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Chapter 01. - ANSYS 11
Chapter 01. - ANSYS 11
Introduction to FEA
and ANSYS
Learning Objectives
After completing this chapter, you will be able to:
Understand the basic concepts and general working of FEA.
Understand how FEA helps ANSYS to solve the problems.
Understand the advantages and limitations of FEA.
Understand the types of analysis.
Understand the important terms and definitions in FEA.
Start a new file using the ANSYS Product Launcher window.
Understand the ANSYS Output Window.
Understand the Graphical User Interface (GUI) of ANSYS.
Set the analysis preferences and units.
Learn about the database and files in ANSYS.
Learn about saving, resuming, and clearing database.
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INTRODUCTION TO FEA
The finite element analysis (FEA) is a computing technique that is used to obtain
approximate solutions to the boundary value problems in engineering. It uses a numerical
technique called the finite element method (FEM) to solve boundary value problems. FEA
involves a computer model of a design that is loaded and analyzed for specific results. The
finite element analysis was first developed by Richard Courant in 1943. He used the Ritz
method of numerical analysis and minimization of variational calculus for getting approximate
solutions to vibration systems. Later, the academic and industrial researchers created the finite
element method for structural analysis.
The concept of FEA can be explained with a small example of measuring the perimeter of a
circle. To measure the perimeter of a circle without using the conventional formula, divide the
circle into equal segments, as shown in Figure 1-1. Next, join the start point and endpoint of
each of these segments by straight line. Now, you can very easily measure the length of straight
line, and thus, the perimeter of the circle.
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Figure 1-2 shows a spring assembly that represents a simple two-spring element model. These
two springs are connected in series and one of the springs is fixed at the left most endpoint, refer
to Figure 1-2. The stiffness of the springs is represented by spring constants K1 and K2. The
endpoints of each spring is restricted to the displacement or the translation in the X direction
only. The change in position from the undeformed state of each endpoint can be defined by
the variables X1 and X2. The forces acting on each endpoint of the springs are represented by
F1 and F2.
K1 + K2
-K2
X1
-K2
K2
X2
In the above mathematical model, if the spring constants (K1 and K2) are known and forces (F1
and F2) are defined, then you can determine the resulting deformed shape (X1 and X2).
Alternatively, if the spring constants (K1 and K2) are known and the deformed shapes (X1 and
X2) are defined, then the resulting forces (F1 and F2) can be determined.
This type of spring system may be complicated to define, but they involve most of the key
terminologies used in FEA. These FEA terminologies are listed next.
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1. Stiffness Matrix
2. Degrees of Freedom
3. Boundary Conditions
These terminologies are discussed next.
Stiffness Matrix
In the previous equation, the following part represents the stiffness matrix (K):
K1 + K2
-K2
-K2
K2
This matrix is relatively simple because it comprises only one pair of springs, but it turns
complex when the number of springs increases.
Degrees of Freedom
Degrees of freedom is defined as the ability of a node to translate or transmit the load. In the
previous example, you are only concerned with the displacement and forces. By making one
endpoint fixed, one degree of freedom for displacement is removed from the three possible
degrees of freedom. So, now the model has two degrees of freedom. The number of degrees of
freedom in a model determine the number of equations required to solve the mathematical
model.
Boundary Conditions
The boundary conditions are used to eliminate the unknowns in the system. A set of equations
that is solvable is meaningless without the input. In the previous example, the boundary
condition was X0 = 0, and the input forces were F1 and F2. In either ways, the displacements
could have been specified in place of forces as boundary conditions and the mathematical
model could have been solved for the forces. In other words, the boundary conditions help
you reduce or eliminate unknowns in the system.
Note
The solutions generated using FEA are always approximate.
The FEA technique needs the finite element model (FEM) for its final solution as it does not
use the solid model. FEM consists of nodes, keypoints, elements, real constants, material
properties, loading, and boundary conditions.
Nodes
An independent entity in space is called a node. Nodes are similar to the points in geometry
and represent the corner points of an element. The element shape can be changed by moving
the nodes in space. The shape of a node is shown in Figure 1-3.
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Elements
Element Shapes
The following are the basic shapes of the elements:
Point Element
A point element is in the form of a point and therefore has only one node.
Line Element
A line element has the shape of a line or curve, therefore a minimum of two nodes are
required to define it. There can be higher order elements that have additional nodes (at
the middle of the edge of the element). The element that does not have a node at the
middle of the edge of the element is called a linear element. The elements with node at
the mid of the edges are called quadratic or second order elements. Figure 1-4 shows
some line elements.
