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Chapter 1 Quick Check Answers
Chapter 1 Quick Check Answers
Chapter 1 Quick Check Answers
Answers
1
QUICK-CHECK questions
What name is given to a solution that has equal numbers of hydrogen and
hydroxide ions?
A solution in which the numbers of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions are equal is
termed a neutral solution.
What general name is given to solutions that have many more hydrogen
ions than hydroxide ions?
Solutions that have many more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions are termed
acidic.
Where is the monosaccharide glucose found in its natural state? What is its
function?
The monosaccharide glucose in its natural state is found in solution in cells. Glucose is
an energy source for cells.
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List the four basic structures of protein molecules and draw an example of each.
The four basic structures of protein molecules are:
primary structure, which identifies the amino acid sequence
secondary structure, which describes how part of the polypeptide chain is arranged
and can be an alpha helix, a random coil or a beta-pleated sheet
tertiary structure, which describes the overall 3D shape of the polypeptide chain
quaternary structure, which describes how those proteins that consist of more than
one polypeptide chain are arranged in 3D space.
(Note: All proteins have a primary, secondary and tertiary structure, but only proteins
with two or more polypeptide chains have a quaternary structure.)
For sample drawings of each type of structure, see figure 1.18 on page 16.
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Give an example of
a
a structural protein
Examples include keratin (in hair and nails) and collagen (in cartilage).
a contractile protein
Examples include actin and myosin (in muscles).
a conjugated protein.
Examples include haemoglobin, with protein chains linked to haem groups.
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Olive oil is liquid at room temperatures and yet margarine made from olive oil is
solid. How is this difference achieved?
Natural olive oil has a particular arrangement at the C=C double bond in its fatty acid
chains. This arrangement creates a bend in the fatty acid chains so that the oil
molecules cannot pack together tightly enough to form a solid, so that olive oil is liquid
at room temperatures.
Olive oil can be treated under conditions of high temperature and pressure so that the
geometry at this double bond is changed. The change results in the removal of the
bend in the fatty acid chains so that they become straight. As a result, the molecules
can pack more densely and form a solid at room temperatures.
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An acronym is a word formed from the initials or other parts of several words,
for example WHO from the initial letters of World Health Organization. What do
the acronyms DNA and RNA stand for?
DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid.
RNA stands for ribonuncleic acid.
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in DNA
The four kinds of nucleotides in DNA are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C)
and guanine (G).
b
in RNA?
The four kinds of nucleotides in RNA are adenine (A), uracil (U), cytosine (C) and
guanine (G).
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Where in a cell would you find DNA and what is its function?
DNA occurs in the nucleus of a cell. DNA is an information-containing molecule that
holds in coded form the genetic instructions that control the production of all the
proteins produced by a cell.
(Note: Very tiny amounts of DNA (as compared with the amounts of nuclear DNA) also
occur in mitochondria and in plant chloroplasts.)
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There are three different kinds of RNA molecules. What are they and where is
each found in the cell?
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is found in the cytosol of the cell.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is found in ribosomes, one of the cell organelles found in the
cytosol.
Transfer RNA (tRNA) is found the cytosol.
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