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L HLXOXL L D

produselor rezultate.
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duselor de

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De aceea, n cele mai multe cazuri, uzinele care

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L HLXOXLQDFHVWHFRQGL LLV

-au construit platforme industriale petrochimice.

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Distilarea HVWH R PHWRG

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L HL JUXSH GH

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, sau la presiuni mai mici dect aceasta, denumit distilare n vid. Indiferent de

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8WLODMXOvQFDUH DUHORFGLVWLODUHDVHQXPHWHFRORDQ GHGLVWLODUH&HOHGRX WLSXULGHGLVWLODUH
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DWPRVIHULF LDUFHDODOW SHQWUXG

istilarea n vid.

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1-FRORDQ

SHQWUXGLVWLODUHDDWPRVIHULF

3-SUHvQF

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-condensator.

O]LWRU

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, temperDWXU

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hidrocarburi cu puncte de volatilizDUHVF

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]XWVWU EDWVXEIRUP GHYDSRULvQWUHDJDFRORDQ SH FDUHR

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vQ FRQGHQVDWRU Q FRORDQ  WHPSHUDWXUD VFDGH GH OD ED]  VD VSUH YkUI )UDF LLOH SHWU

oliere care au

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GHGLVWLODUHDWPRVIHULF VHRE LQvQFHSkQGGHODYkUIVSUHED] SURGXVHOHEHQ]LQ ZKLWH

-spirt, petrol

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mai dese ale coloanei.

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mai mari de 3600 3HVWH DFHDVW

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vQYLGGHRDUHFHVF GHUHDSUHVLXQLLPLFRUHD] WHPSHUDWXUDGHILHUEHUH(DVHGHVI RDU vQFRORDQD
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ce

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FUDFDUHDLSURFHGHHOHVSHFLDOH

4.2. Procedee distructive de prelucrare a produselor petroliere

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materii prime petrochimice.

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4.2.1. Procedeele termice de cracare

Procedeele termice de cracare au OD ED]

 XQ PHFDQLVP UDGLFDOLF FDUH FRQVW  vQ UXSHUHD

PROHFXOHORU OXQJL DOH KLGURFDUEXULORU VDWXUDWH vQ GRX  PROHFXOH PDL VFXUWH GLQWUH FDUH XQD VDWXUDW 

-5200C. In funF LH

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GH FRQGL LLOH GH OXFUX L GH FDOLWDWHD PDWHULLORU SULPH VH RE LQ SURSRU LL YDULDWH GH SURGXVH FX PDVH
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Procedeele tehnologice s-DXGH]YROWDWSHGRX GLUHF LL


GHKLGURJHQDUHD WHUPLF
a etanulXL OD HWHQ  IRORVLQG FD PDWHULL SULPH JD]HOH QDWXUDOH VDX
JD]HOHGHUDILQ ULH UH]XOWDWHGHODGLVWLODUHDDWPRVIHULF JD]HFDUHFRQ LQHWDQSURSDQEXWDQSHQWDQ

benzine);
FUDFDUHD WHUPLF  FX YDSRUL GH DS  SLUROL]  IRORVLQG FD PDWHULL SULPH IUDF LL SH


troliere

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&UDFDUHDWHUPLF
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aromatice, GLOXDQ L SHQWUX IUDF LL SHWUROLHUH ROHILQH &2 - C5 HWHQ
-

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LOH

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Procesele de cracare sunt endoterme. Pot folosi drept combustibil produsele grele rezultate din
GLVWLODUHDWPRVIHULF SUHFXPS FXUD

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Cracarea VH GHVI

RDU 

la 5000& FX IRUPDUHD GH KLGURFDUEXUL QHVDWXUDWH vQ FDQWLW

L PDUL 6H

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Condensarea produselor rezultate din cracare se face ntr-un condensator care are ca agent de
U FLUHDSDFHVHWUDQVIRUP vQYDSRULIRORVL LODSULPDRSHUD LH

ComprimareaSURGXVHORUFRQGHQVDWHVHIDFHvQVFRSXOHOLPLQ ULL&22 .
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termic aburul la 2000& VDX R IODF U  LPHUVDW  vQ SURGXVXO SHWUROLHU FkQG SRDWH UH]XOWD FD SURGXV L
acetilena.
Dintre produsele de cUDFDUHWHUPLF UH]XOWDWHHWLOHQDHVWHSURGXVXOSHWURFKLPLFFXFHOPDLPDUH
YROXPGHSURGXF LH&HUHUHDGHHWLOHQ LSURSLOHQ SURSLOHQD
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FRSURGXVGHODIDEULFDUHDHWLOHQHLLGH

LORUGHSURGXF LHSUHY ]XWH

&kWHYDGLQGLUHF LLOHGHYDORULILFDUHDSURGXVHORUFHVHSRWRE LQHGLQROHILQH

-GLQHWHQ -SROLHWLOHQ LFRSROLPHUL cauciucuri sintetice

-FORUXU GHYLQLO PVC
- acetat de vinil polimeri sintetici
- aldeKLG  acid acetic U LQLVLQWHWLFH
- alchilibenzeni GHWHUJHQ L
- alcooli VROYHQ L
-GLQSURSHQ -SROLHWLOHQ FRSROLPHUL mase plastice
- acrilonitrili fibre PNA
- esteri SROLDFULOD LU LQLVLQWHWLFH
- alcooli solveQ L
- izopropilbenzen fenol ILEUHWLSQ\ORQU

LQLVLQWHWLFH

&UDFDUHDFDWDOLWLF

Scopul acestui proces este formarea benzinei (C6 - C9 FX FLIU

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WLPS FRQFRPLWHQW FX RE LQHUHD KLGURFDUEXULORU ROHILQLFH 5DQGDPHQWXO vQ RE LQHUHD EHQ]LQHL HVWH
IRDUWHULGLFDWLDUSRVLELOLWDWHDIRUP ULLGHSURGXVHJUHOHHVWHUHGXV 

C- + C+ ), formarea
are loc cu un consum de energie 450-510 C, la o presiune de 2,5 - 4,2 atmosfere, n
+
FDWDOL]DWRU FX IXQF LH DFLG  GRQRU GH SURWRQL + ) format din cristale mixte

5HDF LLOH FH DXORFvQDFHVW FD]GHFXUJGXS XQPHFDQLVPLRQLF&&

ionilor C

 L &

SUH]HQ D XQXL

aluminosilicice.
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reactor-regenerator.
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4.2.):
-

cu catalizator n strat fix;

cu catalizator n strat fluidizat;
cu catalizator n strat mobil.

0DWHULD SULP  IRORVLW  SRDWH IL PRWRULQD ODPSDQW VDX S FXU  )OX[XO WHKQRORJLF VH FRPSXQH
GLQXUP WRDUHOHRSHUD LLvQF O]LUHFUDFDUHGLVWLODUHIUDF LRQDW 
QF O]LUHD materiei prime se face ntr-XQ FXSWRU FDUH IRORVHWH FD DJHQW WHUPLF JD]HOH GH OD
procesul de reactivare a catalizatorilor.

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DistilareaIUDF LRQDW VHSURGXFHvQWU-RFRORDQ GHGLVWLODUHXQGHVXQWVHSDUDWHIUDF LDJD]RDV



EHQ]LQDLPRWRULQDXRDU 

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1-cuptor; 2-reactor; 3-utilaj de regenerare; 4-FDPHU GHDUGHUH

5-utilaj de regenerare a catalizatorului; 6-FRORDQ GHGLVWLOare; 7-condensator; 8-separator

4.2.3. Procedee speciale de prelucrare a produselor petroliere

5HIRUPDUHDFDWDOLWLF

se fRORVHWHSHQWUXRE LQHUHDEHQ]LQHORUFXFLIU

RFWDQLF PDUHSOHFkQG

GH OD FHOH FX FLIU  RFWDQLF  PHGLH L PLF  VDX VH IRORVHWH SHQWUX RE LQHUHD GLQ EHQ]LQH D

-5400C,

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presiune 10-DWPvQSUH]HQ DFDWDOL]DWRULORUSODWLQ

&U2

O3 , Mn2O3 , CoMoO4, silico-DOXPLQD L

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izomerizarea cicloparafinelor, ciclizarea hidrocarburilor liniare, cracarea.
Hidrofinarea -XUP UHWHHOLPLQDUHD612, O2GLQIUDF LLOHSHWUROLHUH&RQVW vQWUDWDUHDORU cu
0
KLGURJHQ vQ SUH]HQ D XQRU FDWDOL]DWRUL 1L 0R 1L-&U 6H GHVI RDU  OD -400 & L -28
atmosfere.
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stabili.
6HDSOLF vQDLQWHDFUDF ULLLUDILQ ULLFDWDOLWice.
Rafinarea - VH DSOLF  SHQWUX vPEXQ W LUHD FDOLW LL SURGXVHORU SHWUROLHUH FDUH FRQVW  vQ
P ULUHD VWDELOLW

LL HOLPLQDUHD PLURVXOXL GHFRORUDUHD HOLPLQDUHD HOHPHQWHORU FRURVLYH D VXEVWDQ HORU

gumante.
Se poate realiza:
- chimic cu H2SO4 , NaOH , VROYHQ L
- IL]LFFXS PkQWXULGHFRORUDQWHFDUHDEVRUEVXEVWDQ HOHQHGRULWH

4.3. Fabricarea cauciucului

&DXFLXFXO HVWH XQ SURGXV LQGXVWULDO PDFURPROHFXODU IDEULFDW GLQ ODWH[ QDWXUDO VDX GHULYD L
SHWUROLHULFXRODUJ XWLOL]DUHvQWRDWHUDPXULOHLQGXV

triale. Latexul natural, este un polimer de izopren:

CH2 = C - CH = CH2.

CH3

'HULYD LLSHWUROLHULXWLOL]D LODIDEULFDUHDFDXFLXFXOXLVLQWHWLFVXQWEXWDGLHQD&+2

= CH - - CH
= CH2), stirenul (C6H5 - CH = CH2), - metil stirenul (C6H5 - C(CH3) = CH2), acrilonitrilul (CH2 =
CH - CN), izoprenul, cloroprenul (CH2 = C - CH = CH2).

Cl
iucului este monomerul FH UHSUH]LQW  PROHFXOD VXEVWDQ HL RUJDQLFH
folosite la fabricare. Prin unirea a n PRQRPHUL VH RE LQH XQ polimer FDUH WUDWDW FX DOWH VXEVWDQ H vQ
8QLWDWHD GH ED]  D FDXF

YHGHUHDvPEXQ W

LULLSURSULHW

LORUFRQGXFHODFDXFLXF

Unirea monomerilor se realL]HD]

SULQUHDF LLGHSROLPHUL]DUHFkQGVHIRORVHWHXQVLQJXUWLSGH

PRQRPHULVDXGHFRSROLPHUL]DUHFkQGVHIRORVHVFGRX WLSXULGHPRQRPHUL
5HDF LLOH GH SROLPHUL]DUH L FRSROLPHUL]DUH VH GHVI RDU  vQ ID]  OLFKLG  VXE IRUP  GH

VROX LHDSRDV vQHPXOVLHVDXVXVSHQVLHLDXORFvQWUHLHWDSH

1.

