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Solutions To End-Of-Chapter Problems
Solutions To End-Of-Chapter Problems
Chapter 14
14-1
F
P V
$500,000
=
$4.00 - $3.00
= 500,000 units.
QBE =
QBE
QBE
14-2
14-3
14-4
a.
Sales
Fixed costs
Variable costs
Total costs
Gain (Loss)
b. QBE =
125,000 units
$1,875,000
700,000
1,250,000
$1,950,000
($
75,000)
175,000 units
$2,625,000
700,000
1,750,000
$2,450,000
$ 175,000
F
$700,000
=
= 140,000 units.
P - V
$5
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2000 by Harcourt, Inc.
Thousands of $
4,000
Sales
3,000
Costs
2,000
1,000
Fixed Costs
14-5
50
a.
150
200
8,000 units
$200,000
140,000
120,000
$260,000
($ 60,000)
Sales
Fixed costs
Variable costs
Total costs
Gain (loss)
b. QBE =
100
Units of Output
(Thousands)
18,000 units
$450,000
140,000
270,000
$410,000
$ 40,000
F
$140,000
=
= 14,000 units.
P - V
$10
600,000
Sales
Costs
400,000
200,000
Fixed Costs
10
15
20
Units of Output
(Thousands)
c. If the selling price rises to $31, while the variable cost per unit
remains fixed, P - V rises to $16.
QBE =
F
$140,000
=
= 8,750 units.
P - V
$16
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2000 by Ha rcourt, Inc.
200,000
Fixed Costs
10
15
20
Units of Output
(Thousands)
The breakeven point drops to 8,750 units. The contribution margin per
each unit sold has been increased; thus the variability in the firms
profit stream has been increased, but the opportunity for magnified
profits has also been increased.
d. If the selling price rises to $31 and the variable cost per unit rises
to $23, P - V falls to $8.
QBE =
F
$140,000
=
= 17,500 units.
P - V
$8
Dollars
800,000
Sales
Costs
600,000
400,000
200,000
Fixed Costs
10
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2000 by Harcourt, Inc.
15
20
Units of Output
(Thousands)
14-6
a.
Sales
Fixed costs
Variable costs
Total costs
Gain (loss)
b. QBE =
5,000 units
$225,000
175,000
100,000
$275,000
($ 50,000)
12,000 units
$540,000
175,000
240,000
$415,000
$125,000
$175,000
= 7,000 units.
$25
14-7
14-8
Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4:
Step 5:
a. LL:
D/TA = 30%.
EBIT
Interest ($6,000,000 0.10)
EBT
Tax (40%)
Net income
$4,000,000
600,000
$3,400,000
1,360,000
$2,040,000
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2000 by Ha rcourt, Inc.
HL:
D/TA = 50%.
EBIT
$4,000,000
Interest ($10,000,000 0.12) 1,200,000
EBT
$2,800,000
Tax (40%)
1,120,000
Net income
$1,680,000
Return on equity = $1,680,000/$10,000,000 = 16.8%.
b. LL: D/TA = 60%.
EBIT
$4,000,000
Interest ($12,000,000 0.15) 1,800,000
EBT
$2,200,000
Tax (40%)
880,000
Net income
$1,320,000
Return on equity = $1,320,000/$8,000,000 = 16.5%.
Although LLs return on equity is higher than it was at the 30 percent
leverage ratio, it is lower than the 16.8 percent return of HL.
Initially, as leverage is increased, the return on equity also
increases. But, the interest rate rises when leverage is increased.
Therefore, the return on equity will reach a maximum and then decline.
14-9
No leverage:
State
1
2
3
Ps
0.2
0.5
0.3
Ps(ROE) Ps(ROEs-RE)2
0.036
0.00113
0.060
0.00011
0.009
0.00169
0.105
Variance = 0.00293
Standard deviation = 0.054
(EBIT - kdD)(1-T)
$2,520,000
1,680,000
420,000
ROEs
0.18
0.12
0.03
RE =
RE = 10.5%.
2 = 0.00293.
= 5.4%.
CV = /RE = 5.4%/10.5% = 0.514.
Leverage ratio = 10%:
State
1
2
3
Ps
0.2
0.5
0.3
EBIT
$4,200,000
2,800,000
700,000
Ps(ROE) Ps(ROEs-RE)2
0.039
0.00138
0.064
0.00013
0.008
0.00212
0.111
Variance = 0.00363
Standard deviation = 0.060
ROEs
0.194
0.127
0.027
RE =
RE = 11.1%.
