MC LC

LI M U .................................................................................................. 1
CHNG 1: GII THIU V CNG NGH NP C QUY ................. 2
1.1. CU TRC CA MT BNH C QUY. ............................................. 2
1.2. QU TRNH BIN I NNG LNG ............................................ 5
1.3. PHN LOI C QUY. .......................................................................... 6
1.3.1. c quy axit....................................................................................... 7
1.3.2. c quy kim................................................................................... 11
1.4. CC C TNH C BN CA C QUY. ....................................... 16
1.4.1. Sc in ng ca c quy .............................................................. 16
1.4.2. Dung lng phng ca c quy. ...................................................... 17
1.4.3. Dung lng np ca c quy. .......................................................... 17
1.4.4 c tnh phng ca c quy. ............................................................ 18
1.4.5. c tnh np ca c quy................................................................. 19
1.5. CC THNG S C BN CA C QUY. ...................................... 20
1.5.1. Dung lng .................................................................................... 20
1.5.2. in p .......................................................................................... 20
1.5.3. in tr trong ................................................................................. 21
CHNG 2: CC PHNG PHP NP C QUY................................ 22
2.1. CC PHNG PHP NP C QUY................................................ 22
2.1.1. Np vi dng in khng i......................................................... 22
2.1.2. Np vi in p khng i. ............................................................ 23
2.1.3. Phng php np dng p.............................................................. 24
2.2. TUI TH CA C QUY V CCH KO DI TUI TH.......... 25
2.2.1. Tui th ca c quy s cp. ........................................................... 25
2.2.2. Tui th ca c quy np. ................................................................ 26

2.2.3. Ko di tui th c quy .................................................................. 27

CHNG 3: THIT K B NP C QUY T NG ......................... 30
3.1. T VN ...................................................................................... 30
3.2. NGUN IN MT CHIU. ............................................................. 31
3.2.1. Cu trc nguyn t ......................................................................... 31
3.2.2. Bn cht dng in mt chiu........................................................ 31
3.3. CC I LNG C TRNG. ..................................................... 32
3.3.1. Cng dng in ....................................................................... 32
3.3.2. Hiu in th .................................................................................. 32
3.3.3. nh lut m.................................................................................. 32
3.3.4. in nng v cng sut. ................................................................. 32
3.3.5. Cch mc ngun in ..................................................................... 33
3.4. S KHI CA MCH. ................................................................ 34
3.5. GII THIU CHUNG V LA CHN CC LOI LINH KIN
IN T TRONG MCH. ........................................................................ 38
3.5.1. in tr .......................................................................................... 38
3.5.2. Bin tr.......................................................................................... 39
3.5.3. T in ........................................................................................... 40
3.5.4. Diode .............................................................................................. 42
3.5.5. LED. ............................................................................................... 43
3.5.6. Transistor ...................................................................................... 44
3.5.7. IC LM 317...................................................................................... 46
3.6. S V NGUYN L LM VIC CA MCH ........................ 47
KT LUN .................................................................................................... 51
TI LIU THAM KHO ............................................................................ 52

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LI M U
t nc ta ang bc trn con ng cng nghip ho v hin i
ha t nc. Nc ta l mt nc ang pht trin v ang dn tip cn vi
khoa hc k thut hin i. Ngy nay trong cng nghip, cc mch iu khin
ngi ta thng dng k thut s vi cc chng trnh phn mm n gin,
linh hot v d dng thay i c cu trc tham s hoc cc lut iu khin.
N lm tng tc tc ng nhanh v c chnh xc cao cho h thng. Nh
vy n lm chun ho cc h thng truyn ng in v cc b iu khin t
ng hin i v c nhng c tnh lm vic khc nhau.
Trong ng dng th vic p dng vo mch np c quy t ng
ang c s dng rng ri v c nhng c tnh rt u vit. Chnh v vy
vic nghin cu, ch to c quy v ngun np c quy l ht sc cn thit, n
nh hng rt ln ti dung lng v bn ca c quy.
Vi l do ti

c quy t ng do Thc s.

Th Hng L hng dn c thc hin. n gm cc ni dung :

Chng 1 : Gii thiu v cng ngh np c quy.
Chng 2 : Cc phng php np c quy.
Chng 3 : Thit k b np c quy t ng.
Em xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c trong b mn, cc bn cng lp
v gio vin hng dn

nhiu

trong qu trnh lm n !

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CHNG 1.

GII THIU V CNG NGH NP C QUY

1.1. CU TRC CA MT BNH C QUY.
c quy l ngun in ho, sc in ng ca c quy ph thuc vo vt
liu cu to bn cc v cht in phn. Vi c quy ch axt sc in ng ca
mt c quy n l 2,1V. Mun tng kh nng d tr nng lng ca c quy
ngi ta phi tng s lng cc cp bn cc dng v m trong mi c quy
n. tng gi tr sc in ng ca ngun ngi ta ghp ni nhiu c quy
n thnh mt bnh c quy. Bnh c quy c lm t s nhng t bo (cell)
t trong mt v bc bng cao su cng hay nha cng. Nhng n v c bn
ca mi t bo l nhng bn cc dng v bn cc m. Nhng bn cc ny c
nhng vt liu hot ho nm trong cc tm li phng. Bn cc m l ch xp
sau khi np c mu xm. Bn cc dng sau khi np l PbO2 c mu nu.
Cu trc ca mt c quy n gm c: phn khi bn cc dng, phn
khi bn cc m, cc tm ngn. Phn khi bn cc do cc bn cc cng tn
ghp li vi nhau. Cu to ca mt bn cc trong c quy gm c phn khung
xng v cht tc dng trt ln n. Khung xng ca bn cc dng v m c
cu to ging nhau. Chng c c t ch c pha thm ( 5 8% ) Sb v to
hnh dng mt li. Ph gia Sb thm vo ch s lm tng thm dn in v
ci thin tnh c. Trong thnh phn ca cht tc dng cn c thm khong
3% cht n (cc mui hu c) tng xp, bn ca lp cht tc dng.
Nh tng xp, dung dch in phn d thm su vo trong lng bn cc,
ng thi din tch thc t tham gia phn ng ho hc ca cc bn cc cng
c tng thm.
Phn u mi bn cc c vu, cc bn cc dng ca mi c quy n
c hn vi nhau to thnh phn khi bn cc dng. Cc bn cc m hn

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vi nhau to thnh phn khi bn cc m. S lng cc cp bn cc trong

mi c quy n thng t 5 n 8 cp.
B dy tm bn cc dng ca cc c quy trc y thng khong
2mm. Ngy nay vi cc cng ngh tin tin gim xung cn ( 1,3 1,5 )
mm. Bn cc m thng mng hn ( 0,2 0,3 ) mm. S bn cc m trong c
quy n nhiu hn s bn cc dng mt bn nhm tn dng trit din tch
tham gia phn ng ca cc bn cc dng, do bn cc m nm ra bn
ngoi nhm bn cc.
Tm ngn c b tr gia bn cc m v bn cc dng l mt tm
ngn xp c tc dng ngn cch v trnh va p gia cc bn cc. Nhng tm
ngn xp cho php dung dch cht in phn i quanh cc bn cc v trn b
mt ca n c l. Tm ngn lm bng vt liu pliclovinyl c b dy ( 0,8
1,2 ) mm v c dng ln sng. Mt b nhng sp xp nh vy gi l mt
phn t.
Sau khi sp xp mt b phn nh trn, n c t vo mt ngn
trong v bnh c quy. bnh c quy c np y mm, cc np y t bo
c t ln sau nhng phin ni c hn vo ni cc cc lin tip ca
t bo. Trong cch ni ny cc t bo c ni lin tip. Cui cng np y
bnh c quy c hn vo. Bnh c quy c np y cng , c mt np y
chung lm gim c s n mn trn v bnh. Nhng bnh c quy ny c bn
ni cc i xuyn qua tm ngn cch tng t bo. Tm ngn cch khng cho
dung dch in phn qua li cc t bo. iu ny lm bnh c quy vn hnh tt
hn v bn ni ngn v c y kn. u ni chnh ca c quy l cc dng
v cc m. Cc dng ln hn cc m trnh nhm in cc.
Ngi ta thng ni dy mu vi cc dng v dy mu en vi
cc m. Dy cc m c ni vi lc my hay b phn kim loi. Dy cc
dng c ni vi b phn khi ng. Np thng hi c t trn np mi
t bo. Nhng np ny c hai mc ch:

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* y kn t bo c quy, khi cn kim tra nc hay cho thm nc th ta

s m np y ny.
* Khi np bnh ngi ta cng m np y cht kh hnh thnh c li thot ra.
Mi t bo c quy c in th khong 2 vn. c quy 6V c 3 t bo
mc ni tip. c quy 12V c 6 t bo mc ni tip. Mun c in th cao hn
ngi ta mc ni tip cc bnh c quy vi nhau. Hai c quy 12V mc ni tip
s to ra mt h thng 24V.
Nng dung dch in phn H2SO4 l = 1,1 1,3 g/cm3. Nng
dung dch in phn c nh hng ln n sc in ng ca c quy.