Element is an entity into which the system under study is divided. An element shape is
specified by nodes. The shape (area, length, and volume) of an element depends on the nodes
with which it is made. An element (triangular shaped) is shown in Figure 1-3.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
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Preprocessor
The preprocessor is a program that processes the input data to produce the output that is used
as input to the subsequent phase (solution). Following are the input data that needs to be
given to the preprocessor:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
The input data will be preprocessed for the output data and preprocessor will generate the
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data files automatically with the help of users. These data files will be used by the subsequent
phase (solution), refer to Figure 1-7.
Solution
Solution phase is completely automatic. The FEA software generates the element matrices,
computes nodal values and derivatives, and stores the result data in files. These files are further
used by the subsequent phase (postprocessor) to review and analyze the results through the
graphic display and tabular listings, refer to Figure 1-7.
Postprocessor
The output from the solution phase (result data files) is in the numerical form and consists of
nodal values of the field variable and its derivatives. For example, in structural analysis, the
output is nodal displacement and stress in the elements. The postprocessor processes the
result data and displays them in graphical form to check or analyze the result. The graphical
output gives the detailed information about the required result data. The postprocessor phase
is automatic and generates the graphical output in the form specified by the user, refer to
Figure 1-7.
Engineers
An engineer who wants to work with this tool should have sound knowledge of Strength of
Materials (for structural analysis), Heat Transfer, Thermodynamics (for thermal analysis), and
a good analytical/designing skill. Besides this, he should also have a fair knowledge of advantages
and limitations of the FEA software being used.
Software
The FEA software should be selected based on the following considerations:
1. Analysis type to be performed.
2. Flexibility and accuracy of the tool.
3. Hardware configuration of your system.
Nowadays, the CAE / FEA software can simulate the performance of most of the systems. In
other words, anything that can be converted into a mathematical equation can be
simulated using the FEA techniques. Usually, the most popular principle of GIGO (Garbage
In Garbage Out) applies to FEA. Therefore, you should be very careful while giving/accepting
the inputs for analysis. A careful planning is the key to a successful analysis.
FEA Software
There are variety of commercial FEA software packages available in market. However, no
software has the capability to meet the complete analysis requirements of a design.
Therefore, some firms use one or more CAE software depending on their requirements.
Some companies also develop their own customized version of commercial software to meet
their requirements provided by the commercial software. Some of the most popular and
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1. ANSYS
2. Adina
3. Abaqus
4. Hypermesh
5. NX Nastran
6. Cosmos
7. NISA
8. Marc
9. Ls-Dyna
10. MSC/Dytran
11. Star-CD
Advantages
1. It reduces the amount of prototype testing; thereby, saving the cost and time involved in
performing design testing.
2. It gives graphical representation of the result of analysis.
3. The finite element modeling and analysis are performed by the preprocessor phase and
the solution phase, which if done manually, will consume a lot of time and, in some cases,
may be impossible to do.
4. Variables such as stress, temperature can be measured at any desired point in the model.
5. It helps optimize the design.
6. It is used to simulate the designs that are not suitable to prototype testing such as
surgical implants (artificial knees).
7. It helps you create more reliable, high quality, and competitive designs.
Limitations
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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TYPES OF ANALYSIS
The following types of analysis can be performed in FEA software:
1. Structural analysis
2. Thermal analysis
3. Fluid flow analysis
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In structural analysis, first the nodal degrees of freedom (displacement) are calculated and
then the stress, strains, and reaction forces are calculated from the nodal displacements.
The classification of the structural analysis is shown in Figure 1-8.
Static Analysis
In static analysis, the load or field conditions do not vary with respect to time and therefore, it
is assumed that the load or field conditions are applied gradually, not suddenly. The system
under analysis can be linear or nonlinear. Inertia and damping effects are ignored in structural
analysis. In structural analysis, the following matrices are solved:
[K] x [X ]= [F]
Where,
K = Stiffness Matrix
X = Displacement Matrix
F = Load Matrix
The above equation is called the force balance equation for the linear system. If the elements
of matrix [K] are a function of [X], the system is known as a nonlinear system. Nonlinear
systems include large deformation, plasticity, creep and so on. The loadings that can be applied
in a static analysis include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The outputs that can be expected from a FEA software given next.
