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Альманах УНС 1936 - Ювілейна книга УНС
Альманах УНС 1936 - Ювілейна книга УНС
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(jubilee ook
. of the
Ukrainian cNationalc^ssociation
Bn commemoration o f the fortieth
A n niversary o f its existence
i9 3 6
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Copyright,
UKRAINIAN
193 7, by
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION,
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Inc.
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____________________________________________________________________ __ 749
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CONTENTS
______________________________________________________________________
Page
1
PREFACE
177
178
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Page
STEPHEN MUSIYCHUK: ANTHEM OF THE UKRAINIAN NATIONAL ASSO
CIATION _________________________________________________________________
Dr. LUKE MYSHUHA: THE UKRAINIAN NATIONAL ASSOCIATION __________
Introduction. Its basic principles and founding ( 1 9 4 ) . . Putting
the principles into practice ( 1 9 7 ) . Enlarging its program (1 9 9 ) .
Weeding out undesirable elements ( 2 0 0 ) . The peoples will
( 2 0 1 ) . Dissension ( 2 0 3 ) . The Reform the turning point
( 2 0 4 ) . Towards unity ( 2 0 6 ) . Conclusion.
192
193
208
209
231
249
249
250
_____________________________
254
254
255
(poem)
__________________________
286
286
287
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BOHDAN LEPKY: OUT INTO THE WIDE WORLD (poem)
324
325
343
360
364
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365
380
381
...............
382
383
_________ ___________ _
389
391
396
398
399
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408
411
UKRAINIANIZATION
412
420
AMERICANIZATION AND
431
____________________
439
Dr. ALEXANDER SUSHKO: THE CONFLICT BETWEEN THE OLD AND NEW
IMMIGRATIONS AND OURSELVES _______________________________________
440
449
451
457
457
(poem )
___________________________________
450
460
498
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OLES: WHAT CHARM A NATIONS RESURRECTION (Poem , translated
by Waldimir Sem enyna) _________________________________________________
512
512
513
520
523
527
527
529
748
IN D E X ___________________________________________________________________________
749
*
MAP
OF
UKRAINE
____________________________________________________________
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XVI
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23
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Note
8 The
F. R. Livesay
Russian School of
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. . (1920)
, 57-59
Beacon St.
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425
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'LOWER
INSERT: UKRAINIAN
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OF UKRAINE
AFTER
THE WORLD
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2 N. Y. EVENING POST, April 3, 1890.
A lady in ball costum e, with diam onds in her ears, and her toes out of
her boots.
* THE NEW YORK TIMES MAGAZINE, November 17, 1935, p. 8, 17.
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5 America is a joyless land, and nowhere is this so crying clear as in the
places of New York Broadway, the m ovies , Coney Island where joy is sought .
(THE NEW YORK WORLD. Arranged by Harold Bruce and Guy M ontgomery.
New York, 1 9 2 7 ).
6 What sort of world was this, w h eie people were judged by the amount o f
money they had? (IN THE SHADOW OF LIBERTY, by Edward C orsi).
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7 It produced a philosophy with a healthy enough basic principle: the necessity
and desirability of the survival of the strongest and the best; but when the doctrine
appeared in practice, it was bare, unrelieved selfishness-fierce, cruel, anti-social .
(LOUIS ADAMIC: Dynamite, New York, 1931, p. 2 2 ).
8 The slackers, the young blood who had waited until they were sent for,
the indispensable young legal and commercial luminaries who had bought som e one
else to do their dying for them while they remained safely at hom e . (AMERICA,
by Hendrik Van Loon, 1927, pp. 4 1 9 -2 0 ).
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9 Theodore Roosevelt, Bryan and Wilson represented each within his party:
,,a mood, in which the common man regarded himself as oppressed, as in danger
of becoming stratified economically, a mood of revolt against organized wealth, of
resentment against the union of ,,big business and the boss system in politics .
(OUR TIMES. THE TURN OF THE CENTURY (1 9 0 0 - 1 9 0 4 ), by Mark Sullivan,
p. 10 2 ).
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Labor, ( 1887 1889)
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. . .trade unionists were excluded from the church (Lutheran) on the
ground that membership in a labor organization violated the law of God . (Ibid.,
p. 331) .
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of ten1that would not commit murder; that you could not hire
him to commit murder or any other crime.
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(Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers),
1877 p. Philadelphia-Reading
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(1892). , .,
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Iron, Steel and Tin Workers. .
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Twas in a Pennsylvania town not very long ago,
Men struck against reduction of their pay,
Their millionaire employer with philanthropic show
Had closed the mills till starved they would o b e y . . .
, . . (1894),
Pullman Strike,
3,600 , ,
, deputy
marshals of the United States. ,
(Chicago Superintendent of Police, Brennan)
,
thugs, thieves and ex-convicts.
12
By 1885 the United States had become the first manufacturing country in
the world. The new wealth of the nation did not filter down to its producers, however,
except in a thin and unsteady stream. Unwilling to depend upon chance or generosity,
the labor movement gave battle. The great Riots of 187 7, the Homestead battle and
the Pullman strike were but a few of the instances in which the agony of labor broke
out in revolt. To stifle these rebellions, three factors were brought into play: the
private detective agencies, the courts and the military . (I BREAK STRIKES, the
Technique of Pearl L. Bergoff, by Edward Levinson, New York, 1936, p. 1 8 ).
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Transit Company $2,374,961,
,
$350,000 . 1916 p., The Inter
borough Rapid Transit Company $2,025,481,
a Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company 1920 p.
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$2,237,690. .
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13 . . . t h a t everyone should be allowed to go to heaven in his own way. (A
HISTORY OF AMERICAN LIFE, by Arthur Meier Schlesinger. Volume X., p. 3 2 0 ) .
14 Ibid., p. 332: . . . o f the older faiths the Roman Catholic and the Jews alone
knew how to attract and hold the laborer and the immigrant newcomer.
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15
Theoretically the European and the American recognize the fact that black
and yellow, and copper-colored creatures also have the right to exist.
In practice,
however, they prefer such creatures when they know their place and shine their
boots for them or do their masters laundering. (AMERICA, by Hendrik Van Loon,
1927, p. 4 1 2 ).
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(William Allen W hite)
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EMPORIA GAZETTE, March 20, 1899:
Only Anglo-Saxons can govern themselves.
. . . I t is the Anglo-Saxons manifest destiny to go forth as a world
c o n q u e r o r .. .
This is what fate holds for the chosen people. It is
so written. It is to be.
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.17 , , 1893 p.,
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(Jacob Selcher ) .
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(Andrew Carnegie),
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churches, museums and art galleries for the good of all. While the panic palsied the
countrys industrial energies and turned hordes of the jobless into the streets, an
extraordinary outburst of philantropic relief effort attested the essential humanness
of the American ch a r a c te r ... (THE RELIEF OF THE UNEMPLOYED DURING WINTER
OF 1893-94, Journal of Social Science, XXXII, 1 8 9 4 ).
18 A small boy with diamonds is no match for a large burglar with experience.
(LIFE, November 5/ 1 9 0 0 ).
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20 1933 . 297.
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Chicago, 111.
Cleveland, .
New York, N. Y.*
Philadelphia, Pa.
Rochester* N. Y.
Jersey City, N. J.
Newark, N. J.
Perth Amboy, N. J. ___
Elizabeth, N. J.
Detroit, Mich.
Allentown, Pa.
Scranton, Pa.
i
Chester, Pa.
Wilkes-Barre, Pa.
Hamtramck, Mich.
Ambridge, Pa.
