Iodine

Erin Jacoby and Brittany Wynn

Iodine on the Periodic TabIe
» Atomic Symbol: Ì
» Atomic Number: 53
» Molecular Weight: 126.90447u
1
Functions of Iodine
» Production of thyroid hormones - main function
» Homeostasis
» Lowers blood pressure
» Reduce serum cholesterol
» Healthy mucous membranes
1,2,3,4
Thyroid Hormones
» Ìmportance
· Healthy mental and physical development
· Nervous system development
· T3 and T4 hormones - regulate metabolic process
· Linear growth
· Stimulate oxygen consumption
1,3,4,5
Thyroid Hormones Continued
» Released from the pituitary gland
» 3 transport proteins required to bind T3 and
T4 to be released in blood
· Albumin and Prealbumin used to transport
1,3,4,5
Homeostasis
» Regulates
biochemical
reactions
· Enzymatic Activity
· Protein synthesis
2,3,6
MetaboIic Pathways
» Majority of Ìodine is stored in the thyroid
gland
» Dietary Ìodine is free in the body
· Ìodate or Ìodide
· Bound to an amino acid
2,3,6
MetaboIic Pathways - Digestion
» Enters gastrointestinal tract
· Bound Ìodide are freed or convert to Ìodide
· 90% absorbed in stomach
» Freed Ìodide enters bloodstream
· Enters body tissues from bloodstream
2,3,6
Primary Receptor for Iodine
» Thyroid Gland (70-80%)
· Absorb largest quantities of
Ìodine
· Passes through thyroid gland
via an active transport system
u Carries Ìodide with 2 Na
1,2
Pregnancy and Lactation
» Higher hormone requirements
· Ìncreases in thyroid function
» Lactation - lose Ìodine in breast milk
· Normal thyroid activity and brain development
6, 7, 8
Recommended Dietary AIIowance (RDA)
Age Male Females Pregnant Lactating
Birth - 6 months 90-110ug 90-110ug
7-12 months 90-130ug 90-130ug
1-5 years 90ug 90ug
6-12 years 120ug 120ug
13-18 years 120ug 120ug 220ug 290ug
19+ years 120ug 120ug 220ug 290ug
1, 6, 7, 8
Iodine Deficiencies
» Congenital abnormalities
» Goiter
» Hyperthyroidism
» Chronic Autoimmune
Thyroiditis (CAT)
» Stunted physical growth
» Deafness
» Ìmpaired mental abilities
» Neonatal creatinism
» Reproductive damage
» Mortality
1, 3, 9, 10
Iodine Deficiencies
» Who it can affect
· Anyone from birth to death
· High risk - pregnant/lactating women
· Most common
u Elderly
u Hypertension patients
1, 3, 4, 9, 10
Iodine Deficiencies - Hyperthyroidism
» Thyroid gland reduces hormone production
» Ìf left untreated:
· Goiter
· Obesity
· Heart Disease
· Ìnfertility
3
Iodine Deficiencies - Causes & SoIutions
» Causes
· Farmland soil is Ìodine-deficient
· Decreased use of iodized salt
» Solutions
· Promoting public awareness
· Fortified foods (dairy, salt, etc.)
3, 10, 11, 12
Iodine Toxicity
» UL: 1,100ug/day
» Signs of toxicity
· Burning of stomach, throat, mouth
· Nausea
· Vomiting
· Diarrhea
· Fever
1, 13
Iodine Toxicity
» Negative Consequences
· Chronic Autoimmune Thyroiditis (CAT)
· Ìodine-induced Hyperthyroidism (ÌÌH)
· Goiter
· Thyroid Cancer
» Excess Ìodine removed from body in urine
4
Food Sources
» Dairy Products
» Seafood
» Eggs
» Bread
» Water
» Kelp
» Some Vegetables
» Ìodized Salt
4, 9, 10, 14
Iodine Consumption
» Levels of Ìodine in food depend on:
· Rocks and soil of region
u Below 2.0ug/L = deficient
· Ìodine consumption of animal
u Meat is not a significant source
4, 9, 10, 11, 14
Iodine Fortification
» Planted in Ìodine-rich soil
» Animals fed specific diets
· Pigs - not a significant source
· Chicken eggs - significant
· Cow milk - significant
9, 15
References
1. Gropper S S, Smith J L. Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism. 6
th
Edition. 2013: 530-535
2. Liu W, Dong J, Wang Y, Xi Q, Chen J. Developmental iodine deIiciency and hypothyroidism impaired in vivo synaptic plasticity and altered PKC activity and GAP-43 expression in
rat hippocampus. Nutr Neurosci. 2010;13(5):213-21.