,QL LHUHD

ODQ XOXL SURYRFDW 

FKLPLF VDX WHUPLF FKLPLF VH UHDOL]HD]  FX DMXWRUXO

FDWDOL]DWRULORU FXP VXQW SHUR[L]L L KLGURSHUR[L]L RUJDQLFL SHUVXOID L WHUPLF SULQ vQF O]LUHDPHGLXOXL

reactant de la cteva zeci de grade la cteva sute de grade.

3HQWUX

PHQ LQHUHD

HPXOVLHL

VDX

VXVSHQVLHL

VH

IRORVHVF

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VSHFLDOH

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consumul energetic mare.

2. &UHterea macromoleculei 2GDW

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DSDUL LD PDFURPROHFXOHL FDUH FUHWH FX YLWH]  PDUH L FRQVXP PLF GH HQHUJLH GHRDUHFH UHDF LD HVWH
H[RWHUP 

3.

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FUHWHULL

PDFURPROHFXOHL

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HSXL]DUHD

VXEVWDQ HL

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D

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n timpul acestor etape, mediul reactant trece prin reactoarele de polimerizare sau
-70%.

FRSROLPHUL]DUHXQGHHVWHDJLWDWFRQWLQXXLXQGHJUDGXOGHFRQYHUVLHHVWHGH

'XS RE LQHUHDSROLPHUXOXLVXEIRUP GHODWH[DFHVWDHVWHVHSDUDWGHPRQRPHUXOQHUHDF LRQDW

L GH FHOHODOWH VXEVWDQ H SULQ ILOWUDUH VDX GHJD]DUH /DWH[XO FDUH HVWH GH IDSW FDXFLXFXO HVWH VXSXV
VWDELOL] ULL L DSRL FRDJXO ULL vQ SUH]HQ D FORUXULORU VDX VXOID LORU

de sodiu, potasiu, calciu etc.

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/DWH[XO VWDELOL]DW SRDWH IL IRORVLW SHQWUX IDEULFDUHD YRSVHOHORU UH]LVWHQWH vQ DS  XOHLXULORU LDU

cel coagulat la fabricarea m

QXLORUMXF ULLORU HV WXULFDXFLXFDWH

2E LQHUHD FDXFLXFXOXL FUXG L D FHOXL YXOFDQL]DW SUHVXSXQ R VHULH GH SURFHVH VDX RSHUD LL


precum: amestecarea, vulcanizarea, extruderea etc.

Amestecarea 3HQWUX vPEXQ

LUHD SURSULHW

LORU FDXFLXFXOXL vQ HOD

stomer se introduc unele

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DGH]LYLWDWHDLSUHOXFUDELOLWDWHDFDXFLXFXOXL,QWURGXFHUHDDFHVWRUVXEVWDQ HFDLDDOWRUDvQHODVWRPHU

are loc n malaxoare,

P ULULL SUHOXFUDELOLW

XQGH WRDWH FRPSRQHQWHOH VXQW DPHVWHFDWH SkQ  OD RPRJHQL]DUH Q YHGHUHD

LL vQ DPHVWHF VH LQWURGXF L SODVWLILDQ L $PHVWHFDUHD FRPSRQHQWHORU SRDWH DYHD

ORFvQDWPRVIHU RELQXLW VDXLQHUW 

6XEVWDQ HOH DG XJDWH VH QXPHVF DUMH L S

ot fi: ulei mineral, negru de fum, talc/caolin,

DFFHOHUDWRUL GH YXOFDQL]DUH DQWLR[LGDQ L HWF ,QWURGXFHUHD DUMHORU VROLGH vQ HODVWRPHU VH SRDWH UHDOL]D
SULQY O XLUHODFDOGFkQGLQJUHGLHQWHOHLHODVWRPHUXOVXQWWUHFXWHSULQWUHGRLFLOLQGULLFDO]LFHV

e rotesc

vQVHQVFRQWUDUGHIRUPkQGLRPRJHQL]kQGDPHVWHFXO

Vulcanizarea FDXFLXFXOXL UHSUH]LQW

 UHDF LD vQWUH FDXFLXF L VXOI VDX XQ FXSOXGHYXOFDQL]DUH

FDUH UHSUH]LQW  PDLPXOWVDXPDLSX LQVXOI LDFFHOHUDWRUL 6HSRDWHGHVI XUD OD FDOGLQXPDLSH

ntru
-5% sulf

DQXPLWHFDXFLXFXULODUHFHSULQYXOFDQL]DUHFDXFLXFXOGHYLQHHODVWLFPRDOHGDF FRQ LQH

LULJLGHERQLWDGDF FRQ LQHvQWUH

-30% sulf.

&DXFLXFXOVHSRDWHSUHOXFUDvQYHGHUHDYXOFDQL] ULLSULQFDODQGUDUHLH[WUXGDUH

Calandrarea rHSUH]LQW

 WUHFHUHD FDXFLXFXOXL SULQWUH PDL PXOWH UROH DOH XQXL XWLODM GHQXPLW

FDODQGUXLVHIRORVHWHSHQWUXRE LQHUHDGHIRLGXEODUHDDOWRUDVDXDFRSHULUHDXQRUPDWHULDOHWH[WLOH

Extrudarea FRQVW

 vQ WUHFHUHD FDXFLXFXOXL vQ VWDUH SODVWLF  SULQ RULILFLXO XQHL PDWUL H VXE

DF LXQHD XQHL IRU H GH SUHVDUH UHDOL]DW  FX DMXWRUXO XQXL WUDQVSRUWRU FX PHOF 3URGXVHOH RE LQXWH DX
SUHFL]LHGLPHQVLRQDO LGHIRUP JHRPHWULF ULGLFDW QXSUH]LQW EDYXULLDUVXSUDIH HOHORUDXXQvQDOW

grad de netezire.
CauciucXULOH RE LQXWH SULQ SROLPHUL]DUH VXQW FDXFLXFXO QDWXUDO FDXFLXFXO SROLL]RSUHQLF

FDXFLXFXO SROLEXWDGLHQLF LDU FHOH RE LQXWH SULQ FRSROLPHUL]DUH VXQW FDXFLXFXO EXWDGLHQVWLUHQLF

cauciucul butadien-metil-stirenic, cauciucurile speciale (butadien-acrilonitrilic, cloroprenic, etilenpropilenic etc).

Cauciucul natural VH SUH]LQW  OD WHPSHUDWXUD FDPHUHL vQ FDOXSXUL GH FXORDUH JDOEHQ  EUXQ 
WUDQVOXFLG  /D WHPSHUDWXU  VF ]XW  GHYLQH DOELFLRV RSDF L FDVDQW 3HQWUX RE LQHUHD SURGXVHORU FX
SURSULHW

L VSHFLILFH FDXFLXFXO QDWXUDO VH SODVWLILD]  VH DUMHD]  FX QHJUX GH IXP R[LG GH ]LQF

YXOFDQL]DWRULHWFLVHYXOFDQL]HD] 

Cauciucul poliizoprenic VH RE LQH SULQ SROLPHUL]DUHD L]RSUHQXOXL vQ SUH]HQ D FDWDOL]DWRULORU
organometalici ca tetraclorura de titan, trialchilalumina, etil-litiu, butil-litiu, iar vulcanizate au
SURSULHW

LDVHP Q WRDUHFDXFLXFXOXLQDWXUDOLVXSHULRDUHDOWRUWLSXULGHFDXFLXFXUL

Cauciucul polibutadienic RE LQXW SULQ SROLPHUL]DUHD EXWDGLHQHL DUH GXS

UH]LVWHQ

 OD X]XU  PDL PDUH GHFkW FDXFLXFXO QDWXUDO GDU FHOHODOWH SURSULHW

 YXOFDQL]DUH R

L VXQW LQIHULRDUH DFHVWXLD

'HDFHHDHOVHIRORVHWHvQDPHVWHFFXFDXFLXFXOQDWXUDOVDXDOWHWLSXULGHFDXFLXFXULVLQWHWLFH

Cauciucul butadien-stirenic RE LQXW SULQ FRSROLPHUL]DUHD EXWDGLHQHL FX stirenul, la cald sau la
UHFHvQSUH]HQ DXQXLFDWDOL]DWRUSHUR[LGRUJDQLFG YXOFDQL]DWHFXUH]LVWHQ DODX]XU LODR[LGDUHPDL
PDUHGHFkWFHOQDWXUDOGDUSURSULHW

LOHSODVWLFHLQIHULRDUHDFHVWXLD(VWHLPSHUPHDELOID

GHDHUDEXU

DS LHVWHXQE

un dielectric.
Cauciucul butadien-acrilonitrilicRE LQXWSULQFRSROLPHUL]DUHDEXWDGLHQHLFXDFULORQLWULOXOHVWH

UH]LVWHQWODDF LXQHDEHQ]LQHLLXOHLXULORU

Cauciucul butadien-metil-stirenic FXQRVFXW VXE QXPHOH GH &$520 L RE LQXW SULQ

copolimerizarea OD UHFH D EXWDGLHQHL FX -metil-VWLUHQXO DUH R ODUJ  XWLOL]DUH SHQWUX IDEULFDUHD
anvelopelor.
Cauciucul etilen-propilenic RE LQXW GLQ FRSROLPHUL]DUHD HWHQHL FX SURSHQ  DUH SURSULHW L
superioare cauciucului natural sau a celorlalte cauciucuri sintetice; este stabil la oxidare, rezistent la
0
DF LXQHDDJHQ LORUDWPRVIHULFLLIOH[LELOODWHPSHUDWXULVF ]XWH-50 C).

)DEULFDUHDILEUHORUVLQWHWLFHLD HV

WXULORUWLSEXPEDF

7HKQRORJLLOH GLQ LQGXVWULD WH[WLO  DX FD RELHFW RE LQHUHD

HV WXULORU L FRQIHF LLORU GLQ ILUH

FRQWLQXLFXVHF LXQHWUDQVYHUVDO IRDUWHPLF DSUR[LPDWLYFRQVWDQW LFXOXQJLPHPDUH

)LUHOHVHH[HFXW GLQILEUHQDWXUDOHVDXFKLPLFH
)LEUHOHVXQWPDWHULDSULP SHQWUXLQGXVWULDWH[WLO 'XS SURYHQLHQ

VXQW

naturaleL chimice.