W oonsocket, R. I. ______
Youngstown, Ohio
Syracuse, N> Y.
Brooklyn, N. Y.
McKees Rocks, Pa.
Pittsburgh, Pa.
St. Clair, Pa.
Carnegie, Pa.
Holyoke, Mass.
Bayonne, N. J.
Wilmington, Del.
Ansonia, Conn.
Minneapolis, Minn, ____
Yonkers, N. Y.
Carteret, N. J.
Passaic, N. J.
Northampton, Pa.
Auburn, N. Y.
1 . . . .
1| | || | |
678
507
714
446
364
375
357
296
256
241
154
192
174
169
207
149
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123
125
81
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118
88
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475
298
307
249
191
207
230
165
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143
139
102
114
125
108
93
94
71
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78
89
61
61
65
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62
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46
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63
70
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613
566
564
526
421
374
310
335
313
271
321
274
258
235
233
212
208
203
170
157
189
196
187
196
181
164
152
151
138
184
198
182
149
195
95
113
82
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101
80
98
65
90
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53
60
56
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51
50
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35
59
66
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31
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37
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81
77
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104
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22
32
26
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34
36
38
40
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393
357
271
327
180
198
163
172
202
153
181
129
158
199
119
119
98
106
94
92
86
77
109
113
78
64
72
51
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74
79
75
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1,339
1,283
1,080
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764
727
698
623
527
491
464
471
470
440
393
356
341
327
304
294
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279
270
267
260
259
247
240
238
231
226
219
215
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36.
37.
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55.
56.
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58.
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61.
62.
63.
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67.
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88.
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Bethlehem, .
Centralia, .
St. Louis, Mo.
Shamokin, Pa.
McAdoo, Pa. _
Johnstown, Pa.
Ford City, Pa.
Mahanoy Piane, Pa. ____
Monessen, Pa.
Campbell, Ohio
Buffalo, N. Y.
Mt. Carmel, Pa.
Wheeling, W. Va.
New Haven, Conn.
New Kensington, Pa. __
Easton, Pa.
Akron, Ohio
Palmerton, Pa.
Lorain, Ohio
Hazleton, Pa.
Curtis Bay, Md.
Bridgeport, Pa. _
Trenton, N. J.
Berwick, Pa.
Baltimore, Md.
Olyphant, Pa.
Lancaster, Pa.
Frackville, Pa.
Aliquippa, Pa. _
Utica, N. Y.
Taylor, Pa.
Astoria, N. Y.
Millville, N. J.
Providence, R. I.
Ramey, N. Y.
Boston, Mass.
McKeesport, Pa.
Bridgeport, Conn.
Olean, N. Y.
West Pullman, 111.
Woodhaven, N. Y. ______
Bentleyville, Pa.
E. St. Louis, 111.
Rhone, Pa.
Rossford, Ohio
Binghamton, N. Y. _ _
Toledo, Ohio
Cohoes, N. Y.
Avoca, Pa.
Ormrod, Pa.
Minersville, Pa.
Stapleton, N. Y.
Rankin, Pa.
Clifton, N. J.
Sayre, Pa.
Herkimer, N. Y.
Paterson, N. J.
Hartford, Conn.
Derry, Pa.
Little Falls, N. Y.
Troy, N. Y.
Hudson, N. Y.
Lakewood, Ohio
1 . II . . . ||
1| || | | ||
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111
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19
18
19
18
8
13
34
33
23
12
19
39
32
22
24
23
18
33
27
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14
26
30
27
27
33
22
21
27
26
21
16
23
15
19
19
16
17
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8
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8
16
21
22
20
16
18
7
13
12
15
14
17
18
18
9
10
23
10
12
19
20
7
2
15
7
3
8
70
77
55
44
57
67
61
60
55
43
45
55
50
37
40
46
52
53
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73
41
50
56
49
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31
45
34
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29
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26
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34
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11
21
214
212
211
210
205
194
193
192
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190
175
171
166
165
164
157
157
156
148
142
138
137
136
135
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132
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124
121
115
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Desloge, Mo. _
Amsterdam, N. Y.
Muskegon Hts, M ic h .__
Iselin, Pa.
Seymour, Conn.
Jamaica, N. Y.
_ _
Phoenixville, Pa.
Bristol, Pa.
Milwaukee, W i s . _
Port Jervis, N. Y.
Bound Brook, N. J. ___
Breslau, Pa.
Gary, Ind.
Great Meadows, N. J . __
Stamford, Conn.
Shenandoah, Pa.
Ramey, Pa.
Raritan, N. J.
Kansas City, Kan.
Manville, R. I.
New Britain, Conn. ___
Frankford, Pa.
Elmira, N. Y.
Yorkville, Ohio
Mahanoy City, Pa.
Mayfield, Pa.
Watervliet, N. Y.
Westbury, N. Y.
Titusville, Pa.
Smoke Run, Pa.
Manville, N. J.
S. Plainfield, N. J.
Altoona, Pa.
Manchester, N. H.
New Alexandria, Pa. ___
Spring Valley, N. Y . ___
Coatesville, Pa.
Donora, Pa.
Bristol, Conn.
Slickville, Pa.
Nesquehoning, Pa. _ _
Nazareth, Pa.
W. Newton, Pa.
Bronx, N. Y.
Barnesboro, Pa.
Southport, Conn.
Whippany, N. J.
Nanticoke, Pa.
Hempstead, N. Y.
Fulton, N. Y.
W. Hammond, 111.
Plains, Pa.
Crompton, R. I.
Durhamville, N. Y.
Lackawanna, N. Y. _
W. Harvey, 111.
- Coaldale, Pa.
Northumberland, Pa. -----Locust Pt., Md.
Riverhead, N. Y.
Niagara Falls, N. Y . -----Rahway, N. J.
Emerald, Pa.
1 . II . . . ||
1 | || | | ||
36 1
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10
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14
8
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9
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8
8
8
11
10
6
11
11
5
9
10
1
56
61
64
31
59
57
49
37
50
40
51
38
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38
42
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28
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20
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digitized by SVOBODA
12
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9
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15
8
16
10
10
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3
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13
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42
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| | || | .| |
___
Sykesville, .
Central Falls, R. I . _!
Glastonbury, Conn.
Etna, Pa. ____________
Linden, N. J. _______
Lundys Lane, Pa. ___
W hitestone, N. Y.
Yatesboro, Pa. _______
Iselin, N. J. _________
Peekskill, N. Y. _____
Derby, Conn. _______
Glen Lyn, Pa. ______
Export, Pa. _________
Danbury, Conn. _____
Tams, W. Va. ______
Latrobe, P a . __ ______
H. on Hudson, N. Y.
Simpson, Pa. ________
Hammond, Ind. _____
Edwardsville, Pa. ____
Sharon, Pa. _________
W estchester, N. Y.
Oxford Furnace, N. J.
Madison, 111. _________
Erie, P 'a._____________
Woodbine, N. J. _____
Manchester, N. Y. ___
Bellefonte, Pa. _______
Williamstown, N. J. __
Zanesville, O h io ______
Sublet, Wyo. ________
E. Chicago, Ind. _____
New Castle, Pa. _____
Plainfield, N. J. _____
Joliet, 111. ___________
Peoria, 111. __________
Zeigler, 111.___ ______
Canton, Ohio _______
Forbes Road, P a . _____
Farrell, Pa. __________
Jeannette, Pa. _______
New Brunswick, N. J.