1. Displacements
Structural Analysis
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2. Strains
3. Stresses
4. Reaction forces
Dynamic Analysis
In dynamic analysis, the load or field conditions do vary with time. The assumption here is
that the load or field conditions are applied suddenly. The system can be linear or nonlinear. The
dynamic load includes oscillating loads, impacts, collisions, and random loads. The dynamic
analysis is classified into the following three main categories:
Model Analysis
It is used to calculate the natural frequency and mode shape of a structure.
Harmonic Analysis
It is used to calculate the response of the structure to harmonically time varying loads.
Transient Dynamic Analysis
It is used to calculate the response of the structure to arbitrary time varying loads.
In dynamic analysis, the following matrices are solved:
For the system without any external load:
[M] x Double Derivative of [X] + [K] x [X]= 0
Where,
M = Mass Matrix
K = Stiffness Matrix
X = Displacement Matrix
For the system with external load:
[M] x Double Derivative of [X] + [K] x [X]= [F]
Where,
K = Stiffness Matrix
X = Displacement Matrix
F = Load Matrix
The above equations are called the force balance equations for a dynamic system. By solving
the above set of equations, you will be able to extract the natural frequencies of a system. The
load types applied in a dynamic analysis are the same as that for the static analysis. The
outputs that can be expected from a software are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Natural frequencies
Mode shapes
Displacements
Strains
Stresses
Reaction forces
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All the outputs mentioned here can be obtained with respect to time.
This is an extension of the modal analysis and is used to calculate the stress and strain due to
the response of the spectrum (random vibrations).
Buckling Analysis
This type of analysis is used to calculate the buckling load and the buckling mode shape.
Slender structures and structures with slender part loaded in the axial direction buckle under
relatively small loads. For such structures, the buckling load becomes a critical design factor.
Thermal Analysis
Thermal analysis is used to determine the temperature distribution and related thermal
quantities such as:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Thermal distribution
Amount of heat loss or gain
Thermal gradients
Thermal fluxes
All the primary heat transfer modes such as conduction, convection, and radiation can be
simulated. You can perform two types of thermal analysis, steady-state and transient.
Velocities
Pressures
Temperatures
Film coefficients
Spectrum Analysis
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This type of analysis is used to determine the magnetic fields in electromagnetic devices. The
types of electromagnetic analyses are:
1. Static analysis
2. Harmonic analysis
3. Transient analysis
Strength
When a material is subjected to an external load, the system undergoes a deformation. Inturn
the material will offer a resistance against this deformation. This resistance is offered by the
material by the virtue of its strength.
Load
The external force acting on a body is called the load.
Stress
The force of resistance offered by a body against the deformation is called stress. The stress is
induced in the body while the load is being applied on the body. Stress is calculated as load
per unit area.
p = F/A
Where,
p = Stress in N/mm2
F = Applied Force in Newton
A = Cross-Sectional Area in mm2
The material can undergo various types of stresses and that are discussed next.
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Tensile Stress
Compressive Stress
If the resistance offered by the body is against the decrease in length, the body is said to be
under compressive stress. Compressive stress is just the reverse of tensile stress.
Shear Stress
Shear stress exists when two materials tend to slide across each other in any typical plane of
shear, on application of force parallel to that plane.
Shear Stress = Shear resistance (R) / Shear area (A)
Strain
When a body is subjected to a load (force), its length will change. The ratio of the change in
length to the original length of the member is called strain. If the body returns to its original
shape on removing the load, the strain is called elastic strain. If the metal remains distorted,
the strain is called plastic strain. The strain can be of three types, namely, tensile, compressive, or
shear strain.
Strain (e) = Change in Length (dl) / Original Length (l)
Elastic Limit
The maximum stress that can be applied to a material without producing permanent
deformation is known as the elastic limit of the material. If the stress is within the elastic limit,
the material will return to its original shape and dimension, when the external stress is removed.
Hookes Law
It states that the stress is directly proportional to the strain, within the elastic limit.
Stress / Strain = Constant (within the elastic limit)
Ultimate Strength
The maximum stress that the material withstands when subjected to an applied load is called
its ultimate strength.
If the resistance offered by the body is against the increase in length, the body is said to be
under tensile stress.
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Factor of Safety
The ratio of the ultimate strength to the estimated maximum stress in ordinary use (design
stress) is known as factor of saftey. It is necessary that the design stress should be well below the
elastic limit and to achieve this condition, the ultimate stress should be divided by a factor of
safety.