'LQSULPDJUXS IDFSDUWHILEUHOHSURWHLFHOkQDLP WDVHDQDWXUDO ILEUHOHFHOXOR]LFHEXPEDFXOLQXO

LFkQHSDLILEUHOHPLQHUDOHD]EHVWXO

Fibrele chimice cuprind fibrele artificiale UH]XOWDWH GLQ SUHOXFUDUHD FKLPLF  D FHOXOR]HL L
fibrele sintetice RE LQXWH SULQ ILODUHD XQRU FRPSXL PDFURPROHFXODUL FXP VXQW SROLHVWHUL SROLDPLGH
SROLDFULORQLWUD LHWF&RPSXLLPDFURPROHFXODULIRORVL LODIDEULFDUHDILEUHORUVLQWHWLFHWUHEXLHV DLE R
VWUXFWXU  OLQLDU  V  FRQ LQ  JUXSH IXQF LRQDOH SRODUH FDUH V  IDYRUL]H]H DSDUL LD XQRU OHJ WXUL
LQWHUPROHFXODUH FH DVLJXU  FRH]LXQH PDFURPROHFXODU  FUHVFkQG UH]LVWHQ D ILUXOXL OD WUDF LXQH V 

polimerizeze ntr-XQ JUDG vQDOW V  DLE  R FULVWDOLQLWDWH EXQ  DGLF  R DH]DUH RUGRQDW  D
macromoleculelor.
n ultima vreme s-DX UHDOL]DW ILUH GLQ DPHVWHF GH ILEUH QDWXUDOH L VLQWHWLFH RE LQkQGX-se
FDUDFWHULVWLFLVXSHULRDUHILHF UHLFDWHJRULL

Lungimea firelor depinde de structura lor: bumbacul 5-56 mm, inul 15-20 mm, cnepa 10-15

PPOkQDILQ  PPOkQ JURDV  PPP WDVHD

Calitatea fibrelor HVWH DSUHFLDW  SULQ XUP

KLJURVFRSLFLWDWHFXORDUHOXFLXUH]LVWHQ

, att SHQWUXOkQ

)LQH HD

- 8.105 mm.

WRDUHOH FDUDFWHULVWLFL ILQH H JUHXWDWH VSHFLILF 

ODUXSHUHQHLIRQDELOLWDWHVWDELOLWDWHODOXPLQDVRODU 

FkWLSHQWUXEXPEDFUHSUH]LQW UDSRUWXOGLQWUHOXQJLPHD/DXQXL

ILUFXPDVD0GHJFRQIRUPUHOD LHL

Nn =

L
M

3HQWUXP WDVHILQH HDHVWHGDW GH

titlulILUXOXLFRQIRUPUHOD LHL

M
9000
L
Greutatea speciILF
Td =

 HVWH PLF  GH H[HPSOX  JIFP  SHQWUX P WDVH  JIFP

pentru

OkQ 

Higroscopicitatea H[SULP

 VFKLPEXO GH XPLGLWDWH vQWUH PHGLX L ILEUH (D DUH LPSRUWDQ

SHQWUX vQWUH LQHUHD L XWLOL]DUHD ILEUHORU 6H OLPLWHD]  OD R FDQWLWDWH PD[LP  GHQXPLW 

reprize, care

YDULD]  IXQF LH GH QDWXUD ILEUHL /DEXPEDFVHDGPLWHPD[LPODOkQ  OD YkVFR] LDU

pentru relon 4,5%.

CuloareaSRDWHILRE LQXW SULQSLJPHQWDUHQDWXUDO VDXFXDGDRVGHFRORUDQ L
Luciul ILEUHORU WH[WLOH VH GDWRUHD]  UHIOHF LHi razelor luminoase. Bumbacul are luciu mat,

P WDVHDOXFLXSOLQLDUILEUHOHVLQWHWLFHOXFLXSXWHUQLFGLPLQXDWSULQLQWURGXFHUHDGHVXEVWDQ HPDWLVDQWH
vQSURFHVXOGHSROLPHUL]DUHDSROLPHULORUFHDOF WXLHVFILEUHOH

5H]LVWHQ D OD UXSHUH a fibrelor textile VXSXVH OD IRU H GH WUDF LXQH LQIOXHQ HD]  FDOLWDWHD
produselor. Cu ct alungirea fibrelor este mai mare, cu att fibrele sunt mai rezistente. Fibrele naturale
au alungirea de 10% iar cele artificiale 60%.
1HLIRQDELOLWDWHD UHSUH]LQW  SURSULHWDWHD ILEUHORU GH D UHYHQL OD IRUPD L GLPHQVLXQLOH

LQL LDOHGXS FHvQFHWHD] DF LXQHDIRU HL

4.4.1. Fabricarea fibrelor poliesterice

'LQWUH ILEUHOH VLQWHWLFH XQ ORF DSDUWH vO RFXS  ILEUHOH SROLHVWHULFH GHRDUHFH DX SURSULHW

L PDL

EXQHGHFkWDOWHILEUHVLQWHWLFHLSRWILILODWHvQDPHVWHFFXILEUHQDWXUDOHOkQ LEXPEDFGkQG HV WXUL

QHLIRQDELOHVWRIH HV WXULGHWLSEXPEDF
3ROLHVWHULLVHIDEULF SULQUHDF LDGHSROLFRQGHQVDUHDGLJOLFROWHUHIWDODWXOXLFDUHVHVLQWHWL]HD] 
GLQGLPHWLOWHUHIWDODWLHWLOHQ JOLFRO'LPHWLOWHUHIWDODWXOVHIDEULF SULQR[LGDUHDSDUD[LOHQXOXLFXSULQVvQ

IUDF LD%7;EHQ]HQWROXHQ[LOHQUH]XOWDW ODUHIRUPDUHDFDWDOLWLF 

3URFHVXOWHKQRORJLFGHIDEULFDUHDILEUHORUSROLHVWHULFHFXSULQGHXUP WRDUHOHRSHUD LLVHSDUDUHD

para[LOHQXOXL

GLQ

IUDF LD

%7;

RE LQHUHD

GLPHWLOWHUHIWDODWXOXL

VLQWH]D

GLJOLFROWHUHIWDODWXOXL

SROLFRQGHQVDUHDPRQRPHUXOXLVHSDUDUHDSROLPHUXOXLGHPRQRPHURE LQHUHDILEUHORU

Separarea paraxilenuluiGLQIUDF LD%7;VHIDFHSULQGLVWLODUHIUDF LRQDW .

2E LQHUHDGLPHWLOWHUHIWDODWXOXL are loc ntr-XQUHDFWRUDOLQVWDOD LHL
Sinteza dimetilenglicolului se produce la temperatura de 2000&vQSUH]HQ DFDWDOL]DWRULORUR[LG
GH]LQFLR[LGGHPDJQH]LXGLQGLPHWLOWHUHIWDODWLHWLOHQJOLFRO

Separarea diglicoltereftalatului GHVXEVWDQ HOH QHUHDF LRQDWHFDUHVXQWUHLQWURGXVHvQSURFHVXO

tehnologic, se face prin filtrare.
Policondensarea monomeruluiRE LQXWDUHORFvQWU-XQUHDFWRUvQFRQGL LLGHYLGPPFRORDQ 
0

GH+JLWHPSHUDWXU GH &vQSUH]HQ DD]RWXOXLLSLJPHQ LORU

Separarea polimerului de monomer are loc prin filtrare.

2E LQHUHD ILEUHORU SROLHVWHULFH GLQ SROLPHU FXSULQGH XUP WRDUHOH RSHUD LL ILODUHD U VXFLUHD
SUHOLPLQDU HWLUDUHDU VXFLUHDGHILQLWLY VS ODUHDDYLYDUHD

centrifugarea, XVFDUHD UHFRQGL LRQDUHD ERELQDUHD ILUHORU L

sortarea.
FilareaDUHVFRSXOGHDRE LQHILUHGHJURVLPHDGRULW 
ILH GLUHFW GLQ EDQG  VDX WRSLWXU  ILH IRORVLQG LQVWDOD LD FX
JU WDULILOLHU SUH]HQWDW vQILJXUD
3URFHGHXOILO ULL FXJU WDUVHDSOLF SROLHVWHULORUFDUH
VH SUH]LQW  VXE IRUP GHJUDQXOHQUH]HUYRUXOFRQIHF LRQDW
GLQ DOXPLQLX VDX R HO LQR[LGDELO JUDQXOHOH VH DPHVWHF  FX
DJHQ LGHPDWLVDUH7L22LFRORUDQ L'HDLFLHOHWUHFvQ
GLVWULEXLWRUFDUHOHGLVWULEXLHSHJU WDUDOHF UXLVSLUHVHDIO 
OD GLVWDQ
vQF O]LW

 PDL PLF  GHFkW GLDPHWUXO JUDQXOHORU L FDUH HVWH

SHUPDQHQW

OD

WHPSHUDWXUD

GH

 &

'DWRULW 

temperaturii ridicate granulele se topesc.

6XEDF LXQHDXQRUSRPSHGHGLVWULEX LHWRSLWXUDHVWH
)LJ,QVWDOD LDGHILODUHFXJU WDU

1-rezervor; 2-distribuitor;
3-JU WDU-ILOLHU -FRQGXFW GH
U FLUH-canal de filare; 7-fir;
8-role; 9-ERELQ

REOLJDW  V  WUHDF  SULQ RUL

ficiul filierei rezultnd firul

0
C n conducta 5 cu aer la
umiditate de 60%. Firul este trecut prin canalul de filare,
SROLHVWHULF FDUH HVWH U FLW OD 

XQGH VWU EDWH XQ VWUDW GH XOHLXUL YHJHWDOH LDU DSRL WUHFXW
SHVWH UROH L vQI XUDW SH ERELQH FDUH VH U

otesc cu 800-1000

rot/min.
5

VXFLUHDSUHOLPLQDU DUHVFRSXOP ULULLUH]LVWHQ HLPHFDQLFHDILUHORULFRQVW vQU VXFLUHDORU

cu 50-60 torsiuni/metru liniar.

Etirarea DUH UROXO SDUDOHOL] ULL L RULHQW ULL SR]L LHL PDFURPROHFXOHL vQ ILU (D FRQVW
ntiQGHUHDILUXOXLvQSURSRU LHGHGLQOXQJLPHDOXL
5

 vQ

VXFLUHDGHILQLWLY DILUHORUHWLUDWHVHUHDOL]HD] SkQ ODWRUVLXQLPHWUXSHQWUX HV WXULVDX

1000 torsiuni/metru pentru tricotaje.