Broadalbin, N. Y. ____
Lublin, Wis. __.i_____
Phoenix, 111. _________
Portland, Ore. _______
Far Rockaway, N. Y. _
Coscob, Conn. ______
Toronto, Ont., Canada
Wallingsford, Conn. _
Jessup, P a . ___ ______
Maplewood, N. J . -----Vandergrift, Pa. - _____
Homer City, Pa. _____
Amherst, Mass. ______
Butler, Pa. ____ ______
Leechburg, Pa. - _____
Thomaston, Conn. ___
Kempton, W. Va. ____
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2
3
3
4
5
5
6
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7
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26
26
Shamokin, Pa.
Mt. Carmel, Pa. __
Olyphant, P'a.
Elizabeth, N. J.
Jersey City, N. J.
Mt. Carmel, Pa.
Astoria, N. Y.
Brownsville, Pa. ________
Hastings on Hudson, N.Y.
McAdoo, Pa.
Elmira Heights, N. Y. __
Yonkers, N. Y.
St. Clair, Pa. _ _
Ansonia, Conn.
Waterbury, Conn. _
Yonkers, N. Y.
Troy, N. Y.
Watervliet, N. Y.
St. Louis, Mo.
New York, N. Y. ______
Buffalo, N. Y. _
Bridgeport, Pa.
Lansford, Pa.
Spring Valley, N. Y.
W est Pawlet, Vt.
Youngstown, Ohio
Seymour, Conn. _
Pricebury, Pa.
Homer City, Pa. __
Jessup, Pa.
Hamtramck, Mich.
Mayfield, Pa.
Binghamton, N. Y.
Manor, Pa.
Brooklyn, N. Y.
Homestead, Pa.
Derby, Conn.
Shamokin, P a..
Rankin, P a . ______
Trauger, Pa.
Jersey City, N. J. --------Bellvernon, Pa.
Tams, W. Va.
---------
160
50
51
4
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41,700.00
37,800.00
2,000.00
36,500.00
11,200.00
6,250.00
10,400.00
1,500.00
37,900.00
4,700.00
14,750.00
30,450.00
38,900.00
4,000.00
28,200.00
3,700.00
14,250.00
13,400.00
3,750.00
2,900.00
6,000.00
29,500.00
1,500.00
7,000.00
2,500.00
13,850.00
6,100.00
4,000.00
10,900.00
9,250.00
9,000.00
500.00
1,200.00
9,500.00
8,500.00
6,250.00
2,600.00
9,750.00
2,700.00
6,500.00
2,200.00
3,000.00
digitized by SVOBODA
132,311.46
41,100.00
36,950.00
2,000.00
36,500.00
11,200.00
6,250.00
10,400.00
1,250.00
37,450.00
4,700.00
13,625.00
30,450.00
38,600.00
4,000.00
28,200.00
3,700.00
14,250.00
12,700.00
3,750.00
2,900.00
5,100.00
29,500.00
1,500.00
7,000.00
2,500.00
12,950.00
6,100.00
2,990.30
10,900.00
8,750.00
9,000.00
500.00
1,200.00
9,500.00
8,500.00
5,350.00
2,600.00
9,250.00
2,700.00
6,410.92
2,200.00
3,000.00
20,920.95
6,331.23
3,315.56
128.14
4,241.00
1,424.12
576.57
277.97
95.40
4,251.01
274.45
1,725.06
3,245.27
5,936.02
206.86
4,513.52
167.51
2,590.57
678.15
279.93
227.72
335.60
2,335.67
50.42
411.59
321.55
1,563.72
315.65
83.45
978.73
1,377.49
537.76
37.62
29.00
1,134.41
328.26
1,028.55
221.58
1,045.68
205.28
1,086.34
110.57
436.43
10
10
61
33
16
2
17
8
7
35
4
9
10
2
1
3
7
9
4
36
17
15
5
3
11
19
11
3
9
23
33
3
5
1
15
17
3
2
3
5
13
7
49
2
6
8
5
7
16
15
13
7
9
9
2
2
11
4
9
7,500.00
7,000.00
53,200.00
31,400.00
13,500.00
1,600.00
14,000.00
4,900.00
5,000.00
22,200.00
2,000.00
6,800.00
7,000.00
1,200.00
1,000.00
2,600.00
4,500.00
5,900.00
1,750.00
30,650.00
14,250.00
8,400.00
4,400.00
1,750.00
9,300.00
12,950.00
9,600.00
1,800.00
8,750.00
19,450.00
24,300.00
2,500.00
3,800.00
1,000.00
10,700.00
16,250.00
3,000.00
1,500.00
1,500.00
3,750.00
13,000.00
5,050.00
31,300.00
700.00
4,500.00
5,000.00
5,000.00
3,800.00
12,200.00
11,200.00
9,600.00
4,000.00
6,300.00
6,000.00
400.00
1,500.00
8,600.00
3,750.00
6,000.00
7,500.00
7,000.00
53,056.91
31,400.00
13,085.65
1,600.00
13,100.00
4,900.00
5,000.00
22,200.00
2,000.00
6,800.00
7,000.00
1,200.00
1,000.00
2,600.00
4,375.00
5,900.00
1,750.00
29,300.00
14,250.00
8,400.00
4,400.00
1,250.00
8,311.20
12,924.65
9,384.64
1,800.00
7,750.00
17,950.00
24,300.00
2,500.00
3,800.00
1,000.00
10,700.00
16,250.00
3,000.00
1,500.00
1,500.00
3,750.00
12,804.00
5,050.00
31,300.00
700.00
3,100.00
5,000.00
5,000.00
3,800.00
12,200.00
11,200.00
9,600.00
3,875.00
6,300.00
5,625.00
400.00
1,468.35
8,600.00
3,750.00
6,000.00
digitized by SVOBODA
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;
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Lopez, Pa.
Philadelphia, Pa.
Ford City, Pa.
Paterson, N. J.
Elizabeth, N. J.
New York, N. Y. ______
Butler, Pa.
Ansonia, Conn.
Ansonia, Conn. _
East Chicago, Ind.
New York, N. Y.
Jersey City, N. J. _____
Franklin Furnace, N. J.
Mahanoy Piane, Pa. ____
Alden Station, Pa.
Titusville, Pa.
Providence, R. I.
Granville, N. Y. ________
New Castle, Pa.
Mount Carmel, Pa. _
Detroit, Mich.
Newark, N. J. _________
Yorkville, Ohio
Minersville, Pa.
Garret, Pa.
Pleasant Valley, Pa. ____
West Hammond, 111. ____
Curtis Bay, Md.
New Alexandria, Pa. ____
Carnegie, Pa.
Philadelphia, Pa.
Canonsburg, Pa.
Southport, Conn.
Hazleton, Pa. _
Olyphant, Pa.
Lancaster, N. Y.
Simpson, Pa.
Etna, Pa.
Centralia, Pa .
McKees Rocks, Pa.
___
Taylor, Pa.
_ _
Newburgh, Ohio
Central Falls, R. I. ____
New Britain, Conn. ____
Hamtramck, Mich.
Beaver Meadows, P a . ___
Nazareth, Pa.
Pittsburgh, Pa.
_ _
Marion Heights, Pa. ____
Passaic, N. J.
Shenandoah, Pa.
Wilkes-Barre, Pa.
_ _
McKeesport, Pa.
Gary, Ind.
Canonsburg, Pa.
_ _
Export, Pa.
Cleveland, Ohio
Export, Pa.
_
_ _
Milwaukee, Wis.