Hnh 1.1. Cu trc bnh c quy

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Hnh 1.2. Mt s loi c quy

1.2. QU TRNH BIN I NNG LNG.
Bnh c quy l bnh cha nng lng cho h thng in. Khi cn bnh
c quy s to ra dng in mt chiu i qua cc thit b ni vi cc cc ca
n. Dng in trong bnh cquy to ra do phn ng ho hc hoc gia nhng
vt liu trn bn cc v axit H2SO4 trong bnh hay cn gi l cht in gii.
Sau mt thi gian s dng bnh c quy b ht in. Tuy nhin n c th
c np li bng cch cho mt dng in bn ngoi i qua n theo chiu
ngc vi chiu pht in ca bnh.
Trong iu kin bnh thng c quy c np do dng in t my

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pht in. hot ng tt bnh phi lm ba vic:

* Cung cp dng in khi ng ng c.
* Cung cp in khi h thng cn c mc in ln hn h thng xc c th
cung cp.
* n nh in th trong khi my ang hot ng.
c quy l ngun nng lng c tnh thun nghch. N tch tr nng
lng di dng ho nng v gii phng nng lng di dng in nng.
Qu trnh c quy cung cp in cho mch ngoi gi l qu trnh phng in.
Qu trnh c quy c d tr nng lng gi l qu trnh np in. Nng
lng ca c quy quan h vi qu trnh bin i ho hc ca cc bn cc v
dung dch in phn c trnh by trong bng sau:
Bng 1.1. Qu trnh bin i nng lng trong c quy
Trng thi c

Bn cc dng

Dung dch in phn

Bn cc m

Np no

PbO2

H2SO4

Pb

Phng in ht

PbSO4

H2O

PbSO4

quy

Trong qu trnh phng np, nng dung dch in phn ca c quy

thay i. Khi c quy phng in, nng dung dch in phn gim dn. Khi
c np in, nng dung dch in phn tng dn. Do ta c th cn c
vo nng dung dch in phn nh gi trng thi tch in ca c quy.
1.3. PHN LOI C QUY.
Cho n nay c rt nhiu loi c quy khc nhau c sn xut tu
thuc vo nhng iu kin yu cu c th ca tng loi my mc, dng c,
iu kin lm vic. Cng nh nhng tnh nng kinh t k thut ca c quy c

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th lit k mt s loi sau:

c quy ch (c quy axit)
c quy kim
c quy khng lamen v c quy kim
c quy km-bc
Tuy nhin trn thc t c quy axt v c quy kim c s dng nhiu hn.
1.3.1. c quy axit.
Gm cc bn cc bng ch v oxit ch ngm trong dung dch axit
sulfuaric. Cc bn cc ny thng c cu trc phng, dp, dng khung li , lm
bng hp kim ch antimon, c nhi cc ht ha cht tch cc. Cc ha cht ny
khi c np y l dioxit ch cc dng v ch nguyn cht cc m.
Cc bn cc c ni vi nhau bng nhng thanh ch pha trn, bn
cc dng ni vi bn cc dng, bn cc m ni vi bn cc m. Chiu di,
chiu ngang, chiu dy v s lng cc bn cc s xc nh dung lng ca
bnh c quy. Thng thng, cc bn cc m c t pha bn ngoi, do
s lng cc bn cc m nhiu hn cc bn cc dng. Cc bn cc m ngoi
cng thng mng hn, v chng s dng din tch tip xc t hn.
Cht lng dng trong bnh c quy l dung dich axit sulfuaric. Nng
ca dung dch biu trng bng t trng o c, ty thuc vo loi c quy v
tnh trng phng np ca bnh.
Tr s t trng ca bnh c quy khi c np y c quy ra 25 C
c cho bng sau :

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Bng 1.2. T trng cht in phn ca bnh c quy

T trng cht

Loi bnh c quy

in phn

Bnh c quy lm vic ch ti nng : v d cc

xe ti in cng nghip ln.
Bnh c quy dng cho xe t, phi c.

1.275
1.260

Bnh c quy dng cho ti khng nng lm: v d

chiu sng tu in, khi ng cc ng c...
Bnh c quy tnh, hoc dng cho cc ng dng d
phng.

1.245

1.215

Dung lng ca bnh c quy thng c tnh bng ampe gi (AH). AH n

gin ch l tch s gia dng in phng vi thi gian phng in. Dung
lng ny thay i tu theo nhiu iu kin nh dng in phng, nhit
cht in phn, t trng ca dung dch, v in th cui cng sau khi phng.
Cc bin i ca thng s ca bnh c quy c cho trn cc biu sau:

Thi gian (gi)

Hnh 1.3. c tnh in th v t trng khi phng np vi d

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Thi gian ( Gi )

Hnh 1.4. c tuyn phng in ti in th cui cng.

Thi gian ( gi )

Hnh 1.5. Dung lng nh mc da trn mc 8 gi.

Nguyn l lm vic :
* Qu trnh np:
Khi c quy c lp rp xong, ta dung dch axit sunfuric vo cc ngn
bnh th trn cc bn cc s sinh ra lp mng ch sunfat (PbSO 4). V ch tc
dng vi axit theo phn ng:

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PbO + H2SO4 = PbSO4 + H2O

em ni ngun in mt chiu vo hai u cc ca c quy th dng
in mt chiu c khp kn qua mch c quy v dng in i theo chiu:
Cc dng ca ngun mt chiu Dung dch in phn u cc 2 ca c
quy Cc m ca ngun mt chiu.
Dng in mt chiu s lm cho dung dch in phn phn ly :
H2SO4 2H+ + SO2-4
Cation H+ theo dng in i v pha bn cc ni vi m ngun in
v to thnh phn ng ti :
2H+ + PbSO4 H2SO4 + Pb
Cc anion SO2-4 chy v pha chm bn cc ni vi dng ngun in
v cng to thnh phn ng ti :
PbSO4 + H2O + SO2-4 PbO2 + 2H2SO4
T cc phn ng ha hc trn ta thy qu trnh np in to ra
lng axit sunfuric b sung vo dung dch in phn, ng thi trong qu
trnh np in dng in cn phn tch ra trong dung dch in phn kh hydro
(H2) v oxy (O2), lng kh ny si ln nh bt nc v bay i, do nng
ca dung dch in phn trong qu trnh np in c tng ln.
c quy c coi l np y khi quan st thy dung dch si bt u
(gi l hin tng si). Lc ta c th ngt ngun np v xem nh qu
trnh np in cho c quy hon thnh.
* Qu trnh phng in ca c quy:
Ni hai bn cc ca c quy c np in vi mt ph ti, v d nh mt
bong n th nng lng tch tr trong c quy s phng qua ti, lm cho bng
n sng. Dng in ca c quy s i theo chiu: Cc dng ca c quy (u
cc ni vi cc dng ngun np) Ti (bng n) Cc m ca c
quy Dung dch in phn Cc dng ca c quy.