6S ODUHD DUH VFRSXO VWDELOL] ULL GLPHQVLXQLORU ILUXOXL (D FRQVW  vQ ILHUEHUHD FX DS  WLPS GH R
RU LMXP WDWH

AvivareaFRQVW

vQWUDWDUHDILUHORU FXHPXOVLLvQDS SHQWUXPRGLILFDUHDWXHXOXLLIL[DUHDPDL

DFFHQWXDW DGLPHQVLXQLORU(PXOVLDIRORVLW GHSLQGHGHQDWXUDILUXOXL

Centrifugarea firelor are scopul nGHS UW ULL UHVWXOXL GH PRQRPHU FDUH U
petele albe.
Uscarea firelor are loc la temperatura de 900C cu aer cald.

PkQH SH ILU GkQG

5HFRQGL LRQDUHDILUHORUFRQVW vQXPH]LUHDORUSkQ ODXPLGLWDWH

BobinareaDUHUROXOGHDXXUDWUDQVSRUWXOILUHORU
SortareaILUHORUVHGHVI RDU DWkWvQWUHRSHUD LLFkWLvQILQDOSHQWUXDHOLPLQDGHIHFWHOHFDUH
SRW V  DSDU  $FHVWHD VXQW VFDPH QRGXUL JURVLPL QHXQLIRUPH SHWH GH FXORDUH UH]LVWHQ H PHFDQLFH

diferite.
7RDWH DFHVWH RSHUD LL DX ORF vQ vQF SHUL I U  OXPLQD ]LOHL IHULWH GH SUDI L FX PLFURFOLPDW

constant.
3URFHVHOHWHKQRORJLFHGHIDEULFDUHD HV WXULORUGHWLSEXPEDF

)LEUHOHGHEXPEDFVXQWILEUHQDWXUDOHRE LQXWHGLQFDSVXOHGLQPDLPXOWHYDULHW

LGHSODQWHGLQ

familia malvaceelor, clasa bossypium.

3URFHVXOWHKQRORJLFGHIDEULFDUHD HV WXULORUFXSULQGHSDWUXVWDGLLSUHLQGXVWULDOL]DUHDILODUHD
HVHUHDILQLVDUHD

Primul stadiu - Preindustrilizarea

$FHVW VWDGLX FXSULQGH WUHL HWDSH UHFROWDUHD L VHSDUDUHD ILEUHORU SULQ HJUHQDUH L VLQWHUL]DUH L

balotarea.
a) Recoltarea se poate face manual sau mecanizat, n momentul cnd capsula a ajuns la
PDWXULWDWH FUXVWD FUDS  L ILEUHOH LHV vQ H[WHULRU %XPEDFXO EUXW VH XVXF  L VH FXU

 GH LPSXULW

L

PHFDQL]DWODRPDLQ FXYDO XUL

b) Egrenarea HVWH RSHUD LD GH VHSDUDUH D ILEUHORU OXQJL GH - PP GH VHPLQ H FH VH
UHDOL]HD] vQXWLODMHVSHFLDOHSUHY ]XWHFXGLVFXULGLVWDQ DWH

c) SinterizareaHVWHRSHUD LDGHVHSDUDUHDILEUHORUVFXUWHSkQ

ODPD[LPPPOXQJLPHGH

SH VHPLQ H FX XWLODMH DVHP Q WRDUH FHORU GH HJUHQDW )LEUHOH RE LQXWH VH IRORVHVF SHQWUX IDEULFDUHD
YDWHLLDFHOXOR]HLQHFHVDUHXQRUVRUWLPHQWHGHKkUWLHVSHFLDO GHEDQFQRWHHWF
'LQVHPLQ HVHRE LQXOHLXULLQGXVWULDOHLDUFDSVXOHOHVHIRORVHVFFDDJUHJDWODEHWRDQH

d) BalotareaFRQVW
0,8 x 0,6 v

vQSUHVDUHDILEUHORUGHEXPEDFvQEDORWXULGHIRUP SDUDOHOLSLSHGLF [

Stadiul al II-lea - Filarea

QDFHVWVWDGLXVHRE LQILUHGLQILEUHOHGHEXPEDFSULQWU RVHULHGHRSHUD LL

a)

'HVWU PDUHD

- FRQVW

 vQ GHVSULQGHUHD ILEUHORU GLQ EDORWXUL IRORVLQG PDLQL VSHFLDOH GH

GHVWU PDW 0DLQLOH VXQW SUHY ]XWH FX GLVSR]LWLYH FX FXLH SXVH vQ PLFDUH DOWHUQDWLY  6LPXOWDQ FX
GHVWU PDUHDILEUHOHVXQWVFXWXUDWHGHSUDILLPSXULW

n aceDVW

L&kQGVHXUP UHWHRE LQHUHDILUHORUvQDPHVWHF

RSHUD LHVHDGDXJ ILEUHOHGRULWHFRQIRUPUDSRUWXOXLSUHVWDELOLW

)LEUHOH GHVWU PDWH IRUPHD]  XQ VWUDW VXE IRUP  GHS WXU vQI XUDWVXEIRUP GHVXOGHQXPLW

cojocFDUHVHWUDQVSRUW SQHXPDWLFSULQWXEXULODRSHUD LDXUP WRDUH

b) Cardarea este opera LD GH RULHQWDUH D ILEUHORU vQ DFHODL VHQV SDUDOHOL]DUHD ORU L
transformarea cojocului n EDQG  SHQWUX D SXWHD IL U VXFLWH OD GLDPHWUH GLQ FH vQ FH PDL PLFL vQ
RSHUD LLOHXUP WRDUHvQDFHVWWLPSVHHOLPLQ LPSXULW LOHLSUDIXOFDUHPDLH[LVW 8WLODMul pe care se
GHVI RDU  DFHDVW  RSHUD LH VH QXPHWH FRDUG  $FHDVWD HVWH SUHY ]XW  FX DFH FDUH VH GHSODVHD]  vQ
VHQVFRQWUDUUHDOL]kQGSDUDOHOL]DUHDLRULHQWDUHILEUHORUUH]XOWkQGEHQ]L

c)

3LHSW

QDUHD HVWH RSHUD LD GH VHOHF LRQDUH D ILEUHORU GH DQXPLW  OX

ngime prin eliminarea

ILEUHORU VFXUWH L GH DH]DUH RUGRQDW  FHHD FH OH G  XQ DVSHFW OXFLRV (D VH DSOLF  ILEUHORU GH FDOLWDWH
VXSHULRDU GHWLSSRSOLQVDWHQLVHUHDOL]HD] FXPDLQDGHSLHSW QDWSUHY ]XW FXGLVSR]LWLYHFXDFH

numite piepteni.
d) Laminarea

DUH UROXO GH GLVWULEXLUH XQLIRUP  D ILEUHORU SH WRDW  OXQJLPHD EHQ]LL

&RQFRPLWHQWFXDFHDVWDVHFRQWLQX LSDUDOHOL]DUHDILEUHORU

e) ToarcereaHVWHRSHUD LDSULQFDUHVHRE LQGLQEHQ]LfireSULQU

VXFLUHDFHDVWDVHHIHFWXHD] 

vQGRX ID]H

toarcerea

SUHOLPLQDU   VHUHDOL]HD] SHPDLQLGH WRUV GHQXPLWH

fluiere FDUHvQIXQF LHGH

JURVLPHDILUXOXL RE LQXWSRWILJURDVHPLMORFLLILQHH[WUDILQHLGXEOXILQH'LIHUHQ DFRQVW vQYLWH]D

GHURWD LHFHG JUDGXOGHU VXFLUHILUXOFDUHHVWHvQI XUDWSH

mosoare.

WRDUFHUHD ILQDO  DVLJXU  ILUHORU ILQH HD L UH]LVWHQ D QHFHVDU  GRPHQLLORU GH XWLOL]DUH )LUXO

SUHWRUV HVWH U VXFLW vQ PDLQD GH WRUV FX LQHOH GHQXPLW 

ring (D HVWH IRUPDW

 GLQWU

-un rastel pe care

VXQW DH]DWH PRVRDUHOH FX ILU SUHWRUV ODPLQRDUH WUHL ODPLQRDUH XQGH GLDPHWUXO ILUXOXL HVWH VXE LDW
PHFDQLVPXOGHURWLVDUHLWLMDGHvQI XUDUH)XVHOHVHURWHVFFXURWPLQ)LHFDUHIXVHVWHSUHY ]XW
FXXQLQHOLDUvQSDUWHDFHQWUDO IXVXODUHR HDY SHFDUHVHGHSXQHILUXO

f) Finisarea firelor se poate face mecanic sau chimic.


)LQLVDUHDPHFDQLF FXSULQGHXUP WRDUHOHRSHUD LLSUH]HQWDWHvQRUGLQHDGHVI XU ULL

ERELQDUHDHVWHRSHUD LDGHWUHFHUHDILUXOXLGHSHPDLPXOWH HYLSHXQDVLQJXU SHQWUXDVH

RE LQHERELQHFXRJUHXWDWHGH

-1000 g;

GXEODUHDHVWHUHXQLUHDDGRX VDXPDLPXOWHILUHSULQWUHFHUHDORUSHDOW ERELQ 

U VXFLUHD FRQVW vQWRUVLRQDUHDDGRX VDXPDLPXOWHILUHGHDFHODLIHOVDXGLIHULWHSHQWUX

DVHRE LQHHIHFWHSO FXWH

GHS QDUHD

mpachetarea -SHQWUXSURWHF LDILUHORUID

n nSDFKHWHVDXO ]L

- FRQVW

 vQ WUHFHUHD ILUHORU GH SH

bobine pe sculuri pentru a se putea aplica

YRSVLUHDLPHUFHUL]DUH
GHLPSXULW

LLSHQWUXWUDQVSRUWHDVHUHDOL]HD] 

