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_

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. (
_
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_
_
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_ tig
_ Mag
_mig
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.

.


. 1887 Bernadas

.



.

1891 Slavjaniv
.
.


.
.

1905 Oscar
Kjellberg .

.
.


.
1918
. 1930


)(

.

.




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.


.

.

under ):
(Water Welding

.

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DCEN
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DCEP .
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Submerged Arc Welding




.
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Magnetic Pulse Welding



) (MPW .
16

.
( (MPW
) (Electromagnetic
.
) (MPW ) (EXW
)(Solid-State
.
1970


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.
) (MPW

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SSW



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5/2 .
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C2H2
.
psi 2200 psi 15 .
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5
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CaC2 + 2 H2O = C2H2 + Ca(OH)2

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laser welding
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Ruby ND:YAG
CO

Ruby

Ruby
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Ruby

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CO
CO
ND:YAG
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1985


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3000
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2 3
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./25 ./5
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7 18




.
:

-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4
.

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-1 .
-2

:
. .

palasma arc
welding
)) Palasma Arc Welding

.
.
PAW
GTAW.


GTAW
.


.

PAW , GTAW

TIG .

PAW GTAW
PAW
GTAW .
PAW .
TIG
. PAW

PAC .

TIG .


PAW GTAW
.

.
" "great stand off distane
TIG .
.

TIG .
"greater stand off
"distance PAW GTAW ""stand off distance
16/3 2/1 .



.
GTAW .

((TIG


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.


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)(Filler metal
.
)(MIG/MAG .

.


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.WIG



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-3 )(1mm

TIG
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. .
-2 ,
.
-3 .
TIG
-1 ) (

.
-2
%1-
%2- .
-3 .
-4 .
-5 .

MAG

Metal Active Gas MAG .

MIG Inert Gas Active Gas


MAG .
. MAG CO2
. CO2
CO O2 CO

O2 Mn
Si
.

.
CO2
.
MAG 400

.

MIG

Gas Metal Inert .

) GMAW (Gas Metal Arc Welding .




Solid .
Wire
. Reel
Drum MIG MAG SAW
TIG
.

. ) ( Manual
.





. Metal MIG

Inert Ga .
TIG
.
CO2

O2

.

-1 ) ) Groove Weld
-2 ) ) Fillet Weld
-3 ) ) Slot Weld
-4 ( ( Plug Weld
:
80 15 5

A
D


F

G


(
(
(
(
(


.
.
.
.
.



.




:
-1 ) f2 G1 (
-2 ) f2 G2 (
-3 ) f3 G3 (
-4 ) f4 G4 (


) (

.
) (

) ( .






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150
15 .


5/0 4 2/0 1
.

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.
30Kp/cm2
5Kp/cm2 5/1
3 .

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OSHA
.



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_

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( .
:
_
_
_
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_
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) 5/0(
.
.
.
Ba .
.
.
-2 Be
) (
.
-3 Cd
. )
( .
.
.
. .

-4 Ca
)(

.

-5 Cr
) ( 3 6
.
.
.
.
-6 Cu
.
.
-7F
.

.
.
.

-8 Fe

.

X

.
-9 Pb

.
.

. .
-10 Mg
.
.


. .


-11 Mo
.
.
-12 Ni
.
.
.
-13 Si
)( .

.
-14 Zn
.
.

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.
-1 CO
.

.
.

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2 -3 No2 No
ppm15
.
. .
.
.
3 30 .

-4 O3
.
.
.
-5 Cocl2
ppm20
.
.
-6 PH3

. .
ppm100 .
.


. .
.
. g/min
.
.
ml/min .

:
-1 .

-2 .

-3 ) (



.
.
:


.
-1

.
mg/m32 .
.
.

-2



.
.

.

.


.


.
.



. .
.

.

.

.



. .

.

.
.
.
.
.
.
No
MAG/MIG TIG .
(O2 , NO2) .
) ( .
. .
MIG/MAG .


) (9000



.

Alignment

Ammeter
Arc striks

Backing strip
.
Backing weld

Butt joint
.
Double Weld

-3

-2-
r Chipping 1
.:


Chipping hammer


.

Cluste
Corner joint
Crayons
Distortion

Excavated


Fillet weld


.
Fit-up
Flame gouging
.
Flaw)(
Fusion welding
.
Gage
-Gouging 1 -2 :
.
Grinding
.
Groove .

angle

( HAZ
Heat affected zone
.) (
Heat sink
Homogeneity


Imperfections



-1
Inclusion
.
. .
.

.

-1
Interface
-2
-.3


Interpass temperature

.
.
Joint Preparation

Joints -1 -2
-3


Lamination

.


Lap joint

.

Localized
Low-Hydrogen electrode
Overlap


.
Oxygen cutting

Plate -1
.3
pore


Porosity

.

Preheat

Preheating

Remelted metal
Root -1 -2 .
Root bead
Root Opening

Shrinkage -.1
Shrinkage Cavity


Slag
.

.
Slag inclusions

-
: .


Spatter

.


Specifications
.


Strike

.
T joint
Tack weld


.
T



Scattered

Tee joint

T
.


Undercut
)
(
.
.
Weld
.
Weld bead

Welding
.
Weldment
Wormhole

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