2 = 0.00363.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2000 by Harcourt, Inc.
= 6%.
CV = 6%/11.1% = 0.541.
Leverage ratio = 50%: D = $7,000,000; S = $7,000,000; kd = 11%.
State
1
2
3
Ps
0.2
0.5
0.3
EBIT
$4,200,000
2,800,000
700,000
(EBIT - kdD)(1-T)
ROEs
Ps(ROE) Ps(ROEs-RE)2
$2,058,000
0.294
0.059
0.00450
1,218,000
0.174
0.087
0.00045
(42,000)
(0.006) (0.002)
0.00675
RE = 0.144
Variance = 0.01170
Standard deviation = 0.108
RE = 14.4%.
2 = 0.01170.
= 10.8%.
CV = 10.8%/14.4% = 0.750.
Leverage ratio = 60%:
State
1
2
3
Ps
0.2
0.5
0.3
EBIT
$4,200,000
2,800,000
700,000
RE = 13.7%.
2 = 0.01827.
= 13.5%.
CV = 13.5%/13.7% = 0.985 0.99.
As leverage increases, the expected return on equity rises up to a point.
But as the risk increases with increased leverage, the cost of debt rises.
So after the return on equity peaks, it then begins to fall. As leverage
increases, the measures of risk (both the standard deviation and the
coefficient of variation of the return on equity) rise with each increase
in leverage.
Step 1:
Step 2:
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Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2000 by Harcourt, Inc.
Step 3:
Step 4:
Determine the firms new cost of equity under the changed capital
structure.
ks = kRF + (kM kRF)b
ks = 5% + (6%)2
ks = 17%.
A
B
C
E(EPS)
$5.10
4.20
5.10
$3.61
2.96
4.11
CV = /E(EPS)
0.71
0.70
0.81
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2000 by Ha rcourt, Inc.
Debt
$12,960,000
8,160,000
1,800,000
$ 3,000,000
1,104,000**
$ 1,896,000
758,400
$ 1,137,600
Stock
$12,960,000
8,160,000
1,800,000
$ 3,000,000
384,000
$ 2,616,000
1,046,400
$ 1,569,600
(Sales - VC - F - I)(1 - T)
N
(PQ - VQ - F - I)(1 - T)
=
.
N
b. EPS =
EPSDebt =
EPSStock =
($10.667 Q - $2,184,000)(0.6)
.
480,000
Therefore,
($10.667 Q - $2,184,000)(0.6)
(10.667 Q - $2,904,000)(0.6)
=
480,000
240,000
$10.667Q = $3,624,000
Q = 339,750 units.
This is the indifference sales level, where EPSdebt = EPSstock.
c. EPSOld =
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EPSNew,Debt =
EPSNew,Stock
d. At the expected sales level, 450,000 units, we have these EPS values:
EPSOld
Setup
= $2.04.
EPSNew,Debt = $4.74.
EPSNew,Stock = $3.27.
We are given that operating leverage is lower under the new setup.
Accordingly, this suggests that the new production setup is less risky
than the old one--variable costs drop very sharply, while fixed costs
rise less, so the firm has lower costs at reasonable sales levels.
In view of both risk and profit considerations, the new production
setup seems better.
Therefore, the question that remains is how to
finance the investment.
The indifference sales level, where EPSdebt = EPSstock, is 339,750
units. This is well below the 450,000 expected sales level. If sales
fall as low as 250,000 units, these EPS figures would result:
EPSDebt =
EPSStock =
These calculations assume that P and V remain constant, and that the
company can obtain tax credits on losses. Of course, if sales rose
above the expected 450,000 level, EPS would soar if the firm used debt
financing.
In the real world we would have more information on which to base
the decision--coverage ratios of other companies in the industry and
better estimates of the likely range of unit sales. On the basis of
the information at hand, we would probably use equity financing, but
the decision is really not obvious.
0.3
$2,250.0
225.0
77.4
$ 147.6
59.0
$
88.6
0.4
$2,700.0
270.0
77.4
$ 192.6
77.0
$ 115.6
0.3
$3,150.0
315.0
77.4
$ 237.6
95.0
$ 142.6
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2000 by Ha rcourt, Inc.