Lateral Strain
If a cylindrical rod is subjected to an axial tensile load, the length (l) of the rod will increase (dl)
and the diameter () of the rod will decrease (d). In short, the longitudinal stress will not only
produce a strain in its own direction, but will also produce a lateral strain. The ratio dl/l is
called the longitudinal strain or linear strain, and the ratio d/ is called the lateral strain.
Poissons Ratio
The ratio of lateral strain to the longitudinal strain is constant, within the elastic limit. This
ratio is called the Poissons ratio and is denoted by 1/m. For most of the metals, the value of the
m lies between 3 and 4.
Poissons ratio = Lateral Strain / Longitudinal Strain = 1/m
Bulk Modulus
If a body is subjected to equal stresses along the three mutually perpendicular directions, the
ratio of the direct stresses to the corresponding volumetric strain is found to be a constant for
a given material, when the deformation is within a certain limit. This ratio is called the bulk
modulus and is denoted by K.
Creep
At elevated temperatures and constant stress or load, many materials continue to deform but
at a slow rate. This behavior of materials is called creep. At a constant stress and temperature,
the rate of creep is approximately constant for a long period of time. After this period and
after a certain amount of deformation, the rate of creep increases, thereby causing fracture in
the material. The rate of creep is highly dependent on both the stress and the temperature.
Classification of Materials
Materials are classified into three main categories: elastic, plastic, and rigid. In case of elastic
materials, the deformation disappears on the removal of load. In plastic materials, the
deformation is permanent. A rigid material does not undergo any deformation when
subjected to an external load. However, in actual practice, no material is perfectly elastic,
plastic, or rigid. The structural member are designed such that they remain in the elastic
conditions under the action of working loads. All the engineering materials are grouped into
three categories that are discussed next.
Isotropic Material
In case of Isotropic materials, the material properties do not vary with direction, which means
that it has same material properties in all directions. The material properties are defined by
Youngs modulus and Poissons ratio.
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In case of Orthotropic material, the material properties do vary with direction and the
material properties are specified in three orthogonal directions. It has three mutually
perpendicular planes of material symmetry. The material properties are defined by three
separate Youngs modulus and Poissons ratios.
Anisotropic Material
In case of Anisotropic material, the material properties vary with the direction. But in this
case, there is no plane of material symmetry.
INTRODUCTION TO ANSYS
Welcome to the world of Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) with ANSYS. If you are a new
user of this software package, you will be joining hands with thousands of users of this
Computer Aided Finite Element Analysis package. If you are familiar with the previous
releases of this software, you will be able to upgrade your designing skills with the
tremendous improvement in this latest release.
ANSYS, developed by ANSYS, Inc., USA, is a dedicated Computer Aided Finite Element
Modeling and Finite Element Analysis tool. ANSYS is known as the standard in the field of
Computer Aided Engineering. The Graphical User Interface (GUI) of ANSYS enables the
user to work with 3-dimensional (3D) models and also generate results from them. You can
perform a variety of tasks ranging from Finite Element Analysis to complete Product
Optimization Analysis using ANSYS.
The following is the list of analyses that you can perform using ANSYS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Structural analysis
Thermal analysis
Fluid flow analysis
Electromagnetic field analysis
Coupled-field analysis
Acoustic analysis
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
The following are the system requirements to ensure the smooth running of ANSYS on your
system:
System unit: An Intel Pentium 4 or AMD 64, running Microsoft 2000 Professional Edition,
Windows XP 32-bit, or Windows XP x64 on it.
Memory: 512 MB of RAM is the minimum requirement for all applications. However, for
64-bit systems, 1 GB of RAM is the minimum requirement.
Disk drive: 2.2 GB Disk Drive space (Minimum recommended size).
A DVD drive is required for the program installation.
Graphics adapter: Graphics card compatible with the supported operating systems, capable
of supporting 1024x768 High Color (16-bit), and a 17-inch monitor compatible with this
type of graphics card.
Orthotropic Material
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Approximately twice as much swap space as memory is required. And, TCP/IP for the
license manager.
Microsoft Internet Explorer 6.0 or higher.
Interactive Mode
This is the default mode in ANSYS. It allows you to work with menus and dialog boxes
(Graphical User Interface), online help, and tools to create models in the graphics window.
Batch Mode
In the batch mode, you can execute a file of commands in the ANSYS program. It is useful
when you do not want to interact with the program such as during the solution phase of an
analysis.