)LQLVDUHDFKLPLF VHUHDOL]HD] SULQJD]DUHLPHUFHUL]DUH



gazareD FRQVW

 vQ WUHFHUHD ILUHORU SHVWH R IODF U  GH JD] FX R YLWH]  PDUH FDUH V  DVLJXUH

SkUOLUHDFDSHWHORUILEUHORUFDUHIRUPHD] ILUXOI U GHJUDGDUHDDFHVWXLD

PHUFHUL]DUHD FRQVW  vQ WUDWDUHD ILUXOXL FX R VROX LH GH KLGUR[LG GH VRGLX OD ILHUEHUH SULQ

aceaVW WUDWDUHFUHWHUH]LVWHQ DILUHORUODUXSHUHvQSOXVDFHVWHDFDS

Stadiul al III-lea - HVHUHD

W XQDVSHFWOXFLRV

HV WXULOH VXQW FRUSXUL SODQH RE LQXWH SULQ vQFUXFLDUHD D GRX  IHOXUL GH ILUH GLUHF LRQDWH
SHUSHQGLFXODU XQXO SH FHO ODOW ILUHOH ORQJLWXGLQDOH SDUDOHOH vQWUH HOH IRUPHD] 
WUDQVYHUVDOHWRWSDUDOHOHvQWUHHOHIRUPHD] E W

urzeala, iar cele

WXUD

PELQDUHD FHORU GRX  VH SRDWH IDFH vQ PXOWH PRGXUL UH]XOWkQG FRQWH[WXUL FX HIHFWH HVWHWLFH

diferite.
8WLODMHOHSHFDUHVHIDFH HVHUHDVH

numesc U

]ERDLHGH HVXW

2SHUD LLOHFDUHFRPSXQSURFHVXOGH HVHUHVXQW

a) Bobinarea ILUHORU IRORVLWH SHQWUX XU]HDO

 FX VFRSXO RE LQHULL OXQJLPLL GRULWH 6H UHDOL]HD] 

SHPDLQLGHERELQDWIRORVLQGERELQHVDXPRVRDUHQWLPSXOERELQ ULLVHHOLPLQ SRU LX

nile de fir care

au defecte.
b) UrzireaFRQVW
SHRO

vQDH]DUHDSDUDOHO ODGLVWDQ HHJDOHSHXQVXODXQXLDQXPLWQXP UGHILUH

LPH GHWHUPLQDW )LUHOHWUHEXLHV ILHXQLIRUPWHQVLRQDWHvQWLQVHLvQI XUDWHSHVXOXOXU]LWRU

GHXQGHVHGHVI RDU vQWLPSXO HVHULL&DUDFWHULVWLFLOHXU]HOLLVXQWGHVLPHDILUXOXLO

LPHDOXQJLPHD

JUHXWDWHDLUDSRUWXOGHFXORDUH

c) ncleierea ILUHORU GLQ XU]HDO

 HVWH QHFHVDU  SHQWUX D UHGXFH IUHFDUHD GLQ WLPSXO HVHUL VH

UHDOL]HD]  SULQ WUHFHUHD ILUHORU GH SH VXOXO GH

urzit printr-R VROX LH GH DS

 FDOG  L DPLGRQ V SXQ L

JOLFHULQ

d)

1 Y GLUHDHVWHRRSHUD LHPDQXDO GHWUHFHUHDILUHORUXU]LWHSULQWUHFRFOH LLL HORULSULQWUH

GLQ LL VSDWHL vQWU R DQXPLW  RUGLQH Q DFHVW IHO vQWUH ILUHOH XU]HOLL VH FUHHD]  XQ URVW SH

unde va tece

ILUXOE W WXULL

e) Canetarea HVWH RSHUD LD GH vQI

XUDUH D ILUHORU E W WXULL SH HYL VSHFLDOH GHQXPLWH FDQHWH

FDUHVHIL[HD] vQVXYHLF 2SHUD LDVHGHVI RDU SHPDLQLGHFDQHWDW

f) HVHUHDHVWHRSHUD LDGHvPELQDUHDFHORUGRX
Stadiul al IV-lea - Finisarea

IHOXULGHILUHXU]HDO LE W WXU 

HV WXULOH RE LQXWH VXQW VXSXVH XQRU SURFHVH IL]LFR PHFDQLFH L FKLPLFH vQ YHGHUHD

vPEXQ W

LULLFDUDFWHULVWLFLORULDVSHFWXOXLFRPHUFLDO$FHVWHSURFHVHGHILQLVDUHVXQW

a) GazareaFRQVW vQGLVWUXJHUHDSULQDUGHUHDVFDPHORULFDSHWHORUGHILEUHLHLWHvQH[WHULRU
b) Descleierea FRQVW  vQ VROXELOL]DUHD DPLGRQXOXL IRORVLW OD vQFOHLHUHD XU]HOLL DPLGRQ FDUH
LQIOXHQ HD]  QHJDWLY VS ODUHD DOELUHD L YRSVLUHD HV WXULL 6H UHDOL]HD]  FX VROX LL ED]LFH acide,
R[LGDQ LVDXVHIRORVHWHIHUPHQWD LDQDWXUDO FXVXEVWDQ HHQ]LPDWLFH

c) 6S ODUHDVHIDFHvQE LVSHFLDOHSHQWUXvQGHS UWDUHDXUPHORUGHDPLGRQ

d) Fierberea VH IDFH SHQWUX vQGHS UWDUHD VXEVWDQ HORU QDWXUDOH JUDVH FHUXUL

JU VLPL L

FUHWHUHD KLGURILOLHL ILEUHORU vQ YHGHUHD DOELULL L YRSVLULL VH UHDOL]HD]  vQ VROX LL GH 1D2+

-1%,

Na2CO3 - 0,3%, timp de 6-12 ore, la temperatura de 130

&LSUHVLXQHDGHDWPRVIHUHvQDXWRFODYH

HWDQH

e) DecolorareaDOELUHDVHUHDOL]HD]

FXDMXWRUXOXQRUVXEVWDQ

e oxidante lichide care distrug

VXEVWDQ HOH FRORUDWH GLQ ILEUH *UDGXO GH DOELUH HVWH LQIOXHQ DW GH FRQFHQWUD LD VROX LHL S+ SUH]HQ D

unor catalizatori (CO2 QDWXUD ILEUHORU FDOLWDWHD JD] ULL SkUOLULL L D ILHUEHULL &D VXEVWDQ H GH
decolorare se folRVHVFKLSRFORULWXOGHVRGLXLFDOFLXSHUR[L]LDS R[LJHQDW LSHUR[LGGHVRGLX

$OELUHDDSDUHGDWRULW R[LJHQXOXLDFWLYFDUHVHGH]YROW vQUHDF LLOHFKLPLFHLFDUHGHVFRPSXQ

FRPSXLLFRORUD LVHUHDOL]HD] FRQWLQXXVHPLFRQWLQXXVDXGLVFRQWLQXX

f) Mercerizarea VH DSOLF

 SHQWUX FD HV WXULOH V  FDSHWH XQ DVSHFW SO FXW V  IL[H]H PDL ELQH

FRORUDQ LL L V  OH FUHDVF  FX  UH]LVWHQ D OD UXSHUH VH IRORVHVF VROX LL GH 1D2+  WLPS GH
FkWHYDPLQXWHDSRL HV WXUDVHVSDO LXVXF 

g) Vopsirea se face peQWUX vPEXQ

QDWXUD ILEUHORU GLQ ILUH

LUHD DVSHFWXOXL IRORVLQG FRORUDQ L VLQWHWLFL IXQF LH GH

HV WXULOH FX GHVHQH VH SRW RE LQH SULQ HVHUHD ILEUHORU FRORUDWH VDX SULQ

YRSVLUHDGXS  HVHUH

h) Imprimarea VH IDFH SHQWUX RE LQHUHD PRGHOHORU SH

HV WXUL XQL

Pentru imprimare se

IRORVHWH R SDVW  FRPSXV  GLQ VROX LL GH FRORUDQ L L VXEVWDQ H FDUH IL[HD]  FRORUDQWXO SH HV WXU 
DPLGRQJXPHVXEVWDQ HPDFURPROHFXODUHVLQWHWLFH,PSULPDUHDVHSRDWHIDFH

123-

GLUHFWFkQGVHDSOLF SH HV WXU SDVWDSRWULYLWGHVHQXO

ui;

SULQFRURGDUHFkQGVHDSOLF SDVWDSHWRDW  HV WXUD

SULQUH]HUYDUHFkQGVHDFRSHU  HV WXUDvQORFXULOHLQGLFDWHGHGHVHQFXRVXEVWDQ
SURWHMHD]  OD YRSVLUH VXEVWDQ

FDUHR

 FDUH VH vQGHS UWHD]  GXS  YRSVLUH $FHDVW  LPSULPDUH

(vopsire) se faceODUHFHSHQWUXDQXGL]ROYDVXEVWDQ DGHSURWHF LH

i) Apretarea HV WXULL GXS  YRSVLUH VH IDFH SHQWUX DL vPEXQ W L DVSHFWXO WXHXO UH]LVWHQ D OD
X]XU  OD OXPLQ  LQWHPSHULL UH]LVWHQ D OD IRF XPH]LUH SXWUH]LUH LIRQDUH VH UHDOL]HD]  FX DPLGRQ

clei V

UXUL VLQWHWLFH vQ FDUH VH  DGDXJ  XOHLXUL JU VLPL FHUXUL WDOF FDROLQ VXOIDW GH EDULX XUHH

PHODPLQ LIRUPDOGHKLG 

j) PeriereaVHIDFHSHQWUXvQGHS UWDUHDVFDPHORULRE LQHUHDVXSUDIH HORUQHWHGH

k) Aburirea GHVWLQGH HV WXUD P UHWH PROLFLXQHD L SODVWLFLWDWHD VH H[HFXW  FRQFRPLWHQW FX
perierea.
l) UmezireaFXDS DVLJXU O LPHXQLIRUP EHQ]LLLVHH[HFXW SULQVWURSLUHVDXDEXULUH
m) & OFDUHDDVLJXU XVFDUHDEHQ]LLvQFKLGHUHDSRULORUWXHXSO FXW
n) Controlul se face n locuri speciale unde se urP UHWHQXP UXOGHGHIHFWHSHPHWUXS WUDW
Unele dintre ele se pot remedia, altele nu.
3URGXVHOHWH[WLOHPDLVXQWDSUHFLDWHLGXS FRPSRUWDUHDODYRSVLUHODDF LXQHDLQWHPSHULLORUD
LIRQ ULL FDUH GHWHUPLQ  JUDGXO GH vQYHFKLUH SUHFXP L UH]LVWHQ D OD GLVWUXJHUH SULQ LIRQDUH DWDF
FKLPLFDFL]LED]HWHUPLFIRFODPROLLLSULQSXWUH]LUH

4.5. Valorificarea gazelor naturale

Gazele naturale sunt constituite dintr-un amestec de hidrocarburi gazoase n care metanul
(CH4 GH LQH SRQGHUHD FHD PDi mare (70- DFHVWD ILLQG vQVR LW GH R VHULH GH JD]H DVRFLDWH HWDQ
SURSDQEXWDQLvQFDQWLWDWHPLF GHDOWHJD]H&22, H2S, N2, He).
&RPSR]L LD JD]HORU QDWXUDOH GLIHU  GH OD XQ ] F PkQW OD DOWXO 5H]HUYHOH QRDVWUH GH JD]H

naturale fiind dintre celHPDLSXUHGLQOXPHFRQ LQkQGFFD&+4 .