3. Li Q, Mair C, Schedle K, Hammerl S, Schodl K, Windisch W. EIIect oI iodine source and dose on growth and iodine content in tissue and plasma thyroid hormones in Iattening pigs.
Eur J Nutr.2012; 51:685-691.
4. Chandrasekaran M, Ramadevi, K. Thyromegaly and iodine nutritional status in a tertiary care hospital in South India. Indian Journal oI Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2013 Mar-Apr;
17(2):260-264.
5. Ergür AT, Evliyaoglu O, Siklar Z, Bilir P, Öcal G, Berberoglu M. Evaluation oI thyroid Iunctions with respect to iodine status and TRH test in chronic autoimmune thyroiditis. J Clin
Ped Endo. 2011;3(1):18-21
6. AxIord S, Charlton K, Yeatman H, MA G. Poor knowledge and dietary practices related to iodine in breastIeeding mothers a year aIter introduction oI mandatory IortiIication. Nutrition
& Dietetics.2012; 69:91-94.
7. Azizi F, Smyth P. BreastIeeding and maternal and inIant iodine nutrition. Clinical Endocrinology. 2009;70:803-809.
8. Yadav K, Srivastava R, S B, C P, Pandav CS, Karmarkar MG. Iodine nutrition oI pregnant women in India: evidence oI signiIicant iodine deIiciency. Indian J oI Med Specialities. 2012
Jan-Jun; 3(1):49-54.
References
9. Brantsæter AL, Haugen M, Julshamn K, Alexander J, Meltzer HM. Evaluation oI urinary iodine excretion as a biomarker Ior intake oI milk and dairy products in pregnant women in the
Norwegian mother and child cohort study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009;63(3):347-54
10. Sekhon BS. Iodine: A support against inIections and emerging as an antibiotic. J Pharm Educ Res. 2012 June; 3(1):35-39.
11. Rahman A, Deacon N, Panther B, Chesters J, Savige G. Is Gippsland environmentally iodine deIicient? Water iodine concentrations in the Gippsland region oI Victoria, Australia.
Aust. J. Rural Health. 2010; 18:223-229.
12. Mirmiran P, PhD, Nazeri P, MSc, Amiri P, PhD, Mehran L, MD, Shakeri N, PhD, Azizi F, MD. Iodine Nutrition Status and Knowledge, Attitude, and Behavior in Tehranian Women
Following 2 Decades Without Public Education. J oI Nutr Education and Behavior. 2013; 45(5):412-419.
13. Carvalho AL, Costa de Souza Meirelles CJ, Oliveira LA, Costa TMB, Navarro AM. Excessive iodine intake in schoolchildren. Eur J Nutr. 2012; 51:557-562.
14. Stimec M, Kobe H, Smole K, Kotnik P, Sirca-Campa A, Zupancic M, et al. Adequate iodine intake oI Slovenian adolescents is primarily attributed to excessive salt intake. Nutr Res.
2009; 29(12):888-96
15. Schöne F, Zimmerman C, Quanz G, Richter G, Leiterer M. A high dietary iodine increases thyroid iodine concentration in blood serum but has little eIIect on muscle iodine content in
pigs. Meat Sci. 2006;72(2):365-72