10

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Qu trnh phng in ca c quy, phn ng ho hc xy ra trong c

quy nh sau:
Ti cc dng:
PbO2 + 2H+ + H2SO4 +2e PbSO4 + 2H2O
Ti cc m:
Pb + SO2-4 PbSO4 + 2e
Nh vy khi c quy phng in, ch sunfat li c hnh thnh hai
bn cc, lm cho cc bn cc dn tr li ging nhau, cn dung dch axit b
phn thnh cation 2H+ v anion SO2-4 , ng thi qu trnh cng to ra nc
trong dung dch, do nng ca dung dch gim dn v sc in ng ca
c quy cng gim dn.
1.3.2. c quy kim.
Gm cc bn cc lm bng oxy hyrat kim, v cc bn cc m
bng st thun ngm trong dung dch hyrxit kali. Cc bn cc thng c
cu trc phng, v dp, lm bng hp kim thp c m kim. Cc bn cc c
ch to c cc quai trn c th dng bu lng xit dnh li vi nhau, bn
cc dng ni vi bn cc dng, bn cc m ni vi bn cc m. Chiu di,
chiu ngang, chiu dy, s lng cc bn cc s xc nh dung lng ca
bnh c quy. in th danh nh ca bnh l 1,2 V. in th thc s ca bnh
ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, nh ang h mch, hay ang phng, hay c
np bao nhiu. Thng thng, in th h mch bin thin t ( 1,25 1,35 )
V, tu thuc vo tnh trng np. Cht lng trong bnh ny l dung dch
Hyroxit kali, c pha thm cht xc tc tu thuc vo nh ch to, thng l
ixit liti.
Nng ca dung dch, biu trng bng t trng o c, khng tu
thuc vo loi bnh c quy, v cng khng tu thuc vo tnh trng phng np
ca bnh, do n khng tham gia vo phn ng ha hc. T trng suy ra 25
C (77 F) t 1,210 n 1,215 g/cm. Tr s ny thc t gim nh theo thi
11

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gian, do dung dch c khuynh hng b cacbnt ho, do tip xc vi khng

kh. Khi tr s ny gim xung ti 1,160 g/cm, n c th lm thay i dung
lng ca bnh, v cn phi thay th. Tnh trng ny c th xy ra vi ln
trong sut tui th ca bnh.
Ngoi ra, ch c mt l do duy nht c th lm thay i t trng ca
bnh, l khi bnh c quy phng qu gii hn bnh thng, ngha l
ti in th gn bng khng. Khi , cc phn t liti chuyn ra dung dch lm
tng t trng ln, c th tng thm t 0,025 n 0,030 g/cm. Tc ng ny c
th loi b khi np bnh c quy tr li.
c tuyn ca bnh c quy kim c v cc hnh di y.

Thi gian (gi)

Hnh 1.6. c tnh in th - thi gian khi phng n in th cui cng = 1 V.

12

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Thi gian ( gi )

Hnh 1.7. Mc dung lng v dng in khi phng in n in th

cui cng = 1V.
Nguyn l lm vic :
c quy kim l loi c quy m dung dch in phn c dng trong
c quy l dung dch kim KOH v NaOH. Tu thuc vo cu to ca bn cc,
c quy kim c chia thnh 3 loi:
Loi c quy st niken, l loi c quy c bn cc ch to bng st
(Fe) v niken (Ni).
Loi c quy cadimi niken, l loi c quy c bn cc ch to bng
cadimi (Cd) v niken (Ni).
Loi c quy bc km, l loi c quy c bn cc ch to bng bc
(Ag) v km (Zn).
Trong ba loi trn th loi th ba c h s hiu dng trn mt n v
trng lng v mt n v th tch l ln hn, nhng gi thnh ca n li cao
hn v phi s dng khi lng bc ti 30% khi lng ca cht tc dng, do
loi ny t dng.
So vi c quy axit, c quy kim c nhc im l gi thnh cao hn,
in tr trong ln hn, nhng n li c cc u im sau:

13

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C bn ln v thi gian s dng di

Trong iu kin my khi ng, lm vic nng n hoc cn c yu
cu v tin cy cao th n c tnh u vit hn hn c quy axit.
Qu trnh np in cho c quy kim khng i hi nghim ngt v
dng in np. Tr s dng in ny c th ln gp 3 ln dng nh
mc cng cha lm hng c c quy.
c quy kim c cu to tng t nh c quy axit, tc l n cng gm
dung dch in phn, v bnh c quy, cc bn cc,...
Bn cc ca c quy kim c ch to thnh dng thi hoc khng
thi. Gia cc bn cc c ngn cch bi cc tm ebonit. Chm bn cc
dng v chm bn cc m c hn ni nh chm bn cc ca c quy axit
a ra cc vu cc cho c quy. Cc chm bn cc c t trong bnh in
phn v c ngn cch vi v bnh bng lp nha vinhiplat.
Loi c quy dng bn cc dng thi th mi thi l mt hp lm bng
thp l trn b mt c khoan nhiu l:

= 0,2-0,3 mm cho dung dch thm

qua. Nu l c quy kim st niken th trong hp bn cc m cha st c

bit thun khit, cn trong bn cc dng l hn hp 75%NiO.OH v 25%
bt than hot tnh.
Loi c quy kim dng bn cc khng phn thi, th bn cc c
ch to theo kiu khung xng, ri em cc cht tc dng c cu trc xp mn
p vo cc l nh trn bn cc.
* Qu trnh ha hc trong c quy kim :
Ging nh trong c quy axit, qu trnh ho hc trong c quy kim
cng l qu trnh thun nghch. Nu bn cc ca c quy kim l st-niken th
phn ng ho hc xy ra trong c quy nh sau:
Trn bn cc dng:
Ni(OH)2 + KOH + OH- Ni(OH)3 + KOH
Trn bn cc m:

14

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Fe(OH)2 + KOH Fe + KOH + 2OHNh vy qu trnh np in, st hidroxit trn bn cc m b phn tch
thnh st nguyn t v anion OH-. Cn bn cc dng, Ni(OH)2 c
chuyn ho thnh Ni(OH)3. Cht in phn KOH c th xem nh n khng
tham gia vo phn ng ho hc m ch ng vai tr cht dn in, do sc
in ng ca c quy hu nh khng ph thuc vo nng cht in phn.
Sc in ng ca c quy ch oc xc nh da trn trng thi ca cc cht
tc dng cc tm cc.
Thng thng c quy kim c np in hon ton sc in ng
s t c khong 1,7 n 1,85V. Khi c quy phng in hon ton, sc
in ng ca c quy l 1,2 n 1,4V.
Nh vy in th phng in ca c quy kim thp hn c quy axit.
Nu c quy axit in th phng in bnh qun l 2V th c quy kim ch
l 1,2V.
Hin nay cc nh thit k, ch to c quy cha dng li nhng kt
qu t c, ngi ta ch to c nhng c quy kim mi kh nh v
nh, nhng vn c cc thng s k thut ca c quy axit.
Nhng c quy mi ang hng ti vic thay th cc bn cc bng
nhng hp kim mi c kh nng chng han g, gim kch thc v tng tnh
bn vng. Nhng tp cht mi c trn vo trong cht tc dng s ci thin
c tnh phng in ca c quy mt cch ng k. Nhiu c quy mi khng
c cu ni trn np v kt cu v bnh cng thay bng nhng vt liu rt nh
nn gim c chiu dy thnh bnh, c quy cng t phi chm sc hn.

