Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Construction Safety Manual (CSM)
Construction Safety Manual (CSM)
PREFACE
Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
February, 1993
The purpose of the Saudi Aramco Construction Safety Manual (CSM) is to prevent injury,
loss of life, and damage to assets. This is the fourth revision of the CSM. Since its 1974
introduction, the Construction Safety Manual has provided safety criteria for all construction
work performed by Saudi Aramco and its contractors.
Many of the requirements in this manual detail the need for Saudi Aramco services or
equipment. Where references indicate that certain equipment (fall protection, safety shoes,
etc.) should be provided or services rendered (bio-monitoring, etc.), the intent is that
contractors must provide equivalent equipment or services (as approved by Saudi Aramco)
from their own resources.
The construction industry functions in a dynamically changing work environment in which
updating of equipment and standards is a continuous process resulting from changes in
operating variables, regulatory requirements, and safety practices. Although this manual has
been updated to reflect the latest Saudi Aramco and construction industry practices, as time
goes on there may be a need to consider new procedures, standards, or operating conditions.
Such new developments, including potential conflicts with existing provisions, should be
referred to the Loss Prevention Department for resolution. The Loss Prevention Department
will issue interim revisions or updates where appropriate.
Good loss prevention is an integral part of good project management. For our projects and
maintenance programs to proceed safely, all Saudi Aramco and contractor personnel involved
in construction activities, whether management or line employees, need to understand and
follow the provisions in this Manual. Only with the active commitment of everyone can we
ensure that Saudi Aramco maintains the safest possible work environment.
Page 1
I. Administration.................................................................................30
1.0 SAUDI ARAMCO LOSS PREVENTION POLICY AND PROGRAM......................................31
1.1
Loss Prevention Policy Implementation.................................................................31
1.1.1
Compliance With Construction Requirements .......................................31
1.1.2
Operating Standards and Instructions.....................................................31
1.1.3
Personal Protection.....................................................................................31
1.1.4
Inspection ....................................................................................................31
1.1.5
Education and Training..............................................................................32
1.1.6
Motivation and Recognition .....................................................................32
1.1.7
Job Placement ..............................................................................................32
1.1.8
Response to Accidental Occurrences......................................................32
1.1.9
Contractor Safety ........................................................................................32
1.1.10 Off-The-Job Safety......................................................................................32
1.1.11 Traffic Safety................................................................................................32
1.1.12 Accountability.............................................................................................33
1.1.13 Compliance Reviews ...................................................................................33
1.2
Saudi Aramco Loss Preve ntion Requirements For Contractors.......................33
1.2.1
Non-Compliance..........................................................................................33
1.2.2
Assistance....................................................................................................33
1.2.3
Standards and Instructions .......................................................................34
1.3
Contractor's Loss Prevention Program.................................................................34
1.3.1
Written Program..........................................................................................34
1.3.2
Hazard Identification Plan..........................................................................35
1.3.3
Safety Supervisor........................................................................................35
1.3.4
Safety Discussion .......................................................................................35
2.0 SAUDI ARAMCO LOSS PREVENTION DEPARTMENT SERVICES ....................................36
2.1
Loss Prevention Program.........................................................................................36
2.2
Program Management Services ..............................................................................37
2.3
Program Maintenance Services ..............................................................................38
3.0 ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION, ANALYSIS AND REPORTING..............................................39
3.1
Reports Required by Saudi Aramco........................................................................39
3.2
Accident Investigation ...............................................................................................40
3.2.1
Responsibilities for Investigation.............................................................40
3.2.1.1 Supervisor/Safety Representative............................................40
3.2.1.2 Project Manager..........................................................................40
3.3
Cases to be Investigated.............................................................................................41
3.4
Accident Investigation Guidelines...........................................................................41
3.5
Accident Analysis ....................................................................................................41
3.5.1
Classification................................................................................................41
4.0 RESPONSIBILITIES FOR SAFETY...............................................................................................45
4.1
Contractor Senior Management..............................................................................45
4.2
Design Engineer.........................................................................................................45
4.3
Contractor's Safety Officer......................................................................................45
4.4
Construction Manager/Superintendent.................................................................46
4.5
Site Safety Supervisor ...............................................................................................47
4.6
Equipment Manager/Supervisor ..............................................................................47
4.7
Engineer/Supervisor..................................................................................................47
Page 2
4.8
4.9
Foreman........................................................................................................................47
Worker.........................................................................................................................48
Page 3
11.0
FIRE PREVENTION.......................................................................................................................89
11.1
Before the Job Starts .................................................................................................89
11.2
Layout ...........................................................................................................................90
11.3
Equipment Protection.................................................................................................90
11.4
Control of Ignition Sources ......................................................................................91
11.5
Flammable Liquids 91
11.5.1 Storage..........................................................................................................91
11.5.2 Handling of Flammable Liquids.................................................................92
11.5.3 Ventilation ....................................................................................................92
11.6
Combustible Materials ..............................................................................................92
11.7
Housekeeping..............................................................................................................92
11.8
Emergency Equipment ...............................................................................................92
11.8.1 Water-Type Fire Extinguisher...................................................................93
11.8.2 Carbon Dioxide Type Extinguisher...........................................................93
11.8.3 Dry Chemical Type Extinguisher...............................................................93
11.8.4 Pressurized Water.......................................................................................93
11.9
Reporting a Fire..........................................................................................................94
11.10 End-of-Shift Checks...................................................................................................94
Page 4
12.0
Page 5
Page 6
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
Method of Demolition.................................................................................................154
3.2.1
Demolition of Equipment Containing PCB: Polychlorinated
Biphenyl (ASKAREL).................................................................................155
3.2.2
Demolition Of Buildings With Asbestos / Insulation
Materials .......................................................................................................155
Stability During Demolition.....................................................................................155
Working Place Clearance........................................................................................155
3.4.1
Access ..........................................................................................................155
3.4.2
Glass Removal..............................................................................................155
Structural Steel Removal..........................................................................................155
Tanks, Vessels and Pipe Work (Explosion Prevention)......................................156
3.6.1
Welding and Hot Cutting...........................................................................156
3.6.2
Cold Cutting.................................................................................................156
3.6.3
Steaming and Ventilation ...........................................................................156
3.6.4
Residue Cleaning.........................................................................................166
Protective Clothing and Equipment.........................................................................156
Mechanical Equipment Guards ................................................................................157
Page 7
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
Page 8
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
9.10
9.11
Scaffolding Components............................................................................................191
Requirements Common to All Scaffoldi ng ............................................................195
9.4.1
Foundations .................................................................................................195
9.4.2
Posts ..............................................................................................................195
9.4.3
Runners.........................................................................................................197
9.4.4
Bearers ..........................................................................................................197
9.4.5
Board Bearers...............................................................................................197
9.4.6
Bracing..........................................................................................................198
9.4.7
Ties ................................................................................................................198
9.4.8
Platform Units ..............................................................................................199
9.4.9
Guardrail Systems and Toeboards............................................................200
9.4.10 Access ..........................................................................................................200
9.4.11 Scaffold Ladders..........................................................................................200
9.4.11.1 Portable Straight and Extension Ladders.................................200
9.4.11.2 Vertical Ladder.............................................................................200
9.4.12 Workmanship...............................................................................................202
9.4.13 Inspections...................................................................................................202
Fabricated Tubular Frame and System Scaffolding .............................................202
Tube and Coupler Scaffolds ......................................................................................204
9.6.1
Independent Tied Scaffold ........................................................................204
9.6.2
Light Duty Tube and Coupler Scaffolds..................................................204
9.6.2.1 Design, Loading and Dimensions.............................................204
9.6.2.2 Platform.........................................................................................204
9.6.2.3 Limitations....................................................................................205
9.6.3.
Medium Duty Tube and Coupler Scaffold ..............................................205
9.6.3.1 Design, Loading, and Dimensions............................................205
9.6.3.2 Platform.........................................................................................205
9.6.3.3 Limitations....................................................................................205
9.6.3.4 Bearers ..........................................................................................206
9.6.4
Heavy Duty Tube and Coupler Scaffolds ...............................................206
9.6.4.1 Design, Loading and Dimensions.............................................206
9.6.4.2 Platform.........................................................................................206
9.6.4.3 Limitations....................................................................................206
9.6.4.4 Bearers ..........................................................................................206
Free-Standing Tower Scaffolds ................................................................................207
9.7.1
General Requirements .................................................................................207
9.7.2
Design, Loading and Dimensions.............................................................207
9.7.3
Runners and Bearers...................................................................................207
9.7.4
Bracing..........................................................................................................207
9.7.5
Ties ................................................................................................................207
9.7.6
Platform.........................................................................................................208
9.7.7
Access ..........................................................................................................208
9.7.8
Limitations....................................................................................................208
Mobile Tower Scaffolds .............................................................................................208
9.8.1
Foundations .................................................................................................208
9.8.2
Operation......................................................................................................208
9.8.3
Limitations....................................................................................................209
Scaffolds for Tanks and Vessels .............................................................................209
9.9.1
Bracket Scaffolds.........................................................................................209
Special Scaffolds .........................................................................................................210
Scaffold Terminology.................................................................................................210
Page 9
Page 10
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
Page 11
Page 12
4.4
Page 13
Page 14
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.2.3
Exposure Limits............................................................................................326
Responsibilities for Safe Handling .........................................................................327
2.3.1
Contractor.....................................................................................................327
2.3.2
Competent Person.......................................................................................327
2.3.3.
Radiographer................................................................................................327
Shipping and Transportation....................................................................................328
Storage Areas .............................................................................................................328
Page 15
Page 16
4.7
4.6.1
Transportation.............................................................................................351
4.6.2
Storage..........................................................................................................352
4.6.3
Containers ....................................................................................................352
4.6.4
Disposal........................................................................................................352
Work on Equipment Which Has Contained Tetraethyl Lead
(Organic Lead Compounds)......................................................................................354
4.7.1
Introduction .................................................................................................354
4.7.2
Precautions...................................................................................................355
Page 17
VI. Marine...........................................................................................359
1.0 COFFERDAMS ...................................................................................................................................360
1.1
Design...........................................................................................................................360
1.2
Before Work Starts ...................................................................................................360
1.3
Construction................................................................................................................360
1.4
Potential Hazards .......................................................................................................361
1.4.1
Structural Collapse......................................................................................361
1.4.2
Overhead Loads ..........................................................................................361
1.4.3
Dis lodgment of Struts and Wales.............................................................361
1.5
Inspection.....................................................................................................................361
1.6
Leaks ............................................................................................................................362
2.0 MARINE OPERATIONS ...................................................................................................................363
2.1
Other Publications .....................................................................................................363
2.2
General .........................................................................................................................364
2.3
Behavior on Floating Craft .......................................................................................364
2.4
Preparation for Transportation by Sea...................................................................364
2.5
Tide and Sea Effects ...................................................................................................365
2.6
Care of Tools and Equipment....................................................................................365
2.7
Housekeeping..............................................................................................................365
3.0 DIVING OPERATIONS ....................................................................................................................367
3.1
Employment of Qualified Divers ..............................................................................367
3.2
Diving Equipment........................................................................................................368
3.2.1
Compressors ................................................................................................368
3.2.2
Reserve Air Supply .....................................................................................369
3.2.3
Bail-Out Equipment.....................................................................................369
3.2.4
Maintenance ................................................................................................369
3.3
Safeguards ...................................................................................................................370
3.4
Physical Fitness..........................................................................................................374
3.5
Medical Diving Emergencies: Procedures and Responsibilities......................375
3.5.1
Sports Divers ...............................................................................................375
3.5.2
Commercial Divers.......................................................................................375
3.5.3
Coordinator, Diving Emergencies .............................................................375
3.5.4
Diving Medical Team..................................................................................375
3.5.5
Marine Department .....................................................................................376
3.6
Personnel Transfer at Sea........................................................................................376
Page 18
Appendix A...........................................................................................379
INDEX TO APPENDIX A..........................................................................................................................380
A.1 PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND CONTRACTOR'S SAFETY COMPETITION
SITE REGISTRATION FORM.................................................................................................................381
A.2 CONTRACTOR SAFETY COMPETITION, RULES OF COMPETITION ..............................382
A.3 Saudi Aramco Safety, Health and Environmental Requirements ..............................................387
1.
Compliance With Safety Rules - Schedule 'D' ....................................................387
2.
Deviations From Safety Rules ..................................................................................387
3.
Failure To Comply......................................................................................................387
4.
Saudi Aramco Assistance.........................................................................................387
5.
Loss Prevention Program.........................................................................................388
6.
Work Permits .............................................................................................................388
7.
Welding And Cutting Equipment.............................................................................388
8.
Personal Protective Equipment................................................................................388
9.
Tools And Portable Power Tools..............................................................................388
10.
Cartridge Operated Tools .........................................................................................379
11.
Ladders .........................................................................................................................389
12.
Scaffolding ...................................................................................................................389
13.
Electrical Installations And Equipment..................................................................389
14.
Cranes And Rigging Equipment..............................................................................389
15.
Mechanical Equipment...............................................................................................389
16.
Saudi Aramco Plant Operations ..............................................................................390
17.
Transportation ............................................................................................................390
18.
Injury And Damage Reporting .................................................................................390
19.
Excavations...................................................................................................................391
20.
Work Over Or Adjacent To Water.........................................................................391
21.
Fire Prevention ...........................................................................................................391
22.
Formwork.....................................................................................................................391
23.
Ionizing Radiation ......................................................................................................391
24.
First-Aid Facilities .....................................................................................................391
25.
Handling, Transportation And Disposal Of Hazardous Materials And
Waste ............................................................................................................................392
26.
Explosives .....................................................................................................................393
27.
Sandblasting ................................................................................................................393
A.4 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION PLAN (HIP) ....................................................................................394
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION PLAN:......................................................................................395
I.
Conduct Hazards Identification Review. .................................................395
II.
List Potential Hazards.................................................................................395
III.
Hazard Classification ..................................................................................395
IV.
Corrective Action........................................................................................396
Page 19
Page 20
Page 21
Page 22
Page 23
Page 24
Page 25
Page 26
Page 27
Page 28
Page 29
I. Administration
Page 30
1.0
Saudi Aramco is committed to prevention of accidents to minimize loss of life or bodily injury to its
employees and damage to its physical assets.
In fulfilling this commitment, which is as essential and equally important as production objectives, Saudi
Aramco will provide and maintain a safe and healthful work environment and protect the public against
foreseeable hazards resulting from operations.
Loss in production and property resulting from accidental occurrences can be minimized through good
management. Loss prevention is one aspect of this loss control philosophy and is the direct
responsibility of line management.
All management functions, including business line and associated management, will comply with Saudi
Arab Government and Company loss prevention requirements applicable to the design, operation,
maintenance and construction of facilities and/or equipment. When conformity with any of these
requirements is not practicable or cost effective, an amendment to such a requirement will be considered.
Reviews for compliance with this policy will be performed on a selective basis.
1.1
1.1.2
1.1.3
Personal Protection
Personal protective equipment, periodic environmental monitoring and biosurveillance will be used to help to protect all employees against exposure to safety
and health hazards (e.g., radiation, H2S, etc.) which cannot be eliminated.
1.1.4
Inspection
Inspections to detect and correct unsafe practices and conditions will be
conducted periodically by Saudi Aramco and/or contractor.
February 1993 - Construction Safety Manual: Saudi Aramco Loss Prevention Policy And Program
Page 31
1.1.5
1.1.6
1.1.7
Job Placement
Employees must only be assigned tasks that are consistent with their physical
capacities and job skills; this enable employees to work without endangering
themselves or others.
1.1.8
1.1.9
Contractor Safety
Saudi Aramco proponent departments will monitor all construction activity to
ensure that services are performed in conformity with Saudi Aramco loss
prevention policies, principles and practices and do not imperil any person or
property. Proponents will register each contractor employing 50 or more persons in
the Saudi Aramco Contractor Safety Competition. (See Appendix A - Figures A.1,
A.2 and A.3.)
1.1.10
Off-The-Job Safety
Off-the-job safety training (e.g. seat belt use) shall be vigorously practiced to
provide the means for all employees to protect themselves and their families from
harm during off-duty hours.
1.1.11
Traffic Safety
Operators of Company vehicles must receive defensive driving training and driver
evaluations and be in possession of a current Saudi Arab government driver's
license. A vehicle operator will be held accountable for the vehicle assigned to him
and he must ensure that it is always operated in a safe and lawful manner.
February 1993 - 1.0 Saudi Aramco Loss Prevention Policy And Program
Page 32
1.1.12
Accountability
All employees shall be held accountable for personal and functional safety
performance. An important factor in an employee's overall job performance
evaluation will be how well the employee meets his safety responsibilities.
1.1.13
Compliance Reviews
On a selective basis, compliance reviews will be conducted by teams that include
people with related expertise to determine compliance with this policy. In order to
ensure the credibility and effectiveness of the review, the team members must be
detached from the operation being reviewed.
1.2
Non-Compliance
The Company representative will notify the contractor, in writing, of any violation
of the requirements of Schedule 'D' and provide corrective action to rectify the
situation. After receipt of such notice, the contractor shall immediately take
corrective action. Such notices when delivered to the contractor's representative at
the site of the work shall be deemed sufficient notice to the contractor under
Schedule 'D'. If the contractor fails to take corrective action promptly, the
company representative may issue an order stopping all or part of the work until
satisfactory corrective action has been taken. The contractor will not be eligible to
use any part of the lost time incurred as a result of such stop orders as the subject
of a claim for extension of time, additional costs or damages. Compliance with the
provisions of Schedule 'D' by subcontractors shall be the responsibility of the
contractor.
1.2.2
Assistance
The contractor may request advice on establishing feasible and effective safety
practices for the job. The company representative will assist the contractor's
representative by providing guidance on good safety practices, pointing out
unsafe conditions, and applying his experience and judgment in helping to improve
the contractor's overall job safety.
February 1993 - 1.0 Saudi Aramco Loss Prevention Policy And Program
Page 33
1.2.3
1.3
Written Program
Prior to the commencement of contractual activity, the contractor shall submit a
written job-specific loss prevention program to the Saudi Aramco company
representative. The latter is required to forward a copy of the program to the Loss
Prevention Department. The Contractor's written loss prevention program shall
address the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
February 1993 - 1.0 Saudi Aramco Loss Prevention Policy And Program
Page 34
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
1.3.2
Dust control
Job site inspections
General safety rules
Emergency evacuation procedures
Hazardous material and waste management
Security procedures
Ionizing radiation
Demobilization plan
Work over or adjacent to water
Explosives
Abrasive blasting & painting/coating
Lock out and tag system
1.3.3
Safety Supervisor
The contractor shall designate one or more full-time safety supervisor(s) to
coordinate and monitor the loss prevention program. The names and addresses of
the Saudi Aramco approved safety supervisors shall be included with the written
program.
1.3.4
Safety Discussion
The contractor shall ensure that every craft and crew supervisor holds a weekly
ten-minute safety meeting with his men to discuss hazards on the job, and review
and update procedures to prevent accidents. These weekly meetings shall be
documented and such documentation shall be maintained and made available for
review at the Contractor's on-site office.
February 1993 - 1.0 Saudi Aramco Loss Prevention Policy And Program
Page 35
2.0
A full complement of loss prevention services is provided by the area Loss Prevention divisions.
The area divisions are in turn provided support from the central Planning and Technical Services Division
consisting of Technical Services Unit, Support Services Unit and a Planning and Program Group.
2.1
February 1993 - Construction Safety Manual: Saudi Aramco Loss Prevention Department Services
Page 36
2.1.7
Interfacing with Government Affairs to provide input on safety related is sues to
non-Saudi Aramco projects and providing monitoring of these projects to assure
conformity.
2.2
Page 37
2.3
Page 38
3.0
Much is learned through experience. A thorough investigation and analysis of an accident can help to
prevent future accidents. To learn by experience, however, means that a system for the retrieval of
information must be set up and statistical records must be kept of injury, death and property damage.
With such a system operational, information can be collated and analyzed to show accident patterns. The
contractor can then emphasize those areas in which safety education and training is needed most.
The contractor is responsible for reporting accidents to Saudi Aramco and in some cases to the Saudi
Arab Government as required. This section covers these reporting requirements and the principles
behind accident investigation and analysis.
INSTRUCTIONS AND STANDARDS
Saudi Aramco General Instructions:
GI 6.001
GI 6.003
GI 6.029
GI 7.026
3.1
Fatal injuries
Injuries requiring medical attention which result in lost time
Damage over SR 10,000 to contractor's plant or equipment
Damage, in any amount, to Saudi Aramco's equipment or property
Fires
Damage and near misses to cranes and heavy equipment (GI 7.026)
For accidents involving Contractor employee fatalities, serious injury to two or more
Contractor employees, or damage to Saudi Aramco equipment or property, a preliminary
written report shall be submitted within 24 hours followed by a detailed written report
submitted within three days to the Company Representative. In addition, Saudi Aramco may
convene an engineering review or investigation committee in accordance with the
requirements of GI 6.001 and GI 6.003 (see Figure I.1).
February 1993 - Construction Safety Manual: Accident Investigation, Analysis And Reporting
Page 39
Work injuries
Fires
Incidents of property damage over SR 10,000
Motor vehicle accident
Incidents involving damage to Saudi Aramco equipment and property
Damage and near misses to cranes and heavy equipment (GI 7.026)
The record shall be available for inspection at all times and shall be submitted to Saudi
Aramco on request. (See Figure I.2.)
A final written report shall be prepared and submitted to the Company as per the provisions
of GI 6.003. In the case of serious accidents, however, a detailed account of the
circumstances, witnesses' statements and descriptive photographs are required.
In addition to the reports required above, the contractor must keep a record of all injuries and
damages on a form approved by the Company (Figure I.2). A copy of this record shall be
sent to the proponent department and to the contractor's project management. Monthly
summary reports are required in addition to the individual reports.
3.2
Accident Investigation
The point of an accident investigation is to prevent recurrence of similar accidents; to
determine facts rather than to find faults.
The main reasons for conducting an accident investigation are:
1.
2.
3.
3.2.1
Supervisor/Safety Representative
The supervisor and/or safety representative shall carry out an
immediate investigation of any accident which occurs within his area
of responsibility. The preliminary accident report must be completed
and submitted within 24 hours to the Saudi Aramco Company
representative with a copy to the Loss Prevention Department. A final
report on the incident shall be submitted within three days detailing
any additional information and corrective action needed.
3.2.1.2
Project Manager
The project manager shall review all accident reports to ensure that all
the necessary corrective action has been taken and that he has
addressed any items that may require action on his part.
Page 40
3.3
Cases to be Investigated
Incidents that result in property damage or serious injuries to personnel and hospitalization
of two or more employees must be fully investigated and reported. Unless the real cause is
known, the hazard cannot be controlled in the future. The near-miss incident is equally
important from the point of view of prevention and should also be thoroughly investigated.
3.4
3.5
Questioning the man in charge and finding out what was planned.
Finding out the injured man's job or the normal configuration and function of the
damaged equipment or plant.
Questioning the injured man as soon as possible.
Questioning the witnesses separately as to what they actually saw, not what they think
happened.
Studying the equipment or plant layout and noting any signs of misuse.
Finding the explanation of any irregularities.
From the information obtained, establishing the reason why the "unplanned" events
took over from those that were "planned".
Recommending items of corrective action and methods of implementing them to prevent
the recurrence of the incident.
Making a scaled drawing of the accident scene and supplement that with supporting
photographs.
Accident Analysis
3.5.1
Classification
Contractors can use nine main classifications to analyze industrial accidents. Every
contractor should go through the following classifications and their breakdowns to
determine which of these (if any) apply to the incidents in which they were
involved. These records help to illustrate accident trends. In turn, this helps the
Loss Prevention Department (Saudi Aramco) evaluate their safety program and
modify or upgrade it as needed. This information is supplemental to the findings
and reporting requirements of the preceding "Accident Investigation" sections.
Page 41
5. Equipment
Moving Parts
Equipment in motion
Hot surfaces
6. Hand Tools
Cartridge hammers
Power tools
Non-power tools
2. Handling Objects
From lifting
From pulling or pushing
Handling materials
Electric shock
7. Transportation
Road
Site
8. Lifting Appliances
Cranes
Hoists and winches
Pull-lifts, pulleys, wheels, etc.
Piling frames
A-frames
Excavations
4. Struck by Objects
Falling objects
Foreign bodies in eyes
Flying objects
9. Hazardous Atmospheres
Hydrogen Sulfide
Others
Page 42
Control No_________________
Accident Location:
Date Of Accident:
Time Of Accident:
Company:
Personnel Injured:
Badge Number:
Type Of Injuries:
Description Of Accident:
Witness Statement(s)
Signed:_______________________________________________________Badge No:________________________
Date Of Report:________________________________________________
Name (Printed):_____________________________________________________________________
Company:__________________________________________ Job Title:_________________________________
Page 43
CONTRACTOR:________________________________________________________________________________
1. Work Injuries:
2. Fires:
3. Incidents Or Property Damage (Over SR 10,000):
4. Motor Vehicle Accidents:
5. Incidents Involving Damage To Saudi Aramco Equipment:
6. Crane, Heavy Equipment & Manlift Accidents:
7. Safety Meeting:
(A) Topics Discussed:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
(B) Attendance:
(C) Instructor(s):
Page 44
4.0
The Saudi Aramco proponent must ensure the company's safety and accident prevention policies are
clearly understood by all employees and contractor personnel. The duties and responsibilities of
employees, supervisors, and management must be stated in writing by the company's management. All
employees should satisfactorily discharge the responsibilities of their job, and be aware that their safety
record will be taken into account during performance appraisals.
The main responsibilities of various members of a construction team are cited in the following:
4.1
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
4.2
Initiate the company's policy for the control of injury, damage and fire.
Administer the policy himself or appoint a senior member of staff to do so.
Know the requirements of Schedule 'D' and the relevant parts of Saudi Arab
Government Workmen's Regulations, and ensure they are observed by his company.
Ensure that all supervisors are qualified and that they receive adequate and appropriate
training.
Make sure that in tendering, at planning stages and throughout the contract, allowance
is made for suitable and sufficient equipment to enable the jobs to be done with
minimum risk.
Coordinate safety activities between Saudi Aramco, subcontractors and any other
individual contractors who may be working on the same site.
Institute proper system for investigation, reporting and estimating the cost of injury,
property damage and fire loss. Initiate analysis to discover accident trends and
promote action to prevent recurrence.
Reprimand any supervisor for failing to discharge satisfactorily the responsibility
allocated to him.
Set a personal example.
Ensure that a formal Hazard Identification Plan is prepared in order to identify and
correct hazards which may be encountered during construction. (See Appendix A.4.)
Design Engineer
Design for safety, taking into consideration those risks that might arise during construction
or in the operation of plant or equipment. Follow established process hazard analysis
techniques to evaluate and correct hazards during the design process.
4.3
Page 45
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
4.4
Carry out site surveys to see that only safe work methods are in operation, that health
and safety requirements are being observed, and welfare and first aid facilities are
adequate and properly maintained.
Determine the cause of any accident (or dangerous occurrence), and recommend means
of preventing recurrence of such an incident.
Supervise the recording and analysis of information on injuries, damage and production
loss. Assess accident trends and review overall safety performance.
Assist with training employees at all levels.
Take part in discussions on injury, damage and loss control.
Keep up-to-date with recommended codes of practice and safety literature. Circulate
information applicable to each level of employees.
Foster within the company an understanding that injury prevention and damage control
are an integral part of business and operational efficiency.
Attend job progress meetings where safety is an item on the agenda. Report on job
safety performance.
Construction Manager/Superintende nt
1.
2.
3.
4.
Understand the company's safety policy and the responsibility allocated to each grade
of supervision.
Know the requirements of Schedule 'D' and relevant Saudi Arab Government
Workmen's Regulations, and ensure that they are observed.
Ensure that tenders adequately allow for sound working methods and reasonable
welfare facilities.
Determine the following at the planning stage:
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Page 46
4.5
4.6
Equipment Manager/Supervisor
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.7
Ensure that all equipment purchased or hired is safe, is guarded and equipped with
safety devices and has been subjected to all necessary tests.
Make certain that operators and attendants are employed only on equipment for which
they have been thoroughly trained.
Check that periodic tests, inspections and maintenance are carried out when due.
Attend promptly to all equipment defects and advise site management of the need for
any dangerous equipment to be taken out of service until properly repaired.
Engineer/Supervisor
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7
8.
9.
11.
12.
13.
14.
4.8
Understand the requirements of Schedule 'D' and the company's loss prevention policy.
Inspect the work site daily to report and correct unsafe methods and conditions.
Keep a permanent record of all injuries, fires, motor vehicle accidents (MVAs), property
damage and crane/heavy equipment accidents which have occurred at the site.
Keep a record of every weekly safety meeting on site complete with subject discussed
and a list of attendees.
Set a personal example.
Organize sites so that work is carried out to the required standard with minimum risk to
men, equipment and materials.
Know the requirements of Schedule 'D'.
Be familiar with work permit procedures.
Give precise instructions on responsibilities for correct work methods.
Plan and provide for good housekeeping.
Coordinate with sub-contractors and other contractors on site to avoid any confusion
about areas of responsibility.
Position equipment effectively and ensure that electricity supply is installed, used and
maintained correctly.
Check that equipment and tools (both power and hand tools) are maintained in good
operating condition.
Make sure that all men know how to obtain and administer first aid properly and
efficiently to all injured persons. They should also know how to summon assistance in
case of emergency and nominate others to act in your absence.
Make sure that suitable personal protective equipment is available and that it is used.
Release supervisors and men when necessary for safety and fire training.
Cooperate with the safety engineer and the fire department, by acting on their
recommendations.
Set a personal example.
Foreman
1.
2.
3.
Be familiar with those parts of Schedule 'D' applicable to the work on which subordinate
workers are engaged.
Incorporate safety procedures in routine tasks and see that they are obeyed.
Conduct weekly safety meetings with subordinates.
Page 47
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
4.9
Conduct daily work site inspections to identify and correct any existing unsafe
conditions. Document and coordinate the safety inspection activities and findings with
the job site safety supervisor.
Correct unsafe acts, such as horseplay or the taking of unnecessary risks.
Ensure that new employees are properly instructed in precautions to be taken before
they are allowed to start work.
Commend men who, by action or initiative, eliminate hazards.
Report accidents, unsafe conditions and defects in equipment to immediate superiors.
Set a personal example.
Worker
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Use the correct tools and equipment for the job. Use protective clothing and equipment
provided.
Do nothing to endanger self or work mates.
Keep tools in good condition.
Refrain from horseplay and abuse of safety devices, equipment and welfare facilities.
Report any accidents, near misses or hazardous conditions to immediate supervisor.
Read the Company safety rules and take note of special safety precautions in restricted
areas.
Obey all posted warning signs.
.
Page 48
5.0
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
Saudi Aramco departments and organizations have established disaster and emergency response plans
that are documented in general instructions (GIs), department operating instruction manuals (OIMs),
terminal instruction manuals (TIMs), and refinery instruction manuals (RIMs), etc. All managers and
supervisors are exp ected to become familiar with the emergency procedures of the plants and areas in
which any of their staff are working. Construction site-specific written emergency procedures shall be
prepared by the Contractor and submitted as part of the Contractor's loss prevention program plan.
Details of the written procedures may be obtained from the Saudi Aramco representative, operating
supervisor, or loss prevention engineer.
General guidelines for preparing emergency response plans can be found in the following Saudi Aramco
Loss Prevention Department publication:
Guidelines For Preparing Emergency Response Plans, October 1989
5.1
Action to be Taken
In an emergency, or on hearing the "Stop Work Alarm", every supervisor shall ensure the
following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
5.2
5.3
Help in an Emergency
5.3.1
In the event of an emergency situation (serious personal injury, fire, critical damage
to operating equipment, etc.) help may be obtained by contacting the nearest Saudi
Aramco Main Gate or Security Control Center. This may be done:
1.
2.
Page 49
3.
5.3.2
When transmitting a message by telephone, radio, or messenger, ensure that you
clearly identify yourself by giving:
Stay on the telephone until you are told to hang up. If possible, post a lookout to
direct the ambulance, fire truck or helicopter to the right location.
Page 50
6.0
SAFETY TRAINING
Good safety training is important to employees who are learning a new trade but it is also necessary to
keep supervisors and skilled operators up-to-date with current safety technology and practices. Safe
working practices are learned when employees understand how an accident was caused. Measures can
then be taken to prevent a recurrence. People who are trained to do their jobs correctly can also be
expected to do them safely.
INSTRUCTIONS AND STANDARDS
Schedule 'D':
Saudi Aramco Safety, Health and Environmental Requirements - Loss Prevention Program
6.1
6.2
Integrated Practices
Safe working practices must be integrated into training for specific skills.
It is expected that those who have attended recognized training establishments will
have received the necessary safety instructions.
6.2.2
Specialized Training
Before their training is complete, new employees and new entrants to industry are
more susceptible to accidents. Contractor's must provide safety orientation and
training for new employees.
Induction training should teach new workers to identify common on-site hazards
and how to guard against them. It should also cover the main requirements of the
Page 51
Use of Persuasion
The training providing skill and information should be supplemented by the
techniques of persuasion. Persuasion has an important function and should not be
overlooked in any comprehensive program. It is commonly applied by the use of
posters which graphically indicate bad habits, pin-point the advantages of a safe
working environment and give detailed information, advice, or instruction on
special safety points to remember.
Posters can be useful provided that:
They are designed with due regard for the industry and its type of operation.
They are displayed where workmen spend some time when not working and
specific posters are displayed where most appropriate (e.g., ladder hazards in
ladder storeroom).
They are mounted on properly designed and maintained bulletin boards.
They are changed at frequent intervals.
Only a few posters are displayed simultaneously.
Posters can stimulate thought on accident prevention, but they are no substitute
for organized training. The most effective posters are those that help to reinforce
safety training.
6.2.4
Course Requirements
An induction safety course for workmen should be aimed at specific hazards which
they could encounter at a specific job site. A suggested outline of such a course is
given in 6.3.2.
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6.3
Scope of Training
Safety training needs to be ongoing if it is to accomplish optimum results. The program
material and presentation should cover the safety subject and be interesting enough to hold
the trainee's attention. A limited training effort, such as an occasional safety meeting, may
prompt supervisors to do a better job for a short time, but interest starts to lag unless an
effective safety training program is in place.
Good job safety instruction not only produces more skilled workers, but also impresses upon
them the high value that the employer places on job safety. Frequent follow-ups and
attention by the supervisor to correct work practices also help to create understanding and to
eliminate resentment, which is a source of some undesirable work attitudes. (See 6.3.1.)
Page 53
6.3.1
Human relations
Consultation
Safety Officer: duties, aims, objectives
and
5. Site Inspection
The role of management
Hazard Identification Procedure
Records results
Follow-up procedures
Feedback
6. Human Behavior
Motivating agencies
Individual behavior
Environmental effects
Techniques of persuasion
7. Site Tidiness
Site organization
Relationship of site housekeeping to accident
occurrence
Site access
Equipment storage
Material stacking
Materials handling
8. Health
Medical examination
Hazard to health on site
10. Electricity
Appreciation of electrical hazards
Power tools
Arc welding
Low voltage system
Lighting and power system on sites
Grounding/Ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs)
12. Equipment
Accidents related to moving parts of machinery
Appreciation of principles of guarding
Page 54
13. Transportation
Transport to and from site
Hazard connected with site transport
Competent drivers
Dumpers
Tipping trucks
Movement near excavations
14. Excavations
Method of shoring
Precautions while shoring
Precautions at edge of excavations
Removal of shoring
Sheet steel piling
19. Communications
Effective methods of communication (particular interest to non-English speaking workers)
Method and preparation of reports
Safety committees
Safety meeting
Page 55
6.3.2
2.
3.
4.
Employee's Duties
6.
What is available
How to obtain it
Correct use and care
Health
5.
Page 56
7.0
This section outlines the procedure to be followed prior to and during a contract. It cannot claim to cover
every type of contract that is likely to occur, but it does provide a detailed logical process to serve as a
guide in deciding upon a plan of action.
INSTRUCTIONS AND STANDARDS
Saudi Aramco Standards:
GI 1021.000
Street And Road Closure And Excavations, Reinstatement And Traffic Controls
SAES -P-123
SAES -B-007C
Appendix C:
Schedule 'D':
Saudi Aramco Safety, Health and Environmental Requirements (See Appendix A)
National Fire Protection Association:
NFPA 80-A
7.1
Initial Planning
Prior to the start of any contract, an analysis is made by the contractor to ensure that
construction will be conducted in a safe manner. Similarly, accident prevention is analyzed,
both at the planning stage and throughout the contract, so that the contractor will be able to
eliminate or reduce accidents. Accident prevention is a real factor in the economic success of
all contracts.
Among other factors that must be considered at the initial planning stage are: results of a
Hazard Identification Plan, loss prevention program, protection of employees and equipment,
transportation, lifting equipment, excavation, scaffolding and work in restricted areas
requiring work permits.
7.1.1
Page 57
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4
Transportation
The contractor must provide transportation to and from the site for his employees.
Saudi Aramco requires that employees must be transported only in the passenger
compartment of vehicles. (See Section I.13.) The provision of buses for larger sites
will have to be considered. Inspection and maintenance of vehicles and the
selection and training of drivers are other major considerations.
7.1.5
Lifting Equipment
Cranes, hoists and lifting equipment should be considered well ahead of actual
requirements both from the point of view of economical use and the safety of
personnel and equipment. Lift plans shall be submitted as required. (See Section
III.1 and III.2.)
7.1.6
Demolition
Some contracts in existing plant areas may require demolition before new work can
begin. Only minor demolition should be done by construction personnel. Specialist
contractors should be employed for the demolition of larger structures. (See
Section II.3.)
7.1.7
Excavations
Timber for shoring, steel sheet piles, etc. should be present on site prior to starting
excavation work. All excavation work will be closely supervised by experienced
staff. (See Section II.2.)
7.1.8
Scaffolding
For all work carried out above ground level where no permanent work place is
available, temporary work places in the form of scaffolding must be provided. An
adequate supply of scaffold material must be on site. There must be sufficient
experienced men capable of erecting and dismantling the scaffolding properly.
Ladders, built to an acceptable standard, must be supplied and readily available for
access to elevated work areas. (See Section II.9.)
Page 58
7.2
Site Layout
The site layout must be planned before any work is started. This will assist in making the job
easier and more efficient, thus increasing productivity and profit.
Items to be considered under site layout include the following:
7.2.1
Site Accommodation
This includes shacks, storage huts, compounds, racking areas, lock-up boxes,
office buildings, etc.
7.2.2
7.2.3
Project Sign
Erect project sign at the main entrance to the construction site and other sites, i.e.,
office, laydown yard, fabrication yard, etc., as designated by the Company
representative.
The sign shall be a minimum of four feet in height, and eight feet in width. The
printing on the sign shall be black and white and shall be in both Arabic and
English. The Arabic text will be above, or to the right of the English text.
The sign shall list:
The sign shall be erected within two weeks after the contractor has started work on
site. Contractor shall also erect and maintain sufficient signs on or near the site to
direct delivery vehicles and visitors to the work site.
Example of Job Site Sign:
SAUDI ARAMCO/CENTRAL AREA PROJECTS
SAUDI ARAMCO BUILT GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS
BOYS SECONDARY - DAMMAM
BI (2510) (ERC. 1990)
CONTRACTOR:
NAME
PO. BOX
LOCATION
TELEPHONE NUMBER
SAUDI ARAMCO REPRESENTATIVE
TEL. - OFFICE/TEL. - HOME
Page 59
7.2.4
7.2.5
Parking Facilities
To be provided in clearly defined areas on site.
7.2.6
Drainage
The site should have good drainage and be graded in such a way that water does
not pool up during construction.
7.2.7
7.2.8
Sand
In sand dune areas that might lie adjacent to or around a construction site,
consideration should be given to the movement or build up of sand.
7.2.9
Fire Prevention
Suitable fire extinguishers must be readily available on site. The area around fire
extinguishers or hydrants must be kept clear so that they are readily accessible in
case of emergency. They must be regularly inspected and maintained. Site
personnel must be trained in the use of fire fighting equipment. (See Section I.11).
7.2.10
Site Illumination
Adequate lighting must be provided in all areas of the job site in accordance with
SAES-P-123.
The National Electric Code and National Fire Protection Association standards
should be consulted for specific areas. Grounding requirements will be per NFPA.
In hazardous areas (e.g., tank farms and indoor fuel areas), NFPA 30, 37, 58 and 70
will be enforced.
7.3
Storage Areas
Note: See Appendix C. Fire Protection Checklist for Evaluating Construction Materials Store
Yard; and Figure III.13 (Typical Construction Materials Store Yard).
7.3.1
Storage areas must be adequate for all material and equipment to be stored.
Page 60
7.3.2
They should not be within 15 meters (50 feet) of permanent or temporary structures.
7.3.3
Storage areas should be clearly marked.
7.3.4
They should have directional signs to facilitate speedy delivery.
7.4
Welfare Facilities
Adequate welfare facilities must be provided. The following are minimum requirements:
7.4.1
Canteen or eating area adequate for total work force must be provided. This area
shall be clean of refuse and meet Saudi Aramco Sanitary Code requirements.