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Alternatively, you can run ANSYS by choosing Start > All Programs > ANSYS 11.0 > ANSYS
from the taskbar menu; ANSYS will start with the last configured product launcher settings. If
you have not run the launcher yet, the highest licensed product will run automatically.
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MFX - ANSYS/CFX
LS-DYNA Solver
By default, the ANSYS environment will be selected. If you want to run the file of
commands, select the ANSYS Batch environment.
License
This drop-down list is used to select the license from the available types. In this textbook,
the ANSYS Multiphysics license is used. The ANSYS Multiphysics has the capability to
solve the structural, thermal, CFD, acoustic, and electromagnetic analysis problems.
Add-on Modules Area
The check boxes in this area are used to select the add-on modules. The two add-on
modules available in this area are ANSYS DesignXplorer (-DVT) and VT Accelerator
(-VTA).
Note
In this textbook, you will deal with the structural and thermal analyses. Therefore, you need to
select the ANSYS option from the Simulation Environment drop-down list and the ANSYS
Multiphysics option from the License drop-down list.
Customization/Preferences Tab
The options in this tab are used to customize the working environment and are shown in
Figure 1-13. These options in this tab will vary depending upon the simulation environment.
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1-22
The options in this tab are used to launch and run ANSYS by sharing memory with multiple
processors, or run ANSYS with proper MPI configuration. If you are running ANSYS on a
stand-alone system, use the default options from this tab.
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Utility Menu
In ANSYS, the menu bar is called as the utility menu. It contains the file control, plot, plot
control, and many other options. This menu is very important in ANSYS GUI.
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1-25
The Main Menu is arranged in a tree-like structure with various colors to indicate the level of
the tree structure, as shown in Figure 1-17. This structure depicts a step-by-step approach to
the analysis. It contains the tools to create the model and perform the analysis.
Graphics Area
In the graphics area, you can build the model, apply the load, show the results, and postprocess
the counters and graphs. It is just like the drawing area in other CAD software packages with
the only difference that in this graphics area, you can view the result in counters and graphs.
If you right-click in the graphics area, a shortcut menu will be displayed, as shown in Figure 1-18.
The shortcut menu contains the options for adjusting the graphics window display, setting the
view, and zooming the model in the graphics area.
Figure 1-18 The shortcut menu used to adjust the graphics window properties
Main Menu
1-26
Standard Toolbar
It contains the most commonly used tools such as New Analysis, Open Analysis File, Save
Analysis, and so on. The Standard toolbar is shown in Figure 1-19.
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1-28
Reset Picking
This button is used to reset the picking menu and clear the selection in the graphic
area. Also, the dialog box from which the picking menu is invoked will get closed.
Figure 1-24 displays a model in which some of the nodes are selected and Figure 1-25
displays the same model after choosing the Reset Picking button.
Contact Manager
This button is used to invoke the Contact Manager dialog box, as shown in
Figure 1-26. This dialog box is used to create and manage the contact pairs.
ANSYS Toolbar
This toolbar contains the shortcuts of the most frequently used commands and functions. This
toolbar allows you to create your own tool menu. By default, four ANSYS tools are available in
this toolbar. You will learn more about customizing the ANSYS Toolbar in later chapters.
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Current Settings
In this area, the current attribute settings are displayed such as material, element type, real
constant number, currently active coordinate system, and section number.
Preferences
Before proceeding to perform an analysis, you need to specify the type analysis you want to
perform (Structural, Thermal, Fluid, and so on). This will be the first step in any analysis
process. To set the analysis preferences, choose Preferences from the Main Menu; the
Preferences for GUI Filtering dialog box will be displayed, as shown in Figure 1-28. This
dialog box is divided into two parts, one showing the individual disciplines and other, the
discipline options.
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Disciplines
The disciplines are arranged according to the types of analysis that can be carried out in
ANSYS. Select the required discipline by selecting the check box on the left side of the
disciplines area. In this textbook, you will learn about the structural and thermal analysis. So,
we need to select the Structural and Thermal check boxes only.
Discipline Options
The Discipline options area contains two types of solution methods for solving the structural
problems in ANSYS: h-Method and the p-Method Struct.
h-Method
By default, this radio button is selected. The h-method can be used for doing any type of
analysis and requires a finer mesh than the p-method. In this textbook, we will use h-Method
option to solve the analysis related problems.
p-Method Struct
The p-method struct is used only for linear structural static analysis and gives accurate results
with the coarse mesh. The p-Method Struct option provides the user specified degree of
accuracy.