15

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Bng 1.3. So snh c quy kim v c quy axit

c quy axit

c quy kim

- Kh nng qu ti khng cao,

- Kh nng qu ti rt ln, dng in

dng np ln nht t c khi qu p np ln nht khi c th t ti

ti l Inmax

50%Q10

20%Q10

- Hin tng t phng ln,c quy - Hin tng t phng nh

nhanh ht in ngay c khi khng s
dng.
- S dng rng ri trong i sng - Vi kh nng trn th c quy kim
cng nghip, nhng ni c nhit thng c s dng nhng ni
cao va p ln nhng i hi cng yu cu cng sut cao v qu ti
thng xuyn.

sut v qu ti va phi.

- Dng trong xe my, t, cc ng - Dng trong cng nghip hang

c my n cng sut va v nh.

khng, hng hi v quc phng.

- Gi thnh thp.

- Gi thnh cao.

- Tui th thp.

- Tui th cao.

Nhng thng dng nht t trc n nay vn l c quy axt. V so

vi c quy kim n c mt vi tnh nng tt hn nh : sc in ng ca mi
bn cp bn cc cao hn, c in tr trong nh v vy trong n ny ta
chn loi c quy axt nghin cu v thit k.
1.4. CC C TNH C BN CA C QUY.
1.4.1. Sc in ng ca c quy.
Sc in ng ca c quy ch axit ph thuc vo nng dung dch
in phn:
E0 = 0,85 + (V)

(1.1)

Trong : E0 l sc in ng tnh ca c quy n, tnh bng V

l nng dung dch in phn nhit 150C tnh bng g/cm3

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Trong qu trnh phng in, sc in ng ca c quy c tnh bng

cng thc:
EP = UP +IP.raq

(1.2)

Trong : EP : l sc in ng ca c quy phng in

UP : l in p o trn cc cc ca c quy khi phng in
IP : l dng in phng
raq : l in tr trong ca c quy khi phng in.
Sc in ng En ca c quy c tnh nh sau:
En = Un In. raq

(1.3)

Trong : En : sc in ng ca c quy np in
In : dng in np
Un : in p o trn cc cc ca c quy khi np in
raq : in tr trong ca c quy khi np in.
1.4.2. Dung lng phng ca c quy.
Dung lng phng ca c quy l i lng nh gi kh nng cung
cp nng lng ca c quy cho ph ti, c tnh theo cng thc:
CP = IP. tP

(1.4)

Trong : CP : dung lng thu c trong qu trnh phng in, tnh bng Ah
IP : dng in phng n nh trong thi gian phng in tP
1.4.3. Dung lng np ca c quy.
Dung lng np ca c quy l i lng nh gi kh nng tch tr
nng lng ca c quy, c tnh theo cng thc:
Cn = In. tn

(1.5)

Trong : Cn - dung lng thu c trong qu trnh np in, tnh bng Ah

In - dng in np n nh trong thi gian np in tn

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1.4.4 c tnh phng ca c quy.

c tnh phng ca c quy l th biu din quan h ph thuc
ca sc in ng, in p c quy v nng dung dch in phn theo thi
gian phng khi dng in phng khng thay i.

Hnh 1.8. c tnh phng ca c quy

T th ta c nhn xt:
Trong khong thi gian phng t tP = 0 n tP = tgh sc in ng,
in p, nng dung dch in phn gim dn. Tuy nhin trong khong thi
gian ny dc ca cc th khng ln, ta gi l giai on phng n nh
hay thi gian cho php tng ng vi mi ch phng in (dng in) ca
c quy.
T thi im tgh tr i dc cc th thay i t ngt. Nu tip
tc cho c quy phng in sau tgh th sc in ng, in p ca c quy s
gim rt nhanh. Mt khc cc tinh th Sunfat ch (PbSO4) to thnh trong
phn ng s c dng th, rn rt kh ho tan (bin i ho hc) trong qu
trnh np in tr li cho c quy sau ny. Thi im tgh gi l gii hn phng
in cho php ca c quy, cc gi tr EP, UP, ti tgh gi l cc gi tr gii
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phng in cho c quy.

Sau khi ngt mch phng mt khong thi gian, cc gi tr sc in ng,
in p ca c quy, nng dung dch in phn li tng ln, ta gi y l
thi gian hi phc hay khong ngh ca c quy. Thi gian phc hi ny ph
thuc vo ch phng in ca c quy.
nh gi kh nng cung cp in ca c quy c cng in p danh
ngha, ngi ta quy nh so snh dung lng phng in thu c ca cc c
quy khi tin hnh th nghim ch phng in cho php l 20h. Dung
lng phng trong trng hp ny c k hiu l C20
Thi gian phng in cho php, cc gi tr gii hn phng in ca c
quy ph thuc vo dng in phng. S ph thuc ca dung lng phng vo
dng in phng ca c quy c dung lng phng nh mc C20 (dung lng
phng thu c ch 20h) l 60Ah.
1.4.5. c tnh np ca c quy.
c tnh np ca c quy l th biu din quan h ph thuc ca sc
in ng, in p c quy v nng dung dch in phn theo thi gian np
khi tr s dng in np khng thay i.

Hnh 1.9.S c tnh np

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T th c tnh np ta c nhn xt:

Trong khong thi gian np t 0 n t = ts , sc in ng, in p,
nng dung dch in phn tng dn.
Ti thi im ts trn b mt cc bn cc m xut hin cc bt kh (cn
gi l hin tng si) lc ny hiu in th gia cc cc ca c quy n tng
ti gi tr 2,4V. Nu vn tip tc np, gi tr ny nhanh chng tng ti 2,7 V
v gi nguyn. Thi gian ny gi l thi gian np no, c tc dng lm cho
phn cc cht tc dng su trong lng cc bn cc c bin i hon ton,
nh s lm tng thm dung lng phng in ca c quy.
Trong s dng thi gian np no cho c quy ko di t ( 2 3 ) h,
trong sut thi gian hiu in th trn cc cc ca c quy v nng dung
dch in phn khng thay i. Nh vy dung lng thu c khi c quy
phng in lun nh hn dung lng cn thit np no c quy. Sau khi ngt
mch np, in p, sc in ng ca c quy, nng dung dch in phn
gim xung v n nh. Thi gian ny cng gi l khong ngh ca c quy sau
khi np. Tr s dng in np nh hng rt ln n cht lng v tui th
ca c quy.
Dng in np nh mc i vi c quy qui nh bng 0,05C20.
1.5. CC THNG S C BN CA C QUY.
1.5.1. Dung lng.
L in lng ca c quy c np y, ri em cho phng in
lin tc vi dng in phng 1A ti khi in p ca c quy gim xung n tr
s gii hn quy nh nhit quy nh. Dung lng ca c quy c tnh
bng ampe-gi (Ah).
1.5.2. in p.
Tu thuc vo nng cht in phn v ngun np cho c quy m
in p mi ngn ca c quy khi n c np y s t 2,6V n 2,7V (
h mch), v khi c quy phng in hon ton l 1,7V n 1,8V.

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in p ca c quy khng ph thuc vo s lng bn cc ca cquy

nhiu hay t.
1.5.3. in tr trong.
L tr s in tr bn trong ca c quy, bao gm in tr cc bn
cc, in tr dung dch in phn c xt n s ngn cch ca cc tm ngn
gia cc bn cc. Thng th tr s in tr trong ca cquy khi np y
in l (0,001-0,0015) v khi c quy phng in hon ton l (0,020,025) .

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CHNG 2.

CC PHNG PHP NP C QUY

2.1. CC PHNG PHP NP C QUY.
2.1.1. Np vi dng in khng i.
Phng php np in vi dng np khng i cho php chn dng
in np thch hp vi mi loi c quy, m bo cho c quy c np no. y
l phng php s dng trong cc xng bo dng sa cha np in cho
cc c quy mi hoc np sa cha cho cc c quy b sunfat ho. Vi phng
php ny, cc c quy c mc ni tip nhau v tha mn iu kin:
Un 2,7 Naq
Trong :
Un : in p np
Naq : s ngn c quy n mc trong mch np

Hnh 2.1. S c tnh np vi dng in khng i

Trong qu trnh np, sc in ng ca c quy tng dn, duy tr
dng in np khng i ta phi b tr trong mch np bin tr R.