1
8
48
5
34
15
7
10
3
2
10
33
6
9
8
9
4
3
3
7
6
29
10
66
3
3
5
19
12
2
6
1
2
31
35
15
7
1
25
24
7
5
2
6
10
8
8
22
2
3
28
39
1
6
1
4
36
2
7
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1,000.00
6,000.00
40,450.00
3,000.00
29,300.00
11,400.00
4,800.00
9,400.00
2,000.00
750.00
8,000.00
25,700.00
5,000.00
7,900.00
6,800.00
5,000.00
3,500.00
3,000.00
2,500.00
4,500.00
4,000.00
19,800.00
9,000.00
53,800.00
3,000.00
2,400.00
3,500.00
15,650.00
9,050.00
550.00
3,250.00
1,000.00
750.00
25,950.00
30,950.00
14,400.00
5,000.00
500.00
21,450.00
20,650.00
5,900.00
2,000.00
750.00
5,500.00
7,750.00
6,200.00
7,000.00
18,400.00
2,000.00
3,000.00
22,500.00
31,350.00
600.00
6,000.00
500.00
2,250.00
. 32,050.00
2,000.00
5,000.00
digitized by SVOBODA
g. S
.
a 2
^
i ^1
1,000.00
6,000.00
40,313.02
2,750.00
28,575.47
11,000.00
4,800.00
8,400.00
2,000.00
750.00
8,000.00
25,133.39
5,000.00
7,891.66
6,800.00
5,000.00
3,500.00
3,000.00
2,500.00
4,500.00
4,000.00
19,800.00
8,095.40
53,249.00
3,000.00
2,400.00
3,500.00
15,598.00
9,050.00
550.00
3,250.00
1,000.00
750.00
25,918.59
29,425.00
14,236.70
5,000.00
500.00
21,450.00
20,106.10
5,900.00
2,000.00
750.00
5,500.00
7,375.00
6,200.00
6,000.00
18,400.00
2,000.00
2,939.00
22,500.00
27,356.04
600.00
6,000.00
500.00
2,250.00
30,703.26
2,000.00
4,214.00
!
:
45
2
36,600.00
700.00
15,700.00
25,300.00
3,400.00
3,000.00
5,900.00
5,000.00
8,700.00
1,400.00
6, 000.00
3,000.00
3,000.00
14,000.00
19,800.00
8,800.00
4,500.00
2, 000.00
750.00
2 , 000.00
13,700.00
2,500.00
750.00
4,600.00
500.00
2,400.00
10 ,000.00
16,800.00
1,500.00
3,800.00
2 , 000.00
10,400.00
14,050.00
34,870.96
700.00
15,700.00
24,097.07
3,400.00
3,000.00
5,900.00
5,000.00
8,700.00
1,400.00
5,750.00
3,000.00
3,000.00
14,000.00
19,779.78
8,800.00
4,000.00
2,000.00
750.00
2 ,000.00
13,614.32
2,500.00
750.00
4,600.00
250.00
2,400.00
9,500.00
16,800.00
1,500.00
3,800.00
4,400.00
1,500.00
2,750.00
8,900.00
2,900.00
2,400.00
1,750.00
800.00
9,750.00
1 , 000.00
2, 000.00
8,700.00
17,200.00
4,400.00
3,500.00
7,600.00
11,650.00
1,400.00
5,500.00
4,400.00
1,500.00
1,750.00
8,860.82
2,900.00
2,400.00
1,750.00
800.00
9,250.00
1,500.00
6,700.00
16,750.00
4,400.00
3,500.00
7,545.64
11,650.00
1,400.00
5,433.00
6,800.00
4,500.00
9,050.00
1,400.00
2,500.00
6,800.00
4,500.00
9,016.40
1,400.00
2,500.00
21
36
5
3
11
11
2
7
- 3
3
22
22
10
5
2
2
3
17
4
1
8
1
3
10
21
2
5
4
11
17
4
5
2
,3
11
4
3
2
2
17
1
11
21
6
4
11
14
2
9
4
9
11
2
4
2, 000.00
2 , 000.00
digitized by SVOBODA
2, 000.00
10,395.60
13,150.00
2 , 000.00
1 , 000.00
2, 000.00
Elizabeth, N. J. ____
Windber, Pa. ______
New York, N. Y.
Great Meadows, N. J.
New York, N. Y.
Altoona, Pa. ________
McKees Rocks, Pa.
Hamtramck, Mich.
Allentown, Pa. _____
California, Pa. _____
Lackawanna, N. Y.
Irvone, Pa. __________
Pittsfield, Mass. ____
Allentown, Pa. _____
Homestead, Pa. ____
Newark, N. J. ______
Berwick, Pa. _______
Kempton, W. Va.
Dunmore, Pa. ______
New Britain, Conn.
Perth Amboy, N. J.
Sheffield, Pa. _______
Chester, Pa. ------------Donora, Pa. ________
Ben Wood, W. Va.
New Kensington, Pa.
Creekside, Pa. _____
Racine, Wis. ----------Brooklyn, N. Y. ____
Herkimer, N. Y. ____
Wilmerding, Pa. ____
Scranton, Pa. ______
Jamaica, N. Y. _____
Tower City, Pa. ------Ambridge, Pa. ______
Scranton, Pa. _______
Leetsdale, Pa. ______
Philadelphia, Pa. ___
North Hadley, Mass.
West Berwick, Pa.
Burnside, 111. _______
Chicago, 111. ----------Frankford Heights, 111.
Cumbola, Pa. ---------Toledo, Ohio ---------Perth Amboy, N. J. Scranton, Pa. ---------Haselton, Ohio -------Edwardsville, Pa. ----Chauncey, Pa. _____
Jersey City, N. J.
Pittsburgh, Pa. -------Holyoke, Mass. _____
Fredericktown, Pa.
New York, N. Y. ___
Whippany, N. J . ____
Cleveland, Ohio ----Wilmington, Del. ___
Oxford, . J. ______
22
7
2
4
10
5
2
7
30
1
6
1
3
7
11
2
1
4
1
4
26
4
6
7
11
3
3
2
1
1
1
13
17
6
11
13
1
10
1
3
2
3
3
2
4
17
3
1
5
1
25
5
3
1
2
1
7
1
9
15,500.00
5,800.00
1,500.00
2,250.00
8,000.00
3,500.00
2,000.00
6,000.00
26,300.00
1,000.00
4,800.00
600.00
2,000.00
5,000.00
6,200.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
4,000.00
1,000.00
3,500.00
20,150.00
2,800.00
3,750.00
5,800.00
10,250.00
2,000.00
2,400.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
400.00
1,000.00
11,500.00
13,000.00
6,000.00
8,750.00
10,900.00
1,000.00
7,250.00
500.00
2,000.00
900.00
3,000.00
2,000.00
1,500.00
3,000.00
10,900.00
1,700.00
500.00
4,000.00
200.00
19,150.00
2,000.00
2,250.00
400.00
1,000.00
500.00
5,900.00
500.00
8,400.00
digitized by SVOBODA
15,500.00
5,800.00
1,500.00
1,875.00
8,000.00
3,215.00
2,000.00
5,989.50
26,300.00
1,000.00
4,766.00
600.00
1,150.00
5,000.00
6,200.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
2,100.00
1,000.00
3,500.00
19,639.86
2,800.00
3,750.00
5,800.00
8,750.00
2,000.00
2,400.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
400.00
1,000.00
11,275.00
12,275.00
6,000.00
8,719.76
10,900.00
1,000.00
7,250.00
500.00
2,000.00
900.00
3,000.00
1,550.00
1,500.00
3,000.00
10,900.00
1,700.00
500.00
3,550.00
200.00
18,626.22
2,000.00
2,250.00
400.00
1,000.00
500.00
5,900.00
500.00
8,351.23
10
2
13
3
27
5
2
5
1
1
8
2
1
2
15
23
3
7
1
2
2
2
2
14
6
1
14
1
3
9
6
3
4
4
9
1
10
2
1
7
9
7
4
21
2
1
6
26
1
13
4
4
29
2
7
4
45
24
3
5,900.00
1,250.00
9,250.00
2,500.00
23,850.00
3,500.00
900.00
4,500.00
400.00
1,000.00
7,500.00
800.00
500.00
1,400.00
16,500.00
19,550.00
2,400.00
7,000.00
1,000.00
1,500.00
2,000.00
1,500.00
1,400.00
11,500.00
3,400.00
400.00
13,250.00
400.00
2,000.00
6,900.00
5,400.00
2,500.00
3,400.00
3,000.00
8,000.00
1,000.00
6,000.00
1,500.00
1,000.00
5,750.00
6,400.00
4,400.00
2,300.00
18,000.00
600.00
1,000.00
5,400.00
21,450.00
1,000.00
9,750.00
3,400.00
3,000.00
25,500.00
1,000.00
6,500.00
2,500.00 ,
26,300.00
21,900.00
3,000.00
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5,900.00
250.00
8,930.00
2,500.00
22,842.09
3,500.00
900.00
3,600.00
400.00
7,500.00
800.00
500.00
1,400.00
16,500.00
19,550.00
2,400.00
7,000.00
1,000.00
1,500.00
2,000.00
1,500.00
1,400.00
11,500.00
3,400.00
400.00
13,250.00
400.00
2,000.00
6,877.86
5,400.00
2,446.00
3,400.00
2,200.00
8,000.00
1,000.00
5,875.00
1,500.00
1,000.00
5,750.00
6,340.00
4,400.00
2,300.00
18,000.00
600.00
1,000.00
5,400.00
21,450.00
1,000.00
9,750.00
3,400.00
3,000.00
23,500.00
1,000.00
6,439.50
2,000.00
25,800.00
20,400.00
3,000.00
.