Specify the disciplines and their discipline options by selecting the required radio button
provided on the left of each option. Next, choose the OK button to exit the dialog box.
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UNITS IN ANSYS
/Units
Parameters > Angular Units
ANSYS is unit independent. It does not prompt you to specify units while carrying out the
analysis. It simply does the calculation of the data fed into it. It is the responsibility of the user
to be consistent with the units used in the analysis.
Following are some of the quantities and their respective units used in this textbook.
Length = Millimeters (mm)
Mass = Kilogram (kg)
Time = Seconds (s)
Temperature = Celsius (oC)
Force = Newton (N)
Pressure = N/mm2
Stress = N/mm2
Note
You can specify the SI or British units for material property libraries, which will be discussed
in Chapter 4.
However, the /Units command is used to remind you to use the consistent set of units. This
command can only be accessed from the ANSYS command prompt, not through the Utility
Menu and the Main Menu. To set the SI system of units, type /UNITS, SI at the ANSYS
command prompt and press the ENTER key; the units will be set automatically.
To set angular units for the variables, choose Parameters > Angular Units from the Utility
Menu; the Angular Units for Parametric Functions dialog box will be displayed, as shown
in Figure 1-29.
Figure 1-29 The Angular Units for Parametric Functions dialog box
By default, the Radians RAD option is selected from the Units for angular drop-down list,
which indicates that the current angular unit is radians. Select the Degrees DEG option from
the drop-down list to specify the angular units as degrees.
Command Prompt:
Utility Menu:
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The other important terms related to ANSYS, common options in ANSYS, and the working of
these options are discussed next.
Dialog Boxes
Various options available in any ANSYS dialog box is given next.
Inputs to be Specified
The input to the ANSYS dialog box can be provided through text entry, check boxes, radio
button, option button, single selection list, multiple selection list, two columns selection list, a
tabbed box, or a tree structure. If you do not enter values in the edit boxes, they will be
assumed to be zero (0). For example, in the Create Keypoints in Active Coordinate System
dialog box, as shown in Figure 1-30, if you choose the Apply button without entering any
values in the edit boxes, a keypoint will be created at 0,0,0 location in the active coordinate
system.
Figure 1-30 The Create Keypoints in Active Coordinate System dialog box
Action Buttons
The action buttons in the dialog box include OK, Apply, and Cancel.
OK
If you choose this button, the corresponding action will be performed and the dialog
box will be closed.
Apply
This button allows you to perform the action without closing the dialog box.
Cancel
This button is used to exit the dialog box without performing the action.
Graphics Display
The graphics display options in ANSYS are used to change the geometry display, result
display, and graph display. The geometry display includes display of nodes, elements, keypoints,
and so on. The result display includes temperature or stress contours.
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The Plot and PlotCtrls menus from the Utility Menu are used to control the display of the
objects.
The Plot menu, as shown in Figure 1-31, is used to display the nodes, elements, keypoints,
lines, areas, and volumes. The Multi-plot option is used to plot all entities mentioned above.
PlotCtrls Menus
The PlotCtrls menu, as shown in Figure 1-32, is used to control the view and style of graphics
display. The PlotCtrls menu can be used to perform the following tasks:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Plot Menus
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In ANSYS, the front view is the default view and the Z axis is pointed normal to the screen. You
can pan, zoom, and rotate the model using the keyboard and mouse as explained below:
1. Press and hold the CTRL key and the left mouse button, and then drag the mouse to pan
the model. Refer to Figure 1-33.
2. Press and hold the CTRL key and the middle mouse button, and then drag the mouse to
zoom and spin the model. Refer to Figure 1-33.
3. Press and hold the CTRL key and the right mouse button, and then drag the mouse to
rotate the model. Refer to Figure 1-33.
1-35
The Pan-Zoom-Rotate dialog box is used to manipulate the view of the model on the screen.
To invoke this dialog box, invoke the Pan-Zoom-Rotate tool from the Standard toolbar.
Alternatively, you can choose PlotCtrls > Pan Zoom Rotate from the Utility Menu; the
Pan-Zoom-Rotate dialog box will be displayed, as shown in Figure 1-35.
Active Window
The Window drop-down list is used to activate any one window or all windows at once. Once
you activate the window, all the operations (Pan-Zoom-Rotate) are initiated in the active window.