7.4.2
Rest area must be provided.
7.4.3
Adequate toilet and washing facilities must be provided. Toilets shall be provided
in places where they may be easily accessible at the rate of one toilet for every
fifteen workmen or less. These shall be maintained in a sanitary condition.
7.4.4
An adequate supply of drinking water must be available. Common drinking cups or
dips are prohibited.
7.4.5
First aid facilities must be supplied and arrangements made for medical care and for
emergency situations.
7.4.6
Where necessary, safe smoking areas must be provided, with the concurrence of
the responsible area Loss Prevention office.
7.5
Good Housekeeping
The required standard of housekeeping must be established on site and all personnel
informed of this standard. Trash, debris and refuse should be collected daily. All employees
shall clean their respective work areas daily before quitting.
Page 61
Covered containers, drums, etc., should be provided at various, clearly marked locations
throughout the work site. The containers should be emptied daily at approved rubbish
dumps.
7.6
Page 62
7.6.8
Temporary signs should be erected to route traffic in the safest manner to, from,
and within the site. Temporary signs shall not be placed on public highways and
roads (reference Saudi Arab Government traffic regulations).
7.6.9
While not in use all power driven construction equipment must have the ignition
locked and key removed. If there is no lock for the cab and access can be readily
made into the engine compartment, then the machine must be made immobile by
disconnecting the battery or by any other means especially if the equipment is left
outside the perimeter. This must be carried out before leaving the equipment
unattended.
7.6.10
Crane booms, bulldozer blades, and front end loader buckets on all construction
equipment should be lowered when the equipment is left overnight. For a crane
boom where this is not possible, the boom will be locked off in such a manner that
it cannot be dropped or blown over by the wind.
7.6.11
Job site electrical power must be de-energized at night unless required for specific
lighting facilities or used by a night watchman.
7.6.12
The project will provide its own barricades. Barricades will only be supplied by the
area Industrial Security Departments on a short term emergency basis.
7.6.13
Any excavation or obstruction of any kind likely to create a hazard to vehicular
traffic at night will be adequately lit and a sign posted. (See GI 1021.000.)
7.6.14
If large pools of water are formed which cannot be adequately drained, these shall
be separately fenced or barricaded if they constitute a safety hazard.
Page 63
7.6.15
There shall be no indiscriminate dumping of excavation spoil or building materials.
Fire hydrants, manholes and electrical conduits will be kept clear at all times. The
contractor's engineer shall designate sites for dumping.
7.6.16
All manhole covers will be replaced or the manhole properly barricaded.
7.6.17
Guy ropes will be clearly marked day and night as will any rope used as a barricade.
7.6.18
Refuse must be disposed of at a job site approved for such purposes and the
contractor must have permission to use the site. Approved disposal sites can be
those of Saudi Aramco or local municipalities. It is forbidden for contractors to
dump refuse in any unauthorized area.
7.6.19
Clock stations can be requested from Industrial Security provided sufficient notice
is given to ensure their availability.
7.6.20
The Saudi Aramco Project Representative shall notify the Loss Prevention
Department representative and also the area Industrial Security Department about
the time and place for the pre-construction meeting and also the first weekly site
meeting which these departments should plan to attend.
7.6.21
It is the responsibility of the Company representative to initiate road closure
requirements on work activity to ensure that all construction/maintenance adheres
to the conditions of GI 1021.000 (See Appendix D) and that a notice of intent is
placed in the company "Highlights and Notices" publication before work start-up.
Page 64
8.0
FIRST AID
First aid is the immediate help that is provided at the site to an injured or seriously ill person before
professional medical help can be obtained.
It is the responsibility of all contractors to ensure that proper first aid is available to their employees on all
job sites.
Provisions shall be made prior to start-up of the project for prompt medical attention in case of medical
emergencies.
INSTRUCTIONS AND STANDARDS
Saudi Aramco General Instructions:
GI 1321.015
GI 150.002
First Aid / CPR Training and First Aid Kits - Remote Areas
Schedule 'D':
Saudi Aramco Safety, Health and Environmental Requirements Injury and Damage Reporting
First Aid Facilities
8.1
Page 65
8.1.4
Contractors shall post notices indicating the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
The name of the person who is in charge of the first aid cabinet.
The hospital to which any injured person who requires hospital treatment is
to be sent.
The telephone number of the doctor or first aid attendant employed by the
contractor.
The emergency telephone number to be called for assistance.
8.1.5
Contractors on pipeline and power line work or who are working in remote areas
shall ensure that one vehicle is equipped with a well-stocked first aid kit for each
crew, and that at least one man in every crew is trained in first aid. The vehicle
shall be marked to indicate that it carries a first aid kit. (See GI 150.002. First Aid
Training and First Aid Kits - Remote Areas.)
8.1.6
A site register shall be maintained by all contractors listing all injuries treated. (See
Figure I.3 Example.)
8.2
Page 66
8.2.4
8.3
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
If work is carried out in scattered locations which are more than 300 meters apart, a separate
cabinet shall be provided for every group consisting of more than ten workmen.
Article II
The employer shall assign one or more persons to be responsible for administering first aid to
the injured at all times during working hours, provided that the person-in-charge shall be one
of the establishment's employees who will either be trained in first-aid procedures in
accordance with a program to be agreed upon with the Saudi Red Crescent Society, or who
holds a certificate from a hospital attesting that he has practiced first-aid and is qualified to
administer it.
Page 67
Article III
An employer who employs 50 or more laborers shall provide at the work site a first aid room
which meets the following standards:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Article IV
Supplies of any item in the first aid cabinets and rooms shall be replenished whenever they
fall below the levels specified herein.
Article V
The first aid cabinet shall be of hard wood or sheet metal, measuring 85 cm. in length, 45 cm.
in width, and 30 cm. in depth. They shall be painted white and shall be provided with one
lock and more than one key. The cabinets shall bear the Red Crescent insignia and the words
"First Aid Cabinet". All first aid cabinets shall be conveniently located in clean place above
floor level and shall always be ready for use and easily accessible at all times. Signs shall be
posted in conspicuous places at the various work sites to indicate the location of the cabinet
and the name of the workmen in charge of first aid.
Article VI
An employer who employs less than fifty workmen shall assign an appropriate number of his
workmen to receive first aid training in accordance with Article II.
Article VII
The Director General of the Department of Labor Inspection shall be charged with
implementing this decision. He is authorized to increase the contents of the first aid cabinets
or rooms in those industries and trades requiring such an increase, to stipulate special first
aid procedures to implement the above articles, to determine the placing (if he deems it
necessary) of first aid cabinets for any group comprising less than ten workmen, and to fix the
number of stretchers and the number of workmen to be trained.
Page 68
8.4
Page 69
Injury Summary
(Page ___of___)
Project:__________________________________Proje ct No.:________________________Month & Year:____________________
Contractor:__________________________________File No.:_________________________
Injury
No.
Name Of
Injured
Badge
Numbe
r
Craft
Date Of
Accident
Carry Over
Yes/No
Total Days
Lost:
Days
Lost
This
Month
Page 70
9.0
When a hazardous situation is recognized, steps should be taken to eliminate the hazard by engineering
controls. Should it prove impractical to eliminate the hazard, then personal protective equipment must be
used that meets the requirements of ANSI or equivalent standards. When it has been decided that
personal protective equipment is required, steps must be taken to select the proper type of equipment and
ensure that the supervisor instructs his employees in the use and care of that equipment, in accordance
with the instructions provided by the manufacturer and Saudi Aramco. (See Table I.1.)
INSTRUCTIONS AND STANDARDS
Saudi Aramco General Instructions:
GI 6.020
GI 7.027
GI 8.002
GI 8.003
Breathing Apparatus
GI 8.005
Noise
SAES -H-102
Schedule 'D':
Saudi Aramco Safety, Health and Environmental Requirements
OSHA:
Code Of Federal Regulations 1910, 1915 and 1926
ASTM D120.E1 -87
Standard Specifications For Rubber Insulating Gloves
ANSI Z 41-83
ANSI Z 87.1-89 Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection
ANSI Z 89.1-86 Personnel Protection - Protective Headgear For Industrial Workers - Requirements
Page 71
9.1
Head Protection
Safety hats or helmets are rigid headgear made of materials designed to protect the head from
impact, flying particles, electric shock, etc. Each helmet consists of a shell, a suspension
cradle, and a chin strap.
9.1.1
Employees working in areas where there is danger of head injury from impact; from
falling or flying objects; or from electrical shock and burns, shall be protected by
protective helmets as per ANSI referenced standards or equivalent.
9.1.2
The suspension cradle gives a helmet its impact distribution qualities. It is
therefore essential that it be properly adjusted to the wearer's head so there is a gap
of at least one and a half inches between the top of the suspension cradle and the
helmet shell.
9.1.3
Ancillary equipment such as ear muffs, welders shields, etc. can be obtained to fit
on helmet shells. Holes should not be drilled into helmet to facilitate use of such
equipment as this can seriously impair both the mechanical strength and the
electrical resistance of the helmet.
9.1.4
Safety hats or helmets shall not be painted.
9.1.5
The complete helmet should be cleaned regularly with soap and water. Helmets
should be scrapped following any penetration, high impact, or subjection to
extreme heat.
9.1.6
A safety helmet should be worn by all persons at all times when on a construction
job site; in an operating plant area; or whenever there are overhead hazards. Metal
hard hats do not afford proper impact or electrical protection and, therefore, are
prohibited from all Saudi Aramco work areas.
9.2
Page 72
the user. (See Figures I.9 and I.9A.) The wearing of contact lenses is not recommended in
areas where eye protection is required.
9.2.1
2.
3.
4.
5.
9.2.2
Spectacles used for protection against frontal impact. When fitted with side
shields, they afford limited protection against side impact and should not be
worn while driving if they interfere with peripheral vision.
Flexible fitting goggles. A flexible frame surrounding the lens gives
protection against flying objects.
Cushion fitting goggles. A rigid plastic frame surrounding the lens and a
separate cushioned fitting surface on the facing contact area gives
protection against flying objects.
Chipping goggles. Separate rigid plastic eyecups with lens. Designed in
two shapes, one for individuals who do not wear spectacles and one to fit
over prescription spectacles.
Chemical goggles.
9.2.3
Face Protection
Face shields protect the face and neck from flying particles, sprays of hazardous
liquids, splashes of molten metal, and hot solutions. Where required, safety
spectacles and chemical goggles shall be worn under the face shield.
9.3
Hand Protection
The kind of gloves used depends primarily upon the material or equipment being handled and
can be resistant against one or more of the following: heat, acid, caustic, slipping, wear, fire,
oil, sharp edges, general wear and tear, cold, etc. (See Figure I.5.). Gloves should not be used
near moving machinery as they can be caught and trap the hand before it can be withdrawn
from the glove.
9.4
Foot Protection
Foot protection used must be manufactured to the referenced ANSI standard Z41-83 (or its
equivalent). Safety footwear is available in many styles, with special soles to resist oil,
abrasion, heat, and other abuses to which the footwear may be subjected. Comfort is
particularly important for the wearer, so safety footwear must fit properly.
Page 73
Approved safety footwear are sturdy work shoes with leather uppers and/or leather
composition with steel toe caps. Soles and heels are "non"-slip type. Fashion type safety
"toe" shoes with canvas, nylon and/or other soft composition uppers or soles are not
considered safety shoes and are not approved by Saudi Aramco.
9.5
Hearing Protection
Increasing attention is being paid to the problem of excessive noise in industry. Noise can be
defined as "any unwanted sound". The intensity of noise is commonly expressed in terms of
decibels (dBA) and measured by a sound level meter. Medical authorities state that continual
exposure to noise levels above 90 dBA for an eight hour day, five day work week may
endanger a person's hearing. The safe period of exposure to a noise level is inversely
proportional to the level of the noise. (See reference SAES -A-105, Noise.)
Hearing loss will result from over-exposure to excessive noise levels. Only after engineering
and mechanical methods of reducing noise levels have been explored, should consideration
be given to providing hearing protection to individual workmen.
Exposure to impulsive or impact noise shall not exceed the requirements of SAES -A-105,
Noise.
Whenever it is infeasible to reduce the noise levels or duration of exposure to within the
limits of SAES -A-105, hearing protection devices shall be provided and used. There are two
types of hearing protection available, the plug type and the cup (or muff) type. The proper
individual fitting of both types of hearing protection is critical as any sound leakage can
seriously impair efficiency of these devices.
9.5.1
Ear Plugs
Ear plugs are placed into the canal of the outer ear. Materials used for these plugs
are rubber, plastic, wax, foam or Swedish wool. Disposable types are preferred as
they give good protection and are very sanitary.
9.5.2
Ear Muffs
Ear muffs cover the external ear to provide an acoustic barrier. The effectiveness of
ear muffs varies considerably due to differences in manufacturer, size, shape, seal
material, shell mass, and type of suspension. Head size and shape can also affect
their performance. Liquid or grease filled cushions between the shell and the head
are more effective than plastic or foam-filled types, but they would present material
leakage problems.
The use of hearing protection devices shall be properly evaluated to ensure that
the selected devices give the necessary noise attenuation and protection.
9.6
Page 74
required. Safety belts are used to restrain the wearer at his place of work. Safety belts should
not be used as part of the fall arrest system. (See Figure I.6.)
9.6.1
Full body harnesses are required when working in areas with no guard rails at
heights above 1.82 meters (6 feet) or for potential falls of six feet or greater.
Exceptions shall require the review and concurrence of the Loss Prevention
Department.
9.6.2
Special attention should be given to achieve a snug fit of the safety harness as it is
easy for a man to slip through sound but badly adjusted equipment and fall.
9.6.3
No fall restraining or arresting device is any stronger than the point of attachment.
Therefore, all users should be carefully instructed in the importance of a firm
anchorage.
9.6.4
Fall restraining/arresting devices must be stored in clean and dry conditions away
from sunlight, and must be thoroughly inspected both on issue and at the start of
each shift.
9.6.5
Fall protection devices shall be capable of supporting a minimum dead weight of
2450 kilograms (5400 pounds). (Refer to OSHA 29 CFR 1910.66, Appendix C 1991.)
The maximum length of standard lanyards shall be limited to provide for a fall of no
greater than 1.82 meters (6 feet) except in the case of mechanical fall arresting
devices which have been reviewed and received concurrence by the Loss
Prevention Department. The lanyard shall have a minimum breaking strength of
2,450 kilograms (5,400 pounds).
All fall arresting/restraining devices and hardware shall be manufactured to ANSI
or equivalent standards and fully described in the Hazard Identification Plan (HIP),
including type, model and manufacturer.
9.6.6
During all operations conducted from a personnel platform (man basket) at any
height above ground level, fall protection devices (lanyards) shall be secured to an
anchorage point or a structural member located on the basket which can support a
minimum dead weight of 2,450 kilograms (5,400 pounds).
Page 75
Notes: All personal protective equipment shall meet ANSI/OSHA or their equivalent requirements. Any
worker 1.82 m above ground without the protection of a guard rail system, or in a confined space, shall
wear a full body harness and standard lanyard. Respiratory protection shall be used anytime workers
could inhale air contaminants exceeding permissible exposure limits (PEL), and when an oxygen deficient
atmosphere could be encountered. Breathing quality air shall be supplied to the worker through the use
of an air fed hood or self contained breathing apparatus.
Page 76
Hazards
Sparks, molten metal, harmful
rays, flying particles
Sparks, molten metal, intense
rays, flying particles
Splash, acid burns, fumes
Flying particles
Glare, heat, molten metal
Flying particles
Flying particles
Chemical splash, glass breakage
Flying particles
Heat, glare, sparks, splash
Flying particles, sparks
Protection
D, E, F
I
G, H (Severe +C)
A, B, C, E, F, G
D, E, F
A, B, C, G
C, D, E, G
G, H (A or B +C)
A, B, C, G
D, E (A or B tinted + C)
A, B, C, G
Page 77
10
11
12
12
14
10-14
14
2
3 or 4
3 or 4
4 or 5
5 or 6
4 or 5
5 or 6
6 or 8
12
Page 78
Page 79
Page 80
GI 8.003
TM-3
Schedule 'D':
Saudi Aramco Safety, Health and Environmental Requirements - Personal Protective
Equipment
American National Standards:
ANSI Z88.2. - 1980
Practices for Respiratory Protection
US. Bureau of Mines:
Respiratory Protection (See 30 CFR Part II)
10.1
Selection of Equipment
A wide variety of respiratory protective equipment is available. As each type is suitable for
certain applications, it is necessary to develop an orderly method for determining the
appropriate device to be employed.
Persons should not be assigned tasks requiring the use of respirators unless it has been
predetermined by medical examination that the worker is physically able to perform the work
and use the breathing apparatus properly.
Each user must receive instructions on the proper use and limitations of the device, as well as
demonstrations and practice in how to fit and wear it. Personnel shall not be placed in a
hazardous environment for which the respirator is not designed, such as a location where
there is a lack of sufficient oxygen.
Page 81
Consider the following factors when selecting a suitable respiratory protective device:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
The contractor must know the specific hazards for which a given type of respiratory
equipment is approved. He should not permit respiratory equipment to be used for protection
against hazards for which it was not designed.
10.1.1
10.1.2
Misuse
Workers sometimes consider respiratory equipment a nuisance, not realizing that
failure to wear it may endanger their lives. This attitude can be changed by
education and training. However, as the risk of injury or death is very real when
safety precautions are ignored, any worker refusing to wear the necessary
respiratory equipment will not be allowed to work without it.
Common misuses of respiratory protection equipment include:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Using air-purifying (chemical cartridge type) respirators when toxic levels are
above the respirator-rated capacity.
Using air-purifying (chemical cartridge type) respirators in oxygen deficient
atmospheres.
Using incorrect cartridges or filters for the type contaminant and the
concentration encountered.
Using defective or improperly inspected equipment.
Using equipment without having received adequate on training on it.
Page 82
10.1.3
Hazardous Substances
Protection is required against those hazardous substances which can be inhaled
into the respiratory system, ingested via the digestive tract and absorbed into the
skin causing systemic injury to the human body. Hazardous substances which can
enter the body through the respiratory system, the digestive tract and the skin
include, but are not limited to, the following:
10.1.4
Asbestos
Creosol (cresylic acid)
Hydrogen cyanide (hydrocyanic acid)
Tetraethyl lead and its compounds
Mercury and its compounds
Nitroglycerine
Organic phosphate insecticides
Solvents
Contaminants
Air supplied to respiratory equipment must be free from contaminants. (See GI
8.003.) Respirable air shall be controlled to the following conditions at all times:
1
2
3
4
5
6
The above standards are based on Compressed Air Gas Association (Table No. 1)
and referred to as Grade 'D' breathing air. Respirable air quality must meet this
standard, at a minimum.
The air delivered to the user must be less than 100o F (38o C) and supplied at 6
standard cubic feet per minute (6 SCFM). Air cooling devices (e.g. vortex tubes)
may be necessary.
10.2
10.2.1
Gas Masks
The gas mask type of respirator consists of a face piece and filter. No
one chemical agent has been found that will remove all gaseous
contaminants, so the canister must be carefully chosen to fit the
Page 83
specific need. A canister designed for a specific gas will give longer
protection than a canister designed for a multitude of gases and
vapors. Canister gas masks with full face pieces are effective against
higher concentrations of contaminants. However, they do not provide
protection against oxygen deficiency.
10.2.1.2
10.2.1.3
10.2.2
Page 84
10.2.2.2
The pressure demand flow air line respirators are normally used
when air must be conserved, as may be the case when the supply
is from a cylinder of compressed air. They contain a regulator at
the lower end of the breathing tube. This permits air to flow under
slight preset positive pressure to the face piece only when the
wearer breathes.
10.2.2.3
10.2.3
Page 85
SCBAs must be used in lieu of airline respirators when the distance from the source
of fresh air supplied via the air line hose is greater than 91 meters (300 ft) per ANSI
Z88.2-1980. However, an exception from this requirement is made in an emergency
situation where use of such equipment is necessary to escape from a hazardous
condition.
10.3
Training
In many cases, respirators are used in emergency situations where there is heightened
physical demands on the body, due to stress and excitement. Under such conditions, it is
essential that the potential users have been thoroughly trained and are medically fit (per TM 3 or equivalent) to cope with the increased level of physical activity and stress. The local
Loss Prevention Division and the Industrial Hygiene Unit will assist contractors in the
selection and use of respiratory protective equipment.
10.4
Safety Precautions
When air supplied respirators are used, the following safety precautions are required:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Periodic carbon monoxide (CO) testing to ensure it meets the CGA Grade 'D' limit
10.4.1
Air Compressors
Air compressors shall operate at 245o F and 150 psig maximum. (See
manufacturers' specifications.)
Intake air filters to compressors and outlet filters to operator mask/hood are
required.
Air supplied respirator's maximum intake temperature and pressure are 140o F
(60o C) and 125 psig respectively. Filter outlet temperature to operator's
mask/hood is 100o F maximum. The air.supply rate is 6 CFM for hoods
without vortex tube and 25 CFM for hoods with vortex tube.
Page 86
Page 87
Page 88
GI 2.711
GI 1781.001-1
GI 1787.000-1
Fire Reports
Fire Watch
SAES -B-7C
11.1
Page 89
As part of this process, the contractor must take into account the potential hazards that can
be encountered on site; protection of machinery and equipment; control of ignition sources;
storage of flammable and combustible materials; housekeeping; staff training; and end-ofshift checks. These subjects are addressed in the Hazards Identification Procedure prior to
construction start-up in Appendix A of this manual. This section focuses on means of
avoiding and controlling fires.
11.2
Layout
Good layout helps ensure the project can be carried out efficiently. Overall requirements for
site planning are in Section 7. (See Appendix C attachment). The following principles of
project layout and organization can help minimize fire risks:
11.2.1
Avoid congestion around machinery and equipment where there is a high level of
activity and traffic.
11.2.2
Operations having a high fire risk, such as welding and spray painting, should be
isolated from flammable and explosive materials or specially protected.
11.2.3
Be sure to provide adequate emergency access and egress.
11.2.4
Storage of flammable and explosive materials in the plant site should be restricted
to minimum quantities necessary for an uninterrupted cycle of operations; use a
larger, secondary storage site outside the plant area where possible.
11.3
Equipment Protection
Some items of plant equipment need special handling and care after they arrive on site and
until they are commissioned. Examples are computer (and other electronic instrumentation
and control gear) and large pumps and compressors. Such equipment should be covered and
protected against possible damage that could result from its exposure to normal construction
activity, dust, paint spray, etc. Consideration should also be given to protecting it against
fire, which could be caused by storing it near combustible material and against water or other
fire fighting agents that might be used to put out a fire.
Page 90
11.4
11.5
Flammable Liquids
Flammable liquids are those that can produce a flammable mixture in air at ambient
temperature. In Saudi Aramco, this is defined as a fluid (liquid or gas) having a flash point of
55o C (130o F) or lower. Care in handling flammable fluids is of prime importance.
11.5.1
Storage
All flammable liquids must be kept in securely capped metal containers or steel
drums on which the contents are clearly marked. Gasoline, acetone, spirits and
other volatile liquids with flash points below 32o C (90o F) should be kept in strong
metal lockers located in well-ventilated, non-combustible huts or sheds. Drums
containing flammable fluids shall be provided with proper bung vents. Flammable
storage areas must be securely locked (or fenced), posted with a warning sign
"Danger: Flammable Area" and must be located at least 15 meters (50 feet) away
from the nearest building or storage area for combustibles. No other materials
should be stored with flammable liquids.
Page 91
3
4
5
11.5.3
Ventilation
Gasoline and diesel powered equipment should only be used in well-ventilated
areas. Exhaust pipes should be kept away from combustible materials. Engines
must be stopped before refueling takes place.
11.6
Combustible Materials
Although the main material used in the construction of plants for the petroleum industry is
non-combustible steel or concrete, on a construction site many materials are potential fuel for
a fire: packing material, scaffold planks, form lumber, electrical insulation, tires and other
rubber goods, lubricating oil and grease, and diesel fuel, in addition to the flammable liquids
(fuels, paints, solvents) mentioned above. Therefore, daily site clean up of combustible
materials is required to reduce fire hazards.
11.7
Housekeeping
Rubbish, accumulated at a job site, provides a good starting point for a fire. Waste should be
removed at regular intervals and always at the end of a working day. Metal bins with closefitting lids should be provided for oily rags, wood shavings, and other highly combustible
wastes. Use non-combustible absorbents to remove spills or leaks of oil. Contents of ash
trays should not be mixed with other waste. Good housekeeping on the site can eliminate
many of the situations where a fire can start.
11.8
Emergency Equipment
The Fire Protection Department area offices can assist in training Saudi Aramco employees in
the proper use of fire fighting equipment. (See GI 1781.001. Inspection and Maintenance of
Fire Protection Equipment.)
Each contractor has a contractual obligation to provide and maintain adequate, easily
accessible fire extinguishers on the job site (Schedule 'D'). The contractor should consult
Page 92
with the local Fire Protection Unit for advice on selection of such equipment. There are three
types of fire extinguishers normally found on construction sites: water, carbon dioxide and
dry chemical types. Contractor personnel should be aware of the fire fighting equipment
available on site and be familiar with its use.
11.8.1
11.8.2
CAUTION
A CO2 extinguisher should never be used in enclosed areas where
people are present, because the gas displaces oxygen from the
immediate environment. When the oxygen level in the environment is
reduced sufficiently to put out a fire, the oxygen level is also incapable
of supporting human life.
11.8.3
11.8.4
Pressurized Water
Where a pressurized water system is available on site, the contractor is responsible
for supplying hoses and nozzles. Since most fires at construction sites involve
Class "A" materials, they can be fought with water. Charged water hoses, ready for
use, are a necessity. If there is no permanent system installed at a particular
location, a water tanker and portable water extinguishers will have to be supplied in
order to take care of any Class "A" fires.
Page 93
11.9
Reporting a Fire
Every fire, including those extinguished by contractor personnel, should be reported to the
Saudi Aramco representative. The Fire Protection Unit will inspect the area, to offer
suggestions for preventing a recurrence, and to ensure the contractor has re-established his
fire fighting capability by recharging extinguishers or replacing equipment.
The emergency telephone number used for reporting a fire or any emergency that requires
Saudi Aramco assistance is 110. The contractor must ensure that this number is posted at all
telephones and that instructions are placed indicating how to report the emergency correctly.
11.10
End-of-Shift Checks
A routine inspection shall be made at the end of the working day to see that everything is left
in a safe condition. The following itemized checklist shall be followed:
Page 94
MAINTENANCE:
Maintenance should comprise of a monthly check by proponent organization - Check extinguisher is in correct location, access is unobstructed and extinguisher is
clearly visible. Check contents gauges, where fitted, indicate extinguisher is serviceable. Check for signs of leakage, corrosion, or physical damage. Check seals are
unbroken and up to date inspection tag is fitted. If in doubt, contact your local fire control unit.
Page 95
GI 80.500
GI 1600.003
GI 1601.002
GI 1602.001
GI 1602.002
GI 1602.003
GI 1603.001
Disaster Control Plan - Plants and Pipelines Department - Abqaiq Producing and
Udhailiyah Producing Divisions (also in Saudi Aramco GI Manual)
No. 85.001
No. 554.001
No. 554.002
Page 96
12.1
Equipment
There are a minimum of three types of radio sets used in the Saudi Aramco network today:
the mobile radio set, the stationary radio set with remote control, and the portable hand radio
set.
12.1.1
12.2
Safe Operation
Adjustment of equipment must always be carried out by authorized personnel. Unauthorized
tampering with equipment can result in electric shock or equipment malfunction leading to
circuit interference.
Under certain circumstances, radio waves can cause ignition of electric blasting caps. Radio
equipment must be shut down within 91 meters (100 yards) of any blasting operations or
where electric detonators are used or stored.
Water Damaged Equipment:
Vehicle drivers and maintenance personnel are requested to exercise great caution when
washing vehicles containing radio equipment.
12.3
Radio Phrases
AFFIRMATIVE: This means Yes
BREAK: The work BREAK means the message will continue, but due to the length of the
message the operator will break the circuit to allow the reception of EMERGENCY messages.
CORRECTION: This means that An error has been made; the correct message is ...
DISASTER: When used on Company communications systems, DISASTER warns all
operators that a sudden misfortune has occurred, causing either loss of life, property, fire, or
a combination of the three. All operators must stop transmitting unless involved in the
disaster and should standby unless told to transmit by Disaster Control or the Disaster
Control Post.
DISASTER DRILL: This is an exercise for training personnel to handle disaster situations.
HOW DO YOU READ?: This means that the operator is trying to determine if the message is
being received well.
Page 97
MAYDAY: This is an international radio distress signal which is primarily intended for ships
and aircraft requiring assistance to save human lives or property.
NEGATIVE: This means No.
OUT: An operator using the word OUT at the end of a transmission indicates that he is
finished with the communications circuit and any other station may begin its call.
OVER: This means that the transmission of a message has ended, but one station is waiting
for the other to transmit.
OVER AND OUT: Do not use this phrase.
PRIORITY TRAFFIC: This is a message having preferential rating over the routine. The
expression "I have priority traffic" means the operator has listened to the messages being
transmitted and has determined that his message is of greater urgency.
READ BACK: This means that the operator wants to make sure that his message has been
correctly understood.
RESUME TRAFFIC: All stations are free to transmit routine messages.
ROGER: This means that the operator has received and understood the message and accepts
responsibility to carry out any instructions therein.
SAY AGAIN: Do not use the word "repeat". If a message is to be repeated, the operator
shall instruct the station to "say again your message".
SAY EVERY WORD TWICE: This phrase is used when the operator is having trouble
understanding, and wants each word said twice.
SPEAK SLOWLY: This phrase is used mostly in cases where technical difficulties are
causing the circuit to cut in and out.
STANDBY: Any or all operators told to STANDBY shall cease further use of the
communications circuit until further notice.
TRAFFIC: The information or signals transmitted over a communications systems.
URGENT TRAFFIC: A message requiring the attention of all operators.
VERIFY: Check with originator and make certain the message is correct.
12.4
Phonetic Alphabet
In a radio message, some letters of the alphabet are likely to be confused with others: as "B"
with "P" and "D" with "T". A standardized international phonetic alphabet for radio
operators is in use to clear up such ambiguities. Whenever a word is not properly
understood by the receiver, it is advantageous to utilize the Phonetic Alphabet. For example,
an operator intends to make clear "ABQAIQ". He will spell it out like this: "A" as in
"ALPHA"; "B" as in "BRAVO"; "Q" as in "QUEBEC"; "I" as in "INDIA"; and, so on. Use
the phonetic alphabet which is listed which follows:
Page 98
PHONETIC ALPHABET
12.5
Letter
Word
Pronunciation
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
ALPHA
BRAVO
CHARLIE
DELTA
ECHO
FOX-TROT
GOLF
HOTEL
INDIA
JULIET
KILO
LIMA
MIKE
NOVEMBER
OSCAR
PAPA
QUEBEC
ROMEO
SIERRA
TANGO
UNIFORM
VICTOR
WHISKEY
X-RAY
YANKEE
ZULU
AL fah
BRAH vo
CHAR lee
DELL ta
ECK oh
FOKS trot
GOLF
hoh TELL
IN dee ah
JEW lee ETT
KEY loh
LEE mah
MIKE
No VEM ber
OSS car
Pah PAH
keh BECH
ROW me oh
See AIR rah
TANG go
YOU nee form
VIC tor
WISS key
ECKS ray
YANG key
ZOO loo
Page 99
Tampering with equipment is highly dangerous because of the high voltage involved.
Adjustments to equipment are only to be made by competent and authorized personnel.
Tampering can also cause off frequency operation and other technical problems which are
violations of the ITU Agreement.
12.5.1
Monitoring of Circuits
Most voice transmissions are transmitted by radio waves and can easily be
monitored by outside agencies. It is forbidden to disclose or divulge any
information intercepted over the Company communications systems.
12.5.2
Secrecy Act
All member nations of the ITU bind themselves to the Secrecy Act which states:
"They will take the necessary measures to prohibit and prevent:
*
Supervisors should be especially alert for violations of this kind and use maximum
disciplinary action toward violators.
12.5.3
Penalties
All persons operating the communications systems will be held responsible for any
improper operation and will be held subject to disciplinary action.
12.6
MAYDAY
PAN/DISASTER
DISASTER DRILL
PRIORITY TRAFFIC
ROUTINE
Page 100
12.6.1
MAYDAY
(Broadcast to all stations)
When MAYDAY is spoken three times and followed by the words: "this is (the
call station, station identification, or other identification of the mobile station)",
indicates that a ship, aircraft, or other vehicle is threatened by grave and imminent
danger and requires immediate assistance to save human life or property.
The message has absolute priority over all other messages. When the message is
heard, all stations shall stop transmitting and listen to the message. The nature of
distress may be such that the operator may not be able to complete the message or
repeat.
International Search and Rescue Monitor Stations shall 'fix' the bearings of the
signal and alert ships and aircraft in the area to assist with the rescue.
All persons operating radio equipment must be thoroughly acquainted with this
type of priority message.
12.6.2
URGENCY SIGNAL
(International PAN; Company DISASTER)
This message is usually directed to a particular station. PAN/DISASTER, when
spoken three times and followed by the words: "This is (the call sign or station
identification)", indicates that the station has a critical emergency concerning
injury, oil operations or other extreme operating situation.
Messages of this nature carry priority over all messages except MAYDAY.
Company operators use the word DISASTER. Within Company operations
DISASTER has the same priority as the word PAN for those operating on
international circuits or frequencies.
12.6.3
DISASTER DRILL
At various times the Company conducts training exercises which are associated
with familiarization and indoctrination programs. At the beginning of such a drill,
radio stations will announce "A DISASTER DRILL is being conducted", followed
by the name of the area. When a DISASTER DRILL is in progress, all stations
whether mobile or fixed must standby, except those having MAYDAY, URGENCY,
or DISASTER messages. The difference between DISASTER and DISASTER
DRILL must be thoroughly understood.
12.6.4
SAFETY SIGNAL
No. 3 Priority - International Frequencies
This need only be understood by those operating on international circuits or
frequencies. The French pronunciation of SECURITE will be spoken three times
and followed by the station identification. The SAFETY SIGNAL is used
Page 101
PRIORITY TRAFFIC
Repairs to facilities involved in disasters should be classified as PRIORITY
TRAFFIC.
12.6.6
ROUTINE
All messages except those classified above should be ROUTINE.
12.7
Distress Messages
(Forms and Examples)
12.7.1
MAYDAY
1
Distress Signal
The distress signal is MAYDAY, MAYDAY, MAYDAY followed by
the name of station or station call letters repeated three times.
Give location, first.
Give the nature of the distress, second.
Give the kind of assistance required.
Complete message with any other information which can be of
assistance to rescue operations.
Page 102
12.7.2
Urgency Signal
This signal indicates that the calling station has a very urgent message to transmit
concerning the safety of a person, ship, or aircraft.
1
Signal
Radio operators, operating on international circuits or frequencies,
shall be alert for the urgency signal which is PAN, repeated three times
followed by the station call letter or identification. The Company
equivalent to urgency signal is DISASTER.
Response
All stations shall cease transmitting and listen to the message that
follows. If the stations receiving the message can be of any
assistance, they shall acknowledge and render all assistance possible;
otherwise, they shall cease transmission until the urgency traffic has
been cleared.
Procedures
All persons operating Company communications equipment shall be
familiar with the word DISASTER. When it is heard, they shall cease
transmitting until the DISASTER is over. The procedures are outlined
in the General Instruction Manual, under Disaster Procedure, Abqaiq,
Dhahran, Ras Tanura.
Return to Normal
When the disaster has ended, the responsible parties outlined in the
General Instruction shall clear the radio circuits for normal traffic.
Page 103
12.7.3
Priority Traffic
Repairs to facilities involved in disasters would be classified as priority traffic and
the priority would depend on the situation.
Page 104
13.0 TRANSPORTATION
This section outlines the procedures and responsibilities for preventing motor vehicle accidents in Saudi
Aramco's jurisdiction. In addition, it sets the standards for driver performance, responsibility, and vehicle
maintenance expected of all contractor, service organization and Saudi Aramco drivers. All drivers are
expected to drive in a defensive manner and maintain control of their vehicles at all times.
INSTRUCTIONS AND STANDARDS
Saudi Aramco General Instructions:
GI 1183.215
GI 150.002
First Aid / CPR Training and First Aid Kits - Remote Areas
GI 6.025
GI 6.029
GI 6.030
GI 1321.015
Driving in Saudi Arabia: A Saudi Aramco guide to safer driving and desert travel.
Schedule 'D':
Saudi Aramco Safety, Health and Environmental Requirements - Transportation.
13.1
Driver Requirements
All contractors must employ only qualified personnel as drivers of motor vehicles. It is the
responsibility of the driver's supervisor, foreman, or superintendent to verify the driver's
credentials prior to his employment. It is Saudi Arab Government law and a Company rule,
that each person driving a motor vehicle must possess and have on his person a valid Saudi
Arab Government driver's license.
13.2
Driver's Responsibilities
13.2.1
It is the responsibility of the driver to ensure that his vehicle is safe to operate.
13.2.2
It is the responsibility of each driver to take his vehicle to the proper facility for
servicing and repairs when they are required or scheduled.
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13.2.3
The driver of the vehicle is fully responsible and accountable for the mechanical
and physical condition of the vehicle. He must report any damage, beyond normal
wear and tear, immediately.
13.2.4
The driver is responsible for transporting materials properly and ensuring that a
load does not exceed the manufacturer's design load capacity. All loads must be
properly secured and tied down. Materials should not extend over the sides of the
truck. Loads extending beyond the front or rear shall be marked with a red flag.
Also such loads must be equipped with visible brake and tail lights at their rear end
points.
13.2.5
Tires which have breaks in the casing, or with exposed fabric, shall not be used.
13.2.6
Sand tires present a hazard if used on vehicles which are operated at excessive
speed especially when they are not properly inflated. It is the driver's
responsibility to ensure that Saudi Aramco Transportation Department tire inflation
standards are maintained. Proper inflation pressures are posted at the Department's
tire shops.
13.2.7
Drivers shall not transport unauthorized persons in Company vehicles. The
driver's supervisor shall authorize all passengers in the vehicle.
13.2.8
The driver and all passengers of a Company vehicle shall wear seat belts at all times
while the vehicle is in motion.
13.2.9
Drivers have full authority to refuse to transport any passenger who refuses to use
seat belts. Conversely, passengers may refuse to ride with a driver who refuses to
wear his seat belt.
13.2.10
Passengers shall not be transported in the rear of pickups or on truck beds.
13.2.11
Drivers should not transport more passengers than the number of seat belts
provided in the vehicle.
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13.2.12
All drivers shall be familiar with what the Company considers unsafe driving
practices and avoid them at all times.
The driver must not exceed the posted speed limit. This is the maximum speed
allowed in a certain area.. Every driver is expected to reduce his vehicle's speed
under hazardous weather or road conditions. (See GI 6.030.)
13.3
100 kilometers per hour for light motor vehicles outside city limits. (See GI
6.030.)
2.
To drive safely, speed must be reduced below the allowable speed limit at night, or
during fog, rain or sand storm.
13.3.2
Drivers shall comply with all Saudi Arab Government and Saudi Aramco traffic
signs.
13.3.3
All vehicles shall be parked correctly and/or in designated parking areas. Parked
vehicles shall not obstruct other vehicles, roadways, accessways or fire
hydrants.
13.4
Vehicle Condition
It is the responsibility of the driver to ensure his vehicle is safe to operate. It is the
responsibility of the driver to bring the vehicle in for scheduled maintenance. The driver is
responsible for inspecting a vehicle before operating it to determine if the following items
have been provided and are in satisfactory condition:
Vehicle Inspection Checklist:
1.
The vehicle number, company name, current inspection stickers and license plate (front
and back) must be in place.
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2.
3.
4.
Windows and windshield must be clean and free of cracks or damage. The glass must
be in good condition. The windows must open and close properly.
5.
All lights (high and low beam headlights, tail lights, dash lights, stop lights, turn signal
lights, and the rear license plate light) must be in working order. When fog lights (front
& rear) and clearance lights have been provided, they must be also be in good working
order.
6.
All brakes (foot and hand brakes) must be in good working order. Check the foot and
hand brake mechanism for correct operation.
7.
The automatic transmission must be in good operating condition and should shift into
the parking position correctly.
8.
Springs and shock absorbers must be in good condition with no alignment or control
problems.
9.
There should be no excessive movement of the steering wheel and no signs of damage.
Steering knobs and loose coverings are prohibited.
10.
Tires should have no breaks in the tire casing or exposed fabric and must be inflated to
correct air pressure as specified by the Transportation Department.
If the treads show any signs of wear like bare patches, this could indicate defective
steering, springs and/or shock absorbers.
11.
Check the wheels for rim damage. Make sure the wheels are not buckled or out of
alignment and wheel lug nuts are in place and secure on the rim.
12.
If the vehicle is fitted with a trailer, the coupling must be intact and working correctly.