Rezervele totale de gaze naturale, pe plan mondial, se ridica n 1991 la peste 119 mld m3,
FDQWLWDWHFXFDUHVHSRDWHDVLJXUDFRQVXPXOPRQGLDOWLPSGHDQL'LQDFHDVW UH]HUY &6,GLVSXQH

de 38%, fiind dH LQ

WRUXOFHORUPDLPDULUH]HUYHFFDPOGP

3DUWLFXODULW

LDOHH[SORDW

).

ULLJD]XOXLPHWDQ

Din punct de vedere al rezervelor de gaze naturale care includ gazul metan (75-80%), gazele
DVRFLDWH L JD]HOH OLEHUH GLQ ] F PkQWXO GH L HL 5RPkQLD VH SODVHD]  vQ UkQGXO

ULORU FX XQ IRQG

natural modest, cu o pondere de sub 0,5% din rezervele mondiale, comparativ cu CSI, SUA, Canada,
1RUYHJLD2ODQGDFDUHGH LQSRQGHULvQUH]HUYHOHPRQGLDOHGHJD]HQDWXUDOHUHVSHFWLYGHL

1,8%. GazHOH QDWXUDOH VH H[SORDWHD]

 SULQ OXFU UL DVHP Q WRDUH FHORU IRORVLWH OD H[SORDWDUHD L HLXOXL

GDUH[WUDF LDVHIDFHDFWXDOPHQWHvQ5RPkQLDGRDUSULQHUXS LHQDWXUDO 

3DUWLFLSDUHD JD]HORU QDWXUDOH vQ EDODQ D HQHUJHWLF  SH SODQ PRQGLDO D FUHVFXW GH OD 


1965 la 19% n 1970, 21% -GDUVHSUHYHGHV

FRERDUHODFFDvQ3DUWLFLSDUHDFHDPDL

PDUHVHvQUHJLVWUHD] vQ$PHULFDGH1RUGFXWHQGLQ DGHVF GHUHLDLFLGHODvQODvQ

1990. n Europa de Vest aceasta a crescut de la 7% n 1970 la 17% -1990, iar n Orient de la 12% la
SHQWUXDFHHDLDQL
&DVXUV GHHQHUJLHJD]HOHQDWXUDOHDXDYDQWDMXOXQHLSROX ULPDLUHGXVHFRPSDUDWLYFX L HLXO
LF UEXQLL&22ODMXP WDWH12xSX LQL622SUDFWLFOLSV 

Principalul dezavantajDOXWLOL]

ULLJD]HORUQDWXUDOHHVWHOLPLWDUHDWUDQVSRUWXOXLLQWHUFRQWLQHQWDO

SH FRQGXFWH*D]XO EUXW HVWH SUHOXFUDW L VH UHFXSHUHD]  JD]HOH OLFKLGH *1/ 3H SODQ PRQGLDO
H[LVWDX vQ  FFD  LQVWDOD LL GH *1/ H[FOXVLY vQ &6, L &KLQD GLQ FDUH 

5% n America de

Nord.
n ultimul timp vQ DUDQRDVWU s-DWUHFXWODH[SORUDUHDXQRU]RQHFXFRQGL LLPDLGLILFLOHL

SDUDPHWULL GH ] F PkQW PDL VF ]X L DVWIHO F  SUHVLXQHD PHGLH GH FROHFWDUH D JD]XOXL PHWDQ vQ
FkPSXULOH GH H[WUDF LH V

-a redus cu 4-6% anual, de la 60-64 bari (1975-1980) la 15-25 bari (1986-

1990).
8WLODMXOGHVXSUDID

GHFRQVWUXF LHUHODWLYVLPSO VSHFLILFVRQGHORUGHHUXS LHUHSUH]LQW 

GLQWRWDOXOLQYHVWL LLORULDUVWD LLOHGHFRPSULPDUHDJD]HORUUHSUH]LQW 

Industriei extUDFWLYH D JD]XOXL PHWDQ vL HVWH FDUDFWHULVWLF

 HYROX LD VH]RQLHU  D SURGXF LHL L

YDULD LDLPSXV GHFRQVXPDWRUL

-1990 a fost estimat la 97-103 mld. m3.

&XPXODWLYXOSURGXF LHLGHJD]PHWDQSHSHULRDGD
QQXP UXOVRQGHORUvQSURGXF LHDIRVWGH

000.
Industria de prelucrare a gazului metan s-D GH]YROWDW vQ VSHFLDO vQ

ULOH FX UHVXUVH SURSULL

GDWRULW IDSWXOXLF WUDQVSRUWXOJD]HORUODPDULGLVWDQ HDUP ULFRVWXOLDUUHGXFHHILFLHQ DHFRQRPLF D

LQYHVWL LHLvQGRPHQLXOLQGXVWULDO

RepartizarHD LQHJDO

 SH WHULWRULXO

ULL D UH]HUYHORU GH JD] PHWDQ L QHFHVLWDWHD DVLJXU ULL FX

FRPEXVWLELO DFRQVXPDWRULORUD GXV OD FUHDUHDXQXLVLVWHPFRPSOH[GHWUDQVSRUWFXUH HDGHFRQGXFWH

GH SHVWH  NP L R FDSDFLWDWH GH  PLO P ]L VXSHULRDU  FDSDFLW

LL VXUVHORU H[LVWHQWH/LYUDUHD

JD]HORUVHIDFHSULQQRX VLVWHPHGHWUDQVSRUW

sistemele I-9 GH vQDOW  SUHVLXQH PD[ 106 N/m2 WUDQVSRUW  FFD  GLQ SURGXF LD GH
gaze
sistemele VI-,; GH MRDV  SUHVLXQH PD[ 105 N/m2 WUDQVSRUW  UHVWXO GH  Gin
SURGXF LH

'H]YROWDUHD LQGXVWULHL H[WUDFWLYH D JD]XOXL PHWDQ vQ HWDSD XUP WRDUH YD DQWUHQD XQ HIRUW GH
LQYHVWL LLFRQVLGHUDELO&UHWHUHDLQYHVWL LHLVSHFLILFHvQSHULRDGD
ID

GHDQXOQDFHHDLSHULRDG

-1990 a fost de aproximativ 40%

FKHOtuielile pentru amortizarea fondurilor fixe au crescut cu cca.

60%.
,QGLIHUHQW GH QXP UXO L QDWXUD FRPSRQHQ LORU DVRFLD L JD]HOH QDWXUDOH GXS  H[WUDF LH VXQW
VXSXVHXQRUSURFHVHGHVHSDUDUHLSXULILFDUHSHQWUXDVHYDORULILFDvQvQWUHJLPH

PrincipalelHGLUHF LLGHYDORULILFDUHDJD]HORUQDWXUDOHVXQW

vQ HQHUJHWLF  IRORVLWH GUHSW FRPEXVWLELO SHQWUX RE LQHUHD HQHUJLHL WHUPLFH vQ FHQWUDOHOH

termoelectrice
-

vQLQGXVWULDFKLPLF ILLQGXQDGLQSULQFLSDOHOHPDWHULLSULPHSHWURFKLPLFHDO WXULGHSHWURO

LF UEXQHSULQFKLPL]DUHYDORDUHDSURGXVXOXLFUHWHGH]HFLSkQ ODVXWHGHRUL

valorificarea gazelor asociate ;

vQ FDQWLW

L PLFL VH IRORVHVF GUHSW FRPEXVWLELO vQ LQGXVWULD PHWDOXUJLF  L vQ LQGXVWULD

PDWHULDOHORUGHFRQVWUXF LL

Principalele hidrocarburi FDUH vQVR HVF JD]HOH QDWXUDOH L FDUH VH VHSDU

 SULQ OLFKHILHUH VXE

SUHVLXQHVXQWXWLOL]DWHvQLQGXVWULDSHWURFKLPLF 

Etanul - XWLOL]DW OD IDEULFDUHD XQRU VROYHQ L FORUXUD L VLQWH]D FORUXULL GH YLQLO L PDWHULH SULP

SHQWUXRE LQHUHDDFHWLOHQHL

Propanul -VHXWLOL]HD] ODIDEULFDUHDDFULORQLWULOXOXLPDWHULDSULP SHQWUXPDVHSODVWLFH

Butanul - SHQWUX RE LQHUHD HWLOHQHL SURSLOHQHL EXWHQHL PDWHULL SULPH SHQWUX RE LQHUHD

cauciucurilor.
Heliul -VXUVDFHDPDLLHIWLQ

GHRE LQHUHRUHSUH]LQW JD]HOHQDWXUDOHGLQFDUHVHVHSDU SHQWUX

DQXOHGLPLQXDFDSDFLWDWHDFDORULF $FHVWHJD]H DXXWLOL] ULGLYHUVHvQPHGLFLQ FKLPLHPHWDOXUJLH

WHKQLF PHGLFDO H[SORUDUHDVSD LXOXLPDULWLPLFRVPLF

Sulful - HVWH R DOW

 PDWHULH SULP  RE LQXW  GLQ JD]HOH QDWXUDOH QGHS UWDUHD +2

S din gazele
este un poluant deosebit de agresiv. Pe
SODQPRQGLDOVHRE LQHSULQUHFXSHUDUHDGLQJD]HOHQDWXUDOHPDLPXOWGHWVXOI]LGLQ+2S).
QDWXUDOH VH IDFH SHQWUX F  DFHVWDHVWH WR[LFLFRURVLYLDU622

4.5.2. Chimizarea gazului metan

&KLPL]DUHDJD]XOXLPHWDQDUHGRX GLUHF LLSULQFLSDOH

prin intermediul acetilenei;

VROYHQ LILEUH31$

SULQLQWHUPHGLXOJD]XOXLGHVLQWH] 
352'8,0(7,/$

ODWH[XULSROLPHULVWLFO 

vopsele

METANOL
U LQL

explozivi
etilen glicol

)250$/'(+,'

adezivi, mase
plastice

carburant

proteine
(produse furajere)

DFHWD LILEUH

IHUWLOL]D LvQJU PLQWH

UREE

sinteze organice
U LQL

GAZ DE
SINTEZ
OXO
DE

'(5,9$

AMONIAC

JD]UHGXF WRU

,&8$=27

ACRILONITRIL
AMINE

PDVHSODVWLFH

ILEUH31$

&RPSXLFXDWHUQDULGHDPRQLX

VROYHQ L

METAN

$&5,/$

fibre PNA,
lacuri, vopsele

ACRILONITRIL

adezivi
elastomeri, latexuri
VWLFO SOH[LJODV

ACETILEN

TRICLORETILENA

352'8,9,1,/,&,

$&(7$/'(+,'