Newark, N. J. ______
Chicago, III. ________
Chicago, 111. _______
Mahanoy City, Pa.
Thomaston, Conn.
Wilkes-Barre, Pa. ___
Coal Ridge, Ohio
Desloge, Mo. ______
East Hammond, Ind. .
Smoke Run, Pa. ____
Derry, Pa. _________
Ramey, P a . _______
St. Clair, Pa. ______
Scranton, Fa. ______
Youngstown, Ohio
Scranton, Pa. _f_____
Nesquehoning, Pa.
New Alexandria, Pa. .
Donora, Pa. ________
Passaic, N. J. ______
New York, N. Y. ___
Elizabethport, N. J. Rossford, Ohio _____
Ambridge, Pa. ______
Sayre, Pa. __ ______
Chester, Pa. _______
New Alexandria, Pa. _
Windsor Locks, Conn.
Boston, Mass. ______
Philadelphia, Pa. ___
Chicago, 111. _______
Newark, N. J. --------Providence, R. I.
W oonsocket, R. I.
Hawthorne, 111. _____
Frackville, Pa. ______
W est Pullman, Pa.
Bellefonte, Pa. _____
Trenton, N. J. _____
Crompton, R. I. ____
W ilmington, Del. __
Coatesville, Pa. ____
Nanticoke, Pa.
____
Barnesboro, Pa. ____
N. S. Pittsburgh, Pa. .
Coscob, Conn. ____
Cleveland, Ohio ____
Northampton, Pa. ____
Chicago, 111.
:______
Lopez, Pa. __________
Ludlow, Mass.
____
New Britain, Conn. _
West Newton, Pa.
Riverhead, N. Y. ----Jersey City, N. J.
Pittsburgh, Pa. -----Chicago, 111. ----------Taylor, Pa. _________
Taylor, Pa. ------------Far Rockaway, N. Y.
2
12
33
3
1
18
4
8
1
3
1
5
9
38
15
2
3
1
2
2
13
24
13
1
3
19
1
1
5
1
2
2
2
1
10
15
5
9
4
23
7
1
1
7
1
15
1
2
3
6
13
13
1
5
5
12
3
4
2
1,000.00
10,000.00
25,400.00
2,500.00
1,000.00
14,150.00
2,500.00
6,900.00
1,000.00
2,500.00
400.00
4,000.00
8,150.00
34,700.00
12,750.00
800.00
3,000.00
500.00
1,250.00
900.00
9,250.00
16,050.00
9,900.00
1,000.00
2,250.00
15,550.00
400.00
500.00
3,250.00
25,200.00
200.00
600.00
2,500.00
1,250.00
400.00
8,000.00
12,750.00
5,000.00
9,250.00
2,700.00
17,200.00
5,400.00
1,000.00
250.00
5,200.00
1,000.00
14,400.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
2,400.00
3,750.00
11,500.00
10,400.00
1,000.00
2,250.00
4,000.00
7,500.00
2,500.00
4,000.00
1,250.00
1,000.00
9,989.70
24,950.00
2,500.00
1,000.00
13,243.20
2,500.00
6,900.00
1,000.00
2,500.00
400.00
3,946.81
8,102.21
33,839.06
12,550.00
800.00
2,600.00
500.00
1,250.00
900.00
9,250.00
16,050.00
9,400.00
1,000.00
2,250.00
15,550.00
400.00
500.00
3,250.00
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200.00
600.00
2,500.00
1,250.00
400.00
8,000.00
11,750.00
5,000.00
9,250.00
2,700.00
16,750.00
5,400.00
1,000.00
250.00
5,200.00
1,000.00
14,400.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
2,400.00
3,250.00
11,464.83
10,380.53
1,000.00
2,250.00
4,000.00
7,250.00
2.00
4,000.00
1,250.00
digitized by SVOBODA
-;
-1
:
- :
;
:
6
1
4
5
1
4
2
3
2
1
2
5
20
2
1
1
14
8
5
2
32
6
17
1
1
6
1
4
13
8
2
6
4
1
15
1
2
3
5
17
2
8
2
2
20
1
1
2
31
18
2
6
3
2
3
6
3
1
1
4,500.00
400.00
2,750.00
5,000.00
1,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
1,750.00
1,400.00
500.00
2,000.00
2,500.00
14,900.00
2,000.00
500.00
1,000.00
11,750.00
8,000.00
4,400.00
2,000.00
26,150.00
5,150.00
15,150.00
400.00
1,000.00
5,500.00
400.00
3,500.00
11,000.00
7,000.00
2,000.00
3,500.00
4,000.00
1,000.00
11,100.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
3,000.00
4,500.00
13,800.00
1,400.00
4,500.00
1,400.00
1,000.00
8,500.00
17,750.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,500.00
24,900.00
12,250.00
1,500.00
4,000.00
3,000.00
2,500.00
3,000.00
5,000.00
2,500.00
1,000.00
500.00
3,575.00
400.00
2,250.00
5,000.00
1,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
1,750.00
1,400.00
500.00
2,000.00
2,500.00
14,000.00
2,000.00
500.00
1,000.00
11,750.00
7,995.40
4,400.00
2,000.00
23,375.94
4,900.00
15,150.00
400.00
1,000.00
5,500.00
400.00
3,500.00
11,000.00
7,000.00
1,500.00
3,500.00
4,000.00
1,000.00
11,100.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
3,000.00
4,500.00
12,925.00
1,400.00
4,500.00
1,400.00
1,000.00
8,050.00
17,750.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,500.00
24,563.40
10,800.00
1,500.00
4,000.00
3,000.00
2,500.00
3,000.00
5,000.00
2,500.00
1,000.00
500.00
digitized by SVOBODA
10
1
1
4
3
4
2
3
1
2
4
9
10
11
1
2
10
7
3
2
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16
1
1
1
9
1
10
5
7
14
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9
7
13
1
6
7
2
3
1
4
6
5
6
7
1
2
2
1
2
5
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6
7,500.00
400.00
1,000.00
1,700.00
2,400.00
3,500.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
1,000.00
2,000.00
4,000.00
6,000.00
5,550.00
8,000.00
200.00
1,250.00
8,400.00
5,000.00
2,000.00
1,250.00
6,000.00
1,000.00
2,500.00
14,900.00
500.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
5,650.00
1,000.00
7,300.00
5,000.00
6,250.00
10,500.00
500.00
1,000.00
18,000.00
8,500.00
7,000.00
10,500.00
500.00
6,000.00
6,500.00
1,500.00
2,000.00
1,000.00
3,250.00
3,500.00
3,500.00
4,500.00
4,750.00
500.00
2,000.00
1,000.00
500.00
2,000.00
5,000.00
1,000.00
13,250.00
3,250.00
7,250.00
400.00
1,000.00
1,200.00
1,834.00
3,500.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
1,000.00
2,000.00
3,964.01
5,550.00
5,550.00
8,000.00
200.00
1,250.00
8,400.00
4,500.00
2,000.00
1,250.00
6,000.00
1,000.00
2,500.00
14,900.00
500.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
5,650.00
1,000.00
6,800.00
5,000.00
6,250.00
10,500.00
500.00
1,000.00
18,000.00
8,500.00
7,000.00
10,375.00
500.00
6,000.00
6,500.00
1,500.00
2,000.00
1,000.00
3,250.00
3,500.00
3,500.00
4,500.00
4,737.92
500.00
2,000.00
1,000.00
500.00
2,000.00
5,000.00
1,000.00
13,250.00
3,250.00
digitized by SVOBODA
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
378
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380
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382
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384
385
388
390
391
392
393
396
400
401
402
, N. Y.