The trailer should have safety coupling chains, rear brake lights, turn signals, tail lights
and rear license plate lights.
13.
Make sure that the inside and outside rear view mirrors are clean, adjusted, secured and
undamaged.
14.
Check that the windshield wiper blades are in good condition, and operate properly.
Inspect the rear window wiper, if fitted.
The windshield washer should work properly and there should be water in the washer
container.
15.
16.
Test the exhaust system by starting up the engine of the vehicle, listening for sounds
and spotting any leaks associated with it. Check to see if the tail pipe extends at least
three inches from the body of the vehicle. The tail pipe emissions should be released
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from a point where they do not directly come into contact with the driver of the vehicle
or its occupants, thereby causing any adverse health affects to any of them.
17.
A properly inflated spare tire with a jack and tire wrench must be provided. The tire
wrench should be the correct size to fit the wheel nuts of the vehicle.
18.
Check the following fluids for leaks and proper levels, especially in hot weather.
NOTE:
Radiator coolant
Oil
Brake fluid
Transmission oil (checked with engine running)
Distilled water for the battery
The driver should check the radiator coolant level only when the engine is cool.
Fluid should be added to the level mark on the overflow expansion tank only if
provided.
19.
20.
Note all damage on the vehicle, process the proper reports and have the damage
repaired. You could be charged with a hit and run accident unless you have a police
vehicle release for major damage, and back up reports for minor parking lot "dings and
scratches".
Each driver must conduct a vehicle inspection whenever taking charge of a vehicle and
periodically thereafter (at least once a month) to ensure that all systems are operating
properly and there is no damage.
Passengers will be carried only in the passenger compartment of a vehicle. All vehicle
occupants must wear seat belts. Drivers shall insist that all passengers wear seat belts
before starting the vehicle. Drivers can receive a moving violation for not adhering to
this regulation.
Loose materials are to be kept out of the driving compartment. Do not place materials
(hard hats, etc.) on rear window shelf.
13.5
Driver Training
The Company conducts driver training courses for Saudi Aramco employees. Details about
the courses are available from the On-the-Job Training Unit.
13.6
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13.6.2
Contractors driving on Saudi Aramco facilities or in the communities are required to
abide by all Saudi Aramco and Saudi Arab Government traffic regulations.
Offenders will be referred to proponent organizations for appropriate action,
including counseling and revocation of driving privileges within Saudi Aramco.
For repeat offenders, contract may be reviewed for cancellation.
13.7
874-2055
673-5231
572-5291
577-8114
321-4284
577-2344
678-2228
678-7226
Emergencies
In the event of serious injury, fire or hazardous road block caused by an accident
on Saudi Aramco facilities, the emergency telephone number 110 should be used.
For emergencies occurring off Saudi Aramco facilities, a Main Gate/Security
Control Center telephone number can be used (see above). This will allow both the
Main Gate/Security Control Center and Medical Controller to be informed and they
will ensure that the proper unit will respond to assist. When reporting any
accident, make sure the message is understood before hanging up.
13.7.2
Remain at Scene
A driver shall not leave the scene of an accident or move his vehicle after an
accident unless he needs to take an injured person to a hospital. This is a Saudi
Arab Government law and the Traffic Department investigating officer is the only
one delegated the authority to release vehicles involved. The Saudi Aramco
Government Affairs Representative will advise you of this release. If a damaged
vehicle is blocking traffic or is stopped on the highway, reflective triangles must be
used to warn approaching traffic of the vehicle's presence.
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13.8
13.9
Desert Driving
All persons who drive in the desert should study "Driving In Saudi Arabia," the Saudi
Aramco guide on safe driving tips and desert travel. It is recommended that the driver have a
copy with him in the vehicle. Copies may be obtained from any Loss Prevention area office.
In particular, any person who drives in the desert shall ensure that:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
13.9.1
13.9.2
Sand Tires
Sand tires are hazardous to use when they are not properly inflated, when they are
driven at high speeds or when the roads are wet. It is the driver's responsibility to
ensure the following requirements are met for sand tires:
VEHICLE TYPE
Carryall, 4x4
Pickup, 4x4,1/2 Ton
Pickup, 4x4,3/4 Ton
Pickup, Crewcab, 4x4, 1 Ton
Utility, 4x4,3/4 Ton
Utility, Crewcab, 4x4, 1 Ton
Stake Truck, 4x4, 1 Ton
Welder's Truck, 4x4, 1 Ton
TIRE S IZE
9.00x16
9.00x15
9.00x16
11.00x16
9.00x16
11.00x16
11.00x16
11.00x16
RECOMMENDED
TIRE PRESSURE
MIN
MAX
15
35
15
35
15
35
15
35
15
35
15
35
15
35
15
35
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Since sand tires have a larger diameter than standard tires, speedometer readings
will not be accurate. Unless the vehicle speedometer has been corrected to
account for the oversize tires, the driver should remember that he is traveling
approximately 10-15% faster than the speedometer reading.
13.10
13.11
Seat Belts
All vehicles shall be equipped with seat belts for each passenger seat in
accordance with Saudi Arabian Standards Organization (SASO).
13.11.2
Traffic Regulations
All posted speed limits shall never be exceeded and all local traffic signs shall be
obeyed.
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Aircraft Guidelines For Crew Managers And Aviation Remote Airfield Operations Personnel (February
1988)
IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations (33Rd Edition, 1992)
US Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 49 Part 175 - "Carriage By Aircraft"
14.1
Captain/Pilot
The Captain/Pilot is in command of the aircraft at all times and is responsible for the
safety of his passengers and cargo. He is the sole judge and will make all decisions
in determining if the weather is acceptable for flight or if landing and take off
conditions are within Company minimum standards.
No one is allowed to "pressure" the pilot into carrying more weight than the pilot
states is acceptable.
The Captain/Pilot is authorized to follow any course of action which he judges
requires immediate decision or action in the interests of safety.
14.1.2
Camp Supervisors
All camp supervisors in remote areas will familiarize themselves with all the relevant
instructions on the movement of aircraft to and from their areas as detailed in the
"Saudi Aramco Aviation Department Policy and Guidelines for Camp Managers".
It is to the mutual advantage of the user department and the pilots of the Aviation
Department that rules of Aviation Safety be reviewed and applied to all operations
in remote areas. Complete cooperation and understanding between pilots and
camp supervisors is essential for the safe and efficient operation of all inbound and
outbound aircraft.
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14.2
Page 114
14.2.10
In the event of forced landing, the pilot and passengers will stay with the aircraft.
The Captain will direct rescue/survival activities. The Aviation Department will
conduct a day and night search for the disabled aircraft.
14.3
14.4
14.5
Life Vests
In the event of a forced landing at sea, the float gear is capable of supporting the
helicopter. Life vest must be worn on all over-water flights. Only the vests
provided in the helicopter should be used.
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GI 2.708
GI 2.711
GI 6.012
1.1
Definitions
1.1.1
Restricted Areas
Restricted areas are those areas or activities which have been designated by
department managers as requiring the work permit system. These include (but are
not limited to) all areas where hydrocarbons, flammable liquids or gases, or
oxidizing agents are handled, stored, piped, or processed in significant quantities;
and critical non-hydrocarbon operations.
The following are examples of restricted areas: petroleum processing plants; pump
stations; tank farms; loading piers; hydrocarbon pipelines; oil wells; gas plants;
specified locations on marine vessels; gasoline service stations; areas where
explosives and industrial X-ray or radioactive materials are used or stored; work
areas under or near power lines; confined space entry; and material supply storage
areas.
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1.1.2
1.1.3
1.1.4
Work Permit
There are four work permits:
1
Release of Hazardous Liquids or Gases, Form 924-1 (yellow) This form is required when opening lines or vessels that may release
hazardous or toxic materials.
Hot Work, Form 924-2 (red) This form is required when using spark or flame producing equipment and
for vehicle entry into a restricted area.
Cold Work, Form 924-3 (blue) This form is for work that will not produce sufficient energy to ignite
flammable atmospheres/materials.
Confined Space Entry, Form 924-4 (green) This form is required for tank cleaning, tank inspection, work in sewers or
excavations of 4 feet or deeper.
All work in restricted areas must have at least one of the listed work permits. Work
must be performed according to the instructions and precautions specified in the
work permit.
1.2
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Both the issuer and the receiver must hold valid work permit certificates issued by Saudi
Aramco.
1.2.1
1.3
Precautions
1.3.1
Checklist
Each permit contains a checklist of precautions against common hazards. Such a
list cannot include precautions against all hazards. It is the duty of both the issuer
and the receiver to review the job, anticipate what hazards might arise, check for
flammable gases in the area and see that proper precautions have been specified on
the permit before it is signed.
1.3.2
Clear Area
One specific precaution applying to all work is to clear the area of people not
required for the job to avoid their being exposed to unnecessary hazards. If people
enter an area where they could be exposed to undue danger, the work should be
stopped until they are cleared from the area.
1.3.3
Work Stoppage
If conditions change or become unsafe during the course of work, the issuer or
local supervisor may stop the work and cancel the permit.
The receiver has the responsibility to stop the work and advise the issuer or
supervisor any time he feels the safety of the job does not meet the conditions of
the work permit.
1.4
Page 119
The receiver of a work permit must keep a copy in his possession or within view of the job
site for the duration of the job, so that it may be presented upon request. If the receiver
leaves the job site, he shall give the permit to a responsible senior crew member to keep until
he returns. The issuer, receiver and the senior crew member must sign the work permit
transferring the work permit to the senior crew member.
1.5
1.6
Certification
In order for a person to be a certified receiver of work permits, he must attend the work permit
Receivers Course conducted by the Loss Prevention Department and pass a test on work
permit System (GI 2.100) given at the end of the course.
The superintendent of the construction organization will assure Saudi Aramco by his
signature that his employee knows both the general instruction and his job. Contact the local
Loss Prevention office for work permit certification information.
Records of current certificate holders, with their names and the dates issued, must be kept by
each superintendent or organization head.
1.7
1.8
Instructions contained in GI 6.012 outline the use of tagging and lockout for
controllers which are to be held inoperative or for work clearance.
1.8.2
The purpose for the Lockout System is to render controllers inoperative, i.e., circuit
breakers, disconnect switches, valves, etc. on any systems (electrical, steam,
hydrocarbon, water, acid, etc.), where the operation of the control device could be
hazardous to personnel working on the system.
1.8.3
Hold tags and locks are primarily intended to protect the individual doing the work
from being injured by an inadvertent start-up.
1.8.4
Work permit issuers and operations supervisors shall ensure that hold tags and lock
outs are used and so noted on the work permit. The use of hold tags/lock outs shall
be strictly enforced.
Page 120
Issuer and receiver must inspect job site together before signing the work permit.
2)
Issue the correct permits for the job - hot, cold, vessel or confined space entry, and/or gas
release. Two or more permits may be required for the job.
3)
Issuer and receiver must both have in their possession a valid work permit certification card
(issuer and receiver respectively).
4)
J-W Sniffer gas test and/or H2S gas test and/or oxygen analysis test must be made before
issuing work permit.
5)
Job description and equipment used must be clearly stated on the work permit. Be specific, issue
permits for a single pump, drum, etc.
6)
All tick boxes must be correctly filled in and gas readings indicated.
7)
Proper lockouts, hold tags, and blinds must be used where applicable (multiple clips with lock,
and/or chains with padlocks).
8)
Work permits should be issued for the specific period of time required to complete the job.
9)
To extend time work permit beyond one shift, the oncoming shift issuer must inspect job site,
write in extended time and sign permit.
10)
Special precautions such as requirements for fire watch, Scott air packs, life lines, barricades, etc.
must be written on the permit.
11)
The work permit must remain on the job site in a conspicuously visible place while work is going
on. If an emergency develops, the permit must be withdrawn immediately and all work stopped
without questions.
12)
The work permit must be closed out after a job is completed. Issuer and receiver must inspect
the job site and sign off the work permit.
Page 121
Contractors are required to establish a lock out and TAG system compatible with the Saudi
Aramco system as part of the contractor Loss Prevention Program plan requirements of Schedule
'D'.
Tags are useful to tell who is working on the equipment and who authorized the shutdown. Teach your
men the lockout procedure and insist they follow it.
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Page 123
Page 124
GI 2.100
Excavations
DEFINITIONS:
1.
Excavation
Any man-made cavity or depression in the earth's surface, including its sides,
walls, or faces, formed by earth removal and producing unsupported earth
conditions by reason of the excavation.
2.
Trench Excavation
A narrow excavation made below the surface of the ground. In general, the depth
is greater than the width, but the width of a trench is not greater than 4.5 meters (15
feet).
3.
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4.
Protective Systems
Methods used to protect employees from cave-ins, from materials that could fall or
roll into the excavation onto the workers or from collapse of adjacent structures.
Protective systems include supports, sloping and benching, shields and other
means to protect workers.
5.
Shoring
Hydraulic, timber or mechanical systems that support the sides of an excavation,
designed to prevent cave-ins.
6.
Hydraulic Shoring
A pre-engineered support system of aluminum hydraulic cylinders (cross-braces)
used with vertical rods (uprights) or horizontal rods designed specifically to
support side walls of an excavation to prevent cave-in.
7.
Benching
A method of protecting employees from cave-ins by excavating the sides of an
excavation to form one or a series of horizontal steps, with a vertical rise between
steps.
8.
Sloping
A method of excavating in which the sides of an excavation are laid back to a safe
angle to prevent cave-ins. (The safe angle required varies with different types of
soil, exposure to the elements and superimposed loads. There is no single angle of
repose. Soil classification must be identified to select safe sloping and benching
methods.)
9.
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(v)
Type B:
Soils classified as Type B are:
(i)
Cohesive soils with an unconfined compressive strength greater than 0.5 tsf
(48 kPa) but less than 1.5 tsf (144 kPa).
(ii)
Granular cohesionless soils including angular gravel (similar to crushed
rock), silt, silt loam, sandy loam and, in some cases, silty clay loam and
sandy loam clay.
(iii) Previously disturbed soils except those which would otherwise be classed
as Type C soil.
(iv) Soil that meets the unconfined compressive strength or cementation
requirements for Type A, but is fissured or subject to vibration.
(v)
Dry rock that is not stable.
(vi) Material that is part of a sloped, layered system where the layers dip into the
excavation on a slope less steep than four horizontal to one vertical (4H:1V)
but only if the material would otherwise be classified as Type B.
Type C:
Soils classified as Type C are:
(i)
Cohesive soils with an unconfined compressive strength of 0.5 tsf (48 kPa)
or less.
(ii)
Granular soils including gravel, and loamy sand.
(iii) Submerged soil or soil from which water is freely seeping.
(iv) Submerged rock that is not stable.
(v)
Material in a sloped layered system where the layers dip into the excavation
or a slope of four horizontal to one vertical (4H:1V).
10.
Trench Boxes:
A structure that is able to withstand the forces imposed on it by cave-ins, and in
the process, protects employees inside the structure. (Plans for trench boxes are to
be submitted to Loss Prevention.)
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2.1
Consideration of these factors will indicate the safety measures which must be implemented
to proceed with the job and whether the sides of the excavation can be sloped and benched
to a safe angle or whether other protective systems will be required. It is important to provide
adequate and suitable protective systems for use whenever excavation work is to be carried
out to a depth of 1.5 meters (5 feet) or more. Excavation work to a depth of less than 1.5
meters (5 feet) may also require protective systems.
2.2
Work Permit
Work permits must be obtained from the appropriate operations supervisor before excavation
work is started in any Saudi Aramco facility, including residential areas and roadways, and in
any place where the presence of underground/utility obstructions is known or suspected.
Outside of clearly defined responsibility areas, work permits shall be obtained from the
Superintendent, Utilities and the Communications Foreman, Oil and Gas Dispatch Unit or their
delegated representatives. A Confined Space Entry Work Permit is a second work permit and
is required for trenches deeper than 1.2 meters (4 feet). (See GI 2.100 for work permit
requirements.)
All protective shoring systems and configurations, such as timber shoring, hydraulic and
pneumatic systems, sloping, benching, shielding, sheet piling and freezing must be designed
in accordance with Saudi Aramco Loss Prevention requirements. Excavation plans must be
submitted to Loss Prevention before work start up.
2.2.1
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2.3
Underground Obstructions
Whenever the presence of underground pipes, cables, vessels, or structures is known or
suspected, mechanical excavators shall not be used until all such obstructions have been
exposed by hand digging. Mechanical excavators shall not be used within 3 meters (10 feet)
of any such obstruction. Pneumatic breakers shall only be used where necessary to break
concrete or other hard surfaces.
2.4
General Precautions
2.4.1
2.4.2
Personnel Protection
Portable trench boxes or sliding trench shields may be used for the protection of
personnel in lieu of a shoring system or sloping. Where such trench boxes are
used, the design shall be approved by Saudi Aramco Consulting Services
Department.
Trench boxes shall be designed, constructed and maintained to provide protection
equal to or greater than the sheeting or shoring required.
Shields shall be installed in a manner to restrict lateral or other movement of the
shield and be capable of withstanding any sudden application of lateral loads.
Page 129
Inspection
All parts of an excavation, including the shoring, shall be inspected every day by a
competent person to ensure that there is no danger of collapse and all observations
shall be noted in the site safety log book.
2.4.4
Clearance
In order to provide a safe footing at the edge, and to prevent spoil falling into an
excavation, a clear space at least 0.6 meter (2 feet) wide shall be maintained on all
sides. (See Figure II.8: Guide to Safe Distance Back From Top Of Slope For Storage
of Materials / Equipment Placing.)
2.4.5
Mechanical Excavator
Men shall not be permitted to work underneath loads or in places where they could
be struck by any part of a mechanical excavator.
2.4.6
Walkways
Where employees, equipment, or members of the public are required or permitted to
cross over an excavation, a close planked bridge or walkway with standard guard
rails shall be provided and kept clear of excavated materials or other tripping
hazards. No sidewalk shall be undermined unless properly shored.
2.5
2.6
Ventilation
Where there is reason to suspect oxygen deficiency or the presence of a hazardous
atmosphere in an excavation, gas tests must be carried out by a qualified person.
Where necessary, mechanical ventilation shall be used, or other appropriate
precautions shall be taken before men enter.
Note: Toxic, oxygen and flammable gas tests are to be conducted before entering
hazardous excavations in Restricted Areas (as mentioned in GI 2.100).
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2.6.1.1
Hazardous Atmospheres
Prior to entry into excavations greater than four feet deep, or confined
spaces, a work permit shall be issued. Gas tests shall verify that the
oxygen level is 20-21%, combustible gases 0.0 LEL, and H2S is 0 ppm.
For elevated levels of gases tested follow requirements of GI 2.100.
Corrective measurers may include use of air movers, identification and
isolation of sources from fuel lines, sewers, open tanks or other
measures to return the breathing atmosphere to normal readings.
Subsequent testing is required to monitor the area during the work so
appropriate precautions can be taken as necessary.
2.6.1.2
When controls are used that are intended to reduce the level of
atmospheric contaminants to acceptable levels, testing shall be
conducted as often as necessary to ensure that the atmosphere
remains safe.
2.6.2
Exhaust Gases
Where an internal combustion engine is used in an excavation, special precautions
must be taken to ensure that exhaust gases are discharged so as not to be a hazard
to men working in the excavation.
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2.6.3
Organic Lead
Where the presence of buried organic lead (TEL) sludge, asbestos or any other
hazardous chemical is known or suspected, whether in a Restricted Area or not,
excavation work shall not be started (or continued) until the Industrial Hygiene
Service and Loss Prevention Departments have identified the hazard and specified
the precautions to be taken and a new work permit has been issued.
2.7
2.8
2.9
Backfilling
Backfilling and removal of trench supports shall be accomplished first by backfilling up to a
level allowing for the removal of the lower braces. Another layer of backfill shall be
positioned in the trench to the next layer of braces to be removed. Removal of trench
supports shall progress together with the backfill from the bottom of the trench. In unstable
soil, ropes shall be used to pull out the jacks or braces from above after employees have
cleared the trench. All excavations shall be backfilled and consolidated, and the surface shall
be left in good condition as soon as is practicable.
2.10
Borrow Pits
Location of borrow pit boundaries (i.e., residential, industrial plants, sub-stations, highways,
etc.) shall be located at the distance noted in SAES -A-111.
2.10.1
A separate traffic flow plan is required to keep pedestrian traffic away from vehicle
traffic areas. Traffic is strictly prohibited in borrow pit areas. Signs in Arabic and
English shall be posted in roped-off areas, warning personnel to stay out of
borrow pits.
2.10.2
Dust concentration, noise levels, and security fencing associated with borrow pit
operations shall be in accordance with Saudi Aramco Safe Operating Procedures.
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2.10.3
2.10.4
Page 133
STABLE ROCK
TYPE A [2]
TYPE B
TYPE C
VERTICAL
3/4 : 1
1:1
1-1/2 : 1
(90O)
(53O)
(45O)
(34O)
NOTES:
1.
2.
3.
Page 134
Page 135
FIGURE II.3A
Page 136
FIGURE II.3B
Page 137
Page 138
FIGURE II.4A
Page 139
Page 140
Page 141
Page 142
Page 143
FIGURE II.8: GUIDE TO S AFE DISTANCE BACK FROM TOP OF S LOPE FOR S TORAGE OF MATERIALS
OR PLACING EQUIPMENT
Page 144
Page 145
Page 146
Hydraulic Cylinders
Width Of Trench
Depth of
Trench Feet
Over 5
up to 10
Over 10
up to 15
Over 15
up to 20
Maximum
Horizontal
Spacing
8
Maximum
Vertical
Spacing
4
Over 20
Up to 8
Over 8 up to
12
Over 12 up to
15
2 inch diameter
2 inch diameter
3 inch diameter
2 inch
diameter
2 inch diameter
2 inch diameter
3 inch diameter
2 inch diameter
3 inch diameter
Hydraulic Cylinders
Width Of Trench
Depth of
Trench Feet
Over 5
up to 10
Over 10
up to 15
Over 15
up to 20
Over 20
Maximum
Horizontal
Spacing
8
Maximum
Vertical
Spacing
4
6.5
5.5
Up to 8
Over 8 up to
12
Over 12 up to
15
2 inch diameter
2 inch diameter
3 inch diameter
2 inch
diameter
2 inch diameter
2 inch diameter
3 inch diameter
2 inch diameter
3 inch diameter
Page 147
FIGURE II.12: ALUMINUM HYDRAULIC S HORING WALER S YSTEMS FOR S OIL TYPE B
Page 148
Page 149
Page 150
Page 151
Page 152
3.0 DEMOLITION
Numerous factors must be taken into account before the method of demolition is decided. Of prime
importance are the age of the structure, the method of construction, the state of preservation, its previous
use, and the surrounding environment. These factors must be known before any planning can begin.
Many problems are peculiar to the demolition of tanks, vessels, and ancillary pipe work associated with
the oil industry. For instance, many serious accidents have resulted when due consideration was not
given to the cleaning and gas-freeing of this equipment before work began.
INSTRUCTIONS AND STANDARDS
Saudi Aramco General Instructions:
GI 2.100
GI 2.711
GI 6.012
GI 8.001
GI 150.001
Asbestos Regulation
GI 402.001
API 2015-91
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3.1
Responsible Supervisor
Before any demolition work is started, a competent supervisor must be appointed in
writing as the person responsible for all work on site. The man appointed should
be experienced in demolition operations. His duties will include the direct
supervision of the work force, ensuring that work permit requirements are met, and
liaison with other contractors working in the general area and with operators and
construction or maintenance engineers.
3.1.2
Original Drawings
The original drawings of the structure to be demolished should be obtained. An
examination of them should be made to ascertain whether any major changes from
the original construction have been made and where utility connections may be
found.
3.1.3
Disconnections
All utility services such as electricity, gas, and water must be shut off and the main
supplies disconnected outside the line of the demolition work. Tanks, vessels, and
paperwork must be completely disconnected from inlet, outlet, and overflow points.
3.1.4
3.1.5
Barricades/Signs
Barricades must be erected around the work area. Signs bearing the words "Danger
- Demolition in Progress" in Arabic and English must be erected at each approach
to the barricade.
3.2
Method of Demolition
The method of demolition to be used should be decided upon in consultation with the Saudi
Aramco representative, Loss Prevention and all contractors involved. The re-use of salvage
materials should be considered prior to this decision. It should be remembered that the safest
and most efficient method is to start at the top and dismantle in the reverse order of
construction. There are, however, cases where such a method is impractical or uneconomical
and where other methods have to be considered. Any portion of the job which contains
asbestos insulation should be cleared under the general procedures (See Section II.4), and
Industrial Hygiene Services, Preventive Medicine Services Division, shall be contacted.
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3.2.1
3.2.2
3.3
3.4
Access
A safe means of access to and egress from all working places must be provided.
Work places and the areas around ladders and stairways must be kept clear of
material and debris.
3.4.2
Glass Removal
Nails in timber must be removed or bent over, or the timber must be stacked where
it will not be a source of danger. All glass in windows, doors, partitions, etc.
should be completely removed prior to structural demo lition.
3.5
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3.6
3.6.2
Cold Cutting
The use of cold cutting techniques for the dismantling of tanks, vessels, and pipe
work, can substantially reduce the risk of explosion. Although this is often more
costly and laborious, there are times when it is the only safe method which can be
used.
3.6.3
3.6.4
Residue Cleaning
With volatile materials, use of such methods as in 3.6.3 above will rapidly reduce
vapor concentrations. With materials less volatile, the main danger lies in the hot
cutting setting fire to any residues in the tank. It is, therefore, essential that any
residues are removed before work starts.
3.7
Safety helmet
Goggles
Heavy duty gloves
Appropriate respiratory equipment (whenever necessary to prevent inhalation of dust
and fumes)
Safety boots with steel toe caps and preferably with penetrant resistant soles.
Safety belts or harnesses (with lifelines where required) shall be used by men working in
isolated or dangerous locations where there is the possibility of them falling and where other
preventive measures are impractical.
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3.8
Page 157
GI 8.003
Breathing Apparatus
GI 150.001
Asbestos Regulations
4.1
Types of Asbestos
These exist in two main rock-forming mineral groups: 1) Serpentine group, which includes
chrysotile (white asbestos); and, 2) Amphibole group, which includes crocidolite (blue
asbestos) and amosite (brown asbestos). These two main groups were the most widely used
asbestos minerals. However, fibrous anthophyllite has also been used in industry in a few
applications. Chrysotile was commonly used as the reinforcing material in asbestos-cement
products. Because crocidolite has high resistance to acids, it has been extensively used in
chemical plants. Due to the superior heat resistance of amosite it has been used principally
for the manufacture of fire-resistant insulation boards. The majority of asbestos products has
been made of white asbestos, but some products contain blue asbestos (crocidolite). Of the
asbestos products manufactured blue asbestos has the higher health risk. Blue asbestos can
usually be recognized by its dark lavender blue color; however, its presence could be masked
by other materials. Since prolonged exposure to heat, as would be the case with boiler or hotpipe lagging, may change the characteristic blue color of crocidolite to a white or fawn color.
4.2
Health Risks
Over a period of time, breathing asbestos dust can cause asbestosis (scarring of the lung),
which may go undetected for years after exposure. All forms of asbestos are capable of
causing asbestosis. The most important factors in the development of the disease are the
amount of dust to which the individual is exposed, duration of exposure, and the personal
susceptibility of the individual to the asbestos fiber. In addition, asbestos fibers can
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penetrate the skin, causing small tumors, warts, or corns. These asbestos tumors are usually
found on the palms or fingers. They may not be cured unless every minute fiber is removed.
The maximum allowable concentration of airborne asbestos dust shall not exceed 0.2 asbestos
fibers longer than five microns in length per cc of air on a time-weighted average (TWA)
exposure for an eight-hour work day.
4.3
Air Sampling
Where the contractor knows that some part of an operation requires the use or
removal of asbestos materials, he must notify, in writing, the Industrial Hygiene
Services, Preventive Medicine Services Division. When informed, the Industrial
Hygiene Services will take random samples of air at the point of operation during
the working period. Bulk samples may be sent for the analysis and identification of
asbestos to either Industrial Hygiene Services or to the Laboratories Department.
4.3.2
Job Details
The contractor shall then inform the Industrial Hygiene Services of details of the
work involved, the number of persons employed, the anticipated duration of the
operation, the type of asbestos being used, and the type of equipment being used
to work the asbestos material.
4.3.3
Chest X-rays
It is the contractor's duty to ensure that each man employed on asbestos work be
given a chest X-ray prior to commencement of the job and thereafter at two-year
intervals. Detailed records shall be kept by the contractor of all persons employed
in the process. These records shall be available to Saudi Aramco upon request.
4.4
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4.5
Work Area
The work area shall be clearly defined and where feasible roped off and notices displayed
warning persons of the presence of asbestos dust. Signs shall be posted at all approaches to
the work area. These signs shall be posted at readily visible locations near work areas and
these notices shall read in both English and Arabic:
Caution:
ASBESTOS HEALTH HAZARD
Respirator and protective overalls must be worn when entering this area.
Only persons directly concerned with the operation shall be permitted inside the area.
4.6
Wetting/Ventilation
The handling, mixing, applying, removing, cutting, and spraying of asbestos
materials shall be done in a wet state so as to prevent the emission of harmful fibers
in excess of allowable concentration.
Before removing asbestos cement mortar, coating, grouting, plaster, or similar
material containing asbestos from bags, cartons, or shipping containers, the
material shall be wetted or enclosed, or the operation shall be carried out under
total exhaust ventilation.
Work practices for using or removing asbestos are given in Section 4, GI 150.001.
4.6.2
Cutting
Shearing or punching shall be used in preference to sawing or drilling of asbestos.
Where it is necessary to cut or saw materials containing asbestos using hand or
power tools, it shall be done in a separate cordoned off area with an approved
exhaust and dust collection system.
4.6.3
Protective Equipment
Protective equipment shall be required for all instances where asbestos is used
regardless of ventilation, wetting, etc.
4.7
Protective Clothing
4.7.1
Types
The contractor shall provide approved disposable overalls, head covering, foot
protection, and gloves to prevent any airborne asbestos fibers from coming into
contact with the body.
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Contamination
At the end of each shift, contaminated personal protective equipment shall be
collected and disposed of in accordance to GI 150.001. Under no conditions shall
contaminated clothing be worn from the work site. Employees shall be careful to
prevent contamination of street clothes from work clothes.
Asbestos-contaminated clothes shall be packed and carried in sealed impermeable
bags or containers and disposed of in accordance to Section 6, GI 150.001.
4.7.3
Review
The Loss Prevention Department and Industrial Hygiene Services shall review the
types and applications of contractor's protective clothing for its' acceptability to
Saudi Aramco.
4.8
Respiratory Equipment
Where there is an unavoidable emission of asbestos dust, the contractor shall supply a
respirator approved by Industrial Hygiene Services and Loss Prevention Department to each
employee.
4.8.1
Type
In normal circumstances, an approved filter type dust respirator will be adequate
protection; however, dusty jobs (e.g. stripping, delogging, demolition, etc.)
involving asbestos materials require air-supplied positive pressure respiratory
equipment.
4.8.2
Use
All employees shall be properly trained in the use of respiratory equipment before
being engaged in any work with asbestos. Also, it is the contractor's responsibility
to make sure that each worker be supplied with equipment that provides the level of
protection required and of the proper fit.
4.8.3
Care
All respiratory equipment shall be thoroughly checked, cleaned, disinfected and
stored at the end of each work period and before use by other persons.
4.9
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The contractor must ensure that employees use these facilities before leaving the job site at
the end of each shift.
The contractor shall provide suitable changing accommodations, disposal facilities for
protective clothing worn during asbestos work and separate accommodations for street
clothing not worn during working hours.
4.10
4.11
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GI 355.020
GI 401.081
SAES W-5
Schedule 'D':
Saudi Aramco Safety, Health and Environmental Requirements - Oxygen and Acetylene
Equipment and Electric Arc Welding Equipment
American National Standards:
ANSI Z49.1
ANSI Z87.1
NFPA 70
5.1
Gases
Oxygen (O2) is odorless. It can promote rapid combustion, therefore, grease and oil
must never be used near oxygen as this could cause fire.
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Oxygen cylinders or apparatus shall not be handled with oily hands or gloves. A
jet of oxygen must never be permitted to strike an oily surface, greasy clothes or
enter fuel, oil or other storage tanks.
Acetylene (C2H2) has a distinct odor often likened to that of garlic or sour apples.
It is combustible when mixed with air over a wide range (2.5% - 81%). Acetylene
burned with oxygen can produce a higher flame temperature than any other
commercial gas.
Acetylene becomes unstable at pressures above 103 kPa (15 psig) which means it
may explode. Under no conditions shall acetylene be generated, piped (except in
approved cylinder manifolds) or utilized at a pressure in excess of 15 psi gauge
pressure. Inside the cylinder, acetylene is dissolved in acetone to prevent internal
explosion; therefore, it is essential that acetylene cylinders be stored, handled, and
used in the vertical position to prevent the liquid acetone from escaping and
damaging the valves and other equipment.
Warning: Regulated Acetylene pressures must never be allowed to exceed 103 kPa
(15 psig) or it may explode.
5.1.2
5.1.3
Storage Of Cylinders
5.1.3.1
Cylinders should be stored in a safe, dry, well-ventilated place
prepared and reserved for that purpose. Flammable substances such
as oil and volatile liquids or corrosive substances should not be stored
in the same area. Oxygen cylinders and flammable gas cylinders shall
be stored separately, at least 6.6 meters (20 feet) apart or separated by
a fire proof, 1.6 meters (5 feet) high partition.
All storage areas shall have Arabic and English "No Smoking
Permitted" signs prominently displayed.
All cylinders should be chained or otherwise secured in an upright
position. To prevent rusting, cylinders stored in the open should be
protected from ground contact, extremes of weather, or contact with
water. Valve caps shall be kept in place when cylinders are not in use.
Flammable substances shall not be stored within 50 feet of cylinder
storage areas. (See GI 355.020.)
5.1.3.2
Cylinders shall not be stored at temperatures exceeding 54o C (130o F).
Accordingly, they should not be stored near sources of heat such as
radiators, furnaces, or near highly flammable substances like gasoline.
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Cylinders shall be stored out of the direct rays of the sun, in protective
enclosures or sun shelters.
5.1.3.3
Cylinder storage should be planned so that cylinders will be used in
the order in which they are received from the supplier. Empty and full
cylinders must be stored separately with empty cylinders plainly
marked as such, to avoid confusion. Empty cylinders should be
segregated according to the type of gas they have held.
5.1.3.4
All cylinder storage rooms shall be ventilated sufficiently so that
explosive concentrations of gas cannot accumulate. Smoking or any
other source of ignition shall be prohibited near storage areas, and
appropriately marked "No Smoking" as in Section 5.1.3.1 above. All
wiring shall be in conduit and electric switches shall be located outside
the room. All electrical installations shall meet the National Electrical
Code (NFPA 70) for hazardous areas.
5.1.4
Handling of Cylinders
Serious accidents may result from the misuse, abuse, or mishandling of cylinders.
5.1.4.1
Cylinders should never be lifted by their valves since the valves are
not designed to take such stress. When the cylinder is not in use, the
valve shall be protected with the valve cap.
5.1.4.2
All valves must be fully closed before a cylinder is moved. Unless a
trolley or special carrier is used, regulators and hoses should be
detached from the cylinders, for moving.
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5.1.4.3
If cylinders are to be lifted by a crane, specially designed bottle
holders with lifting eyes should be used. Chain and wire rope slings
can allow cylinders to slip. Where a trolley is to be used for slinging,
its base should be strong enough to take the weight of the cylinders.
Do not lift a cylinder with an electromagnet.
5.1.4.4
Cylinders in transit on vehicles shall have valve caps in place and be
firmly secured to prevent movement. Cylinders shall be secured to
avoid any violent contact. Loading and unloading shall take place
carefully. Cylinders shall not be dropped, thrown, dragged, used as
rollers, or as a support. No damaged or defective cylinder shall be
used.
5.1.4.5
When in doubt as to the proper handling of a compressed gas cylinder
or its contents, the supplier of the gas, the Bottled Gas Coordinator
(Central Area Storehouse Department), or Loss Prevention Department
should be consulted. Depleted cylinders shall be returned to the
supplier with the valves closed and the valve protection caps in place.
Cylinders, even those marked empty, should be treated as a possible
hazard and handled with great care as they still contain some gas.
5.1.5
Inspecting Equipment
All equipment should be examined immediately before use and regularly
maintained. All welding operations shall be conducted in well ventilated areas.
5.1.5.1
Only soapy water should be used to check for leaks. Presence of a
leak is often indicated by a hissing sound or unusual changes in the
torch flame. Cylinders and valves should be kept clean. Valve sockets
shall be kept free of grit, dirt, grease or oil.
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5.1.5.2
Hoses should be used for one type of gas only and color coded for
identification. They should be examined before use for any signs of
splitting which might give rise to leakage. All connections should be
made by clips or crimps. The hoses used for acetylene and for oxy gen
shall not be interchangeable.
5.1.5.3
Connections and check valves should be regularly examined.
Equipment should be fitted with the correct pressure regulators and a
regular check should be made to ensure that the regulator is working
properly. The torch nozzle should be kept closed.
An acetylene cylinder valve wrench shall be available at all times for
the cylinder in use.
5.1.5.4
Means of torch ignition should be readily available. A friction lighter
shall be used for this purpose.
5.1.5.5
Acetylene can form explosive compounds in contact with certain
metals or alloys, particularly unalloyed copper or silver. Joint fittings
or lines made of copper should not be used and acetylene should not
be allowed to come into contact with copper pipe work or tubing. Only
approved materials shall be used for acetylene systems.
5.1.5.6
It is dangerous to let the torch flame come into contact with gas
cylinders or for the lighted torch itself to be left unattended. Torches
shall never be sat down while lit. It is equally dangerous to rest
blowpipes, even extinguished ones, on old drums. "Empty" drums
which have contained low flash point liquids are known to have
become lethal bombs when a hot welding torch was laid down on them.
5.1.5.7
Cylinders in use should be kept upright on a custom-built stand fitted
with a bracket to accommodate the hoses and equipment or otherwise
secured. The metal cap should be kept in place to protect the valve
when the cylinder is not connected for use.
5.1.6
Faults
It is not uncommon for minor "explosions" to occur during welding or cutting.
Most are more frightening than harmful, but some can lead to very dangerous
conditions.
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Corrective action:
Corrective action:
Corrective action:
Page 168
5.1.7
5.2
Voltage
The voltage across the welding arc is normally within the range 20-40V. The
voltage supplied, however, needs to be somewhat higher so that means of
stabilizing and regulating the arc current can be introduced into the circuit. Using
DC, a 60-80V supply will usually suffice. Using AC, an 80-85V supply will suffice
although some of the latest techniques need an open circuit voltage of up to 100V
between electrode and work. It should be remembered that a nominal 100V supply
has, in fact, a peak voltage of 141V.
For these reasons, DC should be used for welding operations in any situation
where the effect of electric shock is likely to be extreme, such as in damp and
confined spaces (tanks, boilers, etc.).
5.2.2
Weldi ng Connections
In each welding circuit there are three main connections:
1) the welding lead;
2) the welding return;
3) the welding ground.
5.2.2.1
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The welding lead is the conductor carrying the welding current from
the point of supply to the electrode holder.
5.2.2.2
The welding return is the conductor carrying the current back from the
work to the point of supply. Its conductivity should at least equal that
of the welding lead. The welding return should be used to ground the
metal case of the welding machine. This high current capacity is
essential, because all the current fed to the arc has to be conducted
back to the supply point. The current involved could be as high as 300
amperes on a hand welding operation.
5.2.2.3
A continuous welding ground is essential and indispensable for
conductors since electric currents as low as 50 milliamperes can be
fatal. The ground should be of low impedance so that there can be no
rise in the potential of the work and so that sufficient fault current
passes quickly enough to cut off the supply if necessary. It is
recommended that the welding ground be bonded to the ground of the
main supply system by a separate substantial conductor.
The frames of all fixed arc welding and cutting machines shall be
grounded either through a third wire in the cable containing the circuit
conductor or through a separate wire which is grounded at the source
of the current.
Welding grounds and returns should be securely attached to the work
by cable lugs, by clamps in the case of stranded conductors, or by
bolts for strip conductors. Bolts are unsatisfactory for stranded
conductors, since the strands can loosen under the bolt head and
become detached (see Manufacturers Grounding Specifications for
Electrically Powered Equipment and Engine Powered Equipment).
5.2.2.4
Welding cable insulation needs to be abrasion resistant to withstand
normal treatment over rough ground and the wear inflicted by foot and
vehicular traffic. Where feasible, cables should be additionally
protected by stringing overhead or by using cable covers. They
should be regularly examined for cuts or abrasions to the insulation;
damaged cable shall not be used. If joints become necessary, standard
plug and socket coupling shall be used. Holders should be unplugged
when not in use. If joints become necessary, standard plug and socket
couplings shall be used. Splices are not allowed in welding cables.
5.2.2.5
Electrode holders shall be constructed to accommodate all sizes of
electrodes and with an ejector for hot, spent stubs.