Views Area
The buttons in this area are used to set the view (in which the model is viewed) in the active
window. The options in this area are shown in Figure 1-35.
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Rate Slider
The Rate slider is used to control the amount of pan, zoom, and rotation. The rate varies from
1 to 100.
Dynamic Mode
This check box is used to pan, zoom, or rotate the model dynamically. Select this check box
and use the mouse buttons to dynamically pan, zoom, or rotate the model. The functions of
these mouse buttons are discussed next.
Left Mouse Button
Press the left mouse button and drag the mouse to pan the model.
Middle Mouse Button
Press the middle mouse button and drag the mouse to zoom and spin the model.
Right Mouse Button
Press the right mouse button and drag the mouse to rotate the model.
The buttons in this area are used to pan and zoom the model in the active window. The arrow
buttons are used to pan the model up or down, and left or right. The dot buttons are used to
zoom the model in or out.
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Graphics Picking
Graphics picking is used to locate or retrieve the entities like nodes and keypoints using the
left mouse button. In ANSYS, there are three types of graphics picking operations.
1. Locational picking
2. Retrieval picking
3. Query picking
These operations are discussed next.
Locational Picking
Locational picking is used to locate the coordinates of nodes and keypoints. Figure 1-36 shows
the Create KPs on WP dialog box that is used for locational picking. The different areas in
this dialog box are discussed next.
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Picked Data
This area gives information about the workplane and the global cartesian coordinates of the
picked items.
Retrieval Picking
Retrieval picking is used to pick the existing entities for operations such as applying loads,
meshing, applying degrees of freedom, and so on. Figure 1-37 shows the Apply U,ROT on
KPs dialog box that is used for retrieval picking. You can either select the individual entities
by selecting the Single radio button, or you can use the following options for picking the
entities:
This area gives the counts of the picked entities. Also, it gives information about the minimum
and maximum number of times that a point can be picked.
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Box
Drag a rectangle around the entities; the entities inside the rectangle will be selected.
Polygon
Create a polygon by picking the points in the graphics area; the entities inside the
polygon will be selected.
Circle
Click in the graphics area to specify the center of the circle center. Next, press and hold
the left mouse button and drag the mouse to specify the diameter of the circle; the entities
inside the circle will be selected.
Loop
This radio button is used to pick only the lines and areas. The complete set of lines or
areas within the continuous loop are picked.
Choose the Pick All button to select all entities in the graphics area.
Query Picking
Query picking is used to display the specified items from the database. There are two types of
query pickers, Model query picker and Results query picker and these are explained next.
Model Query Picker
Utility Menu:
The model query picker allows you to display the information about the picked entities. It
also provides information about force per unit area, angle between lines, and so on. To
invoke the model query picker, choose List >Picked Entities + from the Utility Menu;
the Model Query Picker dialog box will be displayed, as shown in Figure 1-38.
Select the entities for query and choose the Apply button; the KLIST Command window
will be displayed, as shown in Figure 1-39. This window contains information about the
selected entities. If you select the Generate 3D Anno check box, the 3D annotation
attached to the model with help of leader will be displayed in the graphics area.
Results Query Picker
Main Menu:
The results query picker allows you to review the results for specific points on the model.
To invoke the results query picker, choose General Postproc > Query Results from the
Main Menu.
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Database
The ANSYS database is used to store the input and the result data in the memory. The input
data includes model dimensions, material properties, the loading data, and so on. The result
data contains displacements, stresses, strains, reaction forces, and so on.
Files
During the process of analysis, the ANSYS writes and reads several files. The format of these
files is Jobname.ext. These components of the file name are discussed next.
Jobname
Utility Menu:
It is the name that is given in the ANSYS Product Launcher of ANSYS. The default name
is File. You can change the jobname in an ANSYS session also. To change the jobname,
choose File > Change Jobname from the Utility Menu; the Change Jobname dialog box
will be displayed, as shown in Figure 1-40. Enter the new jobname in the Enter new
jobname edit box and choose the OK button from the dialog box.
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db and dbb
The database file (db) is a read-only file. When you save a read-only db file, the existing
read-only file is saved to a dbb file. You cannot save the read-only db file the second
time because this process will attempt to write over the dbb file, which ANSYS does
not allow.
*.rst, *.rth, *.rmg, and *.rfl
These are the result files that contain the result data calculated by ANSYS. The
result files are read-only. These files are discussed below:
*.rst
Saves the structural result file.