Cleveland, Ohio
Mahanoy Plane, Pa. ____
Freeland, Pa.
Rochester, N. Y.
Philadelphia, Pa. _
Palmerton, Pa.
New Haven, Conn.
Newark, N. J.
Plainfield, N. J.
Lansford, Pa.
Woodbine, N. J.
Chicago, 111.
Taylor, Pa.
Danbury, Conn.
Frackville, Pa.
Bridgeport, Pa.
Carnegie, Pa.
Minneapolis, Minn. _
Chester, Pa.
Bristol, Conn.
Jersey City, N. J.
Sublet, Wyo.
Cleveland, Ohio
Pittsburgh, Pa.
Iselin, Pa.
Sykesville, Pa.
Kato, Pa.
6
10
18
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13
1
9
15
4
1
1
2
11
10
3
2
2
16
6
13
2
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3,750.00
8,750.00
15,650.00
1,800.00
9,000.00
200.00
7,500.00
9,250.00
3,000.00
250.00
1,000.00
2,000.00
8,250.00
9,750.00
1,500.00
2,000.00
1,500.00
12,500.00
3,500.00
10,000.00
2,000.00
1,500.00
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2,500.00
6,500.00
4,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
$3,766,150.00
3,750.00
8,500.00
15,650.00
1,800.00
9,000.00
200.00
6,250.00
9,250.00
3,000.00
250.00
1,000.00
2,000.00
8,000.00
9,245.20
1,250.00
2,000.00
1,500.00
11,000.00
3,500.00
10,000.00
2,000.00
1,500.00
2,250.00
2,500.00
6,500.00
4,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
$3,682,180.23
233.62
988.47
2,161.47
37.23
996.05
7.82
582.82
1,113.42
688.87
42.24
30.56
701.48
948.79
764.31
99.95
65.21
259.86
1,259.28
275.99
1,475.29
125.45
75.30
175.88
223.79
1,004.58
630.87
58.50
21.97
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, Immigration Backgrounds (New York,
1 92 7) .
. , . Arthur Ruhl
Russians and Baltic Peoples , .
. Abboths Historical Aspects of
the Immigration Problem (1 9 2 6 ); E. S. Bogardus Immigration and Race Attitudes
(Boston, 1 9 2 8 ); H. G. Dunkans Immigration and Assimilation (Boston, 1 9 3 3 );
L. G. Browns Immigration. Cultural Conflicts and Social Adjustments (New York,
1 9 3 3 ).
:
F. J. Warnes The Immigrant Invasion (New York, 1 9 1 3 ); C. A. W hipples Immigrant
Education. Americanization in Industry (New York, 1 9 1 9 ); M. M. Davis Immigrant
Health and the Community (New York, 1 9 2 1 ); R. E. Parks The Immigrant Press
and Its Control (New York, 1 9 2 2 ); D. Ch. Brewers The Peril of the Republic.
Immigration good and bad (New York, 1 9 2 3 ); E. de Schveinitz Brunner, Immigrant
Farmers and their children (New York, 1 9 2 9 ).
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Slav Emigration at its Source . Charities, 1906 (May 5: Galicia, Austrian
Poles, Ruthenians; : Our Slavic Citizens (New York, 1 9 0 7 );
: The Slav in America . Charities, Dec., 1904; L. Caro, Auswanderung
und Auswanderungspolitik in Oesterreich (Wien, 1 9 0 9 ); . O. Pehotsky's The
Slavic Immigrant Woman (1 9 2 5 ); P. R. Radislavjevich, Who Are the Slavs?
(1 9 1 9 ) ; Ukrainians in America . Literary Digest, Nov. 15, 1919; Jerome Davis*
The Russians and Ruthenians in America (New York, 1 9 2 2 ).
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piled and Explained. Chicago, 1929.
W. C. Van Vleck, The Administrative Control of Aliens. A Study in Admi
nistrative Law and Procedure. New York, 1932.
R. L. Garis Immigration Restriction. A Study
of the Opposition to and Regulation of Immigration into the United States. New
York, 1927. ,
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Vol. 5. Dictionary of Races and Peoples, 6 1 :3d., v. 9.
Slavs in the United States. U. S. Immigration Commission, 61 st. Congr.,
3 Sess., Sen. Doc., v. 7.
The Immigration Situation in Canada. Presented by Mr. Dillingham. Washing
ton, Gov. Piinting Office, 1910.
U. S. Department of State. The Immigration Work of the Department of State
and its Consular Officers. W ashington, Gov. Printing Office, 1919.
,
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1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
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1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921-30
1 .
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1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
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1911
1912
1913
1914
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1900
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110
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168
1,163
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1900
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1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921-30
1
1
3
10
14
17
21
20
41
55
117
127
181
177
136
173
308
584
137
238
154
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108
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101
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120
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176
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232
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516
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552
627
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1,336
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298
729
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1,094
1,666
1,692
2,714
1,182
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3,327
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422
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United States Department of Commerce. Bureau of Census. Fifteenth Census
of the United States, 1930. Population, Vol. II. W ashington, D. C., 1933.
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excerp t
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By
th e
IV A N
F o r t h a t g r e a t e s t o f a ll m o m e n t s
B e a l l r e a d y , o n e a n d a ll
A n y o n e m a y b e t h e le a d e r
W h e n t h e p r o p e r t im e w i l l c a ll.
Y o u sa y : N o w th e w a r s a re
d iffe r e n t ;
T h e n w ith d iffe r e n t a r m s p r e p a r e :
W h e t y o u r w its a n d s te e l y o u r
w i l l!
O n ly f i g h t a n d d o n t d e s p a ir !