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5.2.2.6
A shield should be fitted between electrode holder and handle to
prevent live elements from being touched. The handle itself shall be
made of non-flammable insulating material and be free from joints or
holes.
5.2.2.7
5.3
Protective Measures
5.3.1
The need for the operator to take safety precautions and preventive measures
during the operation of welding machines to ensure that no safety-related incident
occurs cannot be overemphasized. The following is a list of precautions and
operating considerations to take into account when operating a 400 amp arc
welding machine, for example. All users are strongly encouraged to read the
equipment's operating manual to ensure reliable and safe operation.
1.
Keep all doors, covers and panels in place when operating the machine: the
arc welding machine is designed to operate with all its doors, covers and
panels in place. They ensure the optimum flow of cooling air, and removal of
these covers and panels will reduce the cooling of the engine and generator,
resulting in overheating and premature failure of the unit.
2.
Ensure that the engine protection push button 'pops out' when the engine is
switched off. Under normal circumstances, this button will 'pop out' once
the engine is switched off. However, if the unit becomes clogged with dirt,
dust or sand, it may not return to its 'off' position without assistance. If the
button remains depressed, it will quickly drain the unit's battery. The
resulting failure to start will delay your work while a new battery is fitted, a
'jump start' arranged, or a recharge cycle is completed.
3.
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combining sets of low capacity cables to reach a distant welding site can
greatly reduce the effective welding power available to the welding machine.
Larger-capacity cables must be used to reach distant sites, because of the
buildup of resistance from the extra length of the leads. Inadequate or weak
cable connections can also introduce sparking hazards, potential shorts to
ground, and extra resistance which reduces effective welding machine
capacity. Cable sizes and lengths must be as recommended by the
manufacturer, as follows (for 400 amp machine):
Combined length of electrode and
work cable
up to 150 feet
150-200 feet
200-250 feet
4.
When welding is in progress, the full length of cable must be stretched out
on the ground. Leaving the cable coiled on the machine alters the current
flow and disrupts the welding process.
5.
Do not adjust the 'current control' while welding is in progress. This can
damage the control.
5.3.2
Sparks and molten or hot metal coming from the work area can easily set fire to
combustible materials near or below the working area. Wherever possible, all
combustible material should be removed from the work area. If it cannot be
removed, it should be covered with fireproof material. Gas cylinders should be
protected from falling sparks.
5.3.3
Operators of arc welding equipment must always switch off the current to the
electrode holder and remove the electrode whenever it is to be set down and is not
actually in use.
5.3.4
When welding or cutting material that is supported by a crane, a shield or an
effective screen should be provided to protect the suspension ropes or chains.
Grounding cables shall only be connected to the work, not to the crane or rigging.
5.3.5
Forced ventilation shall be arranged wherever work is to be carried out in a
confined area. Suitable metal bins shall be provided for spent electrode stubs as
they are usually hot when discarded and can easily cause a fire. Dry chemical fire
extinguishers should be kept available while work is in progress. All completed
work should be marked "HOT".
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5.4
5.5
Confined Spaces
It is vital that forced ventilation be maintained in confined spaces at all times. Air line
respirators may be needed for men working inside such places. No gas cylinders should ever
be allowed into such an area. The hoses and equipment used inside must be in excellent
condition.
Where work in confined spaces has to take place over several days, the hoses and equipment
shall be taken outside overnight in case of any leakage that could occur, resulting in a build
up of gas. (See General And Civil II.1, Work Permit System. )
5.6
Personnel Protection
5.6.1
Helmets, welding hoods, and goggles are necessary to protect eyes and face
against heat and the effect of the intense light emitted by welding operations.
5.6.2
Goggles are required to protect the eyes of the welder from pieces of flying slag
chips during electric arc welding. They should be fitted with opaque side pieces.
These goggles should also be worn under the regular welding hoods.
5.6.3
Electric welding operations must be effectively screened to prevent nearby
personnel from being affected by harmful radiation. Screens should be made from
fire resistant materials or should be suitably treated with a fire resistant compound.
Screens should be designed and placed so as not to restrict the flow of air for
ventilation purposes.
5.6.4
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Gloves are necessary protection to the hands against heat, sparks, molten metal,
and radiation. Leather, suitably reinforced at points of maximum wear, is the
material most generally worn. Gloves should be long enough to protect wrists and
forearms. When gloves are not long enough, protective sleeves of similar materials
should be worn.
5.6.5
Safety boots and leggings are essential to provide effective protection against
heat, flying sparks, and falling metal. Pant cuffs shall never be worn inside of the
safety boot.
5.7
Health Hazards
Apart from the obvious hazards of physical burns, health hazards in welding operations fall
into two classes: hazards from radiant energy and hazards from dusts and fumes.
5.7.1
Radiant Energy
The process of welding produces radiant energy in the form of visible light, ultraviolet rays, and infrared rays. The risk of this energy harming the operator or other
personnel can be minimized by the proper use of protective clothing and shielding.
Exposure of the skin to infrared and ultraviolet rays can result in irritation and
burning. The risk of exposure is lessened by wearing protective clothing,
shielding, and distance.
Arc-eye or flash burn is a well known condition in welding operations and is due to
the eyes being exposed to ultraviolet rays. This condition is a superficial burn on
the outer layer of the eye.
The effects normally wear off within two days, and generally no permanent damage
is caused. The condition is, however, extremely painful and can easily be avoided
by the use of eye protective lens or shields.
Welding protective lens shall be tempered glass. Lens shall be distinctively marked
to identify approved lens shade.
Lens Shade Guide:
1. Arc Welding2. Torch Brazing3. Gas Welding-
5.7.2
10 to 14
3 to 6
4 to 8
Respiratory Effects
The risk of being gassed in normal welding operations is slight; however, when
working in confined areas, a forced ventilation system should be in operation to
remove any build up of hazardous gases.
5.7.2.1
Oxy-acetylene welding operations can cause the oxygen and nitrogen
of the air to unite to form nitrogen oxides. In well ventilated areas this
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does not cause any problems; however, in confined areas or where the
welder is working very close to the job, the amount of nitrogen oxides
breathed can rapidly reach toxic levels. The main problem with this gas
is that the welder does not appear to be affected at the time; the real
effects take place some 6 to 24 hours after exposure.
5.7.2.2
All welding operations produce quantities of ozone, a highly toxic gas.
In oxy -acetylene and electric arc welding, the amount produced is small
and providing adequate ventilation is used, the risk is negligible.
Significant and sometimes dangerous amounts of ozone can be formed
when inert gas shielded welding is being carried out.
There are many other dangers which can arise when welding or cutting
under specific conditions or on particular metals.
Hazardous
operations include: welding on manganese steel, galvanized material,
material which has been degreased or on material which has been
painted with lead, copper-bearing, or chromate-containing paint.
These problems must be recognized before the job starts, and safe
practices for dealing with them must be established.
Although welding cannot be regarded in general as an extremely
hazardous occupation, exposure to concentrated fumes may be
irritating and in some cases dangerous. It is essential that each
operation be analyzed before work starts and that the control measures
are correctly applied.
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GI 355.015
GI 475.001
GI 475.002
GI 610.001
GI 1183.215
GI 1310.00
Schedule 'D':
Saudi Aramco Safety, Health and Environmental Requirements
American National Standards:
ANSI A10.7-89
NFPA 495-90
I-730-86
Page 176
GI 7.025.
GI 7.026.
GI 7.029.
GI 7.030.
Schedule 'D':
Saudi Aramco Safety, Health and Environmental Requirements - Excavations
Crane Safety Handbook (Page 99)
National Safety Council Data Sheet:
Special Hazard Bulletin X128. Property Damage from Blasting, Pile Driving, and Similar
Sources
ASME Standard:
Section I
Section VII
7.1
Power Boilers
Pressure Vessels
Page 177
Location and nature of any underground services in the area, which should be checked
with the various departments through the Saudi Aramco Construction Engineer; then,
precisely located by careful hand digging, under competent supervision.
Where piling operations are within a restricted area, the proper Work Permits should be
obtained before any work is undertaken.
Competent supervision, experienced in piling operations, is essential for piling work.
Equipment of adequate capacity to perform the operation should be assembled. All
equipment must be carefully inspected before being used with particular attention to the
following. (See GI 7.030.)
7.1.1
Cranes
Cranes used for both lifting and piling operations should be of an adequate size
and capacity to perform the work safely. Where cranes are to be used for driving
raking piles with a drop hammer or driving piles below the level of the crane using
extended leaders, the hammer will be suspended from the crane at a greater radius
than the boom angle indicator will show. In all such cases, the distance of the
hammer from the center point of the crane must be calculated and this distance
used to ascertain the safe working load.
Outriggers, counterbalances, etc., shall be provided to maintain stability of the pile
driver rig.
7.1.2
Pile Gates
Sufficient timber or steel must be available for the construction of pile gates.
Proper ladder access must be provided to the pile gates, and where they are over
1.8 meters (6 feet) high, handrails or rigger's belts must be provided.
7.1.3
Inspection
Air compressors or steam boilers must be carefully examined and all hoses and
couplings checked both for leaks and general condition. All steam and air hoses
should be fitted with a regulator valve and a quick acting shut-off valve for
emergency.
7.1.4
Wedges
An adequate supply of hardwood wedges should be obtained for adjusting piles
while pitching. Softwood wedges are likely to split and must not be used.
7.1.5
Timber Block
Stop blocks shall be provided for the leads to prevent the hammer from being raised
against the head block.
Guards shall be provided across the top of the head block to prevent the cable from
jumping out of the sheaves.
Page 178
Fixed leads shall be provided with ladder and adequate attachment points so that
the loft worker may engage his safety belt lanyard to the leads. If loft platforms are
provided, they shall be protected with standard guardrails.
Steam/air hose leading to the hammer or jet pipe and all hoses shall be securely
attached with 1/4" chain or cable to prevent whip lash.
7.1.6
Ground Support
The ground upon which the crane or rig will stand should be firm and level. Digger
mats or a hard-core standing should be provided if the ground is likely to subside
under the high ground loading imposed by driving or extracting piles.
7.2
Driving Piles
7.2.1
Pitching
Piles should only be lifted and positioned in the pile gate or onto the leaders or rig
with sound lifting gear adequate for the purpose. Quick release shackles should be
examined before each use. Where hollow section or concrete piles are lifted with
chains or wire slings, timber or burlap packing should be placed between the lifting
gear and the pile. Adequate access, such as a cradle or a properly secured ladder,
must be provided for the topman when pitching sheet piles. The topman must wear
stout gloves when pitching.
7.2.2
Driving
Workmen should stand clear of the operation while driving is in progress. The
emergency shut-off valve and the crane or winch controls must be manned at all
times during driving. The foreman must be present and so positioned that he can
be seen by the crane or winch operator and the man standing by the valve. When
driving raking piles, the pile, leaders, and machine must all be in the same line.
Under no circumstances should any man touch the hammer until all valves are
closed. A system of signals must be arranged between the foreman, the winch or
crane operator, and the valve operator, so that the emergency shutdown does not
depend on verbal communication. Where the head of a pile becomes distorted
through driving, no attempt should be made to clear it from the leaders by lifting or
booming up. The pile head should be cut off and the debris cleared from the
leaders.
7.3
Pile Extraction
No attempt should be made to extract piles which have been hammer-driven by lifting or
booming up with a crane. A steam, air, or electric operated extractor should be used.
Particular attention should be paid to the extractor wedges and the condition of the gripping
faces, which should not be smooth. Workmen must not walk under piles that are suspended
from extractors.
Page 179
7.4
General Precautions
7.4.1
Men handling piles or working on piling operations should always wear safety
helmets, safety shoes, safety glasses, stout gloves, and be equipped with ear
protection, preferably of the muff type.
7.4.2
At the start of each shift, hammers and extractors should be carefully checked for
loose bolts, etc.
7.4.3
All other equipment should be inspected daily for defects.
7.4.4
Piling operations should never be undertaken except under competent supervision
and with a crew experienced in this class of work. Crane operators shall have a
valid Saudi Arab Government heavy equipment license and a valid Saudi Aramco
certificate (See GI 7.030).
7.4.5
Piling operations are a construction process with special hazards. In addition to
these special hazards, men are exposed to the hazards commonly associated with all
types of construction work, and precautions against these general hazards must
not be neglected.
Page 180
8.0 ROADWORKS
A contractor engaged in roadwork is not only responsible for the safety of his own men, he also has an
obligation to protect the public from potential construction hazards, during the day, at night and in all
weather conditions. Consequently, the marking of construction sites and the safe and efficient diversion
and control of traffic must be properly planned and executed. Road closure plans must be submitted to
Loss Prevention before roads are closed.
Failure to do this can have disastrous results.
INSTRUCTIONS AND STANDARDS
Saudi Aramco General Instructions:
GI 1021.000
GI 2.100
8.1
General
8.1.1
Saudi Aramco organizations can obtain barriers, lights, etc. from the Maintenance
Department during normal working hours. Contractors shall provide their own
barriers, lights, etc..
8.1.2
To avoid creating a traffic hazard, warning devices must not be put in place until
they are needed. They must be promptly removed when work is complete.
8.1.3
Activities which produce dust shall be kept to a minimum.
8.1.4
Permanent road signs and striping shall be restored before the roadway is returned
to service.
8.1.5
The surface of any highway, street, or sidewalk shall be level and in good condition
before any barriers and markers are removed.
8.1.6
Should there be any doubt as to the type of marking and protection required for
roadwork in any location, the Loss Prevention engineer for the area should be
consulted.
Page 181
8.1.7
A flagman, equipped with a safety vest and a red flag, shall be posted at least 50
meters (165 feet) from the work site at the entrance barricade and another flagman at
the exit barricade. It shall be the duty of the flagmen to control the flow of traffic in
a safe manner. Both flagmen shall be in sight of each other. If conditions do not
permit this, then a third man shall be positioned where he can see and be seen by
the other two men in order to signal them to start or stop traffic. Traffic control
signals shall be in accordance with GI 1021.000. At night, flagmen shall wear
light-reflecting vests and gloves, and use reflective signs or flags. Flagmen shall
be stationed in an illuminated area.
8.1.8
During darkness, the work area will be marked by lights spaced 10 meters (30 feet)
apart. Warning lights used in oil operations, industrial, or company housing areas
shall be weather proof and positioned 0.6 meter (2 feet) and 0.9 meter (3 feet) above
grade.
8.1.9
In addition to the foregoing, excavation work in residential areas shall be entirely
enclosed, covered over, or roped-off.
8.1.10
Excavations in sidewalks or areas of expected pedestrian traffic shall be provided
with close-planked walkways or bridges 0.9 meters (3 feet) wide and equipped with
standard guardrails.
8.2
Page 182
GI 6.020.
GI 8.001.
SAES -P-123.
Lighting Utilization
Schedule 'D':
Saudi Aramco Safety, Health and Environmental Requirements - Ladders; Scaffolding;
Personal Flotation Devices for Work Over, On or Near Water.
American National Standards Institute:
Uniform Building Code
ANSI A10.8 - 1988
Scaffolding-Safety Requirements
ANSI A14.1 - 1982./ANSI A14.1a- 1985
Ladders - Portable Wood Safety Requirements
ANSI A14.2 - 1990
Portable Metal Ladders
ANSI A14.3 - 1984
Ladders - Fixed-Safety Requirements
February 1993 - Construction Safety Manual: Working Places, Ladders, and Scaffolding
Page 183
9.1
Falls
Within Saudi Aramco, every working place shall be safe and of adequate
dimensions. Where men, tools, or materials could fall 1.8 meters (6 feet) or more, a
guardrail system (consisting of toprails and midrails) and toeboards shall be
provided. Should the provision of these safeguards be impracticable, other means
of preventing falls, such as safety belts, etc. shall be used. For further
information, see Personal Protective Equipment, Section I.9, (9.6.5 and 9.6.6) of this
Manual.
9.1.2
9.1.3
Lighting
Every working place and every means of getting to and from a working place shall
be provided with adequate lighting which shall be properly maintained. (See
SAES -P-123)
9.1.4
Prevention of Falls
Permanent decking, parts of a structure, walkways, footbridges, etc., which men
use in the course of their work or for a permanent or temporary access, shall be
provided with a guardrail system and toeboards (permanent or temporary) at all
edges from which men, tools, or materials could fall 1.8 meters (6 feet) or more.
Holes and gaps shall be guarded or securely covered. Stairs (permanent or
temporary) shall have all treads properly secured and shall be fitted with handrails
throughout their length and conform to the Uniform Building Code.
9.1.5
Ramps
Where the slope of a ramp exceeds 1 vertical to 4 horizontal, the ramp shall be
fitted with stepping cleats at 0.3 meter (1 foot) intervals. When a ramp is to be
used by the general public, its slope shall not exceed 1 vertical to 4 horizontal.
Handrails shall be provided.
Page 184
9.1.6
Falling Material
Where there is danger of men being struck by falling material, protective
coverings shall be erected or No. 18 gauge wire, 1/2 inch mesh or equivalent, shall
be securely fixed between the toeboard and midrail to prevent falling objects.
9.1.7
Hot Surfaces
Suitable precautions shall be taken to prevent men coming into contact with any
hot surface.
9.1.8
9.1.9
Roof Work
Where work is done on or from the roof of a building or structure, or where men
have to cross, work on, or work from fragile roofs or surfaces, adequate protection
in the form of crawling boards, roof ladders, or other suitable covering must be
provided to prevent men and materials falling from or through the roof.
Temporary guardrails shall be placed to prevent workers from falling. If roof work
is accomplished on pitched roofs with a slope greater than 1:4, workers shall be
equipped with safety belts that are securely anchored to the structure. During
storms or high winds, workers shall not be working on a roof or scaffold that is
exposed to the weather.
9.1.10
Insecure Structures
Unstable or weak structures shall be supported by guys, stays, supports, or other
fixings where necessary. If work being done is likely to reduce the stability of an
existing structure or building, bracing or other means of support shall be used.
Unstable structures shall not be left unsupported over night.
No wall sector which is more than one story in height, shall be permitted to stand
alone without lateral bracing, unless such wall was originally designed to do so
and is in a safe condition to be self-supporting. All walls shall be left in a stable
condition at the end of each shift by bracing support jacks, timbers and/or guywired, taking wind force and storm conditions into consideration.
Page 185
9.1.11
9.2
Selection
9.2.1.1
A ladder must be of the proper length for the job to be done. If it is to
be used for access or as a working place, it shall ris e to a height of 36
inches to 42 inches above the landing place or above the highest rung
to be reached by the feet of the man using the ladder.
9.2.1.2
Metal ladders, ladders with metal reinforced side rails, and ladders
which are wet shall not be used near electrical equipment with exposed
live conductors. Such ladders shall have a warning notice attached to
guard against use near electrical equipment.
9.2.1.3
Aluminum ladders shall not be used where there is a likelihood of
contact with materials harmful to aluminum, such as caustic liquids,
damp lime, wet cement, etc.
Page 186
9.2.2
Condition
9.2.2.1
Each ladder shall be examined before use. Those with split or broken
side rails, missing, broken, loose, decayed or damaged rungs or cleats,
or with other faulty equipment shall be tagged and removed from
service.
9.2.2.2
Rungs shall be properly mortised into side rails. Cleats shall be inset
by 2.25 centimeters (7/8 inch), or filler blocks used on the side rails
between the cleats. Cleats shall be uniformly spaced 30.5 centimeters
(1 foot) between centers.
9.2.3
Position
9.2.3.1
The side rails of a ladder shall be equally supported on a firm level
surface. Boxes, blocks, barrels, etc. shall not be used as a means of
support. The area at the base of a ladder must be kept clear. Ladders
shall not be used in a horizontal position as platforms, runways or
scaffolds.
9.2.3.2
Ladders shall not be supported on their rungs or cleats. Rungs or
cleats shall not be used to support planks.
9.2.3.3
Whenever possible, ladders shall be set at an angle of 75o to
horizontal ground (i.e., one meter out to four meters up).
9.2.3.4
Metal reinforcing shall be on the underside of the rungs and where
reinforcing is on only one side of the side rails, that too shall be on the
underside.
9.2.3.5
Both side rails of a ladder shall be evenly supported at the upper
resting place. Side rails must be securely tied off to prevent movement.
Where secure fixing is impracticable, other measures must be taken to
prevent movement by securing at the base, using side guys, or
stationing a man at the base. It must be understood, however, that a
man stationed at the base will be unable to control a ladder more than 6
meters (20 feet) in length.
Page 187
9.2.3.6
Where there is a possibility of a ladder being struck by moving
vehicles or equipment, a man should be placed on guard or a space at
the base should be securely fenced off. If a ladder is erected close to a
doorway, the door should either be locked, shut, or be secured in the
open position with a man on guard or properly barricaded.
9.2.3.7
Ladder landing places shall be provided at least every 9 meters (30
feet) of height and shall be fitted with a guardrail system and
toeboards. Holes in decking through which ladders pass shall only be
enough to permit passage of the man using the ladder.
9.2.3.8
A ladder should always be placed so that there is space behind each
rung or cleat for a proper foothold. There should be no obstruction in
the way of a man's foot, particularly at the landing platform. Here the
rung or cleat should be level with the platform.
9.2.3.9
Where ladders have to be suspended, both side rails shall be lashed
top and bottom so as to provide equal support. Where long ladders
are used, they shall also be lashed at the center to prevent lateral
movement.
9.2.4
Use
9.2.4.1
Where an extension ladder is used fully extended, the minimum overlap
depends on the extension ladder length, and overlap should be as
follows (examples):
9.75 to 10.97 meters (32 to 36 feet) = 1.22 meters (4 feet) overlap
10.97 to 14.63 meters (36 to 48 feet) = 1.52 meters (5 feet) overlap
Splicing or lashing ladders together shall not be permitted.
9.2.4.2
Before mounting a ladder, personnel shall check their shoes for
freedom from grease, oil or mud. They shall always step through, not
around, the rail extensions at the top of the ladder.
Page 188
9.2.4.3
Single rung and single cleat ladder should be used by only one man at
a time. When ascending or descending personnel shall face the ladder
and keep both hands on the ladder. Personnel shall not run up or
down or slide down a ladder at any time. The width of single cleat
ladders shall be at least 38.1 centimeters (15 inches) but not more than
50.8 centimeters (20 inches) between rails at the top.
9.2.4.4
Men ascending or descending ladders shall not carry tools and
materials in their hands. Tools may be carried in pockets or on special
belts provided there is no risk of injury and movement is not impaired.
Materials shall be raised or lowered using a handline after being
securely tied or placed in a basket.
9.2.4.5
A man working on or from a ladder must always have a secured
handhold and both feet on the same rung or cleat. If the work to be
done requires the use of both hands, a safety belt is required, securely
fixed to a dropline (life line). Only one person shall be on a ladder at a
time.
9.2.4.6
Job-made ladders shall be constructed for intended use. If a ladder is
to provide the only means of access or exit from a working area for 25
or more employees, or if simu ltaneous two-way traffic is expected, a
double cleat ladder shall be installed.
Double cleat ladders on Saudi Aramco construction sites shall not
exceed 4.5 meters (15 feet) in length.
Single cleat ladders shall not exceed 4.5 meters (15 feet) in length
between supports (base and top landing). If ladders are to connect
different landings, or if the length required exceeds this maximum
length, two or more separate ladders shall be used, offset with a
platform between each ladder. A guardrail system and toeboards shall
be erected on the exposed sides of the platforms.
5.08 by 10.16 centimeters (2 by 4 inches) lumber shall be used for side
rails of single cleat ladders up to 4.5 meters (15 feet) long.
5.08 by 10.16 centimeters (2 by 4 inches) lumber shall be used for side
and middle rails of double cleat ladders up to 3.6 meters (12 feet) in
length; 5.08 by 15.24 centimeters (2 by 6 inches) lumber for double
cleat ladders from 3.6 by 4.5 meters (12 to 15 feet) in length.
Wood cleats shall have the following minimum dimensions when made
of woods that meet ANSI requirements for ladders:
Page 189
LENGTH OF CLEAT
Up to and including
50.8 cm (20 inches)
Over 50.8 cm (20 in.) and up to
and including 76.20 cm (30 in.)
THICKNESS
1.9 cm (.75 in)
WIDTH
7.62 cm (3 in)
Stepladders
Generally, the foregoing remarks on selection, condition and use of ladders apply
equally to stepladders. The following requirements also apply:
9.2.5.1
To ensure stability, stepladders shall be spread to their fullest extent
limited by manufacturer's braces when in use. Whenever possible,
they should be placed at right angles to the work with either the front
or back facing the work.
9.2.5.2
Do not stand, climb or sit on the stepladder top, pail shelf, braces or
back section.
9.2.6
General
9.2.6.1
Ladders and stepladders shall be maintained in good condition at all
times. Joints shall be tight, all hardware and fittings shall be securely
attached, and movable parts shall operate freely without binding or
undue play.
9.2.6.2
Ladders and stepladders must not be painted.
Page 190
9.2.6.3
Where a ladder is carried by one man, the front end should be kept
high enough to clear men's heads and special care shall be taken at
corners and blind spots.
9.3
Scaffolding Components
9.3.1
All scaffold structures shall be erected with metal components approved per ANSI
requirements or equivalent. Scaffolds shall be stored to prevent damage and to
permit easy access for use. Scaffold erection plans (drawings) shall be submitted
to Loss Prevention Department for review prior to men being allowed to work on
the scaffold.
9.3.2
Tubing
Ordinary scaffold tubing is 4.8 centimeters (1-29/32 inches) in diameter and
nominal wall thickness 0.4 centimeter (5/32 inch) and is referred to as two-inch
nominal diameter tubing. It is mild steel and normally supplied in lengths of 6.4
meters (21 feet). Tubes must meet ANSI or equivalent requirements and must be
free from cracks and surface flaws, laminations, excessive rust and other defects.
The ends shall be cut square and cleanly. A tube shall not deviate from a straight
line by more than 1/600 of its length measured at the center of the tube length.
9.3.3
Aluminum Tubing
9.3.3.1
Although the aluminum tubing is dimensionally interchangeable with
steel tubing, it must not be used in the same structure; the difference in
the elastic modulus of the two materials results in greater deflection in
aluminum tubing for the same loading conditions.
9.3.3.2
Aluminum tubing shall not be used where there is likelihood of contact
with materials harmful to aluminum such as caustic liquids, damp lime,
wet cement and sea water.
9.3.4
Fittings
All fittings (couplers, clamps, etc.) shall be of a metal type approved to ANSI or
equivalent requirements. They shall be examined regularly and care must be taken
to ensure that moving parts are sound and well lubricated and that threads are not
stripped.
Page 191
9.3.5
9.3.6
Planks
9.3.6.1
Planks shall be of rough timber and graded as scaffold planks without
defects (2" x 9"), 5 centimeters (2 inches) thick by 23 centimeters (9
inches) wide, and shall conform to the following specifications:
1
On the face of the plank, the ends shall not be split up more than
30.5 centimeters (1 foot), without fixed banding or the end bolted
through.
On the face of the plank, not more than one third the width in any
one place shall be knot wood.
On the edge of the plank, not more than half the depth shall be
knot wood.
On the edge of the plank, the grain shall not cross from face-toface within a distance of less than 30.5 centimeters (1 foot).
From end-to-end, the plank must not be twisted by more than 1.3
centimeters (1/2 inch).
9.3.6.2
Page 192
Planks shall not be painted or treated in any way that would conceal
defects.
9.3.6.3
Planks which are split, decayed or warped shall not be used, but the
parts affected may be cut off to produce shorter planks with the ends
banded or bolted through.
9.3.6.4
Planks should be stacked on a suitable foundation. Where the height
of a stack exceeds 20 planks, measures should be taken to tie or bond
succeeding layers.
9.3.6.5
Planks should not be stood on end unattended.
9.3.6.6
Scaffold planks shall not be used for shuttering for concrete, shoring
for trenches, or as sills for scaffolding. Planks shall be inspected for
defects, including decay, prior to each use.
9.3.6.7
The design working load of each platform unit (i.e., plank) shall be
capable of supporting without failure one or more 91 kg (200 lb) person
with 22.7 kg (50 lb.) of equipment.
9.3.6.8
Platform units rated for one person capacity shall be designed and
constructed to carry 113.6 kg (250 lb.) at the center of the span.
9.3.6.9
Platform units rated for two persons shall be designed and constructed
to carry a working load of 227 kg (500 lb.) : 113.6 kg (250 lb.) placed at
0.46 meters (18 inches) to the left and right of the center of the span.
Page 193
9.3.6.10
Platform units rated for three persons shall designed and constructed
to carry a working load of 341 kg (750 lb.) : 113.6 kg (250 lb.) placed at
0.46 meters (18 inches) to the left and right of the center of the span,
and at the center of the span.
9.3.6.11
The design loads in sections 9.3.6.7 to 9.3.6.10 are not to be added to
uniformly distributed loads for light, medium and heavy duty scaffold
(i.e., 25, 50 and 75 lb./ft 2 respectively), but are shown as alternates.
9.3.6.12
Each platform, where applicable, shall be designed and constructed to
carry a uniformly distributed load as an alternate to the person loading
of 9.3.6.7 to 9.3.6.10. Uniformly distributed loads and person loading
are not cumulative and the most restrictive loading shall be used for
platform design.
9.3.6.13
Light, medium and heavy duty uniformly distributed load requirements
shall be 25, 50 and 75 pounds per square foot respectively. Greater
uniformly distributed loads shall be specially designed.
TABLE II.2: WOOD SCAFFOLD PLANK LOADING CHART
Permissible Span (ft)
Douglas Fir or
Spruce
Southern Pine
Rough Sawn
2 in x 10 in
1-7/8 in x 9-7/8 in
Nominal or
or
Loading Condition
2 in x 9 in
10 ft
8 ft
8 ft
7 ft
Three workers
5 ft
5 ft
Page 194
Page 195
9.4
Foundations
9.4.1.1
A sound base is essential; therefore, the ground or floor on which a
scaffold is going to stand must be carefully examined. Sand or madeup ground may need compacting to ensure there are no cavities. Such
bases as floors, roofs, etc. may need shoring from underneath.
Scaffolds, including components, shall be capable of supporting
without failure at least 4 times the maximum intended load.
9.4.1.2
Timber sills at least 23 centimeters (9 inches) wide by 3.8 centimeters
(1-1/2 inches) thick (not scaffold planks) will be required to spread the
load on sand, made up ground, asphalt pavement, wooden floors, and
slippery surfaces. A sill shall extend under at least two posts.
9.4.1.3
Where scaffolding is erected on a solid bearing such as rock or
concrete, small timber pads may be used in place of sills and nailed to
prevent the base plates sliding off.
9.4.1.4
Concrete blocks, barrels, and other loose or unsuitable material shall
not be used for the construction or support of scaffolding.
9.4.1.5
If used to compensate for variations in ground level, the screwjack
shall not be adjusted to more than two-thirds of the total length of the
thread. The base plate shall be of a type approved for supporting
scaffolding posts. (See manufacturer's specifications.)
9.4.2
Posts
9.4.2.1
Posts shall be pitched on 15 centimeters (6 inches) by 15 centimeters
(6 inch) steel base plates and at least 0.64 centimeter (1/4 inch) thick.
Joints in posts should be staggered, i.e., joints in adjacent posts
should not occur in the same lift. All posts shall be vertical.
9.4.2.2
The inner row of posts shall be placed as close as possible to the face
of the building or structure. To avoid projections, the posts may be up
Page 196
Runners
9.4.3.1
Runners shall be securely fixed to posts with standard couplers and
shall be horizontal. Joints in runners should be staggered, i.e., joints in
adjacent runners should not occur in the same bay. Runners should
be secured end-to-end by sleeve couplers, not by joint pins.
9.4.3.2
Runners shall be vertically spaced no more than 2.0 meters (6 feet, 6
inches) to give adequate headroom along the platforms.
9.4.4
Bearers
Bearers should be installed between posts and securely fixed to the posts bearing
on the runner coupler and secured with standard couplers. When coupled
directly to the runners, the coupler must be kept as close to the posts as possible.
These bearers must remain in position as they are a structural part of the scaffold.
9.4.5
Board Bearers
Board bearers shall be installed between bearers to accommodate differences in
plank lengths.
Board bearers shall be secured to the runners between bearers where necessary to
support platform units (planks). These may be removed when no longer required
to support platform units.
Page 197
9.4.6
Bracing
9.4.6.1
Cross bracing shall be installed across the width of the scaffold at least
every third set of posts horizontally and every fourth runner vertically.
Such bracing shall extend diagonally from the inner and outer runners
upward to the next outer and inner runners. These braces should be
fixed to the runners with standard couplers as close to the posts as
possible. Where such a fixing is impracticable, adjustable couplers
may be used to fix the braces to the posts. (See Figures II.23 and II.24.)
9.4.6.2
Longitudinal diagonal bracing shall be installed at approximately 45degree angle from near the base of the first outer post upward to the
extreme top of the scaffold. Where possible, such bracing shall be
duplicated at every fifth post. On short but high runs, diagonal
bracing shall be installed at an angle of 45 degrees from the base of the
first outer post to the last outer post and shall alternate directions to
the top of the scaffold. When bracing cannot be attached to the posts,
this bracing may be attached to the runners, as close as possible to the
posts. Only standard couplers or adjustable couplers may be used.
Joints in braces shall be made with end-to-end or parallel couplers.
9.4.6.3
Temporary rakers (inclined load-bearing tube supports) brace the
scaffold against the ground when setting out. These rakers are
replaced by permanent braces when the scaffold has been plumbed,
leveled and tied. Rakers must be secured with proper couplers at the
scaffold and coupled to a ground stake.
9.4.7
Ties
9.4.7.1
It is essential that all scaffolds, with the exception of certain tower and
mobile scaffolds (See 9.7 and 9.8), be securely tied to the building or
structure throughout their length and height to prevent movement of
the scaffold either towards or away from the building or structure.
This should be done by connecting a tie tube to both runners or posts
and coupling this to a two-way tie or column box tie assembly. (See
Figures II.25 and II.26.)
9.4.7.2
Where the foregoing is impracticable, tubes may be securely wedged
between opposing surfaces on the building or structure by the use of
reveal pins and coupled to the tie tubes (Figure II.27). Where reveal
ties are used, they shall not exceed 50% of the total number of ties.
Two-way ties or column box ties shall be evenly distributed over the
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Platform Units
9.4.8.1
All platform units (i.e., planks, fabricated decks, etc.) shall be closed
planked with, whenever practicable, each plank resting on at least three
supports. Planks shall extend over their end supports by not less than
15 centimeters (6 inches) and not more than 30.5 centimeters (12
inches).
9.4.8.2
Supports for scaffold planks shall be spaced with due regard to the
nature of the platform and the load it will bear. (See Table II.2.)
9.4.8.3
Except on platform units adjacent to the surface of a cylindrical or
spherical structure, planks shall be laid flush.
9.4.8.4
Planks shall be secured in position to prevent displacement by high
winds.
9.4.8.5
Adequate space for men to pass in safety shall be provided and
maintained wherever materials are placed on platform units or if any
higher platform is erected thereon.
9.4.8.6
Platform units shall be kept free of unnecessary obstructions,
materials, and projecting nails.
9.4.8.7
Platform units which have become slippery with oil or any other
substance shall be cleaned, or otherwise removed and replaced.
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9.4.8.8
Slopes in platform units shall not exceed 1 vertical to 4 horizontal and
stepping cleats at 0.3 meter (1 foot) intervals shall be provided.
9.4.8.9
All platform units shall be closed planked for the full width of the
scaffold structure.
9.4.9
9.4.10
Access
Access to a working platform is best achieved by providing a separate ladder
tower or a cantilevered access platform so as not to obstruct the working platform
and to minimize the risk of persons falling through gaps in the guardrail system or
platform units. Access must be provided to working platforms.
9.4.11
Scaffold Ladders
Scaffold ladders provide the means of access and egress for scaffolds. They can
generally be classified as follows:
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9.4.11.1
9.4.11.2
Vertical Ladder
A vertical ladder is a type of fixed ladder which is permanently
attached to the horizontal or vertical components of a scaffolding.
The main criteria to consider in the use of a vertical ladder is clearance.
The following clearance guidelines shall be used.
General:
Safe clearances shall be maintained to prevent workers from
bumping into, or snagging onto, projecting objects while
ascending or descending the ladder.
Climbing Side:
Ladders shall have a minimum clear perpendicular distance of 30
inches from the rungs to the nearest projecting object on the
climbing side. When unavoidable obstructions are encountered,
the minimum clearance distance may be reduced to 24 inches if
deflector plates are provided.
Side Clearance:
The minimum clear distance to the nearest fixed object shall be 15
inches on each side of the centerline of single rung ladders.
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Vertical Clearance:
The minimum vertical toe clearance from horizontal obstructions
shall be 1 1/2 inches below and 4 1/2 inches above the top edge of
the rung.
Multiple Ladders:
When two or more separate ladders are used with a landing
platform, the side-step distance shall be a minimum of 15 inches
from the centerline of the upper ladder to the near side of the lower
ladder.
9.4.12
Workmanship
9.4.12.1
Scaffolding shall be erected, altered, and dismantled by experienced
men working under the direction of a competent supervisor.
9.4.12.2
Posts shall be set accurately in place and checked vertically by using a
spirit level or by using vertical lines on the building or structure.
9.4.12.3
Scaffolding couplers should be tightened with proper scaffolding
spanners. The use of an ordinary spanner or tool giving greater
leverage could damage the screw threads and render the coupler
unserviceable.
9.4.12.4
Scaffolding materials shall not be thrown or dropped from heights.
9.4.13
Inspections
All scaffolds shall be inspected regularly by a competent Supervisor and after
adjustments, modifications, adverse weather conditions, etc. Erected scaffolds
and platforms should also be inspected continuously, by those using the scaffold,
to insure that the scaffold has not been altered and is in a safe working condition.
9.5
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9.5.1
To be erected, altered and dismantled by experienced men, under the direction of a
competent Supervisor.
9.5.2
Periodic inspections shall be made of all parts and accessories. Broken, bent,
altered, excessively rusted or otherwise structurally damaged frames or accessories
shall not be used.
9.5.3
All fabricated tubular frame and system scaffolding shall be constructed and
erected to support four times the maximum intended loads.
9.5.4
Scaffold posts shall be pitched on steel base plates and on timber sills or pads as
necessary. Screwjacks shall be used to compensate for variations in ground level.
9.5.5
Scaffolds shall be properly braced by cross braces and longitudinal diagonal
braces for securing vertical members together. The cross braces shall be of such
length as will automatically square and align vertical members so that the erected
scaffold is always plumb, square, and rigid. All brace connections shall be made
secure.
9.5.6
The frames or posts shall be placed one on top of the other with coupling or
stacking pins to ensure proper vertical alignment of the legs.
9.5.7
The frames and posts shall be locked together vertically by pins or other equivalent
suitable means.
9.5.8
Fabricated tubular frame and system scaffolding over 38 meters (125 feet) in height
shall be specially designed by a Professional Engineer. In Saudi Aramco, scaffold
heights are limited to a maximum height of 12.2 meters (40 feet), unless a scaffold
plan has been reviewed by the Area Loss Prevention Division representative prior
to construction. Scaffolds above 12.2 meters (40 feet) should be constructed using
scaffold contractors; however no scaffolds shall exceed 38.1 meters (125 feet)
unless the design has been reviewed by an Area Loss Prevention Division
representative, Consulting Services Department and approved by a qualified
engineer. (See also GI 8.001, section 6.1.1.)
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9.6
9.6.2
10 ft. 0 in.
6 ft. 0 in.
Working Levels
Maximum Height
125 ft.
125 ft.
91 ft. 0 in.
Platform
The platform between posts should be decked out with 23 centimeters
(9 inches) wide by 5.1 centimeters (2 inches) thick planks. Bearers may
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be cantilevered for use as brackets to carry not more than two planks
between the building and inner post.
9.6.2.3
Limitations
Light duty tube and coupler scaffolds erected in accordance with these
directions may be used up to a maximum height of 38.1 meters (125
feet) and limited to a uniformly distributed load of 25 lb./ft 2. Light duty
tube and coupler scaffolds departing from these directions shall be
specially designed or designed to a higher rating such as medium or
heavy duty.
9.6.3.
8 ft. 0 in.
6 ft. 0 in.
Working Levels
Maximum Height
125 ft
78 ft. 0 in.
Platform
The platform between posts should be decked out with 23 centimeters
(9 inches) wide by 5.1 centimeters (2 inches) thick planks. Bearers may
be cantilevered for use as brackets to carry not more than two planks
between the building and inner post.
9.6.3.3
Limitations
Medium duty tube and coupler scaffolds erected in accordance with
these directions may be used up to a maximum height of 38.1 meters
(125 feet) and limited to a uniformly distributed load of 50 lb./ft 2.
Medium duty tube and coupler scaffolds departing from these
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Bearers
Bearers on medium duty tube and coupler scaffolds shall be 6.35
centimeters (2.5 inches) outside diameter steel tube and of nominal wall
thickness of 0.4 centimeter (5/32 inch).
9.6.4
6 ft. 6 in.
6 ft. 0 in.
Working Levels
Maximum Height
125 ft.