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Nhc im ca phng php np vi dng khng i l thi gian

np ko di v yu cu cc c quy a vo np c cng c dung lng nh
mc. khc phc nhc im thi gian np ko di ngi ta s dng
phng php np vi dng in np thay i hai hay nhiu nc. Trong trng
hp np hai nc, dng in np nc th nht chn bng (0,3 0,5) C20 v
kt thc np nc mt khi c quy bt u si. Dng in np nc th hai
bng 0,05 C20.
2.1.2. Np vi in p khng i.
Phng php np vi in p np khng i yu cu cc c quy c
mc song song vi ngun np. Hiu in th ca ngun np khng i v
c tnh bng ( 2,3 2,5 )V cho mt ngn c quy n. y l phng php
np in cho c quy lp trn t.
Phng php np vi in p np khng i c thi gian np ngn,
dng in np t ng gim theo thi gian. Tuy nhin dng phng php ny
c quy khng c np no, vy np vi in p khng i ch l phng php
np b xung cho c quy trong qu trnh s dng.
nh gi kh nng cung cp in ca c quy ngi ta dng vn k
ph ti hoc nh gi gin tip thng qua nng dung dch in phn ca c
quy. Quan h gia nng dung dch in phn v trng thi in ca c quy
c biu din trn th sau:

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Hnh 2.2. S c tnh np vi in p np khng i

2.1.3. Phng php np dng p.
y l phng php tng hp ca hai phng php trn .N tn dng
c nhng u im ca m phng php.
i vi yu cu ca ti l np c qui t ng tc l trong qu trnh
np mi qu trnh bin i v chuyn ho c t ng din ra theo mt trnh
t t sn th ta chn phng php np c qui l phng php dng p.
i vi c qui axit : m bo cho thi gian np cng nh hiu
sut np th trong khong thi gian tn =8 gi tng ng vi ( 75 80 )% dung
lng c qui ta np vi dng in khng i l In = 0,1 C10 .V theo c tnh
np ca c qui trong on np chnh th khi dng in khng i th in p
,sc in ng ti t thay i ,do bo m tnh ng u v ti cho thit b
np.Sau thi gian 8 gi c qui bt u si lc ta chuyn sang np ch
n p. Khi thi gian np c 10 gi th c qui bt u no,ta np b sung
thm 2-3 gi
i vi c qui kim : Trnh t np cng ging nh c qui axit nhng
do kh nng qu ti ca c qui kim ln nn lc n dng ta c th np vi

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dng np In = 0,2 C10 hoc np cng bc tit kim thi gian vi dng np
In = 0,5 C10
Cc qu trnh np c qui t ng kt thc khi b ct ngun np hoc
khi np n p vi in p bng in p trn 2 cc ca c qui, lc dng np
s t t gim v khng.
Kt lun:
V c quy l ti c tnh cht dung khng km theo sc phn in
ng cho nn khi c quy i m ta np theo phng php in p th dng
in trong c quy s t ng dng ln khng kim sot c s lm si c quy
dn n hng hc nhanh chng. V vy trong vng np chnh ta phi tm cch
n nh dng np trong c quy
Khi dung lng ca c qui dng ln n 80% lc nu ta c tip tc
gi n nh dng np th c qui s si v lm cn nc. Do n giai on
ny ta li phi chuyn ch np cho c qui sang ch n p. Ch n p
c gi cho n khi c quy thc s no. Khi in p trn cc bn cc ca
c quy bng in p np th lc dng np s t ng gim v khng, kt
thc qu trnh np
Tu theo loi c quy m ta np vi dng in np khc nhau :
* c quy axit: dng np In = 0,1 C10
Np cng bc vi dng in np In = 0,2 C10
* c quy kim dng np In = 0,2 C10
Np cng bc In = 0,5 C10
2.2. TUI TH CA C QUY V CCH KO DI TUI TH.
2.2.1. Tui th ca c quy s cp.
Ch cn ly ra khi bao b th c quy s cp c th tiu hao khong
(8 20)% dung lng nh mc ca n nhit (20 30)C. Hin tng
ny c bit n nh l kh nng t x ni b trong ngn c quy. Kh nng
t x gim bt nu c quy c lu tr trong nhit thp, mc d mt s c

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quy c th b hng nu b lm ng. Nhit qu cao hoc qu thp u lm

nh hng n kh nng hot ng ca c quy.
2.2.2. Tui th ca c quy np.
c quy np t x nhanh hn so vi c quy dng mt ln loi kim,
c bit l loi c quy nicken. c quy NiCd mi mt 10% dung lng trong
vng 24 gi u tin v sau t x 10% / 1 thng. Tuy nhin, cc thit k c
quy lithium hin i gim kh nng t x xung mc thp nht mc d
vn cha c bng c quy s cp. Hu ht cc c quy niken u t x tng
phn v phi c np li trc khi s dng.
Mc d c quy np c th np li nng lng nhng vn c s hao
tn gia mi chu k np, x. c quy dung lng thp nh Niken metal
hydride NiMH (1700 2000) mAh c th np c khong 1000 chu k
trong khi loi dung lng NiMH (trn 2500 mAh) c th np c khong
500 chu k. c quy Niken cadmium NiCd c th np, x c khong
1000 chu k trc khi ni tr ca n tng cao. Thng th np nhanh s lm
gim tui th ca c quy nhanh hn l np chm. Tuy nhin, nu np chm
m khng bit c lc no c quy y th s dn n vic np qu c quy
gy tn hi.
Suy gim dung lng, cht lng c quy thng xy ra khi cht in
phn di chuyn ra khi cc cc hay cc cht phn ng ri khi cc in cc.
c quy NiCd thng b t x nn n lun phi c x ht trc khi np y.
Nu khng x sch, tinh th s bm vo cc in cc, lm gim b mt phn
ng v tng ni tr. Hin tng ny lm gim dung lng c quy v gy ra
hiu ng nh dung lng (l vic c quy NiCd ch nhn dung lng np
thp hn nh mc do n quen vi dung lng np cha y nhng ln
trc). Cc tinh th bm in cc cn c th xm nhp vo cc lp phn
cch in cc gy ra ngn mch. c quy NiMH, mc d c cu to ha hc
tng t, khng b hin tng "nh dung lng". Khi c quy sp ht vng i

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s dng, n khng ngay lp tc gim ton b dung lng m dung lng s

gim t t.
c quy ch - axit c tui th thp hn nhiu. Do cc nguyn nhn
rung, lc, nng, lnh v sun pht ha bn cc, ch c vi loi c quy t c
th s dng c 6 nm trong iu kin hot ng bnh thng. c quy khi
ng t c rt nhiu cc bn cc mng cung cp cng nhiu nng lng
cng tt trong mt kch thc nh gn. Nhn chung l bn cc cng dy th c
quy cng c tui th cao. Thng th chng ch b mt mt phn dung lng
nh trc khi np li. Cn phi quan tm trnh vic x qu mc cho php
i vi c quy khi ng, v chu k np, x s gy cho cc vt liu phn ng
lng xung t bn cc.
c quy ch - axit "chu k su" thng hay c s dng trong cc xe
golf cart c bn cc dy hn rt nhiu l tng tui th ca chng. ch li
chnh ca c quy ch - axit l gi thnh thp, cn tr l kch thc ca chng
ln t l thun vi dung lng v in p. Khng c x c quy ch - axit
xung di qu 20% dung lng nh mc, v ni tr ca chng s gy qu
nhit v h hng khi np li. Trong h thng c quy ch - axit "Chu k su"
thng c n cnh bo mc np thp hay mc nng lng np thp ngn
nga cc nh hng gy hi n tui th.
2.2.3. Ko di tui th c quy.
C th ko di tui th c quy nu lu tr trong nhit thp nh
phng lnh, lm gim qu trnh phn ng ha hc ca chng. Cch lu tr
nh vy c th ko di tui th ca c quy kim thm khong 5% trong khi
cc c quy np khc c th tng tui th t vi nga ln vi thng. Tuy nhin,
t c in p ln nht, c quy cn phi c gim v nhit phng;
khi x c quy kim 250mAh 0C ch c mt na dung lng nu x
20C.
* Ko di tui th c quy bng cch cn bng ngn c quy :

