

EF
GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS

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]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

K()R (A)I (W) P

R eq = R 1 + R eq1 = 100 + 142.8 = 242.8

K(F) C (Hz)f ()Xc

K380 V220 V 110 V K

Ip(phase current)IL(line current)

P2 = I 2 E = 4.4 220 = 968 W

P2 = I 2 E = 8.8 220 = 1936 W

KI1, I2, I3(1-29, 1-30, 1-31)

R1= 10 , R2= 5 , R3= 4 WEJ

E1= 15 V, E2= 10 V, E3= 2 V

I 3 = 0.773 + 0.545 = 1.318 A

Magnetism and electromagnetism J J

R m = R ms + R ma = 1.55 10 6 + 3.98 10 6 = 5.53 10 6

2 mm60 cm3 cm2 J

Three Phase MotorsJ J

The squirrel cage induction motorsW

The synchronous motorsW

K7.5 kVA/hp 7.1-7.99 kVA/hpJEJ F

60 Hz K480 V14 A240 V28 A

Frame Model No.

Y- motor starting methodJ

Single phase motorsJ J

Resistance split-phase induction J

Capacitor-Start induction motorJ

Permanent split-capacitor motorJ

Capacitor-start, capacitor run J

The shaded-pole induction motor J

Starting relays for split phase induction motors J

The solder-melting type of overloadJ

Bimetal type of overloadJ

Contactors and motor starters J J

Conductors, in sulators and semiconductorsJ

Positive and negative semi-conductorsJ J

-100 -75 -50 -25 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Light emitting diodesJ J

WI=10 mAVF=2 V(3-1)

K100 mA1 mA100

The transistor as a switchJ J

KEJ F(Scale of integration)

Inverting amplifier circuitJ

K-5 V0K50 mV0

K1 kR1, R2, R3EJ F

D.C. Power supplyJ J

Fixed voltage regulatorJ

(5V, 9V, 12V, 15V, 18V,

Variable voltage regulatorJ

K30 V1.2 VLM317

WDecimal system and binary systemJ

K(four bit binary counter)K

2 kR1, R2, R3EJ F J

K(Four bit counter) J

Bread Board EJF

current)(coil volts)(line volts)

(line volts)Elaminated core)

FEF(remove the core)

X L coil = ( Z coil ) 2 ( Rcoil ) 2 ,

W3- phase induction motorsJ

Squirrel cage motors