S t r u g g l e o n a n d d o n 't s e e k r e s t
B e t t e r f a l l b u t d o n t g i v e u p .
S t a n d u p p r o u d ly , d o n t g i v e w a y ,
B e t t e r p e r is h t h a n b e t r a y !
E a c h o n e t h in k t h a t o n y o u r
s h o u ld e r s
M illio n o b lig a t io n s r e s t
T h a t f o r a ll t h e s e o b l i g a t io n s
Y o u w ill h a v e t o g i v e a c c o u n t .
E a c h o n e t h i n k : r ig h t w h e r e I m
s ta n d in g
A l l a r o u n d , a b o v e , b e lo w
I s n o w b e in g w a g e d t h e o u t c o m e
O f a b a ttle w ith a fo e .
S h o u ld I b u t g iv e w a y , n o t f a c e it,
G r e a t A n n iv e r s a r y
FRANKO
L ik e a s h a d o w s h o u ld b u t s w a y
A l l t h e w o r k o f g e n e r a t io n s
W ill b e q u ic k ly s w e p t a w a y .
W it h t h o s e t h o u g h t s y o u s h o u ld
b e liv in g
A n d b r in g u p y o u r c h ild r e n , t o o !
A s l o n g a s t h e w h e a t i s w h o le s o m e
T h e r e ll b e c a k e s f o r a ll o f y o u .
S h a ll w e h a v e t o w a i t t o c o n q u e r ?
T h a t s t o o l o n g . . .
T hen do n o t
w a it!
L e a r n to d a y a n d b y to m o r r o w
Y o u w ill s u r e l y d o m in a te .
T i s n o w o n d e r t h a t th e n a tio n
O f U k r a in ia n s a w o k e .
T is n o w o n d e r t h a t s p a r k s g l i t t e r
In th e e y e s o f our prou d y o u th !
S o o n n e w s a b r e s w ill b e f l a s h i n g
In th e h a n d s th a t gro p e fo r tr u th .
L o n g e n o u g h d o e s o u r m is fo r tu n e
L e e r o e r e v e r y w in d o w s i l l;
L e t s s i n g o u t :
U k r a in e s n o t
p e r is h e d ,
N e v e r p e r is h e d n e v e r w i l l !
Translated by
WALDIMIR SEMENYNA.
------------------------------ - N
__________________________________________________ ___________________________________________
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STEPH EN
SH UM EYK O
THE UKRAINIANSH IS T O R IC A L
T R A D IT IO N .
O u r L a n d , B u t N o t B e lo n g in g T o U s .
F o r a s G e o g r a p h y w i t h o u t H is t o r y s e e m e t h a c a r k a s s e w it h o u t
m o t io n , s o H is t o r y w i t h o u t G e o g r a p h y w a n d r e t h a s a V a g r a n t w it h o u t
a c e r t a in h a b it a t io n . 1
P a r t i c u l a r l y s o , i s t h e c a s e w i t h U k r a in e .
U k r a in e i s a v a s t s o lid n a t io n a l t e r r it o r y l y i n g in t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t o f
E a s t e r n E u r o p e , o n t h e t h r e s h o l d t o A s ia , b e t w e e n 4 3 d e g r e e s a n d 5 4 d e g r e e s
n o r t h l a t it u d e , a n d b e t w e e n 2 1 d e g r e e s a n d 4 7 d e g r e e s e a s t lo n g i t u d e f r o m
G r e e n w ic h .
I t e m b r a c e s : ( 1 ) t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t o f t h e E u r o p e a n U n io n o f S o v ie t
S o c i a li s t R e p u b lic s b o r d e r in g u p o n t h e B la c k a n d A z o v S e a s ; ( 2 ) t h e s o u t h
e a s t e r n p o r t io n o f P o la n d , in c lu d in g E a s t G a lic ia , w e s t e r n s e c t i o n o f V o lh y n ia
a n d K h o lm , P id ly a s h e , a n d P o l i s y a ; ( 3 ) e a s t c e n t r a l p o r t io n o f R u m a n ia , in
c lu d in g B u k o v in a a n d B e s s a r a b i a ; a n d ( 4 ) t h e s o u t h e a s t e r n c o r n e r o f C z e c h o
s l o v a k ia .
O r, t o p u t t h i s d r y d e s c r ip t io n in a p o e t ic f o r m , f r o m t h e f o o t
o f T a t r a M o u n ta in s , f r o m t h e c lo u d w r e a t h e d C h o m o h o r a , f r o m t h e s ilv e r r ip p le d S a n , f r o m t h e d a r k v i r g i n f o r e s t o f B ilo v e z h a a n d t h e i m m e n s e s w a m p s
o f P o li s y a , t o t h e d e l t a o f t h e D a n u b e , t o t h e B la c k S e a , t o t h e g ig a n t ic
C a u c a s u s a n d t h e C a s p ia n S e a , s u r r o u n d e d b y b r o w n f e r t i l e s t e p p e s , e x t e n d s
o u r f a t h e r l a n d U k r a in a .
O f U k r a in e s t o t a l a r e a , w h ic h e q u a ls o v e r 1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 s q u a r e k ilo m e t e r s
8 3 3 ,5 7 0 s q u a r e k i lo m e t e r s a r e a t p r e s e n t u n d e r t h e r u le o f t h e U . S . S . R . ;
1 3 7 ,1 3 5 s q u a r e k ilo m e t e r s a r e u n d e r P o la n d ; 2 0 ,4 4 2 s q u a r e k i l o m e t e r s u n d e r
R u m a n ia ; a n d 1 2 ,6 5 3 s q u a r e k ilo m e t e r s u n d e r C z e c h o s lo v a k ia . F i t t i n g l y h a s
U k r a in e s g r e a t e s t p o e t , T a r a s S h e v c h e n k o , c h a r a c t e r iz e d h i s f a t h e r l a n d a s
o u r la n d , b u t n o t b e lo n g in g t o u s .
U k r a in e i s d e c id e d ly E a s t E u r o p e a n i n c h a r a c t e r , a l t h o u g h , a s t h e
e m in e n t U k r a in ia n g e o g r a p h e r P r o f . S t e p h e n R u d n it s k y p o i n t s o u t , i t o c c u p ie s
t h e r e a u n iq u e p o s it io n , w h ic h f u l l y w a r r a n t s o u r c o n c e iv in g o f t h i s g r e a t
la n d a s a g e o g r a p h ic a l u n it s t a n d i n g o n a n e q u a l b a s is w i t h o t h e r n a t u r a l
u n its .
T h a t t h i s d o e s n o t a p p e a r t o b e s o a t f i r s t g la n c e , i s d u e t o t h e g e n e r a l
u n if o r m it y o f E a s t e r n E u r o p e , w h ic h f a c t m a k e s i t im p o s s ib le t o a p p ly t o
i t a s a c r it e r io n t h e d iv is io n s o f W e s t e r n a n d C e n tr a l E u r o p e .
T h e v a s t n e s s o f t h i s u n ifo r m r e g io n h a s h a d a m a n if o ld e f f e c t u p o n t h e
p e o p le s o c c u p y in g i t .
T h e n a t u r a l u r g e o f t h e e a r ly i n h a b i t a n t s t o b e c o n
s t a n t l y o n t h e m o v e w a s g r e a t l y f a c i l i t a t e d in E a s t e r n E u r o p e b y t h e f r e e d o m
f r o m t h e c o n s t r a i n t o f n a t u r a l b a r r ie r s , s u c h a s in W e s t e r n E u r o p e .