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Cch lm cn bng cc ngn v trit tiu cc s mt mt gia cc ngn

c quy ni tip hay song song s ci thin c bn hiu sut v lm tng dung
lng ca t c quy. Khi s lng cc ngn v dng ti tng, kh nng mt
mt cng tng theo. C 2 kh nng hao ht c th xy ra : tnh trng np v
dung lng, nng lng. Mc d hao ht dng tnh trng np ph bin hn,
cc trc trc ny gy ra vic gii hn dung lng t c quy v lm gim dung
lng ca ngn c quy yu nht.
Cc ngn trong 1 t c quy cn bng khi tho mn 2 iu kin sau :
* Nu tt c cc ngn u c dung lng nh nhau, chng cn bng khi
c cng tnh trng np. Trong trng hp ny, in p mch h l cch o
lng chnh xc tnh trng np. Nu u ra ca t c quy cc ngn c th
c np khc nhau theo in p h mch ti y ( cn bng) th chng s ln
lt thc hin chu k mt cch bnh thng m khng cn phi thc hin
thm bt k thay i no.
* Nu cc ngn c c dung lng khc nhau, chng cng th c coi
nh l cn bng nu tnh trng np ging nhau. Nhng v tnh trng np l
mt thng s tng quan, gi tr tuyt i ca dung lng cc ngn khc
nhau. gi cc ngn c dung lng khc nhau c cng tnh trng np, cn
cung cp cc dng khc nhau ti cc ngn trong c qu tnh np v x.
Cn bng ngn c quy theo phng php in t :
Cn bng c quy l phng php cung cp dng khc nhau vo cc
ngn c quy trong mt chui mc ni tip. Thng th cc ngn mc ni tip
s nhn c cc dng in ng nht. Mi t c quy cn c thm cc thnh
phn v mch t c cn bng. Tuy nhin, vic s dng thnh phn
tng t u ra s gim cc thnh phn khc cn thit m ch cn c in
tr cn bng.
S hao ht tnh trng np c th b cu bng cch cn bng cc ngn
trong qu trnh khi u v tun t trong qu trnh np. Hao ht C/E c th

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c b sung mt cch phc tp hn v kh khn hn trong vic o c v

o hi phi thc hin c lc np v phng.
Cc gii php ni trn l gim bt cc thnh phn b sung bn ngoi
nh l t gin on, diode v hu ht cc in tr.

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CHNG 3.

THIT K B NP C QUY T NG
3.1. T VN .
t nc ta ang bc trn con ng cng nghip ho v hin i ha
t nc. Trn con ng i mi do ng v Nh nc lnh o, t nc
ta t c nhng thnh tu quan trng trn mi lnh vc. Nc ta l mt
nc ang pht trin v ang dn tip cn vi khoa hc k thut hin i.
Nhiu khu cng nghip hin i, khu ch xut, cc nh my, cng ty sn xut
ra i phc v cho nhu cu ca con ngi. i cng s pht trin l nhng
ngnh in , in t , k thut s gip cho ngnh cng nghip nc ta hin
i ho vi vic tip cn v s dng ng lot cc thit b t ng.
Nu nh trong thi k u i mi, chng ta c kh ho cho cc nh
my, x nghip nhm gim nh sc lao ng chn tay ca con ngi th ngy
nay t ng ho khng nhng gii phng sc lao ng chn tay m cn gim
nh i mt phn sc lao ng tr c ca con ngi.. Chnh iu ny lm cho
t ng ho tr thnh c trng ca nn sn xut cng nghip hin i.
Trong s pht trin mnh m ca khoa hc k thut, ngnh t ng ho
c nhng bc pht trin nhy vt. T ng ho c p dng cho tng
my, ri n c dy truyn cng ngh ca nh my v tin ti t ng ho c
mt ngnh sn xut. Ngnh t ng ha dang t khng nh mnh trong vai
tr nng cao cht lng sn phm, tng nng sut lao ng, h gi thnh sn
phm, s dng hp l v tit kim nguyn nhin liu mt cch ti a t
c th gim chi ph sn xut, gim vn u t, trn c s nng cao c
sc cnh tranh cho sn phm lm ra khi p dng t ng ho trong sn xut.
p ng nhu cu v th hiu ca ngi tiu dng, hu ht cc nh my ln
u p dng m hnh t ng ho nh nh my xi mng, nh my thu in,

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nh my giy, nh my bnh ko, nh my dt

Ngy nay trong cng nghip , cc mch iu khin ngi ta thng
dng k thut s vi cc chng trnh phn mm n gin, linh hot v d
dng thay i c cu trc tham s hoc cc lut iu khin. N lm tng tc
tc ng nhanh v c chnh xc cao cho h thng. Nh vy n lm
chun ho cc h thng truyn ng in v cc b iu khin t ng hin
i v c nhng c tnh lm vic khc nhau.
Trong ng dng th vic p dng vo mch np c quy t ng
ang c s dng rng ri v c nhng c tnh rt u vit. Bi c quy l
ngun cp in mt chiu cho cc thit b in trong cng nghip cng nh
trong i sng hng ngy, cung cp ngun in mt chiu cho cc ni cha
c ngun in li nh chiu sng , tivi, thng tin lin lc iu khin o
lng, cung cp cho cc thit b trn gin khoan ngoi bin Chnh v vy
vic nghin cu, ch to cquy v ngun np c quy l ht sc cn thit, n
nh hng rt ln ti dung lng v bn ca c quy.
3.2. NGUN IN MT CHIU.
3.2.1. Cu trc nguyn t.
Nguyn t gm hai phn: mt ht nhn gm proton mang in tch
dng v nortron khng mang in; phn v l cc electron mang in tch
m chuyn ng hn lon xung quanh ht nhn.
trng thi bnh thng th nguyn t trung ho v in, khi b kch
thch nguyn t c th mt i mt vi electron tr thnh ion dng hoc
nguyn t c th nhn thm mt vi electron tr thnh ion m.
3.2.2. Bn cht dng in mt chiu.
L dng chuyn di c hng ca cc ht mang in khi c in
trng ngoi kch thch vo (ht mang in tch dng chuyn ng cng
hng vi in trng ngoi v cc ht in tch m chuyn ng ngc

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hng in trng ngoi) v qui c chiu dng in l chiu chuyn di c

hng ca cc ht mang in tch dng.
3.3. CC I LNG C TRNG.
3.3.1. Cng dng in.
L i lng c trng cho mnh yu ca dng in hay c trng cho
s lng cc in t i qua tit din ca mt vt dn trong n v thi gian.
K hiu:

Cng thc:

I = q.t

n v:

A (ampe), 1A=1000mA ; 1kA=1000A ;

3.3.2. Hiu in th.

L s chnh lch in p (V) gia hai im.
in p ti im A: Va
in p ti im B: Vb
Hiu in th gia hai im A , B l: Uab = Va - Vb
n v: V (vn) ; 1V=1000mV ; 1kV=1000V ;
3.3.3. nh lut m.
Cng dng in trong mt on mch t l thun vi in p
hai u on mch v t l nghch vi in tr ca on mch .
Cng thc:

I = U/R

Trong : I l cng dng in, n v A

U l in p hai u on mch, n v V
R l in tr ca on mch, n v (m)
3.3.4. in nng v cng sut.
* in nng:
Khi dng in chy qua cc thit b nh bng n th bng n s
sng,chy qua ng c lm dng c quay. Nh vy dng in sinh ra cng,
cng ca dng in gi l in nng, k hiu l W, Wh, kWh.
Cng thc:

W= U.I.t

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Trong :

W l in nng tnh bng J (Jun)

U l in p tnh bng V (vol)
I l cng dng in tnh bng A (ampe)
t l thi gian o bng s (giy)

* Cng sut :
Cng sut ca dng in l in nng tiu nng tiu th trong mt
giy v c tnh bng cng thc:
P = W/t = U.I
n v: W (oat) ; 1kW = 1000W ; 1MW = 1000000W;
3.3.5. Cch mc ngun in.
Ghp ni tip cc ngun in cho ta mt ngun in mi c in p
bng tng cc in p thnh phn.

