1.

Nephrolithiasis (formation of kidney stones or renal calculi in the kidney)

2.Ureterolithiasis ( formation of kidney stones or renal calculi in the ureter)
a.pain in the flank and ipsilateral lower abdomen
b. nausea with or without vomiting
Renal parenchymal disease (kidneys do not produce adequate amounts of vasodilators)
3.Obstructive uropathy (prolonged without medical intervention lead to :
4.polycystic renal disease ( expansion of the kidneys and progress to kidney enlargement)
>Manifestation: Secondary Hypertension (it is caused by Renal parenchymal disease)
a.Medical Management:
Uteric stenting - Lost of follow-up leads to this manifestation:
Retching (nausea and vomiting)
Decrease appetite
General body malaise
5.Deterioration of renal function ( End-stage Renal Disease )
- damaged kidney responds by increasing filtration= GFR: 10-15%
- loss of regulatory and excretory function
>Manifestation: Uremic Syndrome
Diagnosed through laboratory results:
a.Creatinine: 14-45 mg/dL
b.BUN: 102.00
c.Calcium: 6.50 mg/dL m: Calcium bicarbonate
d.Potassium: 5.50 mmol
a.medical management
Haemodialysis
Bad Prognosis
If left untreated there will be formation of uremic toxin it increases blood volume/edema then lead to
1. Left ventricular hyperthrophy
- Systolic and diastolic dysfunction
2. Congestive heart failure
3.Chronic uremia
>infarction
>inflammation
>scarring of the myocardium
4.Uremic neuropathy
>arrhythmias such as tachycardia
5.Heart Failure
6.Death