Platform
The platform between the posts shall be decked out with 23
centimeters (9 inches) wide by 5.1 centimeters (2 inches) thick planks.
9.6.4.3
Limitations
Heavy duty tube and coupler scaffolds erected in accordance with
these directions may be used up to a maximum height of 38.1 meters
(125 feet). Heavy duty tube and coupler scaffolds departing from
these directions shall be specially designed.
9.6.4.4
Bearers
Bearers on heavy duty tube and coupler scaffolds shall be 6.35
centimeters (2.5 inches) outside diameter steel tube and be of nominal
wall thickness 0.4 centimeter (5/32 inch).
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9.7
General Requirements
For general requirements, see 9.4 and where a fabricated tubular frame or system
scaffolding is to be used, see 9.5.
9.7.2
9.7.3
9.7.4
Bracing
Sway bracing is necessary on all four elevations to the full height of the scaffold.
Plan bracing is also required at the base, at the top, and at every third lift to
prevent racking.
9.7.5
Ties
Free-standing tower scaffolds more than 9.8 meters (32 feet) in height shall be
adequately tied to a building or structure. Where tying to a building or structure
is impracticable, one of the following methods of ensuring stability shall be used
(see Figures II.33 to II.35):
1
2
3
The strength of the guy wires or of the anchorage used shall be calculated, having
due regard to the horizontal wind forces and other known forces which may be
applied to the tower. These calculations shall be reviewed by Loss Prevention
Department.
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9.7.6
Platform
The single working platform of a free-standing tower scaffold shall not project
beyond the base area and the platform unit(s) shall be securely fixed in position.
9.7.7
Access
Where the means of access to the working platform is outside the tower structure,
due consideration must be given to the effect of such means of access on the
stability of the scaffold. Where a sloping ladder would cause instability, a
securely fixed vertical ladder may be used.
9.7.8
Limitations
Free-standing tower scaffolds erected and used in accordance with these directions
and with one working platform may be used up to a maximum height of 12 meters
(40 feet) to the work platform. Free-standing tower scaffolds departing from these
directions shall be specially designed.
9.8
Foundations
Wheels or casters, not less than 12.7 centimeters (5 inches) in diameter, and fitted
with brakes, which cannot be released accidentally, shall be securely fixed to the
bases of the posts by lock pins or dowels.
A mobile tower scaffold shall only be used and moved on surfaces sufficiently
firm and level to ensure stability. Where the scaffold is to be used on a
suspended floor, it shall be designed to apply loads no greater than the bearing
capacity of the floor.
Temporary foundations or track laid on soft or uneven ground to facilitate the
erection and movement of the tower shall be constructed and anchored so that its
bearing capacity is not exceeded due to imposed loading from the tower. The
track shall be level and properly secured.
9.8.2
Operation
A mobile tower scaffold shall be moved only by pushing or pulling at the base.
Force must not be applied at a height greater than 1.4 meters (4 feet, 6 inches)
above the base. No men, equipment or materials shall be on the working platform
or elsewhere on the structure while it is in motion. Wheel brakes shall be applied
at all times when men are on the stationary mobile tower scaffold.
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9.8.3
Limitations
Mobile tower scaffolds, erected and used in accordance with these directions,
supported on four wheels and with one working platform, may be used up to a
maximum height of 12 meters (40 feet). Mobile tower scaffolds departing from
these directions shall be specially designed and properly secured (See 9.7.5).
9.9
Bracket Scaffolds
9.9.1.1
Brackets and bracket straps shall be constructed, fixed and erected in
accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
9.9.1.2
It is essential that the brackets, straps and welds are of sufficient
strength to support the weight of the scaffold, men, tools and
materials.
9.9.1.3
The bracket straps shall be welded to the wall of the tank by a certified
welder. The weld shall be a full 5 millimeters (3/16 inch) fillet. Prior to
welding on any tank, approval is required from Saudi Aramco
Consulting Services Department.
9.9.1.4
The weld shall be made with the same type of electrode as used for the
main tank weld joints. Before the bracket is attached to the strap, the
weld shall be inspected by a competent welding inspector or welding
supervisor who will approve and accept the weld.
9.9.1.5
Brackets shall be inspected prior to each use and damaged or defective
brackets shall be removed from service. Brackets shall be vertical and
horizontal spacing shall not exceed 2.5 meters (8 feet) on centers.
9.9.1.6
A rigid guardrail system and toeboards shall be securely fixed to the
uprights of the brackets (see Section 9.4.9). Alternatively, 3/8 inch
diameter wire ropes may be used in place of toprails and midrails
providing that they are securely fixed and kept taut by the use of turn
buckles.
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9.9.1.7
Whenever men are working, the platform shall be fully decked.
9.9.1.8
Excessive storage or accumulation of materials or platform units
(planks) shall not be permitted.
9.9.1.9
The scaffold shall be designed to support a minimum load of 1.2 kPa
(25 lb./sq. ft). No more than two persons shall occupy any given 2.5
meters (8 feet) of bracket scaffold at any one time. Tools and materials
shall not exceed 34 kg (75 lb.) in addition to person(s) occupying the
area.
9.10
Special Scaffolds
Scaffolds to suit special applications and those required for unusual heights or for use in
abnormal circumstances shall be of a special design, which has been reviewed by the Loss
Prevention Department as per the provisions of section 9.5.8.
Vehicle-mounted elevating and rotating aerial devices shall comply with ANSI A92.2-1990.
9.11
Scaffold Terminology
Where possible, the scaffold terminology used in this document is based on ANSI A10.81988: Scaffolding - Safety Requirements. A list of common ANSI scaffold terms is
included, and in brackets are equivalent British Standard (BS 5973: 1990 scaffold terms,
where an equivalent term exists.
(1)
Base Plate. A metal plate with a spigot or screwjack for distributing the load from a
post or other load bearing tube.
(2)
Bearer (Transom). A horizontal tube across runners to form the support for a platform
or to connect the outer posts to the inner posts.
(3)
Brace. A tube placed diagonally with respect to the vertical and horizontal members of
a scaffold and fixed to them to give stability.
(4)
Coupler. A device for locking together component parts of tube and coupler scaffold.
(5)
Design Load. The maximum intended load; that is, the total of all loads including the
worker(s), material and the equipment placed on the unit.
(6)
Dropline. A vertical line from a fixed anchorage, which is independent of the work
platform and its rigging, and to which the lanyard is affixed.
(7)
Fabricated Tubular Frame Scaffold. A system of tubular frames (panels) field erected
with bracing members.
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(8)
Guardrail System. A rail system erected along open sides and ends of platforms. The
rail system consists of a toprail and midrail and their supports.
(9)
Lanyard. A flexible line to secure the wearer of a body belt or harness to a dropline or
a fixed anchor.
(d)
(12) Midrail. A horizontal rail approximately midway between the toprail and platform of a
guardrail system.
(13) Plank. A wood board or fabricated component that is a flooring member.
(14) Platform. An elevated work surface composed of one or more platform units.
(15) Platform Unit. Individual wood planks, fabricated planks, fabricated decks, and
fabricated platforms.
(16) Post (Standard). Vertical scaffold tube that bears the weight of the structure.
(17) Putlog (Truss). A fabricated tube upon which the platform rests, the putlog has a
flattened end, to rest in or on part of the brickwork.
(18) Rated Load. The manufacturer's recommended maximum load.
(19) Runner (Ledger). A horizontal scaffold tube that extends from post to post, that
supports putlogs or bearers and that forms a tie between the posts.
(20) Scaffold. A temporary elevated or suspended work unit and its supporting structure
used for supporting worker(s) or materials, or both.
(21) Scaffold Access. A separate, attachable or built-in means of access to and from a
scaffold or work unit.
(22) Scaffold Deck 'Fabricated'. A work unit equipped with end hooks that engage the
scaffold bearer.
(23) Sill (Sole Plate). A timber, concrete or metal spreader used to distribute the load from a
post or base plate to the ground.
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(24) Tie. A device used between scaffold components and the building or structure to
enhance lateral stability.
(25) Toeboard. A barrier secured along the sides and the ends of a platform unit to guard
against the falling of material, tools and other loose objects.
(26) Toprail. The uppermost horizontal rail of a guardrail system.
(27) Tube and Coupler Scaffold. A scaffold system consisting of tubing that serves as
posts , bearers, braces, ties and runners; a base supporting the posts; and special
couplers that serve to connect the uprights and join the various members.
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FIGURE II.23: A TYPICAL INDEPENDENT TIED S CAFFOLD CONSTRUCTED USING TUBE AND COUPLER S CAFFOLDING
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February 1993 - Construction Safety Manual: Hand Tools And Power Tools
Page 221
10.1
Quality
The contractor shall ensure that the finest quality tools shall be provided for all
jobs where hand tools are used.
10.1.2
Cleanliness
The contractor shall ensure that hand tools are regularly cleaned and, where
necessary, lightly oiled as a protection against corrosion.
10.1.3
10.1.4
Selection
The majority of accidents are caused by using an incorrect tool for the job. It is
essential that the correct type, size, and weight of tool should be decided upon
before any work is carried out.
10.1.5
Electrical Risks
All uninsulated metal tools are conductors of electricity. Where work takes place
on or near electrical operations, only properly insulated and non-conductive tools
should be used. Insulation should be checked at regular intervals by a competent
electrician.
10.2
Screwdrivers
It is essential that a screwdriver has the correct size of tip to fit the slot of the
screw. If the screwdriver fits the screw correctly, the screw will be drawn into the
correct position without unnecessary force being applied. Over-tightening of
screws can lead to possible hand injury if the screwdriver slips.
Screwdriver shanks are not designed to withstand the twisting strain applied by a
pair of pliers or more grips in order to obtain additional leverage. On no account
should screwdriver handles be subjected to blows from a hammer or similar
instrument.
Screwdrivers should never be carried in the pockets of coveralls or other clothing.
A screwdriver can produce a serious wound.
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10.2.2
Hammer
It is essential that the right kind of hammer be selected for the job. Hammer handles
should be made from smooth timber or be made of an integral head and shaft of
steel. Hammer heads should be secured to wooden handles with proper wedges.
10.2.3
Chisels
Cutting edges should be kept sharp at all times, and the original shape and angle
should be maintained. Re-sharpened cold chis els should be suitably hardened and
tempered to maintain them in a safe working condition. The chisel heads will
mushroom in use. As soon as mushrooming is observed, the head should be
reground with a slight taper around the edge to prevent chipping and reduce the
tendency to re-mushroom. Eye protection should be worn at all times when a cold
chisel is used.
On jobs where it is necessary to use a sledge hammer for striking the chisel, the
chisel should be held by a second person using a pair of tongs.
Wood chisels should also be maintained in a sharp condition so that minimum
pressure is exerted when making a cut. If the chisel is to be struck, only a wooden
or soft mallet should be used.
10.2.4
10.2.5
10.2.6
Pipe Wrenches
Pipe wrenches must be large enough for the job, the jaw teeth must be kept clean
and sharp, and the knurl, pin, and spring should be kept free from damage. Pipe
wrenches should never be struck with a hammer, nor should they be used as a
hammer.
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10.2.7
Pliers
Pliers should only be used when there are no other tools for the job. They are
meant only for gripping around objects and should not be used as a wrench.
Care should be taken when cutting soft metal with pliers to ensure the scrap
portion does not fly off and cause injury. If wire is cut under tension, then long
handled pliers should be used. Where pliers are used for electrical work, they must
be fitted with insulated handles. All pliers should be kept free from dirt and grit,
and the movable parts should be lightly lubricated.
10.2.8
Jacks
Jacks should be marked with rated capacity and must be heavy enough and strong
enough to raise and maintain the load. They should be placed on a firm and solid
support, and the load should be positioned on the center line of the jack.
Once a load has been raised, it must be shored or blocked. The jack should never
be relied upon to hold the raised load in position by itself. Extreme care should be
taken when working under or near a raised load.
10.2.9
Hacksaws
The correct type of blade should be selected to suit the material to be cut. The
blade should be set in a hacksaw frame so that the teeth are pointing in the forward
direction, and sufficient tension should be applied to ensure blade is maintained
rigid.
10.2.10
Hand saws
Many kinds of woodworking hand saws are available, and care should be taken to
select the correct saw. All hand saws shall be regularly examined to ensure that the
saw teeth are properly set so as to avoid binding in the timber which can cause the
blade to buckle. The teeth should be kept sharp, clean, and lightly oiled. When the
saw is not in use, the blade should be protected by a slotted piece of timber or a
sheath.
Two-man saws should be operated by pulling only. The cut should be kept
straight to avoid the blade buckling. The cut should be wedged open to prevent
the timber from pinching the blade.
10.3
Quality
The contractor shall ensure that all portable power tools do not exceed 125 volts
rating, are manufactured of sound materials, and are free from defects and properly
grounded.
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10.3.2
10.4
Pneumatic Tools
10.4.1
General
10.4.1.1
An air compressor shall always be under the supervision of a
competent person. It should always be sited in such a place so as to
have adequate ventilation. Compressors shall not be permitted to
operate in confined spaces without the provision of adequate exhaust
ventilation.
10.4.1.2
All compressed air hoses shall be of the correct size to fit the tool
being used. Any joint in the hoses shall be made with a proper coupler
and secured by safety wire. The hose length shall be kept as short as
possible and placed so as not to be subjected to damage.
10.4.1.3
Pneumatic tools require clean air to operate efficiently. In every line
feeding a power tool, there shall be an adequate filter and lubricator.
10.4.1.4
During operation all air tools should be held firmly to prevent them
spinning and jumping. This pressure should be maintained during the
stopping process to prevent injury to the operator's feet and hands.
10.4.2
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Ear, eye and foot protection shall be required when working with this
type of equipment. See I.9 for other personal protective equipment
requirements.
10.4.2.2
Rock Drill
It is extremely important that the operator maintains a firm grip with
both hands and stands in a balanced position. Any other method of
using the tool can cause serious bodily injury.
10.4.2.3
Grinding Machine
This tool is probably the most misused of all the power tools. Care
should always be taken to ensure that the grinding wheel is free from
defect before mounting. Any defect may cause the wheel to
disintegrate as it gains momentum.
Only persons who have been instructed in the proper selection and
fitting of grinding wheels should be allowed to install wheels on tools.
The proper size and type of wheel should be fitted to the tool so that
the maximum permissible running speed of the spindle does not exceed
the maximum periphery speed displayed on the grinding wheel. No
grinding machine shall be used unless the maximum speed is clearly
marked on the case. All wheels shall be fitted with adequate guards in
conformance with ANSI B7-1-1988. (See Figure II.36.)
Floor stand and bench mounted abrasive wheels, used for external
grinding, shall be provided with safety guards (protection hoods). The
maximum angular exposure of the grinding wheel periphery and sides
shall be not more than 90o , except that when work requires contact
with the wheel below the horizontal plane of the spindle, the angular
exposure shall not exceed 125o . In either case, the exposure shall
begin not more than 65o above the horizontal plane of the spindle.
Safety guards shall be strong enough to withstand the effect of a
bursting wheel. (See Figures II.37 and II.38.)
Floor and bench-mounted grinders shall be provided with work rests
which are rigidly supported and readily adjustable. Such work rests
shall be kept at a distance not to exceed one-eighth inch from the
surface of the wheel. (See Figure II.37.)
Cut type wheels used for external grinding shall be protected by either
a revolving cup guard or a band type guard in accordance with the
provisions of the American National Standards Institute, B7.1-1988
Safety Code for the Use, Care, and Protection of Abrasive Wheels. All
other portable abrasive wheels used for external grinding, shall be
provided with safety guards (protection hoods) meeting the
requirements of this paragraph, except as follows:
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If the wheels are entirely within the work being ground while in
use.
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Dimensions
Grade
Structure
Bond
Maximum Speed
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Work rests shall be kept adjusted to the wheel with a maximum gap of 1/8 inch.
2.
Tongue guards shall be kept adjusted closely to the wheel with a maximum opening of
1/4 inch.
3.
The maximum angular exposure of the grinding wheel periphery should not exceed 90o.
This exposure shall begin at a point not more than 65o above the horizontal plane.
4.
Whenever the nature of the work requires contact with the wheel below the horizontal
plane, the exposure shall not exceed 125o .
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FIGURE II.38:
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10.5
General
Cartridge operated tools have a great advantage in that they can be used in almost
any situation without the inconvenience of trailing leads or hoses. However, it is
essential that these tools be operated only by properly trained personnel who are
over 18 years of age. The contractor shall ensure that each man required to operate
such a tool will undergo a thorough training period and be certified by the tool
vendor. Use of cartridge operated tools will be in accordance with Saudi Aramco
GI 2.100, ANSI A10.3-1985 and the manufacturer's specifications and shall be
subject to review and concurrence by the Loss Prevention Department.
10.5.2
Storage
Safe and secure storage for cartridges and tools must be provided on the job site.
Storage must be fire proof, dry, must be capable of being locked and should be
sited in a clear, but easily accessible location where constant supervision can be
maintained.
Cartridges and tools must not be stored together. A storage unit providing
positive physical separation of cartridges and tools (i.e., a wall or partition) is
required.
Warning to be posted where cartridges are stored: "DANGER - NO SMOKING
Cartridge Storage".
Ventilation must be provided in the store. Cartons of cartridges must not be
stacked against the wall and ventilation spaces must be left around the cartons.
Only one carton of each strength cartridge shall be open at any one time. All
empty cartons, and intermediate packing, must be removed at once.
Tools must be stored in their carrying cases. No loose cartridges must be in the
carrying cases; all cartridges must be in their color coded boxes.
Only authorized personnel must be allowed access to the store.
10.5.3
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10.5.5
10.5.6
Work Permits
Work Permits will not normally be required for use on job sites.
Where tools will be used in restricted areas (as defined in GI 2.100 Work Permits),
a Hot Work Permit must be obtained before work commences.
10.5.7
Use
No person may operate, clean, maintain or repair any cartridge tool without
possessing a certificate of competency which identifies the particular model that
person is qualified to handle.
The manufacturer's operating instructions must be followed at all times.
Page 232
Cartridges are manufactured in different calibers and strengths. There are three
sizes: .25 short, .27 short, and .27 long; and, four strengths, as follows:
POWER LEVEL
Low
Low/Medium
Medium/High
Extra High
NUMBER
3
4
5
6
COLOR CODE
Green
Yellow
Red
Purple/Black
LETTER CODE
L
LM
MH
EX
It is, therefore, imperative that the correct size and strength of cartridge required for
the tool, the fixing, and the material to be fixed onto be properly determined. A
wrongly sized cartridge will cause a stoppage or misfire.
Using a cartridge which is too powerful could cause a ricochet or a spalling or
fracture of the material.
The following General Safety and Operating Rules are common to all types of tools:
1
As soon as the tool is removed from its carrying case, check to make sure
that a cartridge is NOT LOADED.
Inspect the tool before use each day to ensure that it is complete, in good
condition (e.g., clean), and that the safety devices are in proper working
condition.
Any tool that is not in proper working order or that develops a defect during
use, shall be immediately withdrawn from service and not used until properly
repaired.
Tools shall not be loaded with a cartridge until just prior to the intended
firing time. When loading a tool, point it away from you and anyone else.
Never walk around with a loaded tool; load it where you are working. Never
leave the tool loaded when not in use. Loaded tools shall not be left
unattended.
Never try to operate the tool without the end of the barrel hard against the
fixing surface.
All tools shall be used with the correct shield, guard, or attachment
recommended by the manufacturer.
Fasteners shall not be driven into very hard or brittle materials including, but
not limited to, cast iron, glazed tile, surface hardened steel, glass blocks,
hollow tile, terra cotta, marble, granite, slate, etc.
Page 233
10.5.8
10
Pins must not be fired into corner bricks, mortar joints, and must be at least
four (4) inches (100 mm) away from the edge of concrete or brick work and
one-half inch (12 mm) from the edge of steel.
11
Ensure that the correct strength cartridge is used for the pin, fixing and
material involved. For the first, or test firing use the weakest cartridge. Too
strong a cartridge may result in over penetration, or the fastener may
rebound or ricochet.
12
The tool must be held at right angles to the job when firing.
13
In the event of a misfire, the tool should be re-triggered without moving the
tool from the work face. If the shot again fails, then the tool must be held
firmly in the firing position for at least 30 seconds to allow for a possible
"Hang Fire" in the cartridge. The removal of the misfired cartridge must be
as per the manufacturer's instructions. Do not use nails, knives, etc., to pry
the cartridge loose.
14
Recoil from firing can throw an operator off balance, especially when
working from ladders or scaffolds. Care must be taken to ensure that the
operator has a secure and safe work area. Safety belts should be used if
necessary.
15
Do not leave cartridges loose on the job site or in the carrying case or carry
them in your pockets. Cartridges are of the 'Rim Fire' type and could explode
accidentally if in receipt of a knock from a pin, fixing, or even a bunch of
keys.
16
Before returning the tool to the stores, ensure that it is clean and complete
and that all cartridges are in their correct color coded box.
Page 234
10.6
General
10.6.1.1
All electrically operated hand tools shall be rated and used at a voltage
not exceeding 125V to ground.
10.6.1.2
Before any electrical tool is used, a careful check shall be made by the
supervisor to ensure that the supply voltage is within the range
marked on the information plate on the tool. Ground Fault Circuit
Interrupters (GFCIs) are required for all 120 volt, single phase, 15 and
20 ampere receptacle outlets on construction sites which are not a part
of the permanent wiring system.
10.6.1.3
All electrical power hand tools shall be of the double insulated type or
properly grounded.
External metal parts of double insulated tools (drill chucks, saw blades,
etc.) are insulated from the electrified parts inside the tool and, under
normal conditions, contact with electrified parts of the tool does not
take place. However, under wet conditions, rain, condensation, high
humidity, damp locations, etc., the hazards are as great as with faulty
grounded tools. All electrical tools are hazardous when used damp or
wet, but with double insulated tools the moisture coupled with metal
dust, carbon dust, etc. can form a conductive path from inside the tool
to the surface through the ventilation holes or cracks. Since there is
no ground wire to carry this current away, the user can receive an
electric shock. Double insulated tools, like all electric tools, must be
kept dry and should not be used without a ground fault circuit
interrupter.
10.6.1.4
All tools shall be used with extension cords which are as short as
possible. All extension cords shall be fitted with grounding pin and
blades to fit the socket outlet on the distribution board. Extension
cords shall be of the three-wire conductor type. Plugs and sockets
must meet the National Electrical Code requirement with respect to
grounding and polarity.
Page 235
10.6.3
10.6.4
Grinders
All grinders shall be equipped with a protective guard which allows
only the working part of the wheel to be exposed. This guard must not
be removed.
Page 236
Drills
Care should be taken not to drill too large a hole at one time. Drilling
of large holes should be done in stages by using small bore drills and
gradually increasing the size as necessary. If this is not done, the drill
may bind on breakthrough, and the torque set up could twist the tool
against the user's wrist.
10.6.4.3
Saws
Hand operated circular saws shall be fitted with spring loaded guards
which allow only the working part of the blade to be exposed. (See
Figure II.42.)
Portable table saws shall be provided with adjustable guards, antikick-back devices, and push-type start/stop buttons within easy
reach of the operator. (See Figures II.43 and II.44.) Fixed table saws
shall be hard wired to an emergency electrical disconnect switch that
has the capability of locking out in addition to having start/stop
buttons at the operator's location, etc. Portable table saws must be
unplugged for repair, maintenance, or when not in use.
Where a provision is made for a table saw riving knife to be fitted, it
shall be kept clean and properly adjusted to the work at all times.
Push sticks must be provided and used when necessary on all bench
saws.
The work area shall be cleaned to prevent excessive build-up of
sawdust and scrap wood.
Operators shall wear eye and hearing protection.
10.6.4.4
Radial Saws
(Figure II.45)
Radial saws must be provided with:
Page 237
Page 238
Page 239
Page 240
*
Outer Ring Allowance
Ampacities
Of
Insulated
Conductors Rate 0-2000 Volts,
60o To 90o ("THWN" 75o C Cable
Temperature Ratings)
CMills = MM2
19735
Example 500 mcm AWS 500000 = 250MM2 (Reference N.E.C. Table 310-60)
19735
Page 241
Page 242
Table saws must be provided with a hood that covers the saw at all times.
Table saws used for ripping must be equipped with an anti-kickback device and
spreader.
The exposed part of the saw underneath the table must be guarded.
Table must be secured in position.
Guarded start/stop buttons shall be provided at the operator's position.
All fixed table saws shall be hard wired to an emergency electrical disconnect switch
capable of locking out the saw.
Page 243
FIGURE II.44:
Page 244
An upper hood to enclose the top portion of the blade down to a point that includes the
end of the saw arbor. The sides of the lower, exposed portion of the blade must be
guarded to the full diameter of the blade by a device that automatically adjusts to the
thickness of the stock being cut.
Anti-kickback dogs (on both sides of the saw) designed to provide adequate holding
power for all thicknesses of ripping stock.
An adjustable stop limiting the forward travel of the blade beyond the distance
necessary to complete the cut in repetitive operations.
A marking on the hood showing the direction of the saw rotation. In addition, a
permanent label must be affixed to the rear of the guard, reading: "DANGER. DO NOT
RIP OR PLOUGH FROM THIS END."
All fixed radial saws shall be hard wired to an emergency electrical disconnect switch
capable of locking out the saw.
February 1993 - Construction Safety Manual: Hand Tools And Power Tools
Page 245
No person should be employed on a woodworking machine who has not been trained and instructed
in its operation.
Duties Of Employed Persons:
Employees using woodworking machines must use and keep properly adjusted guards and other
safety devices and use push sticks, jigs, holders and backstops provided.
Working Environment:
Sufficient space to be provided around machine to allow work without risk of injury.
Floors to be level, in good condition, free of loose material, and not slippery.
Guards:
Guards to be of substantial construction, properly secured and adjusted, and constantly in position
while cutters are in motion.
Top Guard:
Adjusted to extend from top of riving knife to a point as close as practicable to the surface of the
material being cut; or to a point not more than 12 mm above the material being cut where squared
stock is being hand held.
Bottom Guard:
Must be available for use on every hand-fed circular saw, and used to feed materiala) throughout any cut of 300 mm or less
b) during the last 300 mm of any cut more than 300 mm in length
Push sticks should also be used to remove cut material from between the saw blade and the
fence.
Page 246
Page 247
Date
Issued
Cartridge Quantity
Returned
Returned
Used
Unused
Returned
Unexploded
Tool
Issued
Received By
Cert No.
Name/
Signature
Remarks
(Type/MDL)
Warning: Above items can only be issued to workers with valid training certificate
Issued By
Storekeeper:
Page 248
Safety Officer:
Page 249
GI 6.021
GI 8.003
Breathing Apparatus
Noise
SAES -B-067
SAES -H-102
Steel Structures Painting Council. Steel Structures Painting Manual, Volumes 1 and 2.
United States of America Code of Federal Regulations, 29 CFR 1910.1000 Air Contaminants.
11.1
Flammable Materials
In paint systems, it is normally the organic solvent vapor that is flammable. In the
Saudi Aramco paint system, all the solvents (except for the water based paints)
present a fire hazard.
11.1.2
11.1.3
Page 250
the area near opened solvent containers and near the nozzle of a spray painting
gun in operation.
11.1.4
Fire Precautions
Solvents in paints constitute a significant fire and explosion hazard when in the
presence of ignition sources. No painting should be carried out within 75 feet of
potential ignition sources, e.g., welding, flame-cutting, smoking areas, or sparking
tools, unless conditions warrant greater clearance.
Ventilation equipment should be used to maintain a maximum level of solvent
concentration, typically below 10% of the LEL.
All electrical lighting and equipment shall be explosion-proof when required in
areas where solvent vapors are likely to be present.
All electrical equipment such as switches, panel boards, electrical motors and
associated equipment must be de-energized before spray painting to eliminate
explosion hazards.
Solvents and solvent based paints shall not be applied to surfaces exceeding Saudi
Arabia summer ambient temperatures.
The use and storage of flammable paints and solvents shall be kept to restricted
areas and these areas should be suitably marked with the appropriate warning
signs. Flammable paints should be kept in a special building or in a sun shelter.
Fire extinguishers should be located at the work area and the area Loss Prevention
representative/Fire Chief shall agree upon their suitability.
Work areas should be kept as clean as practicably possible.
11.2
Toxic Materials
The most abundant toxic materials found in paints and coatings are solvents.
Other toxic materials in paints include pigments (lead), binders (epoxies, polyesters)
and additives (organotin). Also, dust from cleaning operations or application of
the paint can generate toxic materials. These toxic materials can enter the body
through breathing, ingestion or skin absorption. Most solvents are toxic to some
degree depending on exposure. The degree of toxicity can be measured by the
Permissible
Exposure
Limit
(PEL)
expressed
as
parts
per
Page 251
million (ppm) or milligrams of particulate per cubic meter (mg/M3) of solvent in air
over an exposure of 8 hours a day five days a week with no ill effects.
11.2.2
Dermatitic Materials
Dermatitic materials irritate the skin which, if left untreated, can cause infections or
ulceration.
Solvents have a tendency to dissolve and remove natural oils and fats from skin.
Certain binders such as epoxy resins may also irritate the skin.
Other chemicals used in paint related work should be handled with care (e.g. paint
removers, acid and alkaline cleaners).
11.2.3
11.3
Identify and seal all toxic and dermatitic materials when not in use.
Adequately ventilate all painting areas and provide National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Mine Safety and Health
Administration (MSHA)-approved or equivalent respiratory protection
where necessary. All workmen spray painting shall wear chemical cartridge
respirators or airline hoods depending upon the hazards of the paint.
Wear the appropriate personnel protective equipment for the work being
carried out.
Avoid touching any part of the body and wear protective equipment (e.g.
gloves, Tywag suits, etc.) when handling dermatitic materials. Personnel
involved in painting shall wash thoroughly before eating and at the end of
the day.
Page 252
11.4
BBL
100
500
1000
5000
10000
25000 +
cfm
1000
2500
5000
10000
15000
20000
Surface Preparation
Equipment and materials that are used in surface preparation for paints and coatings can be
hazardous if used carelessly. There are several methods for preparing surfaces and these
include:
Blast cleaning where abrasives in the form of sand, iron shot, grit, slag, etc. are used.
Other types of blast cleaning use high pressure water or steam.
Hand or power tool cleaning includes grinders, sanders, rotary wire brushes, impact
tools, chisels, hammers.
Page 253
11.4.1
11.4.2
11.4.3
Page 254
11.4.4
Chemical Cleaning
This section is concerned with four types of chemical cleaners (organic solvents,
alkalines, acids and detergents) used to assist in the removal of surface
contaminants such as light oils, greases and rust.
Solvents such as kerosene, mineral spirits, and turpentine are used to dissolve and
remove oil contaminants. Hazards associated with solvents include their
flammable, toxic and dermatitic characteristics. Safety precautions regarding these
solvents are included in sections 11.1 and 11.2.
Alkaline cleaners are composed of highly alkaline salts with wetting agents and/or
soaps. They function by wetting, emulsifying, dispersing and solubilizing surface
contaminants, and are generally used at elevated temperatures.
Acid cleaners are generally composed of strong acids. They remove contaminants
by chemical attack and are primarily used to remove metal scales such as rust.
Detergent cleaners are comparable to alkaline cleaners except they are generally
used at low temperatures (60 to 100 degrees Celsius).
For all of the above chemical cleaners, personal safety precautions must be taken to
protect personnel from materials and conditions that present fire hazards or cause
personnel to experience dermatitic or toxic effects (such as inhalation effects, skin
burns, or eye irritants).
When using chemical cleaners, appropriate eye and body wash facilities shall be
available in the immediate area to minimize the effects of chemical burns in the
event of an accident.
Chemical cleaning agents such as solvents shall not be used for cleaning
personnel.
The following solvents shall not be used for cleaning purposes due to the very
toxic nature:
benzene, gasoline, carbon tetrachloride, and chlorinated
hydrocarbons.
11.4.5
Page 255
Equipment such as blast guns and power tools must have automatic controls that
shut off the flow of abrasive and propellant if for any reason the operator releases
the control switch.
Power tools should be properly grounded to prevent electric shock.
All manufacturers recommendations on protective guards shall be implemented.
Fire and explosion hazards always exist when using solvents, especially in confined
areas. Adequate ventilation must be provided.
11.5
Page 256
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT
TO BE WORN
(Outside) See key
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT TO BE WORN
(Confined space) See key
3,4,5,9,10,11
3,4,9,10,11
1,9,10,11
3,4,5,9,10,11
3,4,5,9,10,11
4,7,10,11
1,8,9,10,11
1,8,9,10,11
3,4,5,8,9,10,11
1,4,7,10,11
2,4,6,10,11
1,6,10,11
2,5,6,10,11
2,5,6,10,11
1,5,6,10,11
1,5,6,10,11
2,5,6,10,11
1,5,6,10,11
2,5,6,10,11
2,5,6,10,11
1,5,6,10,11
1,5,6,10,11
4,6,10,11
2,4,6,10,11
6,10,11
6,10,11
2,6,10,11
4,6,10,11
6,10,11
2,6,10,11
6,10,11
6,10,11
2,6,10,11
6,10,11
Surface preparation
Hand or power tool operations
Abrasive blast cleaning
Operator
Other workmen in the vicinity
Hydroblast and steam cleaning
Chemical cleaning
Paint application (spray)
Epoxy and coal tar epoxy
(SAPCS - 1,2 and 3)
Alkyd (SAPCS - 4 and 6)
Inorganic zinc
(SAPCS -1A, 11A and 17)
Chlorinated rubber
(SAPCS - 9)
Bituminous (SAPCS - 10)
Polyurethane (SAPCS - 25)
Paint application (brush)
Epoxy and coal tar epoxy
(SAPCS - 1,2 and 3)
Alkyd (SAPCS - 4 and 6)
Inorganic zinc
(SAPCS -1A, 11A and 17)
Chlorinated rubber
(SAPCS - 9)
Bituminous (SAPCS - 10)
Polyurethane (SAPCS - 25)
Note:
Safety belts / harnesses shall be used when these operations are performed above ground levels
(1.82 m - 6 ft or more) if a guard rail system is not in place, and / or in confined spaces.
The workman should always refer to the MSDS for complete details.
Page 257
11.6
OSHA-approved, respirable air fed hood and filter, SAMS No. 21-444-934
Respirator; chemical cartridge, SAMS No. 21-370-800/810/820
Dust respirator, SAMS No. 21-370-500
Face shield (1), SAMS No. 21-426-121
Goggles, safety impact, SAMS No. 21-434-249
Gloves, SAMS No. 21-432-XXX
Gloves; rubber, SAMS No. 21-432-630
Ear protection, SAMS No. 21-327-110
Gloves (leather and fabric), SAMS No. 21-432-353
Helmets (hard hats), SAMS No. 21-441-055 (MSA) / SAMS No. 21-441-050 (American
Optical)
Safety Shoes, SAMS Nos. 21-472-200 / 21-472-221 / 21-472-300 / 21-472-350
Paint Application
There are numerous hazards associated with paint application and this section is concerned
with air and airless spraying, together with brush and roller painting.
11.6.1
Paint Materials
The majority of paint solvents, many pigments and some binders are toxic in
addition to having potential dermatitic hazards. Refer to the Material Safety Data
Sheet (MSDS) for information concerning the hazards associated with their use.
In that, solvent based painting materials also present a fire and explosion hazards,
painting shall not be carried out near an ignition source. Also, additional care
should be taken to provide adequate ventilation in confined spaces.
Spraying paint using air or airless systems can be very hazardous and should only
be used by trained operators.
11.6.2
Page 258
Before using airless spray equipment, all guards recommended by the manufacturer
shall be in place and the system shall be in good order and correctly grounded to
prevent static build-up.
Prompt professional medical aid shall be available to any person receiving paint
injuries.
The area around spray painting activity should be enclosed by hardboard fence or
equivalent to protect outside personnel from paint over spray.
11.7
11.8
Tarring Operations
Tarring operations are commonly used in roof work, and hazards associated with this type of
work include body burns, fire and toxicity. Precautions that are required for tar operations
include:
The heating of tar shall not be carried out on roof tops or in similar potentially
hazardous locations.
Tar heating operations shall be carried out using approved fuel gas in the correct
cylinders. The heating operations shall be at ground level and at a minimum distance of
4.5 m (15 feet) away from fuel gas cylinders, buildings or similar structures.
The transferring of hot tar to its required location shall be carried out using the safest
mode of transport available (preferably pumped). Lifting of hot asphalt in buckets is not
allowed.
The temperature of the asphalt shall be monitored with a temperature gauge and must
not exceed 4500F at any time during the tarring operations.
In addition to personal protective equipment (safety shoes, safety glasses and hard hats), the
following shall be provided for all personnel directly involved in tar operations: face shields,
leather gloves, cotton overalls, and heat resistant aprons. Also, respiration protection may
be required in confined spaces.
11.9
Page 259
Colors - All color coding shall conform to the requirements in SAES -B-067: Safety
Identification and Color-Coding. Colors reserved for safety use within Saudi Aramco
are red, green, yellow and black, orange and blue. Some equipment identified by color
coding that may be required by painters include:
Fire protection: red.
Emergency stops: red.
Danger signs: red.
Emergency safety equipment and instructions (eye wash, showers, first aid): green.
Hazards (physical and radioactive): yellow/black.
Potable water: blue.
Breathing Air - Before breathing air used for respiration purposes, it must be checked to
ensure it meets the quality requirements referenced in GI 8.003. Once compressors
providing breathing air have conformed to the requirements of GI 8.003, they shall be
re-tested every quarter to ensure that air quality remains satisfactory.
Personal Protective Equipment - Depending on the work being carried out and its
location, appropriate personal protective equipment must be worn that meets both the
manufacturers requirements and those of Saudi Aramco. Personal protective equipment
shall be in good condition.
Blast Cleaning - Abrasive blast cleaning equipment and abrasive materials shall be
suitable for the work to be carried out; substandard products will be removed from
Saudi Aramco facilities.
Signs and Barricades - Areas where hazardous work is being carried out (such as
abrasive blast cleaning and airless spraying) shall be suitably barricaded to keep
personnel out of the hazardous area, or the timing of the work shall be such that only
the work crew doing the job is present at the site, or a lookout is posted around the site.
Warning signs shall be posted in hazardous areas with suitable warnings of the
potential dangers (i.e., "No entry, sand blasting in progress").
Paints and Solvents - The amount of paints and solvents stored at the site shall be
restricted to a day's requirements. Bulk storage of paints and solvents shall be in a
designated, well marked safe area away from the work area and protected from the sun's
heat.
Work Permits - The Saudi Aramco work permit system shall always be used where
necessary for all aspects of paints and coatings (reference GI 2.100).
Equipment - Before any equipment is used, operators and assistants shall be trained on
the equipment's use and operation. Also, the equipment shall be in good working order,
have an automatic shut-off system and all safety guards installed.
Personal Health - Personnel involved with using paints, solvents and cleaning
equipment (i.e., sand blasting) shall be in good health and have medical examinations by
professional medical staff at least every two years.
Page 260
Assistants - No one shall work alone in hazardous areas. An assistant shall always be
available or the "buddy" system used.
Page 261
General
All equipment and materials used in concrete construction and masonry work shall meet the
applicable requirements for design, construction, inspection, testing, maintenance, and
operations.
12.2
Reinforcing Steel
Employees working more than 1.8 meters (6 feet) above any adjacent working surfaces,
placing and tying reinforcing steel in walls, piers, columns, etc., shall be provided with proper
work platforms with a guardrail system. When work is to be accomplished outside a work
platform, a safety belt shall be worn that is securely fixed to a dropline or anchor.
Employees shall not be permitted to work above vertically protruding reinforcing steel unless
it has been bent over or capped.
Guying: Reinforcing steel for walls, piers, columns, and similar vertical form work structures
shall be guyed and supported to prevent collapse and to guard against possible wind
pressures.
Wire mesh rolls: Wire mesh rolls shall be secured at each end to prevent dangerous
recoiling action.
12.3
12.4
Concrete Placement
12.4.1
Concrete Mixers
Concrete mixers equipped with 0.75 cubic meter (1 cubic yard) or larger loading
skips shall be equipped with a mechanical device to clear the skip of concrete.
12.4.2
Guardrails
Mixers of 0.75 cubic meter (1 cubic yard) capacity or greater shall be equipped with
protective guardrails installed on each side of the skip.
12.4.3
Bull Floats
Handles on bull floats, used where they may contact energized electrical
conductors, shall be constructed of non-conductive material, or insulated with a
non-conductive sheath whose electrical and mechanical characteristics provide the
equivalent protection to a handle constructed of non-conductive material.
February 1993 - Construction Safety Manual: Concrete, Concrete Forms And Shoring
Page 262
12.4.4
12.4.5
Concrete Buggies
Handles of buggies shall not extend beyond the wheels on either side of the
buggy. Installation of knuckle guards on buggy handles is recommended to
protect the hands.
12.4.6
Pumpcrete Systems
Pumpcrete or similar systems using discharge pipes shall be provided with pipe
supports designed for 100 percent overload. Compressed air hose in such systems
shall be provided with positive fail-safe joint connectors to prevent separation of
sections when pressurized.