Hnh 3.1. Cch mc ngun in ni tip

Ghp song song cc ngun in (c cng in p) s cho ta mt ngun in
mi c in p bng in p thnh phn.

Hnh 3.2. Cch mc ngun in song song

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3.4. S KHI CA MCH.

My

Mch

bin

chnh

Mch

Mch

lu

lc

n p

( K1 )

( K2 )

( K3 )

( K4 )

B iu
chnh t

c quy

ng ngt
mch
( K5 )

Hnh 3.3. S khi ca mch

My bin p (khi 1)
My bin p c tc dng thay i in p xoay chiu vo thnh cc
mc in p xoay chiu khc nhau u ra ca bin p (ch thay i bin )
m khng lm thay i tn s v pha ban u.
Phng trnh in p vo, ra khi my bin p c dng hnh sin:

Cu to my bin p gm: Mt cun dy s cp ( a in p

ngoi vo) v cun dy th cp gm mt hay nhiu cun dy ( a in p

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ra) cng qun trn cng mt li . Li ny c th l cun giy (li khng kh)
hoc l li bng thp , st t ( ferit).

* Cc i lng trong nguyn l bin i in p ca my bin p

My bin p hot ng da trn hin tng cm ng in t v nguyn
l to in p ra da trn cng thc:
U1/U2 = N1/N2 = I2/I1
Trong : U1, I1: l in p v dng in vo cun s cp
U2, I2: l in p v dng in ra cun th cp
N1, N2: l s vng dy ca cun s cp v cun th cp

Hnh 3.4. Cc loi bin p.

Trong mch ny em s dng my bin p ngun li bng l thp c u
vo 220V AC v u ra 12V AC.
Mch chnh lu (khi 2)
Mch chnh lu dng bin i dng in xoay chiu thnh dng
in mt chiu tng ng nhng vn cn mp m . Sau y l hai mch chnh
lu c bn:

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Hnh 3.5. Mch chnh lu na chu k

Mch chnh lu na chu k gm mt diode mc ni tip vi ti tiu
th. bn k dng (na chu k u) diode c phn cc thun, diode
thng nn c dng chy trong mch . bn k m (na chu k ngay sau)
diode c phn cc ngc nn khng c dng chy trong mch.
* u im: r, d lp rp.
* Nhc im: cho dng ra khng lin tc v diode phi gnh mt in p
ngc rt ln nn tui th ca diode khng cao.

Hnh 3.6. Mch chnh lu c chu k.

- na chu k dng: D1, D4 thng dn dng qua D1 => qua ti R => D4
dn tip dng v cc m
- na chu k m: D2, D3 thng dn dng chy qua ti R.
Nh vy mch chnh lu hnh cu th m bo trong mt chu k th
mch lun c dng in . V cng chnh u im ny , cho nn chng em
s dng mch chnh lu hnh cu vo mch ca mnh , trong mch ta s dng
cu chnh lu trn 1A ( V n c kch thc nh gn d s dng ) thay cho
mch chnh lu c chu k ( s dng diode) .

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Mch lc (khi 3)
Da vo c tnh phng np ca t in nn mch lc (gm cc t
in mc song song vi ti) dng l phng in p u vo cn mp m.

Hnh 3.7. Mch lc

Mch n p ( khi 4).
Mch n p gip n nh in p ra cung cp cho ti tiu th trong khi
in p u vo c th thay i. Sau y l mt s mch n p thng dng:

Hnh 3.8. Mch n p dng diode zenner

- u im: r, d lp rp.
- Nhc im: Cng knh v tn nhiu din tch trong mch.

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Hnh 3.9. Mch n p dng IC LM 317

- u im: nh gn, bn v d s dng .
- Nhc im: gi thnh cao.
B iu chnh t ng ng ngt mch khi sc pin (khi 5).
Khi ny c chc nng ng mch khi c quy sc cha y v ngt
mch khi c quy sc y . trong mch s dng IC LM 317 v transistor A
564 iu chnh qu trnh ng ngt khi sc . Ngoi ra ta cng c th s
dng IC so snh khc nh: LM 211 , U 741 , iu khin transitor ng
m mch sc.
3.5. GII THIU CHUNG V LA CHN CC LOI LINH KIN
IN T TRONG MCH.
3.5.1. in tr.
in tr l linh kin th ng khng th thiu trong cc mch in v
in t, chng c tc dng cn tr dng in , to s st p thc hin chc
nng theo mun .
in tr ca dy dn ph thuc vo cht liu , tit din v di ca
dy dn c tnh theo cng thc:
R= .
Trong : R l in tr. n v l
l in tr sut.

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l l chiu di dy dn.
S l tit din ca dy.
in tr trong thc t v trong cc mch in t
* Hnh dng v k hiu: Trong thc t in tr l mt loi linh kin
in t khng phn cc, n l mt linh kin quan trng trong cc mch in
t, chng c lm t hp cht ca cacbon v kim loi v c pha theo t l
m to ra cc con in tr c tr s khc nhau.

Hnh 3.10. Hnh dng in tr

Hnh dng in tr trong cc s mch in t.

n v o bng , K, M.
1M = 1000 K = 1000000
3.5.2. Bin tr.
Bin tr l dng c bit ca in tr c cng dng tng t nh in
tr thong thng . Nhng n c th thay i c ga tr in tr, qua thay
i in p hoc dng in ra trn bin tr.

Hnh 3.11. Bin tr

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VR

Hnh 3.12. K hiu ca bin tr.

Hnh 3.13. Cu to v hnh dng ca bin tr.

Bin tr cn gi l trit p c cu to gm mt in tr mng than
hay dy qun c dng hnh cung gc quay 270 . C mt trc xoay gia
ni vi mt con trt lm bng than cho bin tr dy qun (hay lm bng kim
loi cho bin tr than) . Con trt s p ln mt in tr to kiu ni tip
xc lm thay i tr s in tr khi quay trc.

Hnh 3.14. Bin tr

3.5.3. T in.
T in l mt linh kin th ng v c s dng rng ri trong cc
mch in t, c s dng trong cc mch lc ngun, lc nhiu trong mch
truyn pht tn hiu, mch dao ng

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T in l linh kin dng cn tr dng in xoay chiu v ngn

khng cho dng in mt chiu i qua , t in cn c kh nng phng np
khi cn thit.
* Cc i lng c trng:
in dung l i lng ni ln kh nng tch in trn hai bn cc ca
t in ,in dung ca t in ph thuc vo din tch bn cc, vt liu lm
cht in mi v khong cch gi hai bn cc
theo cng thc
C=.S/d
Trong :

C : l in dung t in , n v l Fara (F)

: L hng s in mi ca lp cch in.
d : l chiu dy ca lp cch in.
S : l din tch bn cc ca t in.

Dung khng l i lng c trng cho kh nng cn tr dng in

xoay chiu , n v
Xc
T khng phn cc l t c hai cc nh nhau v gi tr thng nh (pF).
T phn cc l t c hai cc tnh m v dng khng th dng ln ln nhau
c. C gi tr ln hn so vi t khng phn cc
Cu to ca t in: gm hai bn cc song song, gia c mt lp
cch in gi l in mi nh t ha, t gm, t giy

T l

T xoay

Hnh 3.15. Hnh dng t trong thc t.

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cho t lm vic n nh em lu chn t c in p ln hn in

p in p u vo ca t.
3.5.4. Diode.
c cu to t hai lp bn dn tip xc nhau. Diode c hai cc l
Anot (A) v Katot (K). N ch cho dng mt chiu t A sang K v n c
coi nh van mt chiu trong mch in v c ng dng rng ri trong cc
my thu thanh thu hnh, cc mch chnh lu, n nh in p.