4.43
5.78
7.13
$1.05
= 0.18.
$5.78
E(TIEDebt) =
E(EBIT)
$270
=
= 3.49.
I
$77.4
0.3
$2,250.0
225.0
45.0
$ 180.0
72.0
$ 108.0
0.4
$2,700.0
270.0
45.0
$ 225.0
90.0
$ 135.0
0.3
$3,150.0
315.0
45.0
$ 270.0
108.0
$ 162.0
4.41
5.51
6.61
0.7260 = $0.85.
$0.85
= 0.15.
$5.51
E(TIE) =
$270
= 6.00.
$45
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2000 by Harcourt, Inc.
Debt
$652.50 + $300
=
= 58.8%.
Assets
$1,350 + $270
Under debt financing the expected EPS is $5.78, the standard deviation is
$1.05, the CV is 0.18, and the debt ratio increases to 75.5 percent. (The
debt ratio had been 70.6 percent.) Under equity financing the expected
EPS is $5.51, the standard deviation is $0.85, the CV is 0.15, and the
debt ratio decreases to 58.8 percent.
At this interest rate, debt
financing provides a higher expected EPS than equity financing; however,
the debt ratio is significantly higher under the debt financing situation
as compared with the equity financing situation.
Because EPS is not
significantly greater under debt financing, while the risk is noticeably
greater, equity financing should be recommended.
14-14 a. Firm A
1. Fixed costs = $80,000.
2. Variable cost/unit =
3. Selling price/unit =
Breakeven sales
$200,000
=
= $8.00/unit.
Breakeven units
25,000
Firm B
1. Fixed costs = $120,000.
2. Variable cost/unit =
3. Selling price/unit =
Breakeven sales
$240,000
=
= $8.00/unit.
Breakeven units
30,000
b. Firm B has the higher operating leverage due to its larger amount of
fixed costs.
c. Operating profit = (Selling price)(Units sold) - Fixed costs
- (Variable costs/unit)(Units sold).
Firm As operating profit = $8X - $80,000 - $4.80X.
Firm Bs operating profit = $8X - $120,000 - $4.00X.
Set the two equations equal to each other:
Answers and Solutions: 14 - 12
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2000 by Ha rcourt, Inc.
kRF = 5.0%
kM kRF = 6.0%
From data given in the problem and table we can develop the following
table:
D/A
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
E/A
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
D/E
0.0000
0.2500
0.6667
1.5000
4.0000
kd
7.00%
8.00
10.00
12.00
15.00
kd(1 T)
4.20%
4.80
6.00
7.20
9.00
Leveraged
betaa
1.20
1.38
1.68
2.28
4.08
ksb
12.20%
13.28
15.08
18.68
29.48
WACCc
12.20%
11.58
11.45
11.79
13.10
Notes:
a
These beta estimates were calculated using the Hamada equation, b =
bU[1 + (1 T)(D/E)].
b
These ks estimates were calculated using the CAPM, ks = kRF + (kM kRF)b.
c
These WACC estimates were calculated with the following equation: WACC =
wd(kd)(1 T) + (wc)(ks).
The firms optimal capital structure is that capital structure which
minimizes the firms WACC.
Elliotts WACC is minimized at a capital
structure consisting of 40% debt and 60% equity.
At that capital
structure, the firms WACC is 11.45%.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2000 by Harcourt, Inc.
SPREADSHEET PROBLEM
14-16 The detailed solution for the spreadsheet problem is available both on the
instructor s resource CD-ROM and on the instructor s side of the Harcourt
College Publishers web site, http://www.harcourtcollege.com/finance/
brigham.
CYBERPROBLEM
Computer/Internet Applications: 14 - 14
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2000 by Harcourt, Inc.
INTEGRATED CASE
ASSUME THAT YOU HAVE JUST BEEN HIRED AS BUSINESS MANAGER OF CAMPUS DELI
(CD), WHICH IS LOCATED ADJACENT TO THE CAMPUS.
LAST YEAR; VARIABLE COSTS WERE 60 PERCENT OF SALES; AND FIXED COSTS
WERE
$40,000.
THEREFORE,
EBIT
TOTALED
$400,000.
BECAUSE
THE
DIVIDENDS.
OUTSTANDING.