12.4.7
Concrete Buckets
Concrete buckets equipped with hydraulic or pneumatically operated gates shall
have positive safety latches or similar safety devices installed. Prevent aggregate
and loose material from accumulating on the top and sides of the bucket.
Riding of concrete buckets for any purpose shall be prohibited, and vibrator crews
shall be kept out from under concrete buckets suspended from cranes or cable
ways.
12.4.8
Discharging on Slope
When discharging on a slope, the wheels of ready-mix trucks shall be blocked and
the brakes set to prevent movement.
12.4.9
12.4.10
Pneumatic Hose
Nozzleman applying a cement, sand, and water mixture through a pneumatic hose
shall be required to wear protective head and face equipment.
12.5
Vertical Shoring
12.5.1
General Requirements
When temporary storage of reinforcing rods, material, or equipment on top of form
work becomes necessary, these areas shall be strengthened, shored to meet the
intended loads.
Page 263
The sills for shoring shall be sound, rigid, and capable of carrying the maximum
intended load.
All shoring equipment shall be inspected prior to erection to determine that it is as
specified in the shoring layout. Any equipment found to be damaged shall not be
used for shoring.
Erected shoring equipment shall be inspected immediately prior to and immediately
after the placement of concrete. Any shoring equipment that is found to be
damaged or weakened shall be immediately reinforced or re-shored.
Re-shoring shall be provided when necessary to safely support slabs and beams
after stripping, or where such members are subjected to superimposed loads due to
construction work done.
12.5.2
12.6
General Provisions
Form work and shoring shall be designed, erected, supported, braced, and
maintained so that it will safely support all vertical and lateral loads that may be
imposed upon it during placement of concrete.
Personnel shall not be allowed under or in close proximity of the form work during
pour operations.
Personnel not engaged in the pour operation shall stay clear of the pour area. A
clear area shall be maintained at 1-1/2 times the highest point of the form work.
Drawings or plans showing the jack layout, form work, shoring, working decks, and
scaffolding, shall be available at the job site.
Page 264
Stripped forms and shoring shall be removed and stockpiled promptly after
stripping, in all areas in which persons are required to work or pass. Protruding
nails, wire ties, and other form accessories not necessary to subsequent work shall
be pulled, cut, or other means taken to eliminate the hazard.
Imposition of any construction loads on the partially completed structure shall not
be permitted unless such loading has been considered in the design and approved
by the engineer-architect.
12.6.2
12.6.3
Page 265
12.6.4
Page 266
February 1993 - Construction Safety Manual - III. Mechanical Equipm ent And Materials
Page 267
GI 2.702.
GI 6.029.
GI 7.024.
GI 7.025.
GI 7.026.
GI 7.027.
GI 7.028.
GI 7.029.
GI 7.030.
Inspection and Testing of Cranes, Elevators, Powered Platforms, and Mobile Aerial
Baskets
1.808.
Operating Cranes
API SPEC 2D
Page 268
Safety Requirements
ANSI 30.2.
ANSI B30.3.
ANSI B30.4.
ANSI B30.5.
ASME B30.6.
Derricks
ASME B30.8.
ASME B30.14.
ANSI B30.16.
Overhead Hoists
ANSI B30.22.
1.1
Competent Person
A competent person is a person who, by possession of a recognized pertinent degree or
certificate of professional standing, or who by extensive knowledge, training and experience
has successfully demonstrated the ability to solve or resolve problems relating to safe crane
operations and procedures (e.g. Rigger Technician, Crane and Rigging Specialist, etc.). A
competent person shall supervise all lifts.
1.2
Crane radius
Boom length
Safe working limits of the crane (load chart)
Weight of the load
Ground and site conditions
Placement of the crane
Swing and tail clearances
Necessary communication to be used
Page 269
One competent person shall be placed in charge of the lift with the responsibility of
explaining in detail, the duties of all involved in the lift before the actual lift commences. The
outriggers must be fully extended prior to the lift, and the rubber tires must be off the ground
(see Figure III.2, Crane Lift Plan).
Cranes shall have a valid Crane Safety inspection sticker issued by the Saudi Aramco Crane,
Communication, and Facilities Inspection Unit. (See GI 7.030.)
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
Page 270
OPERATOR:
OUTRIGGERS:
FULLY EXTENDED
LEVEL GROUND
COMPACT SOIL
HEAVY PAD SUPPORTS
LOCKING PINS/LOCKS SET
NO HYDRAULIC LEAKS
NO DAMAGE
GOOD CONDITION
WHEELS OFF THE GROUND
OPERATION:
RIGGING:
NO SHADES/CURTAINS IN CAB
LOAD CHARTS IN CAB
CLEAR VISIBILITY
WIND, ABOVE 20 m/h (32 km/h), NO GO
DO NOT OPERATE DURING STORMS AND AT NIGHT
LIGHTNING, NO GO
BARRICADE CRANE CAB SWING AREA
TAG LINES IN USE
CLEAR OVERHEAD POWER LINES
CLEAR AREA OF PERSONNEL 1-1/2 x BOOM LENGTHS
NO LIFTS OVER WORKERS OR CRITICAL PROPERTY
TRIAL LIFT, FLOAT LOAD ONE METER OFF GROUND TO CHECK BALANCE
CLEAR VIEW OF SIGNAL MAN (RIGGER)
DO NOT PULL LOADS WITH CRANE
LOAD RADIUS INDICATOR
MAN LIFT WORK PERMIT
ANTI-TWO BLOCK OPERATIONAL
LMI (LOAD MOMENT INDICATOR) OPERATIONAL
Page 271
TRAVELING:
BLOCK SECURED
TIRES PROPERLY INFLATED AND IN GOOD CONDITION
BRAKE LIGHTS, SIGNALS, MIRRORS, HORN OPERATIONAL
ROUTE PLAN CHECKED FOR FIRM GROUND, OVERHEAD AND SIDE
RESTRICTIONS
ESCORT VEHICLES REQUIRED WITH FLASHING BEACON LIGHTS
SPEED TO BE MAINTAINED FOR SAFE LIMITS (SLOW AS POSSIBLE)
PARKING:
BOOM AND HOOK BLOCK(S) LOWERED TO TRAVEL POSITION
APPLY SWING BRAKE AND POSITIVE SWING LOCK
TIE DOWN HOOK BLOCK(S)
RETRACT STABILIZERS
RETRACT OUTRIGGERS
EXTEND STABILIZERS AND LATCH ONTO FLOAT PADS
WEIGHT OF CHASSIS OFF THE TIRES
LET ENGINE IDLE 3-5 MINUTES
REMOVE ALL FOREIGN MATERIAL FROM CAB(S)
CLOSE ALL DOORS, WINDOWS, SKYLIGHTS AND COMPARTMENTS
TURN OFF SWITCHES
STOP ENGINE
Page 272
6.
Weight of load
_______lbs/kgs
Effective weight of jib headache ball ______ lbs/kgs
Weight of hoist rope below boom tip______ lbs/kgs
Weight of other rigging
______ lbs/kgs
Total load weight
_____ lbs/kgs
Stowed
Erected
N/A
(lbs/kgs)
o
o
o
Jib:
_______
o
o
o
Extension:
_______
Hookblock (Main):
______
_____
_____
_______
o
o
Aux. Boom Head:
______
_______
o
o
Headache Ball:
______
_______
Slings, Shackles, etc.:
______
______
______
_______
Others:
__________________________________ _______
__________________________________ _______
Total (Gross Load Weight):
_______
7.
10.
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TABLE III.1: WIND S PEED (MILES PER HOUR ) VS . FORCE OF WIND IN POUNDS PER S QUARE FO O T
MILES
PER HOUR
1
2
3
4
5
10
15
20
Description
Knots
M/Sec
KM/H
Miles/H
Calm
Light Air
Light Breeze
Gentle Breeze
Moderate
Breeze
Fresh Breeze
Strong Breeze
Near Gale
Gale
Strong Gale
Storm
Violent Storm
Hurricane
0-1
1-3
4-6
7-10
11-16
0-0.51
0.51-1.53
2.04-3.07
3.58-5.11
5.62-8.18
0-1.84
1.84-5.52
7.36-11.04
12.88-18.4
20.24-29.44
0-1.15
1.15-3.45
4.6-6.9
8.05-11.5
12.65-18.4
17-21
22-27
28-33
34.40
41-47
48-55
56-63
64+
8.69-10.73
11.24-13.80
14.31-16.87
17.38-20.44
20.96-24.02
24.53-28.11
28.62-32.20
32.71+
31.28-38.64
40.48-49.68
51.52-60.72
62.56-73.6
75.44-86.48
88.32-101.2
103.04-115.92
117.76+
19.55-24.15
25.3-31.05
32.2-37.95
39.1-46
47.15-54.05
55.2-63.25
64.4-72.45
73.6
Page 274
GI 7.029.
ANSI B30.9.
Slings
ANSI B30.10.
Hooks
ANSI B30.20.
ANSI B30.21.
2.1.
Page 275
2.2.
Chain Slings
2.2.1
Grades
Only alloy steel chain complying with ASTM A391 shall be used. Other grades are
subject to approval by the Saudi Aramco Crane, Communications and Facilities
Inspection Unit [CCFIU] (see Figure III.5).
Each grade of chain should be clearly tagged by the manufacturer, and riggers
should be trained to look for the safe working load marked on each sling. They
shall be forbidden to use any equipment unless the safe working load is clearly
visible.
All attached fittings (hooks, rings, etc.,) shall be as prescribed by the manufacturer.
Hooks, shackles, and eyebolts shall be equal to or exceed the safe working load of
the chain.
2.2.2
Repairs
Modern chains are produced under closely controlled factory conditions using
proper heat treatment and testing procedures. On-site welding repairs cannot
provide the necessary controlled conditions to safely repair a damaged chain.
Damaged chains must be returned to the manufacturer for repair or destroyed. In
particular, watch for bent links, cracked welds, and excessive wear.
2.2.3
Logger chains or chains used to secure truck loads shall not be used for rigging.
2.3
2.3.2.2
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2.3.2.3
*
2.3.2.4
2.3.2.5
*
2.3.2.6
*
Severe corrosion.
2.3.2.7
2.3.3
Each sling shall bear a permanent manufacturer's identification stating the safe
working load (SWL) in tons and serial number. Proof load test and documentation
of testing is required from the manufacturer (see Figures III.3 and III.6).
2.3.4
Wire rope clips (bulldog clips or crosby clips) shall not be used to make slings.
2.4
2.4.2
Repaired Slings
The use of repaired slings is prohibited.
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2.5
2.5.1.2
2.5.1.3
2.5.1.4
2.5.1.5
Date of manufacture
2.5.2
All associated rigging hardware shall equal or exceed the safe working load rating
of the rope sling.
2.5.3
Slings shall be removed from service and destroyed when:
2.5.3.1
*
2.5.3.2
2.5.3.3
*
2.5.3.4
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2.6
Care of Slings
The following points must be considered in the storage and handling of slings:
2.6.1
Slings will undergo shock loading when a load is suddenly lifted or when the
hoisting is abruptly stopped. This can be caused by the sudden application of the
crane brake, the jerking of the load by poor operation, or the sling slipping on the
load. A shock load can increase the normal working load by as much as five times
its value.
2.6.2
As the angle between the legs of a multiple sling increases, the safe working load
decreases. The included angle should be no more than 900 and must never exceed
120o under any circumstances (see Figure III.9).
2.6.3
Before storage, chain and wire rope slings should be cleaned, lightly lubricated,
and inspected. Slings must be stored in a location where they are not liable to
suffer mechanical damage, away from extremes of heat, cold, and especially
dampness.
2.6.4
Contractors shall maintain a job site log of slings containing the following
information: ID. number; date in service; safe working load as stated in proof load
certificate; full details of periodic inspections (see Figure III.13).
2.6.5
All rigging shall be inspected at least every six months per ANSI B30.9, and a Sling
Inspection Report shall be completed and filed for review by the Crane Inspector to
comply with GI 7.029.
2.7
Hooks
2.7.1
Hooks should be fitted with a safety catch on the hook opening, or should be
moused with wire and a shackle used or the hook should be designed so that the
slings cannot be displaced (Figure III.11).
2.7.2
Loads should be applied on the hook only in the part designed to take them (i.e. the
bend [bow] of the hook). Point loading can result in over stressing the hook
causing it to open or break. Therefore, point loading shall not be permitted.
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2.7.3
Hooks should be regularly inspected for signs of damage.
2.7.4
The hook shall be removed from service for the following reasons:
1.
2.
3.
2.8
Spreader Bars
2.8.1
All spreader bars shall be manufactured, tested, and inspected to ANSI B30.20.
2.8.2
Spreader bars shall be permanently identified with the safe working load,
manufacturer's name and serial number.
2.8.3
Spreader bars shall be stored away from moisture, and protected from physical
damage.
2.9
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2.10
Shackles
Shackles (clevis) are used for making connections in rigging. They should be
tested by the manufacturer and marked with the safe working load.
The pins are separate but matched parts of the shackles, so care must be taken to
use the correct pin for each shackle. Rebar, mild steel bolts or similar items are not
acceptable replacements for shackle pins (see Figure III.12.).
2.11
Rigger
The job of rigger requires thorough training. The man assigned must be wellacquainted with the capabilities of the crane being used, hand signals, the different
functions of lifting gear, and the various methods of loading.
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Page 282
Page 283
Page 284
Page 285
Sling#
Diameter
Length
SWL
Date-In
Service
Date-OutService
Page
GI 7.026
GI 7.030
GI 8.003
Breathing Apparatus
GI 447.002
GI 447.003
Pressure Relief Valves - Routine Test, Inspection, Quality Assurance and Regulation
20-SAIP-3.01
Welding Generator
31-SAIP-1.01
Pumps
31-SAIP-1.02
Compressor
31-SAIP-8.05
Vibrating Roller
31-SAIP-8.10
31-SAIP-8.15
Road Rollers
31-SAIP-8.16
Scraper
31-SAIP-10.01
Concrete Mixers
Page 287
31-SAIP-12.04
31-SAIP-12.05
Schedule 'D':
Saudi Aramco Safety, Health and Environmental Requirements - Mechanical Equipment
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS:
ANSI-A 10.4-81
Safety Requirements For Personnel Hoists
ANSI-B 15.1-84
Safety Code for Mechanical Power Transmission Apparatus
ANSI-B 30.1-86
Safety Code for Jacks
ANSI B30.5.
ANSI-B 56.1-88
Safety Standard for Low and High Lift Trucks
3.1
Operators
3.1.1
Qualifications
Only trained personnel shall operate any mechanical equipment. Operators shall be
trained in the procedures and functions relevant to a specific piece of equipment;
they must be fully aware of the capabilities and limitations of the machine and have
a knowledge of the day-to-day maintenance that it requires.
It is recommended that contractors train and test all equipment operators and issue
them with written authorization specifying the equipment which they are competent
to operate.
3.1.2
Licensing Requirements
Operators of mobile heavy equipment must be in possession of a Saudi Arab
Government (SAG) license for that particular class of machinery and a Saudi
Aramco certificate issued by the Saudi Aramco Heavy Equipment Operator Testing
and Training Unit (see GI 7.025).
Page 288
3.2
Machinery Guards
All moving parts of machinery must be shielded by guards. This is particularly true with
gears, pulleys, V-belt drives, fans, and revolving shafts. All of these are present on most of
the static equipment used on or around construction sites. Other examples of equipment
which must be guarded include cooling fans on compressors and generators, the main drive
shafts on pumps and dumpers, and the cable drum on winches and concrete mixers.
Guards must be installed on equipment before it arrives on site and maintained in position at
all times while the equipment is operating. Guards removed for routine maintenance or for
repair must be replaced before the equipment is returned to service.
3.2.1
3.3
General Requirements
3.3.1
Before any mechanical equipment is used in a Saudi Aramco restricted area, all
required work permits must be obtained.
3.3.2
All machinery should be inspected before being placed in service and at regular
intervals thereafter.
3.3.3
Maintenance schedules should be established for each piece of equipment and
strictly followed.
3.3.4
No repair, adjustment, or replacement of parts on moving machinery is permitted.
Before making any repairs, all equipment must be stopped and deactivated so that
it cannot be unintentionally started.
3.3.5
At the start of each shift, the operator must check oil, water, fuel, and hydraulic
levels, that all gauges are operating and that the machine is functioning smoothly.
Safety equipment (e.g., guards, limit switches, governors) must be checked daily.
Page 289
3.3.6
Equipment traveling or working on the highway must have lights and reflectors.
Park equipment clear of the roadway. If this is not possible, use flashing lights,
cones, or other warning devices to alert approaching traffic.
3.3.7
When vehicles are left unattended (even overnight), engines must be stopped,
parking brakes applied and the wheels chocked. Blades, scraper bowls, and other
hydraulic equipment must be lowered to the ground before the operator leaves the
machine. The ignition key should be removed and/or battery cables disconnected
to avoid start-up by unauthorized personnel.
3.3.8
Unless otherwise instructed, operators must dismount from machines while
maintenance or repair work is being carried out.
3.3.9
Cabs fitted to equipment must give 360o visibility. Cabs must be kept clean and
clear of such items as rubbish and loose tools. Windows must be kept clean at all
times and should be replaced if the glass becomes pitted, cracked or broken.
3.3.10
Where the operator of a mobile machine cannot see the area all around his machine,
an attendant must be in a position to direct and assist the operator.
3.3.11
All equipment must be located so that exhaust fumes will not affect workers in the
area. Gasoline-driven equipment shall not be used inside a building or other
confined space.
3.4
Compressors
Compressors are one of the most common pieces of equipment used in construction work.
They can be used to supply air for portable power tools or to supply air to sustain men
working with breathing apparatus in extremely hazardous atmospheres. There is a
considerable difference in the quality of the air used for these two functions.
3.4.1
All employees on site must know the dangers of compressed air. Never use
compressed air to dust off clothing or machinery. Horseplay with compressed air
must be strictly forbidden.
When compressed air is used in special
cleaning/purging tasks, goggles and full face shield must be worn.
Page 290
3.4.2
Compressors must be properly designed, inspected, tested and maintained. Relief
valves shall be installed in accordance with GI 447.002/3, and the air receiver must
be periodically inspected.
3.4.3
Before start up, a daily check should be made of the compressor's pressure relief
valve, fuel, oil and water levels and the air reservoir should be drained of trapped
water. The operating manual for the particular type of compressor used should be
strictly followed.
3.4.4
When compressors supply air for breathing:
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
3.5
The air intake must be located so that it does not draw in exhaust gas.
There must be a filter to remove oil mist.
They must be equipped with an automatic high temperature alarm.
The air must be tested periodically to be certain it is safe to breathe (see
Administration, I.10., 1.3.)
Page 291
3.5.5
Cement bags must not be allowed to accumulate in the mixer area; they should be
collected and disposed of at regular intervals during the day.
3.5.6
A hooped access ladder must be firmly attached to silos for access to the top
manhole. Men must not be allowed to work inside the silo unless they are wearing
a safety belt with a lifeline and an attendant is posted outside ready to assist in
case of emergency.
3.5.7
The approach to the sand and aggregate bins should be barricaded, and the
barricades should only be removed to allow access for vehicles delivering material.
3.5.8
Personal protective equipment such as respirators, ear muffs, and goggles shall be
worn. Loose fitting clothes shall not be worn around moving machinery.
3.5.9
Lockout and tag system is required in batching plants to ensure the safety of repair
and/or maintenance personnel. This is a means to disable process/mechanical
electrical 'control' equipment during repairs and maintenance. Lockout and tag
system rules must be posted in a conspicuous location throughout the plant and
workers must be thoroughly trained in the lockout/tag procedures.
3.6
Page 292
in the raised position, it must be blocked. Do not rely on the hydraulic ram to
support the raised body for an extended period.
3.6.4
All vehicles with cabs shall be equipped with windshields and powered wipers.
Cracked or broken windshields or windows shall be replaced. All cab glass shall be
safety glass or equivalent.
3.7
Excavators
Excavations are carried out using very specialized equipment which roughly falls into two
categories: 1) fixed position machines, and 2) moving machines.
The choice of equipment to be used is determined by the size of the project, topography,
volume of earth to be hauled out and many other factors. Fixed position machines include,
but are not limited to, face shovels, backhoes, draglines and grabs. The "fixed" excavator
loosens the soil and loads from a stationary position. They are useful to perform specific
excavation tasks at a single location. Their loss of mobility is compensated by the fact that
greater force can be applied at the excavation face. "Moving" machines include, but are not
limited to, bulldozers, loaders, scrapers, graders and trenching machines. They remove,
transport and deposit excavated material all in one cycle of operation. They are used in
applications where large volumes of earth need to be moved over uneven ground. In this
process, they also help to level the ground over which they operate. (Also see General And
Civil, II.2 of this manual.)
3.7.1
The excavation work permit may require that underground pipelines or cables be
located by manual digging. The permit must be counter-signed by the Power
Distribution Department (PDD) and the area Utilities Services Department.
3.7.2
Operators of excavators must possess a valid Saudi Arab Government license for
the machine and a valid Saudi Aramco certificate issued by the Saudi Aramco
Heavy Equipment Operator Testing Unit.
3.7.3
Outriggers must be fully extended when operating a mechanical excavator so fitted.
3.7.4
An attendant must be appointed and be available at all times during excavation to
assist and guide the operator.
3.7.5
Excavators with a swinging motion must have a clearance of at least 0.6 meter (2
feet) from any fixed object.
Page 293
3.7.6
Booms on excavators must be latched before travel.
3.7.7
Do not excavate closer than 10 feet to the nearest pipeline or other equipment in
place.
3.8
Page 294
3.8.7
Operators, loaders, helpers and other workers should never place any part of their
bodies between the mast uprights, cross members, or other moving parts of the fork
lift truck. Stay well within limits of the truck body or cab.
3.9
Generators
A competent electrician shall be available to ensure that electrical connections are
properly made. The operator should be responsible only for the mechanical
function of the machine.
3.9.1
All pulleys, belts, and fans must be totally enclosed or otherwise guarded.
3.9.2
The side panels to the engine cover are designed to give access to the machinery
for maintenance or repair. They must be closed at all times when the engine is
running.
3.9.3
The machine must be properly grounded before each use.
3.9.4
Page 295
3.10
3.11
Woodworking Machinery
Only fully trained operators may be allowed to use woodworking machinery. This machinery
is inherently dangerous since the hazardous parts, knives, blades, etc., cannot be fully
enclosed. Only that part of the blade necessary to carry out the work shall be exposed at any
one time.
3.11.1
The area around saws, planers, and routers must be barricaded and only authorized
and trained personnel allowed within the barricaded area.
Page 296
3.11.2
The ground around such machinery must be kept clear of off-cuts and other
tripping hazards.
3.11.3
Machinery should be securely anchored to prevent movement during use. (See
General And Civil, II of this manual.)
Page 297
GI 1130.013
Vehicle Loading
GI 1131.165
GI 1131.921
4.1
Planning
Successful mechanization of material handling requires that the correct machines be available
and properly used. The storage and movement of the various materials must be carefully
arranged to make optimum use of the machines so that efficient service can be provided and
ensure that all vehicle, crane and heavy equipment operators hold current Saudi Arab
Government License and Saudi Aramco Certification where required.
Planning for materials handling operations begins as the production schedule is being drawn.
Ensure that the layout of storage areas provides for adequate access for necessary
mechanical equipment.
4.1.1
Selection of the storage area should be made with due consideration for drainage
and protection from rain and sandstorms (see Figure III.13 Typical Construction
Materials Store Yard).
4.1.2
Open storage areas should be planned to minimize the reversing and maneuvering
of trucks especially into and out of confined areas.
4.1.3
Access ways must be wide enough to allow for the passage of fire trucks. Fire
fighting equipment should be located throughout the area. Contact the Fire
Prevention Group of Loss Prevention for information (see Figure III.13 Typical
Construction Materials Store Yard).
Page 298
4.1.4
Cribbing timber, racks, or pallets should be used to ensure that all materials are
stored off the ground.
4.1.5
Protection should be provided for materials such as cement, insulation, and other
bulk material which could be damaged by moisture.
4.1.6
All machinery, equipment, and valves should be maintained fully assembled and
securely closed. All machined surfaces must be covered and fully protected from
exposure to the weather.
4.1.7
The quantity of material on site at any one time must be restricted to a minimum
stock. Flammable stores shall be kept separated. Such a policy should greatly
reduce losses due to pilferage or damage (see Figure III.13 Typical Construction
Materials Store Yard).
Once these factors have been established, the staffing of the storage areas can
then be considered.
4.1.8
On larger projects, the movement of materials could justify the employment of a
loading and unloading gang, whereas small jobs would probably need only one
man assigned to this responsibility.
4.1.9
Routinely, on most sites, there should be a man appointed as a materials controller
responsible for materials from the planning stage through to the final unloading,
storage, and distribution stage.
4.2
Machine Transport
A wide variety of mechanical equipment is available for transporting and distributing
materials on and around a job site. They range from simple equipment such as a dumper or a
tractor and trailer to more sophisticated equipment such as a concrete pump or a large crane.
4.2.1
Dumpers
Dumpers are one of the most commonly used pieces of construction equipment and
have proved very useful in transporting concrete and other small loads around site.
Unfortunately they are also a common source of injuries and damage.
Page 299
Dumper drivers must be properly trained and experienced and must hold a current
Saudi Arab Government license. The equipment is designed for the movement of
material only. Passengers must not be allowed to travel in the skip or anywhere
else on the machine. Dumpers must be regularly maintained with particular
attention to brakes, steering, and skip release mechanism. If they are to be used for
towing, a proper towing eye with a shackle or pin must be provided.
4.2.2
4.2.3
4.2.4
Concrete Pumps
Concrete pumps are used for the placement of concrete in difficult situations. They
have the advantage of being able to move large amounts of concrete very speedily
to the area where it is required. The operation of this equipment demands
specialized knowledge of concrete technology; however, placing concrete by this
method can significantly reduce the number of dumpers employed or the crane
usage time expended on a civil engineering contract.
4.3
Site Stores
For small or valuable materials which cannot be conveniently stored in outside areas, it is
essential that an indoor stores shed, under the control of a responsible person, be
established on site. Because of the nature of the materials stored in such an area, the main
considerations must be security and fire prevention.
The issuing and receiving of stores must be under the control of a responsible person.
Adequate fire fighting equipment must be readily available in the area. Materials should be
stored on shelving or with small items such as nuts and bolts, etc. in bins suitably marked
with the contents. The safe loads allowed on racks and the maximu m stack heights should be
established. All hazardous material, such as paints, fuels, chemicals, etc., should be
separated and stored in an isolated flammable storage area (see Appendix C). Notices
warning of the dangers associated with these materials should be posted in the hazard area.
Page 300
4.4
Manual Handling
There are many areas of construction work where mechanization cannot take the place of
sheer muscle, and it is in such areas that the majority of injuries occur. The inevitable results
of lifting incorrectly are strained backs, slipped discs, sprains and strains, and a complexity of
internal injuries.
It is, therefore, essential that workers be trained in the correct methods of manual handling.
Safe lifting can only be carried out by the proper use of the right muscles. Back and
abdominal muscles are weak, while the leg and thigh muscles are strong. The spine has a
natural and comfortable shape when a man is standing upright; however, if he bends, the
spine arches and becomes weaker. If the spine can be kept in a straight position when lifting,
the strain of the lift goes to the strong muscles of the leg and thigh and loads can be lifted
safely, with much less physical effort. This is the basic principle of manual handling.
4.4.1
There are four significant points in a proper lift:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Grip: A good grip makes maximum use of the palm of the hand, the ball of
the thumb, and base of the fingers.
Back: The back must be kept straight to maintain its most natural and
strongest position. This means that the knees and ankles must be bent and
the chin kept well into the chest. The body must be positioned as close to
the load as possible so as to act as a counterweight.
Feet: The feet should be apart the width of the hips with one foot slightly in
front of the other so that a natural lead off is obtained.
Arms: The arms must be kept as close as possible to the body.
4.4.2
The important factor in manual handling is that a man should know his capabilities
and ask for assistance with loads beyond his capabilities. In dual lifting, partners
should be approximately the same height and weight so that the load does not
become unevenly distributed.
4.4.3
Loads, even when properly lifted, can slip. The man lifting must be prepared for
such a possibility and wear the proper protective equipment. Safety footwear is
mandatory to protect feet and gloves should be worn to protect hands from
laceration or splinters and to give some protection if the fingers are trapped
between the load and the other surfaces.
Page 301
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Page 305
1.0 ELECTRICITY
The human senses (smell, taste, hearing, etc.) do not provide a warning of an electrical hazard. The great
majority of electrical accidents result in burns. Fire and explosion from sparks in flammable atmospheres
can and does lead to loss of life and serious damage to property. All electrical installations, no matter
what voltages are used, should always be treated with great caution.
INSTRUCTIONS AND STANDARDS
Saudi Aramco General Instructions:
GI 2.100
GI 6.012.
No. 11.0.
No. 50.0.
Safety Grounding
Electrical Connections
NFPA 70:
ANSI/IEEE C2-90
National Electrical Safety Code
ANSI B30.5.
29 CFR 1926
Page 306
1.1
Voltage
The severity of electric shock is not entirely dependent upon the voltage of the power
source. The ratio of the voltage to resistance determines the current that will flow through
the body and the resulting injury.
In terms of a formula this ratio is:
Current through the body =
The hazard is greater if working conditions are wet or if the worker perspires freely. This
produces a combination of wet skin and body salt which provides low resistance to current
flow.
1.2
Temporary Installations
Distribution of electricity on a construction site is different from a permanent installation. As
construction work proceeds, the type of equipment in use changes. From excavation to
completion, there is a constant need for convenient means of connecting equipment. This
requires a variety of voltages, phases, and current in different places at different times. Load
requirements will vary considerably. All temporary electrical systems shall conform to the
National Electrical Code.
1.2.1
The contractor is responsible for the temporary electric supply system on a
construction site and the safety measures associated with the National Electrical
Code.
1.2.2
Cables on site are subject to rough treatment. Special care should be taken to
ensure that the grounding conductor remains intact. If the conducting wire breaks,
the supply will not be interrupted under a ground fault condition and the system
will no longer be safe. Only UL, FM or other recognized testing lab approved
extension cords bearing appropriate lab trademarks shall be used. Damaged or
spliced cords are not acceptable to Saudi Aramco.
1.2.3
Special care shall be taken to ensure that the correct fuse or breaker ratings are
strictly enforced and that the Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCIs) are installed
properly on all circuits.
1.2.4
All installation work must be carried out by qualified, experienced electricians.
Before connecting temporary electrical installations to existing installations, prior
approval must be obtained from the Saudi Aramco proponent department.
Page 307
This is to ensure that no overloading of electrical devices will occur and system
protection will not be compromised.
1.2.5
A competent person must be made directly responsible for the overall safety of the
installation. Its general usage, its maintenance, and any alterations and extensions
to the system should be under his control. He must be at the site whenever work is
being done. Before any part of a newly installed electrical system or its equipment
is energized, it must be thoroughly tested. Safety can be ensured by regular
inspection and maintenance.
1.3
(2)
(3)
1.3.4
Failure of electrical equipment, because of misuse, is a frequent cause of shock.
Workers are prone to abuse extension cords by pulling them over sharp metal
objects, hanging them across equipment, kicking them, or letting them be run over
Page 308
by industrial equipment. They often strain the cords during use, causing the plug
and fixture to part and expose live wires.
1.3.5
Many accidents occur when lower volt equipment is plugged into higher volt
systems. Before any portable tool or extension light is plugged in, the voltage
required for the tool or light must be the same as the power source, and the plugs
must be checked for damage.
1.3.6
The importance of grounding all portable tools and lights cannot be emphasized
too strongly. All non-current carrying metal parts of any electrical equipment must
be properly grounded. This will reduce the electrical shock hazard.
1.3.7
In hazardous areas, more stringent rules apply as to the type of equipment which
may be used. Explosion proof light fittings for extension lights is one example. As
with all work carried out on Saudi Aramco installations, Work Permits must be
obtained and the type of equipment to be used discussed and agreed upon before
the permit is issued.
1.3.8
General Precautions:
Only qualified electricians should make repairs and carry out maintenance checks.
All extension lights must be fitted with protective guards, so if accidentally
dropped, the lamp remains intact. Up to a 120 volt maximum rated AC portable
lighting system may be used for illuminating inside confined spaces and vessels,
provided it is protected by an externally located ground fault circuit interrupter and
also meets the provisions of GI 520.001 Section 5.5.5.1 and 520.001-4 (Supplement
4) - "Confined Space Entry Procedure" (Abqaiq Plants).
1.3.9
Ground fault circuit interrupters shall be used on all electrical circuits including
portable power electrical supplies (see NFPA Handbook of the National Electric
Safety Code, Section 305-b for GFCIs) on temporary wiring.
1.3.10
The National Electric Safety Code defines requirements for the construction and
use of portable extension and electric cords in industrial service. This code shall be
followed by construction groups.
1.4
Page 309
Before any work on live equipment starts, there must be a thorough knowledge of
the work involved, personal protective equipment must be available, and all
necessary work permits must be obtained.
1.4.2
Employees must never work alone on live equipment. In addition to the man doing
the job, there must be another electrician standing by. A foreman or supervisor
should also be in attendance while this work is being carried out, and he must know
how to isolate the equipment.
1.4.3
Before starting a job, the exact voltages should be known. This is important as it
determines the type of personal protection required for the work and the
procedures established in the work permit. If there is any doubt about voltages, a
check must be made before the work is started.
1.4.4
Work platforms and equipment used near energized equipment shall be properly
grounded.
1.4.5
Work on live equipment can be as safe as work on isolated equipment if the
following are observed:
1
2
3
4
1.5
Overhead Lines
(Figure IV.1)
High voltage or overhead lines are usually uninsulated. Therefore, any kind of
metallic object coming near or in contact with them can cause a hazardous
situation. High voltage can easily arc across a considerable distance. (See OSHA
29 CFR 1926 Subpart N.)
Page 310
1.5.2
The need for caution in working with overhead lines cannot be over-emphasized.
High voltage overhead lines have been mistaken for telephone cables.
It should never be assumed that there is enough clearance; it should always be
proved. It should never be assumed that a cable or line is "dead"; it should always
be checked.
1.5.2.1
1.5.3
Underground Cables
Normal depth of underground cables varies between 46 centimeters (18 inches) and
0.9 meter (3 feet). (Changes in ground level, due to the work, can mean that the "as
built" depth is no longer correct). No mechanical excavations should be started
before test trenches have been dug by hand and cable locations established.
Unless cables have been laid very deep, heavy vehicles should not be allowed to
pass over them.
Underground cables, exposed during excavation work should be assumed to be
energized and not repositioned or moved until certified to be de-energized.
Exposed buried cables in open trenches should be properly supported and the area
barricaded.
Accidental damage to any cable exposed during excavation shall be immediately
reported to Saudi Aramco. The area must be barricaded until the damaged cable
has been made safe.
1.6
Page 311
1.6.3
1.6.4
Night Work
When working at night, spotlights or portable lights for emergency lighting shall be
provided as needed to perform the work safely.
1.6.5
Page 312
1.6.6
Hydraulic Fluids
All hydraulic fluids used for the insulated sections of derrick trucks, aerial lifts, and
hydraulic tools which are used on or around energized lines and equipment shall be
of the insulating type.
1.6.7
100,000 volts per foot of length for 5 minutes when the tool is made of
fiberglass, or
75,000 volts per foot of length for 3 minutes when the tool is made of wood;
or
All live-line tools shall be visually inspected and wiped clean before use each day.
Tools with any hazardous defect shall be removed from service.
1.6.8
Material Handling
1.6.8.1
Unloading
Prior to unloading steel, poles, cross arms, and similar material, the load
shall be thoroughly examined to ascertain if the load has shifted,
binders or stakes have broken, or the load is otherwise hazardous to
employees.
1.6.8.2
Pole Hauling
During pole hauling operations, all loads shall be secured to prevent
displacement and a red flag shall be displayed at the trailing end of the
longest pole.
Precautions shall be exercised to prevent blocking of roadways or
endangering other traffic.
When hauling poles during the hours of darkness, illuminated warning
devices shall be attached to the trailing end of the longest pole and
haul truck brake lights shall not be obscured.
1.6.8.3
Storage
No materials or equipment shall be stored under energized bus,
energized lines, or near energized equipment.
1.6.8.4
Framing
During framing operations, employees shall not work under a pole or a
structure suspended by a crane, A-frame, or similar equipment unless
the pole or structure is adequately supported.
Page 313
1.6.8.5
1.6.9
1.6.9.2
1.6.9.3
Grounding Distance
If the work is to be performed at more than one location in a line
section, the line section must be grounded and short circuited at each
end of the line section and the conductor to be worked on shall be
grounded at each work location.
1.6.9.4
1.6.9.5
Groundi ng Electrode
When grounding electrodes are utilized, such electrodes shall exhibit
low resistance to ground; thereby, rapidly diminishing the electrical
Page 314
1.6.10
Overhead Lines
Prior to climbing poles, ladders, scaffolds, or other elevated structures, an
inspection shall be made to determine that the structures are capable of sustaining
the additional or unbalanced stresses to which they will be subjected.
Where poles or structures may be unsafe for climbing, they shall not be climbed
until made safe by guying, bracing, or other adequate means.
Before installing or removing wire or cable, strains to which poles and structures
will be subjected shall be considered and necessary action taken to prevent failure
of supporting structures.
When setting, moving, or removing poles using cranes, derricks, gin poles, Aframes, or other mechanized equipment near energized lines or equipment,
precautions shall be taken to avoid contact with energized lines or equipment.
Unless using protective equipment suitable for the voltage involved, employees
standing on the ground shall avoid contacting equipment or machinery working
adjacent to energized lines or equipment.
Lifting equipment shall be bonded to an effective ground or it shall be considered
energized and barricaded when utilized near energized equipment or lines.
Pole holes shall not be left unattended or unguarded. Even in desert areas,
unguarded pole holes are a hazard.
Tag lines shall be of a non-conductive type when used near energized lines.
1.6.10.1
Page 315
Page 316
1.6.10.2
Page 317
Conductor grips shall not be used on wire rope unless designed for
this application.
While the conductor or pulling line is being pulled (in motion)
employees shall not be permitted directly under overhead operations,
nor shall any employee be permitted on the crossarm.
A transmission clipping crew shall have a minimum of two structures
clipped in between the crew and the conductor being sagged. When
working on bare conductors, clipping and tying crews shall work
between grounds at all times. The grounds shall remain intact until the
conductors are clipped in, except on dead end structures.
Except during emergency restoration procedures, work from structures
shall be discontinued when adverse weather (such as high wind or ice
on structures) makes the work hazardous.
Stringing and clipping operations shall be discontinued during
electrical storms.
Reel handling equipment, including pulling and braking machines, shall
have ample capacity, operate smo othly, and be leveled and aligned in
accordance with the manufacturer's operating instructions.
Reliable communications between the reel tender and pulling rig
operator shall be provided.
Each pull shall be snubbed or dead ended at both ends before
subsequent pulls.
1.6.10.3
Page 318
Except for moving type grounds, the grounds shall be placed and
removed with a hot stick.
A ground shall be located at each side and within 3.2 meters (10 feet)
of working areas where conductors, or overhead ground conductors
are being spliced at ground level. The two ends to be spliced shall be
bonded to each other. It is recommended that splicing be carried out
on either an insulated platform or on a conductive metallic grounding
mat bonded to both grounds. When a grounding mat is used, it is
recommended that the grounding mat be roped off and an insulated
walkway provided for access to the mat. (See Power Distribution
Instruction No. 50.)
All conductors, sub-conductors, and overhead ground conductors
shall be bonded to the tower at any isolated tower where it may be
necessary to complete work on the transmission line.
When performing work from the structures, clipping crews and all
others working on conductors, sub-conductors, or overhead ground
conductors shall be protected by individual grounds installed at every
work location.
1.6.11
Underground Lines
Warning signs shall be promptly placed when covers of manholes, hand holes, or
vaults are removed.
Before an employee enters a street opening, such as a manhole or an unvented
vault, it shall be promptly protected with a barrier, temporary cover, or other
suitable guard.
When work is to be performed in a manhole or unvented vault, GI 2.100, Work
Permit System, shall be enforced.
Page 319
Where unsafe conditions are detected, by testing or other means, the work
shall be ventilated and otherwise made safe before entry.
1.6.11.1
Work in Manholes
While work is being performed in manholes, an employee shall be
available in the immediate vicinity to render emergency assistance as
required. This shall not preclude the employee in the immediate
vicinity from occasionally entering a manhole to provide assistance,
other than for emergencies. This requirement does not preclude a
qualified employee, working alone, from entering for brief periods of
time, a manhole where energized cables or equipment are in service, for
the purpose of inspection, housekeeping, taking readings, or similar
work if such work can be performed safely. However, someone on the
surface must be aware of this type of entry and know the expected
duration of the task.
Before entering or using open flames in a manhole excavation in an
area where combustible gases or liquids may be present, such as near a
gasoline service station, GOSP, refinery, etc., the atmosphere of the
manhole or excavation shall be tested and found safe or cleared of the
combustible gases or liquids (See GI 2.100).