Hnh 3.16. Cu to diode

Hnh 3.17. Hnh dng diode trong thc t

Hnh 3.18. K hiu diode trong cc mch nguyn l

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Phn cc cho diode :

Phn cc thun cho diode: Anode(A) c li vo cc dng v Katot
(K) c ni vo cc m ca ngun (UAK>0) th diode s cho dng in
chy qua.

Hnh 3.19. Phn cc thun cho Diode

Phn cc ngc: UAK<0 th diode s khng cho dng in chy qua.

Hnh 3.20. Phn cc ngc cho Diode

Vy nguyn tc hot ng ca diode: ch cho dng mt chiu t A
n K ch khng cho dng chy ngc li.
3.5.5. LED.
LED l vit tt ca Light Emitting Diode , (c ngha l it pht
quang) l cc diode c kh nng pht ra nh sng hay tia hng ngoi, t
ngoi. Cng ging nh it, LED c cu to t mt khi bn dn loi P
ghp vi mt khi bn dn loi N
Tnh cht :
Ty theo mc nng lng gii phng cao hay thp m bc sng nh
sng pht ra khc nhau (tc mu sc ca LED s khc nhau) . Mc nng
lng (v mu sc ca LED) hon ton ph thuc vo cu trc nng lng
ca cc nguyn t cht bn dn.

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LED thng c in th phn cc thun cao hn it thng thng,

trong khong 1,5 n 3 V. Nhng in th phn cc nghch LED th khng
cao. Do , LED rt d b h hng do in th ngc gy ra.
Chng c tc dng hin th in p DC hoac AC(tc l bo c dng ra)

Hnh 3.21. n LED.

Bng 3.1. Cc loi n LED
Loi LED

in th phn cc

1,4 1,8 V

Vng

2 2,5 V

Xanh l cy

2 2,8 V

3.5.6. Transistor.
Gm ba phin bn dn ghp vi nhau hnh thnh hai mi tip gip PN. Nu ghp theo th t PNP th ta c transistor thun. Ngc li nu ghp
theo th t NPN ta c transistor nghch. V phng din cu to th transistor
tng ng vi hai diode c du ngc chiu nhau.
3 lp c ni thnh 3 cc: Lp gia gi l cc gc k hiu l B
(Base), cn hai lp bn ngoi ni thnh cc pht E (Emitter) v cc thu C
(Collector). Cc B rt mng v c nng tp cht thp, cn vng bn dn E
v C c bn dn cng loi (N hay P) nhng c nng tp cht khc nhau
nn khng hon i c.

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Hnh 3.22. Nguyn tc hot ng ca transistor.

iu kin lm vic: VE > VB>VC
Trong trng hp ny hai vng bn dn P-N ca cc E v B ging nh
iode c phn cc thun nn dn in,l trng t vng bn dn P ca cc E
s sang vng bn dn N ca cc B ti hp vi eletron. Khi vng bn dn N
ca cc B c thm l trng nn c in tch dng. Cc B c li vo in
p m ca ngun nn s ht mt s l trng trong vng bn dn N xung v
to thnh dng in IB. Cc C c ni vo in p m cao hn nn ht hu ht
l trng trong vng bn dn N sang vng bn dn P ca cc C to thnh dng
in IC. Cc E c ni vo in p dng nn khi vng bn dn P b mt l
trng s ht l trng t ngun dng ln th ch to thnh dng in IE.
S lng l trng b ht t cc E u chy qua cc B v cc C nn dng in
IB v IC u t cc E chy qua:
Ta c: IE =IB +IC
Cn i vi transistor NPN l ngc th ta lm ngc li v phi i
cc tnh.

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Hnh 3.23. Transistor

3.5.7. IC LM 317.

Hnh 3.24. IC LM 358

Hnh 3.25. Cu to ca IC LM317

Trong : Adjust l chn iu khin
Output l in p u ra
Input l in p u vo
Thng s : in p u vo Vi = 40V
Nhit vn hnh t = 0 125
Cng sut tiu th ln nht l 20 W
Dng in u ra ln nht Imax = 1.5 A
m bo thng s Vi Vo >= 3 V

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3.6. S V NGUYN L LM VIC CA MCH.

Hnh 3.26. S mch cp ngun mt chiu 12V cho c quy .

Nguyn l lm vic ca mch :
Mch gm 6 khu c bn
Bin p 220V 12V bin in p xoay chiu xung di in p ph
hp cho c quy.
Khi chnh lu gm 4 Diode to thnh cu bin in p xoay chiu
thnh 1 chiu. in p ny c s dng lm in p np c quy.
Transistor cng sut T3 l transistor chu dng np qua c quy. Khi T3
dn, c quy c np. Khi T3 kha, c quy c ngt in ra khi
mch.T3 c mc ly tn hiu ra chn E, tn hiu iu khin c
ly t u ra ca LM 317. Khi in p ra ca T3 s bng in p
chun ca LM 317 tr i in p ri trn mt tip gip BE ca T 3 ( = U
317

0.7 V ). in p trn tip gip BE s tng khi transistor chu dng

ln.
LM 317 l IC to in p chun lm in p np cho c quy. in p ra
ca LM 317 c xc nh da trn R1,VR1,T1. Khi T1 kha, in p ra

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ca LM 317 ch ph thuc vo R1 v VR1. Trong qu trnh hot ng,

khi c quy qu yu th T1 c m dn n lm gim in p phn hi
v LM 317, lm gim in p np c quy m bo dng np khng
vt qu gi tr cho php.
Khi iu chnh dng p. Bnh thng in p u ra c quy th D 5
kha lm A564 kha dn n T3 kha. Trong trng hp in p c quy
thp th D5 dn lm A564 dn, cp in vo T1 (chn B) khin T1 m
dn n in p phn hi v LM 317 gim lm gim in p np c quy
m bo dng np khng vt qu gi tr cho php.
Phn hin th : u ra in p np c quy c ly v qua T4, T5. Khi
c np th n sng.

Hnh 3.27. dng v linh kin trc khi lm mch.

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Hnh 3.28. Mch chy th.

Hnh 3.29. Mch hon thin

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KT LUN
Sau khong thi gian nghin cu , tm hiu v thit k, vi s hng
dn ca c gio thc s Th Hng L, n nay bn n ca em c
hon thnh. Ni dung ca bn n nu ln c nhng vn chnh sau:
* Gii thiu chung v cng ngh np c quy.
* Cc phng php np c quy.
* Thit k mch np c quy t ng.
Mc d bn thn em ht sc c gng, nhng do trnh kin thc
cn hn ch, khong thi gian lm n ngn nn qu trnh thit k khng th
trnh khi nhng sai st. V vy em xin tip thu kin ng gp v ch bo
ca cc thy c bn n ny c hon thin hn.
Cui cng, em xin chn thnh cm n c Th Hng L, ngi
trc tip hng dn tt nghip, cng cc thy c trong b mn v cc bn
gip em trong qu trnh lm n.
Em xin chn thnh cm n !
Hi phng, ngy...thng...nm....
Sinh vin thc hin

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TI LIU THAM KHO

1. GS.TSKH. Thn Ngc Hon, (2003), in t cng sut, Nh xut bn
Xy dng.
2. Nguyn Bnh, (2001), in t cng sut, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v
K thut.
3. Trn Vn Thnh, (2008), Tnh ton thit k thit b in t cng
sut, Nh xut bn Gio dc.
4. Phm Minh H, (2008), K thut mch in t, Nh xut bn Khoa
hc v K thut.
5. L Vn Doanh (Ch bin), Nguyn Th Cng, Trn Vn Thnh, (2004),
in t cng sut : L thuyt Thit k - ng dng, Nh xut bn
Khoa hc v K thut.
6.

: http://www.google.com.vn

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