ASSETS
ARE
$2
MILLION,
AND
80,000
SHARES
ARE
ON
THE BASIS OF STATEMENTS MADE IN YOUR FINANCE TEXT, YOU BELIEVE THAT
CDS SHAREHOLDERS WOULD BE BETTER OFF IF SOME DEBT FINANCING WERE USED.
WHEN YOU SUGGESTED THIS TO YOUR NEW BOSS, SHE ENCOURAGED YOU TO PURSUE
THE IDEA, BUT TO PROVIDE SUPPORT FOR THE SUGGESTION.
IN TODAYS MARKET, THE RISK-FREE RATE, kRF, IS 6 PERCENT AND THE
MARKET RISK PREMIUM, kM kRF, IS 6 PERCENT.
1.0.
12 PERCENT.
IF THE FIRM WERE RECAPITALIZED, DEBT WOULD BE ISSUED, AND THE
BORROWED FUNDS WOULD BE USED TO REPURCHASE STOCK.
STOCKHOLDERS, IN
ANSWER:
RISK
IS
AFFECTED
BY
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2000 by Harcourt, Inc.
MANY
FACTORS,
A FIRMS
INCLUDING
THESE:
Integrated Case: 14 - 15
(1) VARIABILITY IN THE DEMAND FOR ITS OUTPUT, (2) VARIABILITY IN THE
PRICE AT WHICH ITS OUTPUT CAN BE SOLD, (3) VARIABILITY IN THE PRICES OF
ITS INPUTS, (4) THE FIRMS ABILITY TO ADJUST OUTPUT PRICES AS INPUT
PRICES CHANGE, (5) THE AMOUNT OF OPERATING LEVERAGE USED BY THE FIRM,
AND (6) SPECIAL RISK FACTORS (SUCH AS POTENTIAL PRODUCT LIABILITY FOR A
DRUG COMPANY OR THE POTENTIAL COST OF A NUCLEAR ACCIDENT FOR A UTILITY
WITH NUCLEAR PLANTS).
A.
ANSWER:
B.
ANSWER:
B.
ANSWER:
C.
Integrated Case: 14 - 16
BOTH
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2000 by Harcourt, Inc.
EBIT
$2,000
3,000
4,000
1. COMPLETE THE PARTIAL INCOME STATEMENTS AND THE FIRMS RATIOS IN TABLE
IC14-1.
$20,000
$20,000
0.25
$ 6,000
4,000
$ 2,000
0
$ 2,000
800
$ 1,200
FIRM U
$20,000
$20,000
0.50
$ 9,000
6,000
$ 3,000
0
$ 3,000
1,200
$ 1,800
$20,000
$20,000
0.25
$12,000
8,000
$ 4,000
0
$ 4,000
1,600
$ 2,400
$20,000
$10,000
0.25
$ 6,000
4,000
$ 2,000
1,200
$
800
320
$
480
10.0%
6.0%
15.0%
9.0%
20.0%
12.0%
10.0%
4.8%
1.7
FIRM L
$20,000
$10,000
0.50
$ 9,000
6,000
$ 3,000
$
$
%
%
15.0%
9.0%
%
10.8%
2.5
3.5%
2.1%
0
%
4.2%
0.6
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2000 by Harcourt, Inc.
$20,000
$10,000
0.25
$12,000
8,000
$ 4,000
1,200
$ 2,800
1,120
$ 1,680
20.0%
16.8%
3.3
Integrated Case: 14 - 17
ANSWER:
[SHOW
S14-9
THROUGH
S14-14
HERE.]
HERE
STATEMENTS:
ASSETS
EQUITY
EBIT
I (12%)
EBT
TAXES (40%)
NI
BEP
ROE
TIE
E(BEP)
E(ROE)
E(TIE)
SD(BEP)
SD(ROE)
SD(TIE)
C.