1.6.11.2
Page 320
1.6.12
1.6.12.2
Control Panels
Work on or adjacent to energized control panels shall be performed by
designated employees.
Precaution shall be taken to prevent accidental operation of relays or
other protective devices due to jarring, vibration, or improper wiring.
1.6.12.3
Mechanized Equipment
Use of vehicles, gin poles, cranes, and other equipment in restricted or
hazardous areas shall at all times be controlled by designated
employees.
All mobile cranes and derricks shall be effectively grounded when
being moved or operated in close proximity to energized lines or
equipment, or the equipment shall be considered energized. (See
OSHA 29 CFR 1926 Subpart N.)
Fenders shall not be required for low-boys used for transporting large
electrical equipment, transformers or breakers.
1.6.12.4
Substation Fences
When a substation fence must be expanded or removed for
construction purposes, a temporary fence affording similar protection,
when the site is unattended, shall be provided. Adequate bonding and
grounding interconnections shall be maintained between temporary
fence and permanent fence.
Page 321
1.7
Electric Shock
Speed is essential in dealing with any electrical accident. A copy of "The Treatment for
Electric Shock" placard in Arabic and English should be prominently displayed so that
everyone knows what to do in an emergency. Employees will be trained in First Aid and
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
In brief, the sequence for dealing with an electrical accident is:
1
2
3
If at all possible, switch off the power supply. If this is not instantly possible, release
the victim from contact with the conductor by using dry gloves, dry blanket, dry wood,
dry clothing, rubber sheets, or properly insulated equipment.
If breathing has stopped, begin CPR and continue as necessary.
Call for first aid assistance, a doctor, and an ambulance. The Saudi Aramco emergency
number is 110.
Page 322
Page 323
Page 324
00-AID-08
2.1
Distance
Distance is an effective method of protection because gamma and x-rays obey the
inverse square law, that is, the radiation intensity decreases with the inverse square
of the distance. Conversely, dose rates at close distances can be extremely high,
even for low activity sources. It is essential, therefore, that unshielded sources are
kept at a sufficient distance from personnel so as not to pose a health hazard to
them.
2.1.2
Time
Time is a useful method of protection because high dose rates can be accepted
over very short periods of time. However, the cumulative dose must remain at
acceptable limits given in GI 150.003-2.
Page 325
2.1.3
Shielding
To lessen harmful radiation, materials of high density, such as lead, depleted
uranium, or tungsten, are used to absorb emitted radiation.
In the use of x-ray equipment, precautions against emitted radiation are necessary
until the electric power is turned off and locked out. On the other hand, radioactive
materials constantly emit radiation and cannot be switched off. Consequently, to
absorb unwanted radiation and facilitate handling, sealed sources are housed in
shielded containers or bunkers.
2.2
Radiation Workers
A radiation worker is an occupationally exposed person or employee whose job
involves routine use of ionizing radiation and who has reasonable chance of being
exposed to radiation from a radioactive source.
Radiation workers are further categorized as Competent Persons or Radiographers.
Competent Persons do not normally use radiation sources, but by training and
experience are capable of supervising both routine operations and emergency
situations involving radiation. Radiographers are expected to safely use radiation
sources in the course of their work and must be in possession of a valid "Saudi
Aramco Permit to Use Material/Equipment Producing Ionizing Radiation" before
they can work with a radioactive source.
Radiographers must wear two personal dosimeters when working with radiation, a
direct-reading pocket dosimeter and an integrating permanent dosimeter (film badge
or thermoluminiscent dosimeter [TLD]).
2.2.2
Non-Radiation Workers
Non-radiation workers should not receive more than those dose limits given in GI
150.003-2.
2.2.3
Exposure Limits
Radiation doses to workers should always be kept as low as reasonably achievable
(ALARA). Under no circumstances shall the doses exceed those limits given in GI
150.003-2 for occupational or non-occupational people.
Special controls (see GI 150.003-2) are imposed on persons who are, or are capable
of being, pregnant. No occupational exposure is allowed for persons less than 18
years of age.
Page 326
Over exposure shall be reported to the Saudi Aramco proponent, the Occupational
Medicine Services Unit, and the Loss Prevention Department.
2.3
Contractor
The contractor appoints competent persons to be responsible for the immediate
supervision and the enforcement of instructions and standards. Personnel
involved in performing non-destructive testing must be certified and hold a valid
"Permit to Use Material/Equipment Producing Ionizing Radiation".
2.3.2
Competent Person
Each radiographer will check at the beginning of each shift on the zeroing and
recharging of dosimeters and on the condition of the equipment. A competent
person familiar with all of Saudi Aramco radiation use requirements will make field
audits to ensure compliance with Company instructions and standards. He must
report the results of these audits to the applicable department responsible for the
operation. Also he must be familiar with all equipment and procedures so that the
proper corrective action can be taken in any emergency situation involving
radioactive equipment.
2.3.3.
Radiographer
At the start of each shift, radiographers must ensure that all equipment is in safe
working order. All malfunctions must be reported to the supervisor or Competent
Person immediately. The radiographer must also make sure that he is wearing a
valid TLD or film badge and a direct-reading pocket dosimeter which has been
charged and zeroed. One radiation monitoring instrument must be available for
each source in use. Equipment must be transported to the work site with safety
locks in place. Under no circumstance is equipment to be transported in an
unassembled or open condition.
Upon arrival at the job site and prior to operating with any sealed source, the
radiographer must ensure that non-radiation workers are not subject to radiation
levels that would exceed that which is permitted. Radiation areas must contain
radiation warning signs (see Figure IV.3) and be clearly displayed around the
circumference of the radiation area. In addition, in populated work areas, a rope or
tape barrier shall be erected around the radiation area. The area will be monitored
with approved survey meter to ensure safe area for non-radiation workers is
maintained. Further guidance on industrial radiography is provided in GI 150.0034 and 00.AIP-08.
A weekly report on the condition of all equipment should be passed to the
supervisor.
Page 327
2.4
2.5
Storage Areas
Upon completion of work or at the end of each work period, every sealed source must be
returned to a storage area approved by the Saudi Aramco Radiation Protection Committee.
Storage is usually within fenced area. All permanent or temporary storage areas (bunkers)
must be approved of by the Saudi Aramco Radiation Protection Committee. Sources may not
be stored in the back of a truck whether or not they are under lock and key. Radiation
readings must be taken at the perimeter of the storage area and the radiation level must be
within the acceptable limits given in GI 150.003. Radiation signs must be fixed to the barriers
of all storage areas. (See Figure IV.3.)
Page 328
Page 329
Page 330
SAES -B.057
ANSI A10.10-81
Safety Requirements for Temporary and Portable Space Heating Devices & Equipment
Used in the Construction Industry
NFPA 58-89
1.1
General
These gases are colorless, heavier than air, and normally odorless, but for commercial usage,
an odorizing agent is added for the obvious reason of facilitating detection in the event of
accidental escape of the gas.
At normal temperatures, they are gaseous and can be changed into a liquid by the application
of moderate pressure. In the liquid form, relatively large quantities of LPG can be safely
transported and stored in suitably designed containers. The approximate ratios of gas
volume to liquid volume are 275:1 for propane and 240:1 for butane.
Both gases are heavier than air at normal temperatures. Any leakage will form a gas cloud
which will settle at the lowest possible level. It may ignite if a flame or sparks are present.
This could happen at some considerable distance from the source of leakage. The gases form
an explosive mixture with air, and they react vigorously with oxidizing materials. These gases
can be highly dangerous; if the container is exposed to heat or flame, there is a high risk of
Page 331
explosion. To reduce the risk of explosion, the cylinders must be equipped with relief valves
or fusible plugs.
1.2
Storage
1.2.1
Cylinders, whether empty or full, should be stored under cover for protection
against the elements. The storage place should be detached from any other
buildings and constructed of non-combustible material. It should preferably be a
well-ventilated one-story building with all doors leading directly to the outside.
LPG cylinders must be stored at least 6.1 meters (20 feet) away from oxygen or
oxidizers or must be separated from them by a fire wall rated at 30 minutes.
1.2.2
The building should be fenced-off and signs should be displayed both in Arabic
and English: "No Smoking".
Water and dry chemical fire extinguishers shall be available.
1.2.3
Natural ventilation points should be positioned at both high and low levels.
1.2.4
All electrical fixtures should be of an explosion-proof type.
1.2.5
All gas valves, fittings, connections, and piping shall be made of stainless steel,
brass or copper; rubber/plastic hoses are prohibited.
1.3
Handling of Cylinders
1.3.1
Cylinders must not be dropped or allowed to come into violent contact with each
other.
1.3.2
They must be stored and used in an upright position, thus preventing the liquid
from passing through the relief valve regulator and into the equipment.
Page 332
1.3.3
They must not be placed in or near excavations or any low level area.
1.3.4
They must be placed on level ground and secured to prevent accidental tipping
over.
1.3.5
Care should be taken that the valve assemblies are not damaged. The main valve
should be closed and the valve cap in position when the cylinder is not in use.
1.3.6
Smoking is not permitted when handling cylinders.
1.4
Leakage
1.4.1
Cylinders, valves, connections, hoses, and pipings should be regularly inspected
for damage or leakage. Detection can be carried out by the following methods, if
flammable gas meter is unavailable:
1
2
3
4
Smelling
Touching:
Listening:
Looking:
1.4.2
Small leaks may be confirmed by using soapy water.
1.4.3
A leaking cylinder must be immediately removed to an open space, clear of all
buildings and people or any potential source of ignition.
1.4.4
The cylinder must be placed with the leak uppermost.
Page 333
1.4.5
The supplier must be notified immediately.
1.5
Transportation
1.5.1
Full or empty cylinders which are loaded on vehicles must be placed in an upright
position, be adequately secured to prevent movement, and have valve caps in
place.
1.5.2
The vehicle should have fire fighting and first aid equipment.
1.5.3
The vehicle must also display all the necessary warning notices.
1.6
Operation
1.6.1
In permanent or semi-permanent installations, the cylinder must be placed outside
the building out of direct sunlight and the gas piped to appliances inside.
1.6.2
The cylinder must be secured in an upright position, away from excavation, pits,
and other low lying areas.
1.6.3
The regulator and other equipment is to be connected and a test made to ensure
that all joints are gas tight.
1.6.4
The regulator capacity must be suitable for the equipment being used.
1.6.5
Before lighting, a check is to be made to ensure that there is sufficient ventilation
for the burner and that all combustible materials are removed from the work area.
1.6.6
Once the burner has been lit, it should burn with a steady blue flame with bluegreen base cones.
Page 334
1.6.7
A dry chemical fire extinguisher must be readily available at the work area.
1.6.8
Shut off valves shall be installed at the main tank supply and at the operating
source. (See Loss Prevention Booklet, "Hazards of Gas Cylinders")
1.7
Page 335
1.8
Bulk Installations
Before any bulk storage installation is undertaken, the LPG supplier should be consulted on
the size of the tank required and the most suitable fittings for that particular installation,
including relief capacity.
1.8.1
Temporary tanks are to be installed above ground on a dry, hard foundation away
from drains, culverts, or hollows where it would be possible for any leaking gas to
collect.
1.8.2
Tanks should not be exposed to heat or direct rays of the sun and they must be
adequately protected against accidental or unauthorized interference.
1.8.3
Only trained personnel are to install bulk tanks and equipment. All items used must
be of approved design and comply with the appropriate standards.
1.8.4
All pipeline systems must be tested to a safe working pressure after completion of
the assembly.
1.8.5
Fire water protection shall be provided.
1.9
First Aid
If LPG has been inhaled, the affected person must be removed from the area, kept warm and
rested, and not allowed to move about. If the affected person is not breathing, mouth-tomouth resuscitation should be applied. No attempt should be made to give an unconscious
person anything to drink. If the person is breathing, oxygen must be administered by a
competent person. If liquid has gone to the eyes, they must be thoroughly washed out with
water.
Medical aid must be obtained as soon as possible.
Page 336
GI 2.710
GI 441.014
SAES -A-005
Schedule 'D':
Saudi Aramco Safety, Health and Environmental Requirements - Plant Operations
2.1
Page 337
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.2
2.3
Page 338
2.4
Close contractor
2.5
Commissioning
GI 2.710, Mechanical Completion and Performance Acceptance of Plant/Unit, outlines the
procedures and requirements for accepting new plants or additions to plants after they have
been completed by the contractor. This is to assure that the plant is safe to operate in every
respect. The contractor should familiarize himself with this instruction before he starts work.
If there is any question on the fire and safety aspects of this instruction, the contractor
should contact the Saudi Aramco Loss Prevention Department for clarification and
assistance.
2.6
Page 339
2.6.1
Immediately shut off the vehicle engine and do not try to restart it.
Check the wind direction by looking at the windsock.
Get out of the vehicle and walk to a safe location generally in a crosswind
direction away from the point of release.
Inform plant operation employees of the situation.
Do not go and investigate, leave this to operations.
Page 340
GI 2.102.
GI 2.710
GI 432.00
GI 434.000
GI 447.002
Pressure Relief Valves - New Installation, Change in Set Pressure, or Retirement from
Service
GI 447.003.
Pressure Relief Valves - Routine Test, Inspection, Quality Assurance And Regulation
Refrigerant Piping
SAES -A-004
Pressure Testing
SAES -A-005
SAES -A-007
SAES -B-55
Plant Layout
Page 341
3.1
Preparation
3.1.1
3.1.2
Supports
Piping, vessels, supports and foundations designed for gas service shall not be
overloaded by the extra weight of the test liquid. Temporary supports and braces
may be required.
Page 342
3.1.3
3.1.4
Valves
Where isolation valves are used to contain test pressures, they must be of
adequate rating for the pressure to be encountered. If isolation valves are used in
lieu of blinds, provisions shall be made to ensure that no over-pressurizing can
occur in equipment that is not being tested, due to possible valve leak.
3.1.5
3.1.6
Vacuums
On vessels or tanks which could collapse if subjected to a vacuum, there must be
sufficient vent relief capacity to assure that the vessel cannot be subjected to a
vacuum by draining the test fluid or by sudden cooling.
3.2
General Requirements
3.2.1
Do not approach system never previously tested, corroded piping or vessels, or
vessels with welds never previously tested during the stepwise increase in
pressure to the strength test pressure. After the strength test pressure has been
reached and held for a specified interval, in accordance with SAES -A-004, the
equipment may be approached. The actual pressure at which the system under test
will be approached for close inspection shall be specified in the test procedure.
3.2.2
Pressure relief valve(s) shall be used to prevent over pressuring of the equipment.
3.2.3
Any ancillary equipment not under test must be isolated by valves (subject to part
3.1.4) or blind flanged and vented or disconnected.
Page 343
3.2.4
Only calibrated test gauges shall be used and they should be mounted in the
upright position. Pump discharge gauges must be visible to the pump operator for
the duration of the test.
3.2.5
The equipment / vessel shall have adequate vacuum relief capacity to avoid
damage or collapse, when draining the test liquid.
3.2.6
Lines should be drained and dried mechanically when the test liquid is corrosive or
otherwise hazardous.
3.2.7
The pressure rise during a pressure test should be gradual and under control to
allow time for material to strain, and time for personnel to check for leaks, see
SAES -A-004 and GI 2.102.
3.2.8
A system under test shall be depressurized (with the exception of pressure due to a
liquid head) before any work is done to stop leaks or repair weakness, including the
tightening of bolts. In tightness tests, bolts may be tightened without
depressurizing, if specifically approved in the written test procedure.
3.2.9
A block valve is required on the line from the test pump to the equipment under
test.
3.2.11
Air shall not be used to displace test fluid from underwater equipment unless it has
been determined that the equipment will not float.
3.3
Test Liquid
3.3.1
Water is a normally the preferred test liquid. Alternatives must be approved by a
deviation from standard or they may be used if they are specifically permitted by
SAES -4-004.
3.3.2
Salt water must not be used for testing any material subject to stress corrosion
cracking in the presence of chloride ions (such as stainless steel type 304 or 18.8 CrNi).
Page 344
3.3.3
Pneumatic (gas) testing may be required as per SAES -A-004. Pneumatic testing
other than as specified in SAES -A-004 may be done only with the explicit
permission of the Consulting Services Department. Testing with air or other gases
under pressure can be hazardous due to the explosion potential.
3.3.4
Possible changes in pressure due to thermal expansion, contraction or hydrostatic
heads must be taken into account.
3.3.5
Written procedures approved prior to testing shall be followed for the disposal of
test mediums containing chemical additives for control of corrosion or bacteria, as
per the requirements of GI 432.000.
Page 345
4.0 CHEMICALS
There are thousands of chemicals in existence and hundreds of new ones are being developed for
commercial use every year. While almost all of these chemicals are beneficial in some way, they can be
dangerous too. In fact, of the thousands of chemicals in existence, it is difficult to find any that are
absolutely harmless.
When dealing with an unfamiliar chemical, it is always wise to assume that it is hazardous. The exposure
to hazards associated with a material depends largely on its proper identification, handling, usage,
transport, storage and disposal. In addition, materials which may be completely harmless in one
application may be deadly in another.
There are too many chemicals and too many possible combinations to deal with them individually here. In
the references listed, there are many sources of information on the identification, storage, transportation,
use, and disposal of hundreds of chemicals. In the literature there are tables of hazardous chemical
reactions. If the name of the chemical is known, the names of others with which it is likely to react
dangerously can be found. The proper identification and labeling of chemicals is a very important safety
precaution.
When dealing with a potentially harmful chemical, precautions should be taken to ensure that employees
do not swallow it, inhale it, or allow it to contact their skin. The chemical must not be allowed to
accidentally mix with other substances in transportation, storage, or use. It must not be subjected to
undue shock, pressure, or heat. When the chemical is no longer needed, it must be safely disposed of or
recycled.
INSTRUCTIONS AND STANDARDS
Saudi Aramco General Instructions:
GI 150.001.
Asbestos Regulation
GI 330.87.
GI 355.001.
GI 355.002
GI 355.003
GI 355.004
GI 355.015.
GI 355.015-1
No. 10.740.
Page 346
No. 13.850.
NFPA 325M.
NFPA 49.
NFPA 491M.
NFPA 704.
Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents in the Work Environment American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) - Manufacturer's literature on chemicals approved by US.
Department of Labor
Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials - Dr. N. Irving Sax
4.1
Page 347
which indicates the fire hazards associated with any chemical and also describes the hazards
which might be encountered in storage, transportation, use or disposal of the chemical.
Many of the materials in the Chemical Section, Class 26, of the Saudi Aramco Material System
Catalog are marked by the use of hazard identification labels. The container may not be so
marked, but it is indicated in the catalog description of the chemical. The system is based on
four different symbols or numbers arranged in a diamond pattern (see Figure V.1).
The degree of possible injurious health effects, susceptibility of the materials to burning and
to release of energy are rated by numbers (see Figures V.2 and V.2.A.). A zero (0) rating
indicates little or no hazard and a four (4) indicates a high degree of hazard. It should be
remembered that although a zero health hazard rating indicates that the material offers no
hazards to fire fighters beyond that of ordinary combustible material subjected to fire, it does
not mean that the material is harmless if inhaled or swallowed.
4.2
Health Hazards
Hazards to health arise from inhaling, swallowing, or skin contact. The severity of the hazard
ranges from nuisance chemicals that produce no injury, to chemicals that on short exposure
can cause severe injury or death. For industrial workers, the most prominent means of entry
of a hazardous chemical into the human body is through the respiratory tract by inhalation.
The next most important means of entry is through skin absorption. The least hazardous
pathway is through swallowing the chemical, as this seldom occurs in industry. (Reference:
Chemical Hazard Bulletins.)
4.2.1
Page 348
Fine droplets of liquid form whenever liquids are sprayed or splashed so suitable
precautions must be taken to prevent the fine droplets of liquid from entering the
worker's breathing zone. Ventilation is also recommended. If such methods are not
adequate, suitable respiratory protection must be provided.
4.2.2
Skin Hazards
Skin contact/exposure hazard may not be as dangerous to life as respiratory
hazards, but they are far more common. Dermatitis resulting from contact with
harmful chemicals is a common work injury. Proper handling methods are the first
step in protection. The second step, in the case of materials which act rapidly on
the human body, such as corrosive chemicals (i.e. acids and caustics) is to provide
a physical barrier in the form of goggles, face shields, hoods, gloves, aprons, suits,
etc. The third step is to provide eyewash fountains and safety showers, which
flush the material from the eyes or skin.
The type of personal protective equipment required depends on the hazardous
characteristics of the chemical and the way it is used. Personal cleanliness is
important. Thorough washing of the hands and face before meals, daily bathing,
and a regular change of clothing will reduce harmful contact with chemicals.
4.2.3
4.3
Emergency Treatment
4.3.1
Artificial Respiration
Persons overcome by harmful gases and vapors must be taken out into the fresh air
and, if they have stopped breathing, given artificial respiration; if there is no
heartbeat, commence cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Call emergency
assistance immediately by telephoning 110.
4.3.2
First Aid
In case of accidental swallowing of chemicals, it is not wise to induce the patient to
vomit. The hospital must be informed of the chemical injury or chemical swallowed
and the person should be moved to the hospital immediately for medical treatment.
In the case of caustics or corrosives, drinking a large amount of water, followed by
medical treatment, is recommended. Telephone 877-8056, Saudi Aramco Emergency
Medical Services, for poison information.
4.3.3
Page 349
flushing away the chemical. The patient should then be taken to the hospital for
treatment.
These water flushing devices are required, because working procedures and
personal protective equipment may fail. In the case of materials that are
immediately harmful to the eyes or skin, safety showers or eyewash fountains
should be provided. They should be within 6 meters (20 feet) of the exposure site
and accessible in an unobstructed straight line from the work location. Emergency
showers shall be properly identified with signs and color background in
accordance with SAES -B-55. A person who is blinded by a chemical must
immediately be taken to the shower or eyewash fountain. Some emergency
showers or eyewash fountains are designed so that standing under or near them
activates the water supply. Others have hinged gates which are pushed to activate
the shower, but all should be easily activated.
If the water piping to the shower or fountain is exposed to the sun, the water will
become so hot during summer that it could scald the user. The piping must be
buried, insulated or shaded from the sun or the line must be only a very short
branch from a main water line that is used frequently enough to keep the water from
overheating in the sun. Emergency showers and eyewash fountains should be
checked daily.
CAUTION:
There are two important points that workers must be taught about the correct use
of emergency fountains and shower:
1
It is a mistake to start for the hospital without first doing everything possible
to flush out the harmful chemical. The eyes or skin must be washed for quite
a long time to remove the chemical. It is necessary to wash the eyes holding
the eyelids open with the fingers for at least fifteen minutes to free the eyes
of bases or caustics. This will be painful, but it is absolutely necessary. In
the case of acids, water will remove the acid quickly, but it is necessary to
hold the eyelids open with the fingers, painful as this may be, and roll the
eyes around under the shower or in the eye fountain to make sure that all
acid is removed. At least fifteen minutes of thorough washing are required
in the case of acid contact to skin or eyes.
Caustic alkalis such as sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide are much more
difficult to wash from the skin or eyes. Strong alkalis of this type mixed with water
feel slippery to the touch. The skin should be washed until the slippery feeling has
gone and washing should be continued for at least 15 minutes.
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4.4
Fire Hazards
4.4.1
Only the necessary amount of hazardous materials should be brought into the work
place, usually not more than one day's supply. Hazardous materials must not be
allowed to accumulate, and any extra amounts should be cleared from the work
area. Slop liquids or trash should be cleared away immediately. All flammable
materials should be stored according to the specifications of their Chemical Hazard
Bulletins, (CHBs) or Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS).
4.4.2
Smoking and the use of sparking devices near flammable liquids or finely divided
combustible solids must be prohibited.
4.4.3
Blocking off air to a burning object is often possible in acid dip tanks or rubbish
containers where a cover can be provided and dropped down on the container to
smother the flames.
4.4.4
The use of fire fighting equipment, such as fire extinguishers or water streams, must
be available in case all effective fire prevention measures fail to prevent a fire. (See
Fire Prevention, Section I.11 of this Manual). Ordinary sand is a good
extinguishing agent for smothering small fires. The fire hazards of most common
materials can be found in the references given in this section. The proper fire
extinguisher should be at the job site and readily available at all locations where a
fire hazard is possible.
4.5
Reactivity Hazards
The manual of Hazardous Chemical Reactions, NFPA 491M, lists many of the chemicals
which are likely to have dangerous reactions with other chemicals. As a general precaution,
rough handling and shock should be avoided. Chemicals should not be allowed to mix with
other chemicals unless it is known that no harmful reaction will occur.
4.6
Transportation
During transportation, hazardous materials must be protected against shock,
accidental mixing with other materials, damage to containers, undue heat from the
sun or other sources, and theft, which could allow the hazardous materials to come
into contact with people who are unaware of the dangers.
Specific
recommendations for the particular material may be obtained from the Area Loss
Prevention Office. The Saudi Aramco Chemical Engineering Response Team or Fire
Protection
Department
also
handles
spills
which
occur
during
Page 351
transportation.
labeled.
4.6.2
Storage
The NFPA fire codes contain recommendations for safe storage of flammable
liquids, compressed gases, and typical highly combustible or explosive solids.
Precautions must be taken to avoid shock, undue heat, or unplanned mixing. There
are some cases where separating walls or specified distances are required.
Specific storage recommendations for hazardous materials contained in the Saudi
Aramco Chemical Hazard Bulletins (CHBs) and manufacturer-provided Material
Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) should be followed. Incompatible chemicals should
not be stored together.
A list of hazardous materials shall be kept by the contractor indicating type and
quantity of materials used in each case, its hazardous classification rating and the
quantity disposed of.
4.6.3
Containers
Hazardous materials must be stored in containers that are safe for the
transportation and use of the material. Containers must be labeled with the
appropriate hazardous materials label to indicate the actual contents. All safety
factors must be observed when transferring material from one container to another
and the receiving container must be labeled to correctly describe the contents.
Empty containers previously used to hold hazardous material must be washed free
of the material or destroyed.
4.6.4
Disposal
(See GI 355.003 and 355.004)
Hazardous/toxic waste is liquid, solid and semi-solid material, which, because of the
quantity involved, the concentration, and/or the biological, physical, chemical or
infectious characteristics, pose a hazard to human health and/or the environment if
it is improperly managed.
The following are some examples of waste materials which are considered
hazardous/toxic, and are to be disposed of in accordance with established Saudi
Aramco procedure.
Page 352
Flammable solids
Poisons and infectious chemicals
Radioactive materials
Magnetized materials
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB (electrical transformer oil)
Specialist Unit
Central Area Storehouse Dept. (CASD)
Laboratories Dept. (LP)
Loss Prevention Dept. (LPD)
Process And Control Systems Dept. (P&CSD)
District Medical And Support Services (DM&SS)
Industrial And Environmental Affairs Dept.
(I&EAD)
Fire Protection Dept. (FPD)
Telephone Number
872-7419
876-6725
873-8779
875-3131
877-8425
874-1402
874-3345
Step 3:
The hazardous waste material must be adequately sealed up in containers to
prevent leakage and labeled to denote composition or content.
Step 4:
Request a safety inspection of the material by the Hazardous Material Advisor.
Page 353
Step 5:
When a large quantity of hazardous material needs to be disposed of, inform the:
a). Chemical Storage Segment, Material Disposal Unit, Reclamation Operations
Section, AM&RD.
b). Hazardous Materials Advisor, MHED.
Step 6:
Follow the directives of the Hazardous Materials Advisor. (See GI 355.003.)
Step 7:
Transport the hazardous material to Dhahran Reclamation Yard using own truck or
request suitable vehicle from the Transportation Department by following their
established procedure.
Step 8:
Contact Assistant Superintendent, Reclamation Operations Section (ROS), AM &
RD before a large volume of hazardous waste material is to be delivered. This
person may request that the material be delivered directly to Delivery Point Code
(DPC), 280 Reclamation Chemicals Storage And Handling Facility located near
Abqaiq GOSP 3.
Note:
See GI 355.004 for any deviation from this established procedure for the handling,
storage and disposal of Polychlorinated Biyphenyls (PCBs).
4.7
Introduction
Tetraethyl lead (TEL) is an organic compound of metallic lead which is used to
improve the octane rating of gasoline. This compound is highly poisonous. The
hazard with tetraethyl lead is that, being a liquid it gives off vapors which can come
into contact with the body by breathing or skin contact. Tetraethyl lead is very
hazardous as its vapors can be inhaled, absorbed through the skin, or ingested
through contaminated food or cigarettes. The best protection is to avoid any
contact.
To make it easier to detect spills of tetraethyl lead, it has been dyed a bright orange
color.
Page 354
4.7.2
1.
2.
3.
Precautions
Tanks that have once contained leaded gasoline (TEL) are considered dangerous
thereafter even though they may have been used in other service for years. Such
tanks should be permanently marked on the manholes with a sign warning that the
tank has contained leaded gasoline and must not be entered without special
precautions. Sludge pits where lead-bearing sludge from the leaded gasoline tanks
has been buried must be marked with permanent warning signs.
Before entering any tank, an inquiry should be made as to the tank's previous
service and a work permit obtained. Likewise, before marking excavations in or
around refineries or gasoline storage depots, it is wise to determine whether leaded
gasoline (TEL) sludge may be encountered. Work in cleaning, repairing, or
dismantling tanks which have contained leaded gasoline requires special training
and special precautions.
The workers must be medically certified and periodically examined before and
during the course of the work. Using regular monitoring of TEL workers, any overexposure to TEL should be reported to the Saudi Aramco proponent department,
the Saudi Aramco Loss Prevention Department and the Industrial Hygiene
Services.
The Saudi Aramco Industrial Hygiene Services and the Loss Prevention
Department should be notified when work is to be done in TEL tanks or in areas
with TEL contaminated equipment.
Page 355
Page 356
Page 357
Page 358
VI. Marine
Page 359
1.0
COFFERDAMS
A cofferdam is an enclosure constructed to exclude water from a work area during construction.
Cofferdam construction ranges from simple dikes to complicated timber or steel structures. Cofferdams
must satisfy two basic requirements:
1.
They must be strong enough to withstand the forces caused by water, soil conditions,
and floating debris.
2.
The most common type of cofferdam encountered in Saudi Aramco is constructed from steel sheet piling.
The piles must be driven to design and penetration specifications and must encounter the pre-specified
driving resistance. The steel piling is generally braced by a system of horizontal wales and struts which
are designed to resist external forces.
INSTRUCTIONS AND STANDARDS
Saudi Aramco Instructions and Standards:
Schedule 'D':
Part 19
Excavations
Part 20
1.1
Design
All cofferdams in excess of 1.2 meters (4 feet) in depth must be designed by a qualified
engineer. Any deviations from the design encountered in the actual construction of the
cofferdam must have the approval of a qualified engineer.
1.2
1.3
Construction
All cofferdam construction work must be performed in strict compliance with the design
drawings and specifications. All work must be accomplished by qualified craftsmen in
accordance with accepted trade practices. Any unexpected soil or hydrographic conditions
encountered during the construction must be reported immediately to the design engineer for
evaluation and a possible mo dification of the structure.
Page 360
1.3.1
If overtopping of the cofferdam by high waters is possible, means shall be provided
for controlled flooding of the work area.
1.3.2
Emergency evacuation warning signals shall be provided and procedures
developed. Notices shall be posted at the entrance to the job site, and throughout
the area.
1.3.3
Walkways, ramps or bridges on cofferdams shall have at least two exit points.
These shall be provided with standard guardrails.
1.4
Potential Hazards
The construction and the use of cofferdams have three primary hazards which merit special
consideration.
1.4.1
Structural Collapse
Cofferdam structures may collapse as a result of the imposition of unexpected
structural loads or the failure of the soil inside the cofferdam structures as
evidenced by an upward heave or "blow-out" of the bottom. Such failures often
occur with little or no warning, therefore a means of rapid exit from the enclosed
cofferdam structures must be provided for all workmen engaged in work inside the
structures.
1.4.2
Overhead Loads
Sump pumps, equipment, and machinery shall be mounted on a cantilevered
platform outside of a cofferdam. This will eliminate overhead obstructions, which
could present a hazard to the workmen engaged in construction within the confines
of the cofferdam.
1.4.3
1.5
Inspection
1.5.1
General inspection should be carried out daily or after any weather condition or
incident which might affect the safety of the cofferdam.
Page 361
1.5.2
The security of all wedges should be carefully checked at the start of each shift.
1.5.3
Leaks can indicate a movement of the piles. Serious leaks should be reported at
once to the engineer in charge of operations.
1.5.4
Pump intake fastenings and the pumping sump should be carefully checked at the
start of each shift.
1.6
Leaks
1.6.1
Small leaks can be sealed by lead caulking in the clutches from the inside of the
cofferdam. Minor leaks over a large area can be sealed by dropping light granular
material into the water surrounding the cofferdam. The material will be sucked into
the gap between the piles where it will form a seal.
1.6.2
Where large leaks are encountered which cannot be sealed as described above or
there is an indication that the piling has moved, the cofferdam area shall be
immediately evacuated of all personnel and the problem brought to the attention of
the design engineer for correction.
Page 362
GI 1185.003.
GI 1186.502.
GI 1186.504.
SAG Regulations and Practice as Applied to All Types of Marine Craft at the Port of
Ras Tanura
GI 1187.001.
GI 1192.001.
Operating Practices for Harbor Tugs, Offshore Vessels and Launches, Including Safety
Rules
GI 1192.002.
GI 1192.502.
Operating Procedures for Marine Oil Recovery and Storage Barge/Vessel, Including
Safety Rules
GI 1193.001.
GI 1193.002.
Navigation Warnings
GI 1194.001.
Requesting, Assigning and Dispatching Pollution Control Vessels, Tugs, Launches and
Barges
GI 1196.001.
Whistle Signals for Use Between Tugs and Barges or Tugs and Self-Propelled Vessels
When Berthing
GI 1198.001.
Rig/Barge Moving
GI 1199.001.
2.1
Other Publications
US. Coast Guard - 257
International Maritime Organization - Safety of Life at Sea
International Labor Office - Accident Prevention on Board Ship, at Sea, and in Port.
Page 363
2.2
General
All safety precautions that are applicable onshore apply and must be enforced while offshore,
including the wearing of personal safety equipment. In addition, life vests must be worn
while working on, over or near the water. Work over water may be either offshore or on a site
connected to the shore. The hazards and the precautions for both situations are similar.
2.3
2.4
Page 364
2.5
2.6
2.7
Housekeeping
Because of the confined space frequently encountered in Marine Operations, housekeeping
is even more important offshore than onshore.
2.7.1
Tools must not be scattered around. Any spilled grease or oil must be cleaned up.
Fire hose and rope must be coiled or flaked down clear of passageways. Doors and
drawers should be kept closed.
2.7.2
Rags, papers, cigarette butts, and scrap must be properly disposed of. Proper
disposal does not mean throwing the unwanted items overboard, thus polluting the
environment. Trash cans and ashtrays should be used.
Page 365
Page 366
The US. Navy Diving Manual is to be used as the standard for all Saudi Aramco diving operations.
US. Navy Diving Manual:
NAVSHIPS 0994-001, March 1970
British Admiralty Diving Manual:
B.R. 181, 1972
United Kingdom Statutory Instruments
S.I. NO. 1229
3.1
Page 367
3.1.2
Divers shall be fully conversant with the use and operation of US. Navy
Decompression Tables, recompression chambers, and therapeutic decompression
procedures.
3.1.3
Familiarity with the use of SCUBA, Hookah, and surface supplied helmets (Swindel,
Aquadyne, Kirby-Morgan, etc.) and knowledge of their maintenance and repair is
required.
3.1.4
Divers will be required to show evidence of their training and experience by
providing certificates from a competent authority.
3.1.5
All divers must be fluent in both reading and writing the English language and be
able to depict the results of an underwater inspection by the use of sketches.
3.1.6
Evidence of medical fitness in accordance with 3.4 must be produced at the
prescribed intervals.
3.2
Diving Equipment
All equipment used in connection with diving and submarine operations shall be produced
by a reputable manufacturer. They must be of good quality and constructed of sound
material, in accordance with appropriate and accepted standards. Equipment should be able
to operate efficiently in the prevailing high temperatures of the Arabian Gulf.
3.2.1
Compressors
Compressors for supplying breathing air must be fitted with adequate filtration and
purification devices. They must be able to provide the air at a rated pressure and
capacity to cover the maximum depth required during the operation.
3.2.1.1
The air intake of compressors shall be remotely located with reference
to any exhaust system in the area to prevent contaminants from
entering the compressor intake.
3.2.1.2
All the safety devices and relief valves on high pressure compressors
must be operating properly.
Page 368
3.2.1.3
Detergent lubricating oils or oils with viscosity less than SAE 30 must
not be used. Care must be taken not to overfill.
3.2.1.4
Compressed air supplied for breathing shall be certified Compressed
Gas Association grade D or better.
3.2.2
3.2.3
Bail-Out Equipment
In case there might be a ruptured, cut, or irretrievably fouled hose, each diver
should be equipped with "bail-out" equipment, either in the form of a "bail-out"
cylinder, a diver's life vest, or a pneumo hose.
3.2.4
Maintenance
All plant (including safety) and diving equipment must be regularly maintained.
Correct records must be kept of this maintenance.
3.2.4.1
All SCUBA tanks, recompression chambers, volume tanks, high
pressure cylinders, and storage vessels must be regularly checked and
tested at the prescribed intervals in accordance with the manufacturer's
instructions and Saudi Aramco regulations.
3.2.4.2
As indicated in the Saudi Aramco Bottled Gas Manual, air cylinders
not in sea water use are to be inspected internally and hydrostatically
tested, at intervals not to exceed five years. They should be
appropriately stamped to denote this inspection.
3.2.4.3
Each item of plant and diving equipment should be regularly inspected
by a competent person at periodic intervals, and after the equipment
has been modified. The maximum period between inspections should
be three months.
Page 369
3.2.4.4
All hoses used for carrying compressed air or other gases must be
checked for wear and abrasion and subjected to test pressures at least
once every three months.
Hose, fittings and connections should be of the screw thread type and
properly fitted to the hoses. Hoses used in oxygen breathing systems
must be grease and oil free.
3.2.4.5
Any pressure gauge showin g an error of more than two and one half
percent (2.5%) must be adjusted or replaced.
3.2.4.6
Communication systems must be checked for correct operation. Every
wire must be checked for continuity and, if they are combined with the
life line, for wear.
3.2.4.7
A supply of suitable protective clothing such as diving suits,
coveralls, gloves, and hoods must be available at all times. Insulated
gloves shall be provided to divers performing welding and burning
operations.
3.2.4.8
Gas cylinders taken under water shall be hydrostatically tested,
inspected and stamped every two years.
3.3
Safeguards
When divers are preparing to enter or leave the water, or are in the water, or diving operations
are underway, the International Code Flag "A" ("I have a diver down, keep well clear of area
and maintain a low speed.") must be flown. (See Figures VI.2 and VI.3.)
Communications - A two-way voice communication system shall be used between:
1.
Each surface-supplied air or mixed-gas diver and a dive team member at the dive
location.
2.
In addition, special lights and day marks for "vessels engaged in surveying or underwater
operations" should be shown in accordance with Maritime Regulations (Figure VI.3).
Page 370
3.3.1
Any person involved in an activity which could be a hazard to divers in the
vicinity, such as those in charge of submarine blasting or masters of vessels about
to move, start propulsion engines, or operate pumps, must be forewarned.
3.3.2
Adequate arrangements must be made to provide a safe means of access to and
egress from the water. It must be kept in mind that a diver may be unconscious as a
result of an accident.
3.3.3
Proper surface support and other facilities for the safe conduct of diving operations
must be provided.
3.3.4
In all cases of emergency, the diving supervisor, the foreman diver, or the person in
charge of a diver or divers must be the sole arbiter as to action to be taken. All
personnel, whether connected with the diving operation or not, should take
instructions from him.
3.3.5
3.3.6
At all times when a diver is in the water, a stand-by diver must be on deck with a
stand-by rig, fully dressed and ready to dive.
3.3.7
No diver working in water 9 meters (30 feet) or less shall be required to work longer
than a twelve (12) hour shift without having a proper rest except for emergencies.
Page 371
3.3.8
Repetitive diving should not be done as a routine. If the task necessitates the use
of "repeats", efforts should be made to obtain additional divers. When this is
impracticable, the tables must be strictly adhered to in order to avoid
decompression sickness, which could require therapeutic treatment and could
endanger the health of divers and delay operations.
3.3.9
Therapeutic decomp ression must take precedence over all other operational
requirements.
3.3.9.1
Divers must remain in the vicinity of a recompression chamber for a
period of twelve (12) hours after the last dive.
3.3.9.2
In the case of therapeutic decompression the period in 3.3.9.1 shall be
extended to twenty-four (24) hours.
3.3.9.3
In mild cases of decompression sickness which have been treated
under Tables 1, 1A, 2, 2A and 5 (US. Navy Diving Manual), a diver can
be returned to work at the discretion of the diving supervisor.
After treatment for a case of "bends" under Tables 3, 4, 6 and 6A, a
diver will not be permitted to dive again until he has been examined
and passed as fit by a physician.
