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Heat Exchangers..
Heat Exchangers..
Heat Exchangers
Agenda
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Common Example
The classic example of a heat exchanger is found in an
internal combustion engine in which a circulating fluid known
as engine coolant flows through radiator coils and air flows
past the coils, which cools the coolant and heats the incoming
air.
!
! ! !!! !!!
! = Heat Exchanger
!
Parallel Flow
!!
"#
!! ! !!!
!
Parallel%
Flow%
HE%
"!1.!
Tci!
Tco!
Thi!
Tho!
Tci!
Tco!
!
!
!
!
!
!
%
Counter%
Flow%
HE%
Tco!
Tci!
Thi!
Tho!
Tco!
Tci!
!
!
!
!
!
! "# =
!"
!!
"#
Effectiveness
!
Effectiveness%
%
! "#$! %
!! " #!! "#$%&' "!! " #$, !
! q is always based on counter flow heat exchanger for all !
max ! " ##$%&' !! " #!! "#$%&' ", ! ! " #
configurations.
! is better as it approaches 1.
qmax!is!always!based!on!counter!flow!Heat
!
! ! " # = ! ! "# ! ! ! ! ! ! !
!
max
!!! c:
[kg/s],
[kJ/(kgK)],
!
!
Heat%
Capacitance%
Rate%
[W
!! =
!
= ! ! ! ! !
! ! "#
!! ! !!!
%
Heat%
Capacitance%
Rate
!
!
=
!
!
!
! ! ! !%
!
!
!!
!!
! = ! ! !!! !!! !
! !! ! =
!! ! !! !! !
! = ! ! "#
!
!
!
!
!
"#
!
!
=
!
!
!
!!
!! !! ! ! !
!
p
qmax!is!always!based!on!counter!flow!Heat!Exchanger!for
! "# =
! ! = ! ! ! ! !
! ! "#
!
!
! ! " # =!! ! "# ! ! ! ! ! ! !
!! !!! !!!
Effectiveness%
!
! =
!
! ! as:
"# ! ! ! ! ! !
! = ! effectiveness
!%
Therefore,
is then written
! ! !
! "#$! %
!!! " #!!"#$%&' "!! " #$, !
!
!
!
! ! ! &'! !",! ! ! " #
! ! ! ! ! max
! ! !! " ##$%&' !! "! #!!!"#$%
!
! =
! ! =
!
!
!
!
! ! "# ! ! ! ! ! !
!
"#
!
!!
!
Where,
qmax!is!always!based!on!counter!flow!Heat!Excha
!
!
!
! ! !!! !!!
! !!"!! " ##"$!! "!!"!! " " #$! %! "!1.!
! ! " # = ! ! "#! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! =
and Ch and
Cc correspond
to hot! and cold fluid heat
! ! "#
!
!
!
!!
capacitance!rates,! respectively.
Parallel%
Flow%
HE%
!
! = ! ! ! ! !
!
! !!"!! "##"$!! "!!"!! " " #$! %! "!1.!
!
Tci!
Tco! !
!
! ! HE%
!T!hi!! ! ! !
!
T
Parallel%
Flow%
ho!
! =
!
Effectiveness Cont.
! ! = ! ! !! ! !
Number Transfer
Units
%
!
! "#
The Number of Transfer Units (NTU) Method is used to
!
=
%
!
calculate the rate of heat transfer in heat exchangers.
! ! "#
NTU can be defined as:
%
Number%
of%
Transfer%
Units
%
!"
! "# =
!
! ! "#
!
NTU Cont.
UA refers to:
U = overall heat transfer coefficient [W/m2K]
A = area [m2]
1 ! " # ! " # 1 + ! !
! =
!
1+!!
!
%
%
Tco!
Tci!
!
!
!
!
!
1 ! " # ! " # 1 ! !
! =
!
1 ! ! ! " # ! " # 1 ! !
!
Phase%
Change%
!
!
! ! = ! Rate
Heat Capacitance
! !! ! !
!
C refers to the ratio between the minimumHeat%
and maximum
value of heat Rate
Capacitance%
capacitance rates of the hot!and
cold!mediums.
! =
! !! ! !
%
%
! = ! from:
!! !
!
The minimum
and
maximum
values
are
determined
! "# [W/K]%
Heat%
Capacitance%
Rate%
%
and ! ! =
!
! ! C "refers
Where C%
refers to the hot medium and
# to the cold medium.
! ! = ! ! !! ! !
! = ! !! ! %
!
!