FIRM U
$20,000
$20,000
$ 3,000
0
$ 3,000
1,200
$ 1,800
15.0%
9.0%
15.0%
9.0%
3.5%
2.1%
0
$20,000
$20,000
$ 2,000
0
$ 2,000
800
$ 1,200
10.0%
6.0%
$20,000
$20,000
$ 4,000
0
$ 4,000
1,600
$ 2,400
20.0%
12.0%
$20,000
$10,000
$ 2,000
1,200
$
800
320
$
480
10.0%
4.8%
1.7
FIRM L
$20,000
$10,000
$ 3,000
1,200
$ 1,800
720
$ 1,080
15.0%
10.8%
2.5
15.0%
10.8%
2.5
3.5%
4.2%
0.6
$20,000
$10,000
$ 4,000
1,200
$ 2,800
1,120
$ 1,680
20.0%
16.8%
3.3
2. BE PREPARED TO DISCUSS EACH ENTRY IN THE TABLE AND TO EXPLAIN HOW THIS
EXAMPLE ILLUSTRATES THE IMPACT OF FINANCIAL LEVERAGE ON EXPECTED RATE
OF RETURN AND RISK.
ANSWER:
FIRMS
BASIC
EARNING
BEP
EBIT/TOTAL
ASSETS,
IS
TO
SHAREHOLDERS.
TAX
SAVINGS
CAUSE
THE
HIGHER
ks TO INCREASE.
Integrated Case: 14 - 18
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2000 by Harcourt, Inc.
(UNLEVERED)
(LEVERED)
ROEU.
ROE) = 9.0% > kd(1 - T) = 12%(0.6) = 7.2%, SO THE USE OF DEBT RAISES
EXPECTED ROE.
6. FINALLY, NOTE THAT THE TIE RATIO IS HUGE (UNDEFINED, OR INFINITELY
LARGE) IF NO DEBT IS USED, BUT IT IS RELATIVELY LOW IF 50 PERCENT
DEBT IS USED. THE EXPECTED TIE WOULD BE LARGER THAN 2.5 IF LESS
DEBT WERE USED, BUT SMALLER IF LEVERAGE WERE INCREASED.
D.
AFTER SPEAKING WITH A LOCAL INVESTMENT BANKER, YOU OBTAIN THE FOLLOWING
ESTIMATES OF THE COST OF DEBT AT DIFFERENT DEBT LEVELS (IN THOUSANDS OF
DOLLARS):
AMOUNT
BORROWED
$
0
250
500
750
1,000
DEBT/ASSETS
RATIO
0.000
0.125
0.250
0.375
0.500
DEBT/EQUITY
RATIO
0.0000
0.1429
0.3333
0.6000
1.0000
BOND
RATING
-AA
A
BBB
BB
kd
-8.0%
9.0
11.5
14.0
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2000 by Harcourt, Inc.
Integrated Case: 14 - 19
STRUCTURE, (1) THE TOTAL VALUE OF THE FIRM IS MAXIMIZED, (2) THE WACC
IS MINIMIZED, AND THE PRICE PER SHARE IS MAXIMIZED.
STRUCTURE IS THE MIX OF DEBT, PREFERRED STOCK, AND COMMON EQUITY WITH
WHICH THE FIRM PLANS TO RAISE CAPITAL.
D.
2. WHY DOES CDS BOND RATING AND COST OF DEBT DEPEND ON THE AMOUNT OF
MONEY BORROWED?
ANSWER:
AS THE AMOUNT OF
MONEY BORROWED INCREASES, THE FIRM INCREASES ITS RISK SO THE FIRMS
BOND RATING DECREASES AND ITS COST OF DEBT INCREASES.
D.
$0, $250,000, $500,000, $750,000, AND $1,000,000. HOW MANY SHARES WOULD
REMAIN AFTER RECAPITALIZATION UNDER EACH SCENARIO?
ANSWER:
[EBIT k d(D)](1 T)
SHARES OUTSTANDING
Integrated Case: 14 - 20
$400,000(0.6)
= $3.00.
80,000
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2000 by Harcourt, Inc.
EBIT
= .
INTEREST
TIE =
AT D = $250,000:
SHARES REPURCHASED = $250,000/$25 = 10,000.
REMAINING SHARES OUTSTANDING = 80,000 10,000 = 70,000.
(NOTE:
$400
= 20.
$20
AT D = $500,000:
SHARES REPURCHASED = $500,000/$25 = 20,000.
REMAINING SHARES OUTSTANDING = 80,000 - 20,000 = 60,000.
(NOTE:
[$400 - 0.09($500)](0.6)
= $3.55.
60
TIE =
$400
= 8.9.
$45
AT D = $750,000:
SHARES REPURCHASED = $750,000/$25 = 30,000.
REMAINING SHARES OUTSTANDING = 80,000 30,000 = 50,000.