VROYHQ L
U LQL

lacuri, vopsele
fibre, cauciuc, mase plastice
adezivi
alcooli
DFHWD L

FHOXOR] PDVHSODVWLFH

medicamente, fibre, elastomeri

lacuri, vopsele

DQKLGULG DFHWLF 

NEGRU DE FUM

vopsele, lacuri, cerneluri

prelucrare cauciuc

4.5.3. Fabricarea acetilenei

$FHWLOHQD HVWH PDWHULH SULP  IRORVLW  SHQWUX RE LQHUHD XQHL JDPH IRDUWH ODUJL GH SURGXVH
PDFURPROHFXODUHILEUHFDXFLXFPDVHSODVWLFHDGH]LYLVROYHQ LYRSVHOHU LQLODFXULDOFRROLDFL]L
'H DVHPHQHD VH XWLOL]HD]   vQ LQGXVWULD FRQVWUXF LLORU GH PDLQL FD VXUV  GH F OGXU  OD VXGDUHD

metalelor.
3URGXF LDLQGXVWULDO DDFHWLOHQHLVHED]HD] SHXUP WRDUHOHVXUVHGHPDWHULLSULPH

FDOFDUF UEXQHDS SHQWUXRE LQHUHDFDUEXULLGHFDOFLX&D&2LSHQWUXRE LQHUHDDFHWLOHQHL

SURFHGHX FX DSOLFDUH OLPLWDW  GDW ILLQG F  HVWH PDUH FRQVXPDWRU

DFHWLOHQ GLQFDUHPDLPXOWGHMXP WDWHVHSLHUGHI U SRVLELOLW

de energie (cca. 11-13 MWh/t

LGHUHFXSHUDUH

- KLGURFDUEXULOLFKLGHGLQ L HLKLGURFDUEXULJD]RDVHJD]PHWDQ

- F UEXQLFDVXUV DOWHUQDWLY SHQWUXYLLWRU
Alegerea variantei tehnologiceHVWHGHWHUPLQDW GHXUP WRDUHOHFRQVLGHUD LL
- baza de materii prime;
- costul energiei;
- SRWHQ LDOXOWHKQRORJLFH[LVWHQW
Fabricarea acetilenei din metan este un proces puternic endoterm, prin urmare cu un aport de
F OGXU GLQH[WHULRU(FXD LDSULQFLSDO HVWHXUP WRDUHD

2CH4

C2H4 + 2H2

H>0

3HQWUX FD UDQGDPHQWXO  GH RE LQHUH D DFHWLOHQHL V  ILH PD[LP WUHEXLH V  VH UHVSHFWH DQXPL L

parametri:
- vQF O]LUHDPDWHULLORUSULPHSkQ ODWHPSHUDWXUDGHUHDF LH15000&V VHIDF vQWU-un timp
foarte scurt;
- WLPSXO GH UHDF LH V  ILH IRDUWH VFXUW SHQWUX D VH HYLWD GHVFRPSXQHUHD DFHWLOHQHL D F UHL
VWDELOLWDWHODWHPSHUDWXU HVWHIRDUWHUHGXV 

U FLUHEUXVF DJD]HORUGHUHDF LHSHQWUXHYLWDUHDGHVFRPSXQHULLDFHWLOHQHLSULQvQJKH DUHD

HFKLOLEUXOXLUHDF

iei sub 3000&ODLHLUHDGLQ]RQDGHUHDF LH

5DQGDPHQWXO vQ DFHWLOHQ  GHSLQGH GH PRGXO L GH YLWH]D FX FDUH VH DVLJXU  WHPSHUDWXUD GH
UHDF LH6XEDFHVWDVSHFWODVFDU LQGXVWULDO VXQWXWLOL]DWHXUP WRDUHOHSURFHGHH

procedeul termooxidativ sau autotermvQFDUH F

OGXUD GHUHDF LHHVWHDVLJXUDW SULQDUGHUHD

XQHLS U LGLQPDWHULDSULP 

- SURFHGHXOGHHOHFWURFUDFDUHFUDFDUHDFXDUFHOHFWULFvQFDUHF OGXUDQHFHVDU HVWHIXUQL]DW 

de un arc electric;
- SURFHGHXOGHFRQWDFWVDXUHJHQHUDWRUXQGHF OGXUDQHFHVDU HVWHSUHOXDW SULQFRQWDFWGHOD
XQFRUSSURGXF WRUGHHQHUJLH

- SURFHGHXO SODVPRFKLPLF vQ FDUH HQHUJLD WHUPLF  QHFHVDU  HVWH DVLJXUDW  SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO
unui gaz (N2VDX+HvQF O]LWODWHPSHUDWXU IRDUWHULGLFDW 
Procedeul termooxidativ, cel mai aplLFDWvQSUH]HQWSUH]LQW XUP WRDUHOHFDUDFWHULVWLFL
- IRORVHWHFDPDWHULHSULP PHWDQXOLR[LJHQXO
- WHPSHUDWXUDGHUHDF LH-15000&VHRE LQHSULQDUGHUHDXQHLS U LGLQPHWDQvQSUH]HQ D
oxigenului
- YLWH]DGHWUHFHUHDJD]HORUSULQ]RQDGHUHDF LHHVWe de 120 m/s
- UHDF LLOHSULQFLSDOHVXQW-GHFRPEXVWLHSDU LDO DPHWDQXOXL
-

- de formare a acetilenei: 2CH4

C2H4 + 2H2
- de descompunere a acetilenei n carbon, negru de fum vapori de aS

UHDF LLOHVHFXQGDUH GHIRUPDUHDGLR[LGXOXLGHFDUERQL+2

LKLGURJHQ

Utilajul principalVHQXPHWHreactor termooxidativ cu o capacitate 0,2-1,5 t C2H2/h.

6FKHPDUHDFWRUXOXLHVWHUHGDW vQILJXUD

Fazele procesului tehnologic sunt:

1-

SUHvQF O]LUHDDPHVWHFXOXLJD]HORUGHUHDF LHOD

6500C ;
2- omogenizarea amestecului n camera de
amestecare sub limita de explozie care corespunde
raportului O2/CH4 = 3/4;
3- WUHFHUHD DPHVWHFXOXL GH UHDF LH SHVWH DU] WRU FX
viteza 120 m/s;
4- U FLUHD JD]HORU GH UHDF LH FX MHW GH DS  OD 0C
(pentru a se evita descompunerea acetilenei);
5- VS ODUHD JD]HORU GH UHDF LH SHQWUX vQGHS UWDUHD
produselor secundare;
6- FRPSULPDUHDJD]HORUUH]XOWDWHGXS VS ODUH
7- DEVRUE LD DFHWLOHQHL GLQ JD]HOH UH]XOWDWH
FRPSULPDWH

FX

DMXWRUXO

VROYHQ LORU

RUJDQLFL

(amoniac, metanol etc.);

8- GHVRUE LD DFHWLOHQHL din solventul organic prin
Fig. 4.4. Reactorul termooxidativ
1-FDPHU GHDUGHUHDPHVWHFDUH
2-DU] WRUXO-FDPHUDGHUHDF LH
4-RULILFLLSHQWUXDSDGHU FLUH
5-evacuare gaze de reDF LH-evacuare

PLFRUDUHDSUHVLXQLL

9- recuperarea solventului;
10- purificarea acetilenei.

DS LQHJUXGHIXP

4.5.3.1. Fabricarea clorurii de vinil

8QD GLQ XWLOL] ULOH DFHWLOHQHL HVWH IDEULFDUHD FORUXULL GH YLQLO DO F UHL SURFHV WHKQRORJLF
FXSULQGHXUP WRDUHOHRSHUD LLSXULILFDUHDDFHWLOHQHLDPHVWHFDUHDUHDFWDQ LORUVLQWH]DFORUXULLGHYLQLO
QHXWUDOL]DUHDVROX LHLRE LQXWHLGLVWLODUHD

Purificarea acetileneiDUHVFRSXOGHDHOLPLQDLPSXULW

LOHU PDVHvQHD

$PHVWHFDUHDUHDFWDQ LORUXUPDW GHSUHvQF O]LUHDORUDUHORFvQDLQWHDLQWU ULLORUvQUHDFWRUvQWUun vas special.

Sinteza clorurii de vinil (H2& &+&O vQ VWDUH JD]RDV  VH UHDOL]HD]  SULQ KLGURFORUXUDUHD
acetilenei la 120-2000& L SUHVLXQH GH  DWP vQ SUH]HQ D FDWDOL]DWRULORU +J&O2 L F UEXQH DFWLY L
activatorilor (CuCl2, TiCl4, H3PO4FRQIRUPUHDF LHL

HC CH catalizato
r H 2 C = CHCl
activator

QXUPDUHDF LHLPDLUH]XOW LXQHOHSURGXVHXRDUH

3URGXVHOHUH]XOWDWHVXQWU FLWHLRSDUWHGLQHOHOLFKHILD] 
1HXWUDOL]DUHD S U LL OLFKLGH UHDOL]DW  FX 1D2+ VH GHVI RDU  vQ UHDFWRDUH VSHFLDOH 'XS 
QHXWUDOL]DUHVHHOLPLQ DSDSURGXVHOHXRDUHLDFHWLOHQDQHUHDF LRQDW FDUHVHUHFLUFXO 

Distilarea OLFKLGXOXL U
clorurii de vinil care este supus

PDV GXS  HOLPLQDUHD VXEVWDQ HORU PHQ LRQDWH FRQGXFH OD RE LQHUHD
SXULILF ULLSHQWUXVHSDUDUHDS U LORUJUHOHH[LVWHQWH

&ORUXUDGHYLQLOSRDWHILRE LQXW LIRORVLQGGUHSWPDWHULHSULP HWHQD

3ULQSROLPHUL]DUHDFORUXULLGHYLQLOVHRE LQHSROLFORUXUDGHYLQLO

Policlorura de vinil, sau comercial PVC, este folosit

 SHQWUX RE LQHUHD GH SLHVH FX SURILO

FRPSOH[ ILWLQJXUL FRQGXFWH SO FL SHQWUX SDUGRVHOL IROLL SHQWUX DJULFXOWXU  WDSHWH DFRSHULUL GH
SURWHF LHSHQWUXDPEDODMHEXQXULGHODUJFRQVXP

)DEULFDUHDJD]XOXLGHVLQWH]