Number%
of%
Transfer%
Units%
! ! = ! ! !! ! !
! ! = ! ! ! ! ! !%
!
!%"
! ! ! "#
! ! = ! ! !! ! ! ! " # =
! !! ! "#=
%
%
!
r
1 ! " # ! " #
!
! =
!
Phase
Change
Phase%
Change%
1
!
!
"
#
!
"
#
!
1 ! " # ! " # 1 ! !
!
! = a phase! change through the heat
When a medium undergoes
! ! ! "as#follows:
! " # 1 ! !
exchanger,
! =the! following
! ! ! variables
! 1 behave
Phase%
Change%
!
!
in the following equation:
!
Phase%
Change%
! = ! "#$%
;!! ! !
;!! 0!
! =
! be!used
!instead
! with
Therefore, the following heat equation
must
!
the use!of the latent !heat transfer coefficient, h :
!
! = ! ! !" ! = ! ! ! ! !
!
=
!
"#$%
;!!
!
!
!
!
! !!!!!!!
! !"#$%
#$";!!
#!! ! "#
! " !# !"#$%
! =
;!!!! !
! ! "
!
!
!
=
!
!
!
"
!
! ! "#
fg
!
!
! = ! "#$%
;!! ! ! ;!! 0!
! = !Cont.
"#$%
;!! ! ! ;!! 0
Phase
Change
!
!
!For=
!
!
!
"
a phase change: ! = !
!
!
"
!
! ! " # !!!!!!! !! " #! ! "#$%!! ! " #$" #!! ! "# !
! ! " # !!!!!!! ! " # ! ! "#$%!! ! "
!
!
! ! "#
=
0!
! ! "#
! ! "#
=
0!
! ! "#
!
! = 1 ! " # !! " # !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!for(condenser(and(
!
! = 1 ! " # ! " # !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!f
When%
Cmax%
=%
C!min%
=>%
Cr%
=%
1%
%
!
! ! " # !!!!!!! ! " #! ! "#$%!! ! " #$" #!!
Phase Change
Cont.
!
! ! "#
Therefore, effectiveness for a phase=change
! ! " # 0! is as follows:
!
Which defines the effectiveness for a condenser and
1 !flow.
" # ! " # !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!for(cond
evaporator, parallel! or=
counter
!
When%
Cmax%
=%
Cmin%
=>%
Cr%
=%
1%
%
%
Parallel%
HE%
!
1 ! " # 2! " #
! =
!
2
When%
Cmax%
=%
Cmin%
=>%
Cr%
=%
1%
!
%
!
%Cmax%
When%
=%
Cmin%
%
=>%
Cr%
=%
1%
Effectiveness with
Constant
%
Parallel%
HE%
When%
C
%
=%
C
=>%
C
%
=%
1%
max Parallel%
min
r
%
HE%
%
!!
%r = 1)
Specific Heat (C
%
Parallel%
HE%
1
!
"
#
2! ""##
%
Parallel%
HE%
1
!
"
#
2!
For parallel flow heat exchangers:
!! =
!
!
=
!
!
2
2
1! ! " # 2! " #
! =1 ! ! " # 2! " # !
! = !!! " # =20.5!
!
! "# 2
!
For counter flow heat exchangers:
!!
!
! ! " # !=
0.5! Counter%
Flow%
HE%
!
Flow%
HE%
! ! " # = 0.5! Counter%
!
!!
!
!
Counter%
HE%
" # Flow%
!
!!
Flow%
=
!! HE%
!! Counter%
=
1+! "#
#
!
!! " #
!
! = ! "# !
#!0.5!
! = 1!!+
!! ""!#
# "
0.5!
! 1+! "#
Example 1
What is the effectiveness of a counter-flow heat exchanger
that has a UA value of 24 kW/K if the respective mass rates
of flow and specific heats of the two fluids are 10 kg/s, 2
kJ/(kgK) and 4 kg/s, 4 kJ/(kgK)?
Knowns:
Example 1 Soln.
Example 2
In a processing plant a material must be heated from 20 to
80C in order for the desired reaction to proceed, whereupon
the material is cooled in a regenerative heat exchanger, as
shown in the figure below. The specific heat of the material
before and after the reaction is 3.0 kJ/ (kgK). If the UA of this
counter-flow regenerative heat exchanger is 2.1 kW/K and the
flow rate is 1.2 kg/s, what is the temperature T leaving the
heat exchanger?
Example 2 Configuration
Example 2 Soln.
Knowns:
References
Professor Jamal Yagoobi (lectures and examples)