(NOTE:
[$400 - 0.115($750)](0.60)
= $3.77.
50
TIE =
$400
= 4.6.
$86.25
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2000 by Harcourt, Inc.
Integrated Case: 14 - 21
AT D = $1,000,000:
SHARES REPURCHASED = $1,000,000/$25 = 40,000.
REMAINING SHARES OUTSTANDING = 80,000 - 40,000 = 40,000.
(NOTE:
[$400 - 0.14($1,000)](0.60)
= $3.90.
40
TIE =
D.
4. USING
THE
HAMADA
EQUATION,
$400
= 2.9.
$140
WHAT
IS
THE
COST
$500,000?
OF
EQUITY
$750,000?
IF
CD
$1,000,000?
DEBT/ASSETS
RATIOb
0.00%
12.50
25.00
37.50
50.00
kM kRF = 6.0%
TOTAL ASSETS = $2,000
DEBT/EQUITY
RATIOc
0.00%
14.29
33.33
60.00
100.00
LEVERAGED
BETAd
1.00
1.09
1.20
1.36
1.60
kse
12.00%
12.51
13.20
14.16
15.60
NOTES:
a
AMOUNT BORROWED).
d
CALCULATED USING THE CAPM, ks = kRF + (kM kRF)b, GIVEN THE RISK-FREE
RATE, THE MARKET RISK PREMIUM, AND USING THE LEVERED BETA AS CALCULATED
WITH THE HAMADA EQUATION.
D.
Integrated Case: 14 - 22
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2000 by Harcourt, Inc.
ANSWER:
kM kRF = 6.0%
bU = 1.0
DEBT/ASSETS
EQUITY/ASSETS
BORROWEDa
RATIOb
RATIOc
0.00%
DEBT/EQUITY
LEVERAGED
RATIOd
100.00%
0.00%
BETAe
ks f
1.00
12.00%
0.0%
kd a
0.0%
12.00%
kd (1 T)
WACCg
250
12.50
87.50
14.29
1.09
12.51
8.0
4.8
11.55
500
25.00
75.00
33.33
1.20
13.20
9.0
5.4
11.25
750
37.50
62.50
60.00
1.36
14.16
11.5
6.9
11.44
1,000
50.00
50.00
100.00
1.60
15.60
14.0
8.4
12.00
NOTES:
a
CALCULATED AS 1 D/A.
AMOUNT BORROWED).
e
CALCULATED USING THE CAPM, ks = kRF + (kM kRF)b, GIVEN THE RISK-FREE
RATE, THE MARKET RISK PREMIUM, AND USING THE LEVERED BETA AS CALCULATED
WITH THE HAMADA EQUATION.
g
D.
$500,000?
$750,000?
$1,000,000?
IS 100 PERCENT, SO g = 0.
ANSWER:
P0 = D1/(ks - g).
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2000 by Harcourt, Inc.
Integrated Case: 14 - 23
DPS
$3.00
3.26
3.55
3.77
3.90
ks
12.00%
12.51
13.20
14.16
15.60
STOCK PRICE
$25.00
26.03
26.89*
26.59
25.00
*MAXIMUM
D.
WHY OR
WHY NOT?
ANSWER:
D.
ANSWER:
DEBT PRODUCES THE HIGHEST STOCK PRICE, $26.89; HENCE, IT IS THE BEST OF
THOSE CONSIDERED.
D.
ANSWER:
AND (2) USED MARKET VALUE WEIGHTS TO CALCULATE WACC, THEN WE COULD BE
SURE THAT THE WACC AT THE PRICE-MAXIMIZING CAPITAL STRUCTURE WOULD BE
THE MINIMUM.
Integrated Case: 14 - 24
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2000 by Harcourt, Inc.
E.
SUPPOSE
YOU
DISCOVERED
THAT
CD
HAD
MORE
BUSINESS
RISK
THAN
YOU
ORIGINALLY ESTIMATED. DESCRIBE HOW THIS WOULD AFFECT THE ANALYSIS. WHAT
IF THE FIRM HAD LESS BUSINESS RISK THAN ORIGINALLY ESTIMATED?
ANSWER:
RESULT
OPTIMAL
WOULD
BE
AN
CAPITAL
STRUCTURE
WITH
LESS
DEBT.
F.