*.rth
Saves the thermal result file.
*.rmg
Saves the magnetic result file.
*.rfl
Saves the flotran result file.
Note
If you start a second session with the same jobname in the same working directory, then ANSYS
will overwrite the old *.log and *.err files.
SAVE _DB
File > Save as Jobname.db
The save operation copies the database from memory to a file called the database file (db). To
save the file, choose the SAVE _DB button from the ANSYS Toolbar. Alternatively, you can
choose File > Save as Jobname.db from the Utility Menu to save the file.
RESUME_DB
File > Resume Jobname.db
The resume operation restores the database from the db file into the memory. The resume
operation is used as an undo tool. It restores the database into the memory from the last
saved database file (db). To resume a file, choose the Resume_DB button from the
ANSYS Toolbar. Alternatively, you can choose File > Resume Jobname.db from the Utility
Menu to remove a file.
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This operation is used to clear the old database and start a new one. It is similar to restarting
ANSYS. To clear the database, choose File > Clear & Start New from the Utility Menu; the
Clear Database & Start New dialog box will be displayed, as shown in Figure 1-41.
Figure 1-41 The Clear Database and Start New dialog box
Choose the OK button from this dialog box; the Verify window showing a warning that the
old database will be deleted will be displayed. Choose the YES button to start a new database.
Preliminary Decisions
Preprocessing
Solution
Postprocessing
The preprocessing, solution, and postprocessing have been discussed earlier in this chapter.
Preliminary Decisions
A successful analysis of any geometry depends on accurate planning, which includes taking
the following decisions:
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What to Model
Next, you need to decide the type of model required to define a geometry. The solid
modeling in ANSYS is discussed in the next chapter.
Element Type
This is an important aspect and determines the element characteristics. The element
types are discussed in the later chapters.
ANSYS Help
Utility Menu:
To invoke the help window, choose Help > Help Topics from the Utility Menu; the Release
11.0 Documentation for ANSYS window will be displayed, as shown in Figure 1-42.
Also, every dialog box in ANSYS contains the Help button. On choosing this button, the help
relevant to that particular dialog box will be displayed in the Release 11.0 Documentation for
ANSYS window. The ANSYS help window is divided into two parts: Navigational window and
Document window. The Navigational window contains the Contents, Index, Search, and
Favorites tabs. The Document window contains the help information related to the topic
selected in the Navigational window. In the help window, you can get help on the ANSYS
commands, element types, analysis procedure, and so on.
Analysis Type
First of all you need to decide the type of analysis to be performed, that is structural,
thermal, fluid flow, electromagnetic field, or coupled-field analysis.
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Exiting ANSYS
ANSYS Toolbar:
Utility Menu:
QUIT
File > Exit
To exit ANSYS, choose the QUIT button from the ANSYS Toolbar or choose File > Exit from
the Utility Menu; the Exit from ANSYS dialog box will be displayed, as shown in Figure 1-43.
Select the appropriate radio button from the list of options given and choose the OK button.
The options in this dialog box are discussed next.
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Save Geom+Loads
Save Geo+Ld+Solu
This radio button is used to save the geometry, loads, and the solution.
Save Everything
This check box is used to save everything, which including the geometry, loads, solution,
graphs, results, and so on.
Quit - No Save!
This radio button is used to exit the ANSYS session without saving the database.
Select any one of the above radio buttons according your requirement and choose the OK
button; the ANSYS session will be closed.
Self-Evaluation Test
Answer the following questions and then compare them to those given at the end of the
chapter:
1. Finite Element Analysis is an approximate method. (T/F)
2. The shape of an element can be changed by moving the nodes of the element in the space.
(T/F)
3. The elements that have the nodes at the middle of the element edge are called linear
elements. (T/F)
4. The models that have holes or sharp corners need to be densely meshed in those areas to
get better results. (T/F)
5. In ANSYS, the top view is the default view for displaying a model. (T/F)
6. You cannot open the db files created in ANSYS 11.0 with ANSYS 9.0 or an earlier
version. (T/F)
7. In the __________ analysis, the nodal degrees of freedom (Displacement) are calculated.
8. The __________button is used to raise the hidden dialog box.
9. The __________menu is used to display the nodes, elements, keypoints, lines, areas, and
volumes.
10. The__________file contains all the errors and warnings encountered during a session.
If you select this radio button and choose the OK button, only the geometry and the loads will
be saved.
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