3.3.9.4
Each diver will maintain a personal logbook. Entries shall include but
are not limited to the following:
Diver's name.
Name and address of the employer of divers.
Date.
Name of the Diving Supervisor.
Name of the vessel, barge, or installation from which the diving
operation is carried out.
Maximum depth reached on each occasion.
Time he spent under water on each occasion.
Type of equipment used by the diver.
Work carried out by him on each occasion.
Details of decompression sickness or other illness/injury suffered
by the diver.
Any other factor relevant to health.
Page 372
3.3.10
Each daily entry will be signed by the diver and also by the diving
supervisor.
Divers must retain their logbooks for a period of not less than two
years from the date of the last entry in the logbook.
Recompression Chamber
A recompression chamber must be on site during all diving operations in excess of
18.5 meters (60 feet). Whenever a recompression chamber is not available, only "no
decompression" dives are permitted.
3.3.10.1
The maximum rate of ascent is 18.5 meters (60 feet) per minute in the
case of air decompression and 7.6 meters (25 feet) per minute in the
case of oxygen decompression.
3.3.10.2
Only necessary articles are allowed in the recompression chamber. No
tobacco or any ignition source, including electrical shall be allowed in
the chamber. Smoking shall never be permitted in the chamber whether
under pressure or not.
3.3.10.3
The chamber shall be kept clean and dry.
3.3.10.4
Personnel in a chamber under pressure shall ensure that both they and
all loose materials are kept clear of all atmosphere inlet and exhaust
openings. The exhaust, which is under pressure, is especially
dangerous because it subjects anything near it to a high suction pull
capable of causing extreme bodily harm .
3.3.11
Page 373
3.3.11.3
In open water, SCUBA divers shall always be attached to a clearly
visible float by a life line. In no case shall SCUBA divers be allowed to
swim free.
3.3.11.4
In enclosed or restricted water such as beneath structures, either a
lifeline or the "buddy" system must be used. There will be no
untethered solo diving.
3.3.11.5
When using SCUBA equipment, divers will always wear an inflatable
life jacket of the approved type.
3.3.11.6
No SCUBA diving should be carried out during darkness.
3.4
Physical Fitness
All divers must be physically fit for diving and have a certificate to this effect issued by a
qualified medical practitioner: one who has experience and knowledge of the medical
requirements for diving.
3.4.1
The medical certificate should state "Fit for Diving" and be not more than twelve
months old.
3.4.2
Doctors carrying out medicals for divers should be aware of the importance of the
condition of heart, lungs, chest, ears, nose, throat, and teeth. An EKG and chest Xray are mandatory on an annual basis, while a long bone X-ray should be
performed every three years.
3.4.3
For British divers, a current British Diving Fitness Register is acceptable and,
likewise, any recognized fitness register for other nationalities.
3.4.4
All divers should be trained in First Aid/CPR, and on all diving operations, there
should be an approved First Aid Kit suitable for use under hyperbaric conditions
on site as recommended in the US. Navy Diving Manual.
Page 374
3.5
Sports Divers
All divers must have an experienced person in charge with good knowledge of
decompression sickness. He has to know the following two diving emergencies
numbers to call if requiring help: 678-1248 from 6 a.m. until 6 p.m. 7 days per week;
and 378-3691 from 6 p.m. until 6 a.m. 7 days per week. He should state his exact
location and follow the instructions given to him by the coordinator answering the
number.
3.5.2
Commercial Divers
The diving supervisor will immediately arrange recompression according to the
appropriate table and report the incident to the coordinator manning the diving
emergencies numbers.
3.5.3
3.5.4
Page 375
3.5.5
Marine Department
The Marine Department is responsible for the provision, maintenance, and manning
of the recompression chambers.
3.6
3.
Personal Flotation Devices. These references are pertinent items from Loss Prevention
Department GI 6.020 - Personal Flotation Devices for Work Over, On or Near Water.
Requirements.
3.1.
Page 376
4.2.
Contractors shall provide (fully functional, no defect) personal
flotation devices for each of their personnel. They shall also provide
their personnel with the necessary instructions or training on the
proper way of wearing personal flotation devices. The proponent
Saudi Aramco organization shall be responsible for ensuring that
contractors comply with the applicable requirements of this GI 6.020.
B.
Saudi Arab and contractor vessel crews shall also be issued with proper working
uniforms and personal protective equipment such as shoes, gloves, glasses and hard
hats. The Marine Department expects all Saudi Aramco and contractor personnel
working around marine facilities to strictly adhere to Company safety rules and
regulations.
Page 377
Page 378
Appendix A
Page 379
INDEX TO APPENDIX A
This Appendix contains the following information:
*
*
*
*
*
Page 380
A.1
Date: ____________________________
Name Of Contractor:
Contractor's Address:
Job Description:
Job Number:
Starting Date:
Estimated Completion Date:
B.I. Number:
Telephone Number:
Telephone Number:
Org. Code:
Site Location:
Signed:____________________________________________________(Contractor's Representative)
Job Title:__________________________________________________
Company:__________________________________________________
Date:_______________________________________________________
Saudi
Aramco
Department:____________________________________________________
Proponent
This form is to be completed and sent to the local Saudi Aramco Loss Prevention Office with a copy to the
designated senior Project Engineer, who is a member of the proponent Project Management Team (PMT).
Signed:________________________________________
Saudi Aramco Project Manager
February 1993 - Construction Safety Manual: Safety Competition Site Registration Form
Page 381
A.2
The competition shall be run over a six-month period (January to June and July to
December) and shall be assessed according to the requirements of Schedule 'D' of the
contract documents.
2.
A contractor on a Budget Item (BI) who meets the following criteria shall be registered
in the competition by the responsible Proponent (PMT).
a.
b.
Contractor and related sub-contractor exceed 50 for the entire six month
period.
Estimated completion time exceeds the competition time period.
3.
An unscheduled site inspection will be carried out by the Loss Prevention Department
once before the 25th day of every even month. A contractor shall have a minimum of
three ratings within the six month period. The Saudi Aramco Loss Prevention
representative will report to the site office before he starts his inspection.
Representatives of Project Management and the contractor shall be invited to
accompany the Loss Prevention representative during the inspection. If it is
inconvenient for a member of the Project Management Team or contractor's personnel
to accompany the Loss Prevention representative during the inspection, the Loss
Prevention representative will conduct the inspection alone - awarding appropriate
scores. These scores shall be final. If during the inspection there is a difference of
opinion over the points awarded, then the Loss Prevention representative will make the
final decision.
4.
The Saudi Aramco Project Management Team shall receive a copy of the inspection
sheet, and they should distribute it to the appropriate contractor. Remedial steps shall
be taken to rectify faults and improve the score rating. At the end of the competition, a
copy of the six-month summary sheet will be provided to any contractor.
5.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Page 382
e.
For those rare cases where there are multiple sites and multiple contractors
on a BI, each site under the BI will be scored separately but averaged with all
sites for that BI by contractor.
Exceptions to the above guidelines shall be reviewed by Project Management Team and
Loss Prevention during initial registrations.
6.
Following each inspection by the Loss Prevention representative, the original copy of
the form SA-6710 shall be submitted to the superintendent, Central Area Loss
Prevention Division, Building 3121, Room 113, Dhahran, not later than the 25th day of
each even month. In cases of holidays or rescheduled days off, the first work day after
the 25th is acceptable.
7.
Any contractor who experiences a job related fatality, or serious incident that results in
the hospitalization of five or more employees, and fire resulting in SR 10,000 worth of
damage on any one of their sites within the competition period, will cease to be eligible
for an award.
8.
Should a registered contractor not retain an average of 50 or more employees for the
entire competition period, they will be dropped from the competition.
9.
Any item of concern not specifically covered on the Evaluation Form A-6710, shall be
reflected in column #18 under Special Items.
10.
Should any contractor find he has completed the project before the end of the
competition period due to meritorious performance or reasons beyond his control, then
he will still be eligible to compete in the final assessment.
11.
Should it be found that the contractor has not entered into the required logs details
which at a later date are determined to have occurred, e.g. restricted duty, lost work day
cases, accidents, fires, etc., then he would be deemed to have broken the rules and
forfeit the right to be included in the awards for the duration of that competition for
which he was eligible.
12.
Every hazard report Saudi Aramco Form 3744 issued and not corrected within 24 hours,
a penalty of 500 points shall be deducted from the total score.
13.
Should a contractor incur a second hazard report, disqualification for the rest of the
competition period shall result.
14.
Violations noted during an initial inspection which have not been corrected by the next
general and/or follow-up inspection shall be deemed a repeat violation and a "0" score
will be given for the entire section under consideration.
SCORING:
Where a section is inapplicable to a particular site, e.g. no scaffolding, cranes, etc., then that
section will OK from the possible percentage score.
Page 383
POINT ASSESSMENT:
Points will be assessed based on the gravity/severity of violations encountered and will
range from 0 to 100. Points can be given from 0 to 100, depending on the judgment of the
Loss Prevention Department representative.
OVERALL PERFORMANCE RATING:
Unsatisfactory=
Fair=
Good=
Excellent=
0 - 65
66 - 80
81 - 95
96 - 100
Page 384
Page 385
Page 386
A.3
1.
2.
3.
Failure To Comply
Should CONTRACTOR fail to comply with the requirements of this Schedule 'D', SAUDI
ARAMCO shall notify CONTRACTOR in writing. CONTRACTOR shall, upon being advised
of its noncompliance, immediately take all corrective action required to comply. Such
corrective action shall, unless provided otherwise in this Contract, be taken at
CONTRACTOR's expense. If CONTRACTOR fails to take such corrective action promptly,
Company Representative may direct CONTRACTOR to suspend all or part of the WORK
pursuant to Schedule "A" until satisfactory corrective action has been taken. Costs incurred
by CONTRACTOR as a result of such WORK suspension shall be for CONTRACTOR's
account and any resultant CONTRACTOR performance delays shall not be deemed excusable
here-under.
4.
February 1993 - Construction Safety Manual: Contractor Safety And Loss Prevention Requirements
Page 387
5.
6.
Work Permits
CONTRACTOR shall obtain a work permit (SAUDI ARAMCO Form 924) each shift for any
WORK to be carried out during such shift in any SAUDI ARAMCO specified "Restricted
Area". It shall be the CONTRACTOR's responsibility to ascertain, in advance, whether the
WORK area is designated a Restricted Area. Company Representative shall give guidance
on Restricted Area locations. All work permit procedures shall be carried out by
CONTRACTOR in accordance with SAUDI ARAMCO GI 2.100 (Work Permits) and GI 6.012
(Isolation, Lockout and Use of Hold Tags), which by this reference is made part of this
Contract.
7.
8.
9.
Page 388
10.
11.
Ladders
CONTRACTOR shall ensure that only metal or timber ladders of SAUDI ARAMCO approved
type are provided and used for ingress to and egress from WORK places where other means
of ingress and egress are not available.
12.
Scaffolding
CONTRACTOR shall provide and cause to be used scaffolding, platforms or temporary floors
for all WORK which cannot be done safely from the ground, from a ladder or from a
boatswain's chair. All scaffolding shall be constructed of SAUDI ARAMCO approved metal
components and erected to comply with the requirements of the SAUDI ARAMCO
Construction Safety Manual.
13.
14.
15.
Mechanical Equipment
CONTRACTOR shall ensure that all mechanical equipment provided is of a SAUDI
ARAMCO approved type and maintained in good condition.
Page 389
All moving parts of any equipment shall be securely guarded so as to prevent access to the
moving parts by persons working on or passing through the WORK Site.
16.
17.
Transportation
CONTRACTOR shall ensure that passengers shall travel only in vehicles that are provided
with SAUDI ARAMCO approved passenger seats. This requirement shall apply while
traveling to and from the WORK Site and during travel on the WORK Site. Seat belts shall be
installed and used in all vehicles carrying personnel (except in the case of buses where seat
belts are mandatory only for the driver).
18.
Fatal injuries;
Injuries requiring medical attention which result in lost time;
Damage over SR 10,000 to CONTRACTOR's plant or equipment;
Damage, in any amount, to SAUDI ARAMCO's equipment or property;
Fire;
Damage and near misses to cranes and heavy equipment (GI. 7.026).
For accidents involving CONTRACTOR employee fatalities, serious injury to five or more
CONTRACTOR employees, or damage to SAUDI ARAMCO equipment or property, a written
report shall be submitted promptly to Company Representative. In addition, SAUDI
ARAMCO may convene an engineering review or investigation committee in accordance with
the requirements of GI 6.001 and GI 6.003..
CONTRACTOR shall maintain, in a format approved by Company Representative, a current
record showing all:
WORK injuries
Fires
Incidents of property damage over SR10,000
Motor vehicle collisions
Incidents involving damage to SAUDI ARAMCO equipment and property
Damage and near misses to cranes and heavy equipment (GI 7.026)
This record shall be available for inspection at all reasonable times and shall be submitted to
SAUDI ARAMCO on request.
Page 390
19.
Excavations
CONTRACTOR shall ensure that any excavation work carried out during the course of the
WORK is done according to the requirements of SAUDI ARAMCO GI 1021.010 and OIM.
1.108 which are by this reference made part of this Contract.
20.
21.
Fire Prevention
CONTRACTOR shall provide and maintain in good working order adequate fire fighting
equipment. All CONTRACTOR's personnel shall be properly trained in the use of such
equipment. Store yards shall be laid out in accordance with SAUDI ARAMCO Standards
(SAES -B-7A, SAES -B-7C) and NFPA 231 A with respect to spacing of rows, fire lanes and
compatibility of materials.
22.
Formwork
CONTRACTOR shall ensure that all formwork supports are constructed to SAUDI ARAMCO
approved standards. As far as practicable, steel units shall be used.
Where the WORK requires a timber supporting structure, the timber shall be of suitable
quality and of adequate strength. CONTRACTOR shall obtain prior written approval from
Comp any Representative before any timber supporting structure is erected.
CONTRACTOR shall ensure that prior to any concrete being poured into any supported
formwork structure, approval is obtained from Company Representative.
23.
Ionizing Radiation
CONTRACTOR shall ensure that radioactive sources shall be used in compliance with the
"General Rules and Regulations for the Use and Handling of Radioactivity and
Radioisotopes" as promulgated by the Saudi Arabian Atomic Energy Department and with
prior written approval of SAUDI ARAMCO. Where the WORK requires the use of ionizing
radiation either by the CONTRACTOR or by some other organization approved by SAUDI
ARAMCO, CONTRACTOR shall ensure that all employees are made aware of the precautions
to be taken.
24.
First-Aid Facilities
The CONTRACTOR shall provide and maintain first-aid facilities at the WORK Site in
accordance with Articles 134 and 135 of the Saudi Labor Laws. When a CONTRACTOR
employs 50 or more workmen at a WORK Site the CONTRACTOR shall provide a
Page 391
qualified nurse and a dedicated emergency vehicle (ambulance), properly supplied and
marked, to transport injured personnel to the nearest health care facility.
25.
Page 392
26.
Explosives
CONTRACTOR shall promptly advise Company Representative of any requirements for
explosives and only use such explosives after the written approval of Company
Representative. Contractor shall comply with the general rules and requirements for the
handling and use of explosives issued by the Ministry of the Interior and all Saudi Aramco
requirements per the Saudi Aramco Construction Safety Manual for the storage,
transportation and use of explosives.
27.
Sandblasting
CONTRACTOR shall comply with SAUDI ARAMCO GI 6.021 and Construction Safety
Manual requirements on sandblasting.
Page 393
A.4
INTRODUCTION
In reviewing the safety requirements for our design and construction activities (i.e. new,
modified or rebuilt plants or facilities), it is difficult for even the most experienced engineer
and/or contractor to identify all the potential safety hazards that may be encountered unless a
systematic potential-hazard review is conducted as a part of a Hazard Identification Plan
(HIP).
The attached Hazard Identification Plan (HIP) provides the method for conducting such a
review. The hazards identified are classified as A, B or C according to their degree of
potential human impact considering severity and probability (i.e. from most severe and
probable to least severe and probable) during the initial design phase. This allows for a
change in the methodology or operating procedure in the direction of reducing the risk
associated with the hazard to an acceptable level, or eliminating it altogether.
Page 394
II.
III.
Hazard Classification
Once the hazards are identified, they are classified as Class A, B, or C.
Page 395
IV.
Corrective Action
List all hazards identified in the HIP outline, and determine what corrective action
should be taken.
Example: "A" Hazards
Overhead electrical power lines over building site
Corrective Action
Example: "A" Hazard. "Overhead Power Lines"
Corrective Action:
2)
Electrical wires
Roadways
Ditches
High water table
Tie-downs
Obstruction
Unstable soil
Fences/walls
Traffic flow
Guide wires
Nearby buildings, schools, houses
Possible flood or wash out areas
Page 396
3)
4)
Buried utilities
High water table
Building foundations
Underground water waste
Unstable soil
Chemical / trash dump area
Voids in the earth (caves)
Underground fuel / chemical / pressure systems and vessels
5)
Fog
Rain
Lightning
Marine vessels and materials adrift
Electrical hazards
Page 397
Appendix B: Emergency/Disaster
Planning And Response
February 1993 - Construction Safety Manual - Appendix B: Emergency/Disaster Planning And Response
Page 398
B.1
This Appendix outlines Saudi Aramco search and rescue procedures for on- and off-shore facilities.
Included in this appendix are the following:
Control of Remote Area Travel And Search And Rescue Procedures (GI 6.025);
Fire and Other Serious Emergency Response Procedures (Supplement No. 1-503-1).
Any further questions on search and rescue procedures should be forwarded to your area Loss
Prevention Department office or the Saudi Aramco contract proponent.
Effective emergency planning requires that employees be familiar with emergency procedures before a
crisis. It is the responsibility of management to ensure that all employees are familiar with the proper
response to fire and other serious emergencies.
Page 399
B.2
It is the responsibility of every contractor employee to become familiar with emergency response
procedures for both offshore and onshore operating facilities.
The following Operating Instructions Manuals (OIMs) give facility-specific emergency response
guidance/procedures:
Saudi Aramco Operating Instruction Manual (OIM):
OI 1.501
OI 1.501-1
OI 1.501-2
OI 1.501-3
OI 1.502
OI 1.503
OI 1.503-1
OI 1.503-2
OI 1.503-3
OI 1.503-4
OI 1.503-5
OI 1.527
OI 10.011
General guidelines for preparing emergency response plans can be found in the following Saudi Aramco
Loss Prevention Department publication:
GI 70.500
February 1993 - Construction Safety Manual - B.3: Emergency/Disaster Planning And Response
Page 400
The potential for emergencies and disasters exists at all construction sites and facilities and their
associated costs can be devastating in terms of employee casualties, business interruption, loss of capital
investment, etc. These events cannot be avoided but the contractor can reduce their frequency of
occurrence and severity of damage with effective preparation/planning. This can be accomplished by
developing emergency response plans that address immediate concerns within the contractor's operations
and which also interface, as required, with emergency response procedures developed by Saudi Aramco
organizations.
The following guidelines (B 3.1 and B 3.3 and Figures) are extracted from the publication "Guidelines For
Preparing Emergency Response Plans". These are generally used by Saudi Aramco operations as a
framework for plan development. Contractors should refer to these guidelines for developing their own
plans as appropriate, paying particular attention to the need for interfacing with local Saudi Aramco
emergency planning procedures. Contractor's plans will need to be tailored to their specific operations
and resources and the nature of their work with Saudi Aramco.
B.2.1
General Provisions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
B.2.2
Ensure that the emergency plan with the latest issue date is being used and it
incorporates all amendments to date. It must have provision for any future amendments
as addendum or reissues.
The emergency reporting instructions must be provided in the front of the plan.
The emergency telephone numbers must be provided in the front of the plan.
The disaster preparedness policy must be provided in the front of the plan.
Definitions
1.
Emergency:
An emergency is an abnormal incident posing a threat to the safety of workers,
residents, the environment or property at a facility or site and which can be brought
under control using the resources and procedures for emergency response in place
for the facility or site.
2.
Disaster:
A disaster is an emergency which poses a more serious threat to the safety of
workers, residents, the environment or property at a facility or site and which
cannot be brought under control using the resources and procedures for
emergency response in place for the facility or site. Whether an emergency
becomes a disaster depends on the following:
Page 401
3.
Emergency Planning:
This involves the development of a specific plan which details actions to be taken
by trained personnel during an emergency in an effort to efficiently control it and
minimize its net negative impact on workers, residents, the environment or property
at a facility or site. This type of planning also extends to developing emergency
control strategies and instituting training and drills for all facility personnel.
4.
5.
6.
Page 402
7.
Planning Committee:
A planning committee is a body comprising of members from key functional groups
within the organization. This is set up to develop an emergency plan using the
broad expertise of its members.
8.
Planning Coordinator:
An individual who is qualified to develop an emergency plan to direct its
development through a planning committee. This individual is required to process
great depth of knowledge of emergency response and disaster control practices
and procedures, and manpower organizational capabilities for his facility or site. He
can review and use Saudi Aramco approved emergency plans from other similar
facilities or sites in the development or modification of his facility/site plan.
9.
Key Positions
(a) Emergency Manager
The Emergency Manager is responsible for the overall organization
and strategy of the emergency response, coordinates logistical efforts
and has the authority for the final decision in any emergency action.
He is usually, but not always, the senior management person at the
facility. His specific responsibilities are to:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Page 403
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(b)
Fire-Fighting
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Rescue
(1)
(2)
(3)
Process
Page 404
(c) Maintenance
This function is usually performed by a maintenance representative
who is responsible to:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(d) Engineering
This function is usually performed by an operations engineering
representative whose responsibilities are as follows:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(e) Security
This function is usually performed by the facility Security Supervisor
whose responsibilities are as follows:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
Page 405
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(g) Services
This function is usually performed by a staff engineer who coordinates
support services and obtains a cost code from the area Finance
representative to account for all financial, purchasing, and cost
analysis aspects of the incident. His responsibilities are as follows:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(h) Medical
This function is usually performed by district medical personnel whose
responsibilities are as follows:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(i)
External Relations
Page 406
(4)
(j)
Operations/Utilities
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(k) Communications
This function is usually performed by an operations employee who
reports to the DCC to manage radio transmissions, telephone lines,
operate special equipment such as DVD, EARS, etc., and record all
message traffic.
(l) Environmental
This function is usually performed by an assigned environmental
specialist whose responsibilities include providing environmental
monitoring services and spill containment/recovery advice to the
Emergency Manager and Incident Commander.
B.2.3
2.
Page 407
Fire
Fires are generally caused as a result of ignition of a gas (or liquid)
hydrocarbon leak under pressure. Unburned liquid hydrocarbon pools in the
ground and fuel the fire to increase its intensity and spread. All situations
within this scenario can lead to disasters if fire spreads beyond the
capabilities of the fire fighting systems/personnel in place. Generally, this
occurs if the response is not quick to contain the fire to a manageable limit
before it approaches a disaster level.
Some examples of potential
emergency/disaster situations for the fire scenario are:
Explosion
Flammable vapor releases are one of the most significant sources of
explosions and the potential for casualties and property damage is high.
Some examples of potential emergency/disaster situations for the explosion
scenario are:
Page 408
Natural Disaster
Each facility or site is susceptible to natural disasters (e.g. high winds,
flooding, etc.). The impact of natural disasters to cause other related process
disasters should be recognized in the planning stage. Historical data on
disasters at similar facilities or sites coupled with weather data can help in
predicting the frequency of natural disasters for the area. Another source of
such information is the Saudi Aramco Risk Analysis Manual.
Page 409
6.
After the Scenario Analysis sheets have been completed for each scenario,
assign a rank order in Part E based on consequences. The plan coordinator
selects the scenario which represents the most likely event with the
severest consequence(s) as the basis for developing the emergency
response plan.
This choice should be approved by Contractor
management.
Task 5: Review Emergency Control Needs
7.
Use the Disaster Control Tasks Checklist to determine all tasks required
(see Figure B.3).
8.
9.
11.
(b)
Ensure that these critical items are stored together at one easily
accessible location (or the critical items store itself if accessible).
(c)
Display the list of critical items on the entrance to the critical items
store.
Identify and list the entities responsible for supplying food, water, shelter,
transportation, emergency equipment, additional manpower, external mutual
aid, medical support and cost accounting.
Page 410
12.
Determine that the resource needs in item number 10. (above) have been
met List contingencies to cover failure of any of those entities indicated in
item 11. to supply the needed items.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
List and detail all high cost items and their corresponding authorization
levels.
19.
20.
21.
22.
Consider the need to provide an alternate location for the DCC in case the
original location is rendered unusable.
23.
24.
Page 411
25.
Ensure that the DCP is set up with supplies similar to the DCC (except on
offshore facilities where the DCP may only have a telephone, radio
communication and personal protective/identification equipment).
26.
28.
Ensure there are sufficient personnel to fill all assigned positions and
alternates/substitutes identified and on standby to fill critical positions
should it become necessary.
29.
30.
Verify and document that all assigned individuals are aware of their
responsibilities.
31.
(a)
Page 412
Also see section VII.A (Reporting Emergencies) of the plan (see Task
9: Write the Plan).
(4.) Details of the telephone and radio systems (i.e. different dialing
and radio frequencies) should be in the appendix of the plan.
(b.)
(c.)
(d.)
Mobilization Of Resources:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Page 413
5.
(e)
Suppression/Control Of Incident:
A separate control procedure must be written for each generic
incident scenario developed in Task 3 (Identify Emergency
Scenarios). This procedure is based on facility operating
instructions detailing the rapid and safe sequential shut down of
process units/equipment involved or affected by the particular
incident scenarios.
(f)
2.
3.
Restore Operations
This covers all post-emergency control actions which must be
followed to restore normal operations at the facility. This
includes, but is not limited to:
Page 414
4.
33.
Develop
procedures
for
the
(onshore/offshore as applicable):
34.
following
emergencies/disasters
Complete the emergency reporting form given in Figure B.5 and follow the
instructions contained therein to report such event(s).
36.
The plan manual must be reviewed and signed off by all outside mutual aid
entities expected to respond to an emergency at this site.
Page 415
38.
Ensure that alternates (or standby) personnel are also trained and drilled on
emergency response
39.
Train and familiarize all personnel with the provisions of your emergency
response manual.
40.
(a)
(b)
41.
Hold and document critique sessions following all drills, simulations and/or
actual incidents.
42.
Provide for regular reviews (e.g. documented tickler date) and update the
plan at least once a year through the plan coordinator.
44.
Keep a record of all amendments and maintain it in the front of the plan
document manual.
45.
Keep a current list of all document manual holders and periodically forward
them copies of any amendments.
Page 416
Page
______Fire
______Explosion
______Flammable Gas
______Toxic Gas
______Natural Disaster
A.
B.
Possible Causes:
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
C.
D.
Effect on Operations:
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
E.
No.____of____scenarios
No.____of____scenarios
F.
Location/equipment-specific notes:
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Reviewed by: _________________________________
Date: ____________
Page
2.
Warning
Pre-impact Preparation
If time permits, facility personnel must do the following to minimize negative impact of an
emergency/disaster:
3.
4.
Contact appropriate resource for weather data and other emergency/disaster information
Evacuate all affected areas.
Evacuation
Evacuation of persons from affected areas and non-essential workers from adjacent areas
lowers the risk of casualties.
Known in advance.
Available on demand.
Page 419
5.
6.
7.
Incident Suppression/Control
8.
Communications
Efficient and accurate communications are a necessary part of effective emergency response
actions.
9.
Continuing Assessment
10.
Coordination
11.
Page 420
12.
Security
Adequate security personnel/system be in place to:
13.
14.
Control traffic.
Continuity of Operations
15.
16.
Secondary Hazards
The plan should identify hazards created as a result of the emergency/disaster (e.g.
structural damage to buildings, isolated fires from explosions, downed electrical lines,
etc.)
Determine and plan to provide additional resources needed to control these hazards.
17.
Evacuation, traffic and crowd control, guarding property and patrolling dangerous areas.
Maintenance personnel should maintain a current status list of plant utilities and
services lost during the emergency/disaster and the estimated time to restore them.
System to check and replace emergency equipment damaged during or immediately after
the emergency/disaster.
System to provide shift relief to emergency/fire fighting crews and replenishment of fire
fighting materials and other consumables.
Page 421
18.
Personnel Needs
Plan to provide emergency/disaster workers and other affected personnel with sanitary
food, water, clothing, shelter and financial assistance as needed.
Page 422
EMERGENCY INCIDENT
4. MOBILIZE RESOURCES
6. POST-INCIDENT ACTIONS
Page 423
If the number is busy or unavailable, try the following in the order listed:
2.
telephone xxx-zzzz
3.
4.
After the message has been given successfully, the reporting individual, if an operator, should return
immediately to the emergency site to do whatever he can safely do to improve the emergency situation.
Page 424
Title Page
II.
Reporting Emergencies
II.
IV.
Table Of Contents
V.
Introduction
A. Scope
B. When To Implement
C. Definitions
VI.
Appendices
A. Materials And Equipment Inventory
1. Emergency Equipment
2. Fire Fighting Supplies
3. Facility Maps, Plans, Drawings
4. Communication Equipment
5. Mutual Aid
Page 425
a. Saudi Aramco
b. Non-Saudi Aramco
B. Exceptions To Generic Scenarios
C. Operating Instruction Manuals (OIMs) And Other References
Page 426
Page 427
C.1
I.
SELECTION OF A SITE
A.
B.
C.
D.
Sufficient clear space from combustible structures or other storage which could be an
exposure hazard.
E.
No danger of flooding.
F.
II.
1.
2.
Drainage from fuel spills should travel away from all storage.
FENCING SITE
A.
B. Two 15' gates, directly opposite each other (180o ) are required to permit ready access of
fire apparatus to any part of the storage area regardless of wind direction and location of fire.
III.
PILING OF MATERIALS
A.
B.
(b)
access to the seat of the fire with hose streams from the ground.
AISLES must be maintained between individual piles; between piles and buildings, and
between piles and the boundary line fence for the storage site, to allow access to all
sides of the piles.
Page 428
1.
C. DRIVEWAYS of minimum 15 feet width are required to permit travel of fire apparatus to
all parts of the storage area.
1.
Driveway and aisle widths should be increased to at least equal the height
of piles of goods, since they also act as firebreaks to limit the spread of fire.
IV.
1.
2.
Piles or "blocks" of small piles are arranged with combustibles and noncombustibles in alternate locations This technique tends to isolate a fire, allowing greater chance to
contain it within the pile or "block" of origin.
(b)
BUILDINGS
A.
Buildings within storage yards should be at least 50 feet from the nearest storage pile.
1.
B.
V.
(a)
This space should remain clear and free of combustible materials, at all
times.
2.
In addition to the above, leave plenty of clear fire- break space between
buildings (50 feet minimum), and alternate hazardous shops or stored
goods with those structures housing less hazardous goods or activities.
Again, this will help counteract unfavorable winds.
FIRE PROTECTION
A.
Page 429
B.
Portable fire extinguishers shall be provided throughout the storage area and the
buildings located as to be quickly available for use at any point.
C.
Standard Live Hose Reels shall be provided throughout the storage areas to allow fast
application of firewater onto any location within the store yard. These hoses are easily
handled by one man and can deliver significant quantities of water. Full coverage of the
interiors of all buildings must also be provided.
WARNING:
1.
2.
D.
E.
The need to notify the Fire Protection Department and man these live hose
reels as fast as possible cannot be over-emphasized.
(a)
(b)
These 1-1/4" diameter hoses allow one person to apply about 100
gallons/minute without difficulty.
Two inch steel (galvanized) lines shall be used to feed these hoses. Each
hose reel will have a valve at the tie-in to the 6" loop.
Standard Fire Hydrants - Saudi Aramco Engineering Standard B-7C requires type 509-G
hydrants for protection of outdoor storage. Depending on system pressure, the 2-1/2"
hoses used by the Fire Protection Department can require 4 to 5 trained men to handle.
It is for this reason that fire hydrants are not normally provided with hose or used by
construction yard personnel.
1.
2.
Hydrants and all fire fighting equipment shall be accessible for use at all
times. No temporary storage will be allowed to obstruct access for fire
fighting.
Page 430
VI.
GUARD SERVICE
A.
Guards trained in the use of live fire hose reels, fire extinguishers and the fire warning
system shall be on site at all times when the yard is otherwise unoccupied.
1.
2.
VII.
The site shall be kept free from accumulation of unnecessary combustible materials
such as empty cartons or other packing or packaging materials.
B.
All electrical equipment and installations to comply with National Electrical Code.
C.
Employees' smoking areas shall be clearly designated and no smoking strictly enforced
outside these "safe" areas.
D.
Motor vehicles shall be garaged and repaired outside the yard area, in a noncombustible structure or unsheltered. Fuel handling shall comply with NFPA 30,
Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, at a safe distance from the storage yard.
A site layout plan of the materials storage yards shall be submitted to the Loss Prevention
Department Area Fire Prevention Engineer for review. All essential features of this
"Checklist" shall be clearly illustrated on a site drawing of the proposed yard. Two copies of
this drawing (done accurately to scale) will be submitted and once approved, one signed
copy shall be kept at the site for periodic review. Changes to the original storage yard layout
must be reviewed and concurred by Loss Prevention Department.
Page 431
Page 432
D.1
Page 433
Page 434
_______________________________________
(Signature)
________________________________________
(Date)
________________________________________
(Address)
________________________________________
Contact Telephone Number
________________________________________
Contact FAX Number
Page 435
Page 436
_____________________________________
(Signature)
____________________________________
(Date)
________________________________________
Contact Telephone Number
________________________________________
Contact FAX Number
Page 437
Page 438
SASC-A-010
SASC-C-010
SASC-F-010
FOOD ESTABLISHMENTS
SASC-P-010
SASC-R-010
SASC-S-010
SASC-W-010
WATER
Page 439
Page 440
Title
2.100
2.102
2.702
2.708
2.710
2.711
2.718
5.002
6.001
6.003
6.012
6.020
6.021
6.025
6.029
6.030
7.025
7.026
7.027
7.028
7.029
7.030
Inspection and Testing of Cranes, Elevators, Powered Platforms, and Mobile Aerial
Baskets
Page 441
8.001
8.002
8.003
8.005
70.500
80.500
150.001
Asbestos Regulations
150.002
150.003
Ionizing Radiation
151.006
330.87
355.001
355.002
355.003
355.004
355.015
355.015-01
355.020
401.081
402.001
432.00
434.00
441.014
447.002
447.003
Page 442
475.001
475.002
520.001
618.001
1021.000
1127.700
1130.013
Vehicle Loading
1131.165
1131.921
1183.215
1185.003
1186.502
1186.504
SAG Regulations and Practice as Applied to All Types of Marine Craft at the Port of
Ras Tanura
1187.001
1192.001
Operating Practices for Harbor Tugs, Offshore Vessels and Launches, Including
Safety Rules
1192.002
1192.502
Operating Procedures for Marine Oil Recovery and Storage Barge/Vessel, Including
Safety Rules
1193.001
1193.002
Navigation Warnings
1194.001
1196.001
Whistle Signals for Use Between Tugs and Barges or Tugs and Self-Propelled
Vessels When Berthing
1197.001
1198.001
Rig/Barge Moving
Page 443
1199.001
1310.000
1321.015
1600.003
1601.002
1602.001
1602.002
1602.003
1603.001
1781.001-1
1787.00-1
Fire Reports
Page 444
Page 445
LIST OF FIGURES
I.
Administration:
Figure I.1
Figure I.2
Figure I.3
Figure I.4
Figure I.4A
Figure I.5
Figure I.6
Figure I.7
Figure I.8
Figure I.9
II.
43
44
69
76
77
78
79
86
87
94
Hold Tag
Lockout Clip (Typical)
Excavations Made In Type A Soil
Simple/Multiple Bench
Unsupported Vertically Sided
Excavations Made In Type B Soil
Single/Multiple Bench
Excavations Made In Type C Soils
Excavations Made In Layered Soils
Excavations Made In Layered Soils
Examples Of Trench Shields
Guide To Safe Distance Back From Top Of Slope For
Storage Of Materials Or Placing Equipment
Examples Of Screw Trench Jacks
Aluminum Hydraulic Shoring Typical Installations
Aluminum Hydraulic Shoring
Aluminum Hydraulic Shoring Waler Systems For Soil Type
B
Example Of Timber Shoring Protective Systems
Timber Trench Shoring - Minimum Timber Requirements
Timber Trench Shoring - Minimum Timber Requirements
Timber Trench Shoring - Minimum Timber Requirements
Standard Coupler
Adjustable Coupler
Typical End To End Coupler
Screwjack
Typical Reveal Pin
Typical Base Plate
A Typical Independent Tied Scaffold Constructed Using
Tube And Coupler Scaffolding
A Typical Tube And Coupler Scaffold
Plan View Of Two-Way Tie
Plan View Of Column Box Tie
Plan View Of Reveal Tie
121
122
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
192
192
192
192
192
192
210
211
212
212
212
Page 446
Figure II.28
Figure II.29
Figure II.30
Figure II.31
Figure II.32
Figure II.33
Figure II.34
Figure II.35
Figure II.36
Figure II.37
Figure II.38
Figure II.39
Figure II.40
Figure II.41
Figure II.42
Figure II.43
Figure II.44
Figure II.45
Figure II.46
Figure II.47
III.
215
216
217
217
217
225
226
227
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
266-267
268
277
278
278
278
279
280
280
280
280
281
297
V.
213
214
214
IV.
318
319
324
351
352
353
Page 447
VI.
Marine:
Figure VI.1
Figure VI.2
Figure VI.3
361
373
373
Appendix A:
Figure A.1
Contractor's
Evaluation
Competition
Job
Safety
380-381
Appendix B:
Figure B.1
Figure B.2
Figure B.3
Figure B.4
Figure B.5
Figure B.6
412
413
414
418
419
420-421
Page 448
Page 449
LIST OF TABLES
I.
Administration:
Table I.1
II.
75
III.
131
191
201
202
203
248
252
269
269
Page 450
Appendix K: Forms
Page 451
Appendix K contains originals of many of the forms which have appeared as figures throughout the
Manual. Please copy these for use in your safety program.
Page 452
Control No_________________
Accident Location:
Date Of Accident:
Time Of Accident:
Company:
Personnel Injured:
Badge Number:
Type Of Injuries:
Description Of Accident:
Witness Statement(s)
Signed:_______________________________________________________________Badge
No:________________________
Date Of Report:________________________________________________
Name (Printed):_____________________________________________________________________
Company:___________________________________________________ Job
Title:_________________________________
LOCATION:_________________________________
CONTRACTOR:_______________________________________________________________________________________
1. Work Injuries:
2. Fires:
3. Incidents Or Property Damage (Over SR 10,000):
4. Motor Vehicle Accidents:
5. Incidents Involving Damage To Saudi Aramco Equipment:
6. Crane, Heavy Equipment & Manlift Accidents:
7. Safety Meeting:
(A) Topics Discussed:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
(B) Attendance:
(C) Instructor(s):
INJURY SUMMARY
(PAGE ___OF___)
Name Of
Injured
Badge
Numbe
r
Craft
Date Of
Accident
Carry Over
Yes/No
Total Days
Lost:
Days
Lost
This
Month
6.
7.
10.
Weight of load
_______lbs/kgs
Effective weight of jib headache ball ______ lbs/kgs
Weight of hoist rope below boom tip______ lbs/kgs
Weight of other rigging
______ lbs/kgs
Total load weight
_____ lbs/kgs
Stowed
Erected
N/A
(lbs/kgs)
o
o
o
Jib:
_______
o
o
o
Extension:
_______
Hookblock (Main):
______
_____
_____
_______
o
o
Aux. Boom Head:
______
_______
o
o
Headache Ball:
______
_______
Slings, Shackles, etc.:
______
______
______
_______
Others:
__________________________________ _______
__________________________________ _______
Total (Gross Load Weight):
_______
Sling#
Diameter
Length
SWL
Date-In
Service
Date-OutService
Date
Issued
Cartridge Quantity
Returned
Returned
Used
Unused
Returned
Unexploded
Tool
Issued
Received By
Cert No.
Name/
Signature
(Type/MDL)
Warning: Above items can only be issued to workers with valid training certificate
Storekeeper:
Safety Officer:
Issued By
Remarks
If the number is busy or unavailable, try the following in the order listed:
2.
telephone xxx-zzzz
3.
4.
After the message has been given successfully, the reporting individual, if an operator, should return immediately to
the emergency site to do whatever he can safely do to improve the emergency situation.
Date: ____________________________
Name Of Contractor:
Contractor's Address:
Job Description:
Job Number:
Starting Date:
Estimated Completion Date:
B.I. Number:
Telephone Number:
Telephone Number:
Org. Code:
Site Location:
Signed:____________________________________________________(Contractor's Representative)
Job Title:__________________________________________________
Company:__________________________________________________
Date:_______________________________________________________
Saudi Aramco Proponent Department:____________________________________________________
This form is to be completed and sent to the local Saudi Aramco Loss Prevention Office with a copy to the designated
senior Project Engineer, who is a member of the proponent Project Management Team (PMT).
Signed:________________________________________
Saudi Aramco Project Manager