WHAT ARE SOME FACTORS A MANAGER SHOULD CONSIDER WHEN ESTABLISHING HIS
OR HER FIRMS TARGET CAPITAL STRUCTURE?
ANSWER:
CAPITAL
STRUCTURE
DECISION,
CONSIDER
THE
FOLLOWING
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Integrated Case: 14 - 25
OPTIONAL QUESTION
MODIGLIANI AND MILLER PROVED, UNDER A VERY RESTRICTIVE SET OF ASSUMPTIONS, THAT
THE VALUE OF A FIRM WILL BE MAXIMIZED BY FINANCING ALMOST ENTIRELY WITH DEBT.
WHY, ACCORDING TO MM, IS DEBT BENEFICIAL?
ANSWER:
MM ARGUED THAT USING DEBT INCREASES THE VALUE OF THE FIRM BECAUSE
INTEREST IS TAX DEDUCTIBLE. THE GOVERNMENT, IN EFFECT, PAYS PART OF THE
INTEREST, AND THIS LOWERS THE COST OF DEBT RELATIVE TO THE COST OF
EQUITY, MAKING DEBT FINANCING MORE ATTRACTIVE THAN EQUITY FINANCING.
PUT ANOTHER WAY, SINCE INTEREST IS DEDUCTIBLE, THE MORE DEBT A COMPANY
USES, THE LOWER ITS TAX BILL, AND THE MORE OF ITS OPERATING INCOME
FLOWS THROUGH TO INVESTORS, SO THE GREATER ITS VALUE.
OPTIONAL QUESTION
WHAT ASSUMPTIONS UNDERLIE THE MM THEORY?
ANSWER:
ASSUMPTIONS
ARE
OBVIOUSLY
UNREALISTIC--INVESTORS
DO
INCUR
BROKERAGE FEES AND PERSONAL INCOME TAXES, THEY CANNOT BORROW AT THE
SAME RATE AS CORPORATIONS, AND THEY DO NOT HAVE THE SAME INFORMATION AS
THE FIRMS MANAGERS REGARDING FUTURE INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES. ALSO,
CORPORATE DEBT IS RISKY, ESPECIALLY IF A FIRM USES LOTS OF DEBT, AND
THE INTEREST RATE WILL RISE AS THE DEBT LEVEL INCREASES.
Integrated Case: 14 - 26
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2000 by Harcourt, Inc.
FIGURE IC14-1.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND STOCK PRICE
Value of Firms
Stock
G.
D1
D2
Leverage, D/A
PUT LABELS ON FIGURE IC14-1 ABOVE, AND THEN DISCUSS THE GRAPH AS YOU
MIGHT USE IT TO EXPLAIN TO YOUR BOSS WHY CD MIGHT WANT TO USE SOME
DEBT.
ANSWER:
SO THE USE OF
ANALYSTS CAN
HELP MANAGERS DETERMINE AN OPTIMAL RANGE FOR THEIR FIRMS DEBT RATIOS,
BUT THE CAPITAL STRUCTURE DECISION IS STILL MORE JUDGMENTAL THAN BASED
ON PRECISE CALCULATIONS.
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Integrated Case: 14 - 27
H.
ANSWER:
NOT WANT TO SHARE THE BENEFITS WITH NEW STOCKHOLDERS, SO THEY WILL TEND
TO FINANCE WITH DEBT.
OPTIONAL QUESTION
YOU MIGHT EXPECT THE PRICE OF A MATURE FIRMS STOCK TO DECLINE IF IT ANNOUNCES A
STOCK OFFERING. WOULD YOU EXPECT THE SAME REACTION IF THE ISSUING FIRM WERE A
YOUNG, RAPIDLY GROWING COMPANY?
ANSWER:
IF A MATURE FIRM SELLS STOCK, THE PRICE OF ITS STOCK WOULD PROBABLY
DECLINE.
STOCK ISSUE WOULD SIGNAL THAT ITS EARNINGS POTENTIAL IS NOT GOOD.
YOUNG, RAPIDLY GROWING FIRM, HOWEVER, MAY HAVE SO MANY GOOD INVESTMENT
OPPORTUNITIES THAT IT SIMPLY CANNOT RAISE ALL THE EQUITY IT NEEDS AS
RETAINED EARNINGS, AND INVESTORS KNOW THIS.
Integrated Case: 14 - 28
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