*D]XO GH VLQWH]  HVWH XQ

amestec de gaze, H2 L &2 FX R FRPSR]L LH YDULDELO

 vQ IXQF LH GH

XWLOL]DUHDOXLFDPDWHULHSULP 

pentru fabricarea metanolului: VCO /VH2 = 1:2

pentru fabricarea amoniacului: VCO /VH2 = 3:1

3URFHGHHGHRE LQHUH

&RQYHUVLDFDWDOLWLF

a metanului FXYDSRULGHDS

VHSRDWHHIHFWXDODSUHVLXQHDDWPRVIHULF 

VDX OD SUHVLXQH ULGLFDW  3URFHVXO WHKQRORJLF GH FRQYHUVLH FDWDOLWLF  FXSULQGH RSHUD LLOH GHVXOIXUDUHD
DPHVWHFDUHDPHWDQXOXLFXYDSRULGHDS LFRQYHUVLD


desulfurarea metanului HVWH HIHFWXDW

v

n cazul cnd nu s-DX HOLPLQDW FRPSOHW FRPSXLL

VXOIXOXL GLQ JD]HOH QDWXUDOH vQ VWDGLXO GH SUHSDUDUH SUHOLPLQDU  GHRDUHFH DX DF LXQH QRFLY  DVXSUD
FDWDOL]DWRUXOXLvOGH]DFWLYHD] 
 DPHVWHFDUHD PHWDQXOXL FX YDSRUL GH DS

n raportul H2O/CH4 de 2,5 - 6 se produce n

FRQGXFWDFHGXFHODUHDFWRUXOGHFRQYHUVLH7RWRGDW DUHORFLSUHvQF O]LUHDPHWDQXOXL

-8700 L SUHVLXQHD GH

 FRQYHUVLD FDWDOLWLF  D PHWDQXOXL VH GHVI RDU  OD WHPSHUDWXUD GH 

25-DWPvQSUH]HQ DFDWDOL]DWRULORUGHQLFKHOVDXDOXPLQ
CH4 + H2O
CO + H2O

$O2

O3FRQIRUPUHDF LLORU

CO + 3H2
CO2 + H2

3HQWUX FUHWHUHD FDQWLW

LL GH R[LG GH FDUERQ GLQ H[WHULRU VH LQWURGXFH GLR[LG GH FDUERQ vQ

DPHVWHFXO GH PHWDQ L YDSRULL GH DS  FDUH GHSODVHD]  HFKLOLEUXO UHDF LHL VSUH IRUPDUHD R[

idului de

carbon.
Q XUPD FRQYHUVLHL U PkQH R FDQWLWDWH GH PHWDQ QHUHDF LRQDW FLUFD  FDUH HVWH WUHFXW OD R D
GRXD ID]  GH FRQYHUVLH SULQ R[LGDUH FX DHU DWPRVIHULF vQ SUH]HQ D DFHOXLDL FDWDOL]DWRU FRQIRUP
UHDF LHL

CH4 + 2(O2 +2N2) CO2 +2H2O + 4N2

'XS  R[LGDUH UH]XOW  XQ DPHVWHF JD]RV IRUPDW GLQ +2

, N2 &2 L &22. Oxidul de carbon are

DF LXQH QRFLY  DVXSUD FDWDOL]DWRUXOXL L GH DFHHD VH WUDQVIRUP  vQ GLR[LG GH FDUERQ FX YDSRUL GH DS 
SRWULYLWUHDF LHL

CO + H2O CO2 +H2

'LR[LGXOGHFDUERQVHVHSDU GHFHOHODOWHJD]HSULQDEVRUE LHVHOHFWLY 6HSDUDUHDOXLGHWHUPLQ 

UHGXFHUHDFRQVXPXOXLGHHQHUJLHODFRPSULPDUHDXOWHULRDU DJD]HORULXWLOL]DUHDHILFLHQW DFDSDFLW

LL

LQVWDOD LHL

Avantajele acestXL SURFHGHX FRQVWDX vQ XWLOL]DUHD XQHL LQVWDOD LL UHODWLY VLPSOH SHQWUX FDUH
FKHOWXLHOLOHGHLQYHVWL LHLvQWUH LQHUHVXQWUHODWLYUHGXVHFXSRVLELOLWDWHDUHFXSHU ULLF OGXULLUH]LGXDOH
VXEIRUP GHDEXUWHKQRORJLFFXWHPSHUDWXUDGH&LSUHVLXQHDG

e 40 atm.

'H]DYDQWDMXOSULQFLSDOFRQVW vQFRQVXPXOULGLFDWGHJD]PHWDQ

2.

2[LGDUHD SDU LDO

vQF O]LUHDLQXWLO D12

 D PHWDQXOXL cu oxigenul din aer sau oxigen elementar pentru a evita

din aer. Procedeul are loc la cca. 13000&L-DWP$O WXULGHJD]GHVLQWH] 

VHPDLIRUPHD] LPLFLFDQWLW

LGHQHJUXGHIXP

Avantajele acestui procedeu constau n:

- IOH[LELOLWDWHvQFHSULYHWHJDPDGHPDWHULLSULPHFHRSUHOXFUHD] 
- UHDF LD ILLQG H[RWHUP  QX QHFHVLW  SUHvQF O]LUHD PDWHULLORU SULPH SULQ XUPDUH se reduc
consumurile specifice de energie;
- RE LQHUHD GH JD] GH VLQWH]  FX R FRPSR]L LH DGHFYDW  XWLOL] ULORU XOWHULRDUH UDSRUW +2/CO

diferit);
- RIHU SRVLELOLWDWHDH[WLQGHULLED]HLGHPDWHULLSULPHSHQWUXJD]XOGHVLQWH] GHODJD]PHWDQ
la gaze asociate, IUDF LL SHWUROLHUH JUHOH F UEXQL LQIHULRUL JD]H UH]LGXDOH GH H[HPSOX JD]H GH
cocserie).
Dezavantajele constau n:
- QHFHVLWDWHD H[LVWHQ HL XQHL LQVWDOD LL VXSOLPHQWDUH GH R[LJHQ SXU FDUH ULGLF  QLYHOXO
LQYHVWL LLORULDOFKHOWXLHOLORUGHSURGXF LH

nHFHVLW

LQVWDOD LLVXSOLPHQWDUHGHGHVXOIXUDUHDJD]HORUvQYHGHUHDXWLOL] ULLORUXOWHULRDUH

DUHRDSOLFDELOLWDWHVSHFLILF ODJD]HLILFDUHDF UEXQLORU

4.5.3.3. Fabricarea metanolului (alcool metilic)

Metanolul (CH3OH) este un produs folosit ca purW

WRUGHHQHUJLHLFDPDWHULHSULP vQGLYHUVH

VLQWH]H0DWHULDSULP SHQWUXIDEULFDUHDPHWDQROXOXLHVWHJD]XOGHVLQWH] IRUPDWGLQR[LGGHFDUERQL

hidrogen, n care raportul volumetric H2/CO este de 2,25/1. Excedentul de hidrogen existent n gazul
de VLQWH] VHFRUHFWHD] SULQLQWURGXFHUHDGH&2GLQH[WHULRU
- Fazele procesului tehnologicGHIDEULFDUHDPHWDQROXOXLVXQWSXULILFDUHDJD]XOXLGHVLQWH] 
VLQWH]DJD]HORUUHDFWDQWHVHSDUDUHDPHWDQROXOXLGLVWLODUHDLSXULILFDUHDPHWDQROXOXL

- purificarea gD]XOXL GH VLQWH]  DUH FD VFRS HOLPLQDUHD FHORUODOWH VXEVWDQ H FRQ LQXWH 0,8% CH4, 18-19% CO2 L XUPH GH FRPSXL GH VXOI 'LR[LGXO GH FDUERQ VH HOLPLQ  SULQ VS ODUH FX
VROX LLDOFDOLQHLDUFRPSXLLVXOIXOXLFXFRPSXLDLDUVHQLXOXL

sinteza gazelor reactante purificate are loc la temperatura de 2700-4200 L SUHVLXQH GH DWPvQSUH]HQ DGHFDWDOL]DWRULSHED] GH=Q2LDFWLYDWRUL&U2O3, CuO).
-

0HWDQROXOUH]XOWDWFRQ LQHLPSXULW

L

separarea metanolului GH JD]XO GH VLQWH]

 QHUHDF LRQDW FDUH

este retrimis n reactorul de

VLQWH] 

GLVWLODUHDLSXULILFDUHDDXVFRSXOGHDHOLPLQDLPSXULW

LOHH[LVWHQWHvQPHWDQRO

4.5.3.4. Fabricarea amoniacului

Amoniacul (NH3 DUH R ODUJ

 XWLOL]DUH vQ LQGXVWULD FKLPLF  SHQWUX PHGLFDPHQWH FRORUDQ L

materLDOHSODVWLFHILEUHFKLPLFHLFDPDWHULHSULP SHQWUXRE LQHUHDIHUWLOL]DQ LORU

Procesul tehnologic de fabricare D DPRQLDFXOXL FXSULQGH XUP WRDUHOH RSHUD LL SXULILFDUHD
JD]XOXL GH VLQWH]  VLQWH]D JD]HORU UHDFWDQWH VHSDUDUHD DPRQLDFXOXL GH JD]HOH QHUHDF LRQDWH L
FRPSULPDUHDJD]HORUQHUHDF LRQDWH

SXULILFDUHD JD]XOXL GH VLQWH]  XUP UHWH HOLPLQDUHD GLQ FRPSR]L LD VD D R[LGXOXL L

GLR[LGXOXL GH FDUERQ 2[LGXO GH FDUERQ VH HOLPLQ  SULQ PHWDQL]DUH &2  +2
DEVRUE LH vQ DS  FXSUR

-amoniacDO

CH4 + H2O),
, iar dioxidul de carbon se

 VS ODUH FX D]RW OLFKLG R[LGDUH OD &22

HOLPLQ SULQDEVRUE LH GHVRUE LHvQWU RVROX LHGHFDUERQDWGHSRWDVLX

sinteza gazelor reactante VH UHDOL]HD]

DWPFRQIRUPUHDF LHi:
-

N2 + 3H3

 OD WHPSHUDWXUD GH FLUFD  & L SUHVLXQH GH 

2NH3

3HQWUXDFHDVWDvQFRORDQDGHVLQWH] UDSRUWXOYROXPHWULF+2

/N2WUHEXLHV ILHGH
separarea amoniacului GH JD]HOH QHUHDF LRQDWH DUH ORF GXS  U FLUHD JD]HORU FDUH S

U VHVF

FRORDQD GH VLQWH]  &HD PDL PDUH SDUWH GLQ DPRQLDF OLFKHILD]  GHRDUHFH vQ U FLWRU SUHVLXQHD HVWH
DFHHDL FX FHD GLQ FRORDQ  *D]HOH QHUHDF LRQDWH VH HOLPLQ  L GXS  FRPSULPDUH DSRL DPHVWHFDUH FX
JD]GHVLQWH] SXULILFDWSURDVS WLILOWUDUHVXQWUHLQWURGXVHvQSURFHVXOWHKQRORJLF