T h is
d e c o n c e n t r a t io n o f t h e p o p u la t io n w a s r e s p o n s ib le f o r t h e c r e a t io n o f s t a t e s
o f l a r g e a r e a s a n d s c a t t e r e d p o p u la t io n s , w h ic h f a c t p r o v id e s a s t r i k i n g
digitized by SVOBODA
c o n tr a s t w ith th e W e ste r n E u r o p e a n s ta te s .
T h e v a s t n e s s o f t h is te r r ito r y
a n d t h e d e c o n c e n t r a t io n o f i t s p e o p l e s w a s f u r t h e r r e s p o n s ib le f o r t h e i r
e x c e e d in g l y s l o w g r o w t h a l o n g c u lt u r a l, p o l i t ic a l a n d e c o n o m ic lin e s .
N a t u r a l l y e n o u g h , t h i s s l u g g i s h g r o w t h f o u n d i t s e c h o in t h e d i f f i c u l t y
t h e E a s t e r n E u r o p e a n s t a t e s e n c o u n t e r e d in c lim b in g o u t o f t h e i r p o l i t ic a l
in fa n c y s ta g e s .
F u r t h e r m o r e , l a c k in g c o n s o lid a t io n a n d p e r m a n e n c y o f f o r m s
w h ic h e le m e n t s t h r i v e b e s t in t h e r u g g e d m u lt if o r m s o i l a n d n a t u r a l
b a r r ie r s s u c h a s c h a r a c t e r iz e W e s t e r n E u r o p e t h e i r e x is t e n c e w a s m a r k e d
b y e x tr e m e flu c tu a tio n s o f fo r tu n e .
O n e h a s to g a z e u p o n th e h is to r y o f
P o la n d , L it h u a n ia , a n c ie n t M u s c o v y , r e c e n t T s a r i s t R u s s ia , a n d t h e p r e s e n t
S o v i e t R u s s i a o r t h e U . S . S . R ., t o s e e h o w t r u e t h i s is .
S u c h h a s a ls o
b e e n t h e s a d f a t e o f U k r a in e , a s e x e m p li f i e d b y t h e a n c ie n t K in g d o m o f K ie v ,
t h e l a t e r U k r a in ia n K o z a k S t a t e , a n d t h e b r i e f p o s t - w a r U k r a in ia n N a t i o n a l
R e p u b lic .
B e s i d e s t h e s e c o n s id e r a t io n s , h o w e v e r , t h e p r im e m o t i v a t in g c a u s e o f
t h e s a d l o t o f U k r a in e h a s b e e n i t s p o s it i o n a t t h e s o u t h e a s t e r n c o m e r o f
E u r o p e , o n t h e t h r e s h o l d o f A s ia , a t a p o in t w h e r e t h e e a s i e s t o v e r la n d
r o u t e c o n n e c t s t h e t w o c o n t in e n t s .
T h i s b o r d e r p o s it i o n o f U k r a in e , o n t h e t h r e s h o l d o f A s ia , h a s b e e n
d i s a d v a n t a g e o u s t o U k r a in e p r in c ip a lly b e c a u s e o f t w o r e a s o n s .
F ir s t , f o r
c lo s e t o o n e t h o u s a n d y e a r s i t h a d b e e n t h e m e a n s o f a c c e s s f o r t h e w ild
A s i a t i c h o r d e s w h ic h , lu r e d b y t h e i n v i t i n g l y r ic h a n d c iv iliz e d la n d s o f S o u t h e r n
a n d W e s t e r n E u r o p e , h a d t o f i r s t f i g h t t h e i r w a y t h r o u g h U k r a in e in o r d e r
t o r e a c h t h e i r g o a l.
A s a r e s u l t o f t h i s c o n t in u a l w a r f a r e U k r a in e b e c a m e
s o w e a k e n e d t h a t i t f e l l p r e y t o t h e im p e r ia lis m o f h e r n e ig h b o r s R u s s i a
a n d P o la n d .
S e c o n d ly , t h i s b o r d e r p o s it i o n o f U k r a in e h a s b e e n d i s a d v a n t a g e o u s
b e c a u s e o f i t s d is t a n c e t o t h e c u l t u r a l c e n t e r s o f W e s t e r n E u r o p e .
O n ly
d u r in g t h e p e r io d o f t h e e x is t e n c e o f t h e B y z a n t i n e E m p ir e , p a r t i c u la r l y
d u r in g t h e 1 1 t h c e n t u r y , w a s t h i s p o s it i o n o f c o n s id e r a b le b e n e f it , f o r d u r in g
t h a t t i m e a n u n in t e r r u p t e d s t r e a m o f c u lt u r e f l o w e d in t o U k r a in e , w h ic h
f a c t m a d e U k r a in e o n e o f t h e m o s t c u lt u r e d c o u n t r ie s o f t h a t p e r io d .
W e m u s t b e a r in m in d , h o w e v e r , t h a t g e o g r a p h ic a l in f l u e n c e s v a r y
w i t h t h e p a s s a g e o f t im e .
G r a d u a lly , m a n h a s l e a r n e d t o m a s t e r n a t u r e ,
a l t h o u g h h e h a s n o t t h e r e b y d i s s o c i a t e d h i m s e l f f r o m i t a n d g e o g r a p h ic
in flu e n c e s .
H e s i m p l y h a s l e a r n e d t o e x p l o it n a t u r e m o r e s u c c e s s f u l l y a n d
in m o r e d iv e r s e w a y s .
S u c h i s t h e c a s e o f U k r a in e .
E m b r a c in g t h e e n t i r e n o r t h e r n c o a s t
o f t h e B la c k S e a a n d t h e S e a o f A z o v , U k r a in e h o ld s f i n e p o s s i b i l it i e s o f
o v e r s e a s c o m m e r c e . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e p r o x i m it y o f A s i a i s n o l o n g e r d a n g e r
o u s , b u t, o n t h e c o n t r a r y , v e r y a d v a n t a g e o u s , f o r U k r a i n e i s s i t u a t e d o n t h e
s h o r t e s t la n d r o u t e f r o m C e n t r a l E u r o p e t o C e n tr a l A s i a a n d In d ia , a n d
c o m m a n d s a g o o d p o r t io n o f t h i s r o u t e .
A n d f i n a l ly , t h e s t e p p e , w h ic h
f o r m e r ly w a s a l w a y s a p la c e o f d a n g e r , i s t o d a y o n e o f t h e b e s t g r a in
p r o d u c in g r e g io n s in t h e e n t ir e w o r ld , b e s i d e s c o n t a in in g v a s t m in e r a l w e a l t h
a n d c o n s id e r a b le p o s s i b i l it i e s f o r i n d u s t r i a l e x p a n s io n .
K in g d o m o f K ie v .
H is t o r i c a l e v id e n c e i n d ic a t e s t h a t t h e e a r l i e s t U k r a in ia n l i f e d e v e lo p e d
w e l l n i g h s im u l t a n e o u s l y in t h e b a s in s o f t h e D n ie p e r a n d t h e D n ie s t e r .
Y e t i t s f i r s t n a t io n a l o r g a n iz a t io n c e n t e r e d u p o n a n d r a d ia t e d f r o m K ie v ,
a s m a l l t r a d i n g p o s t o n t h e D n ie p e r , w h ic h w i t h t h e p a s s a g e o f t i m e e v o lv e d
digitized by SVOBODA
t o , w h a t a c o n t e m p o r a r y G e r m a n h i s t o r i a n . o f t h a t p e r io d c a lle d t h e c o m p e tit o r
o f C o n s t a n t in o p le . 2
A l t h o u g h t h e r is in g im p o r t a n c e o f t h i s f l o u r is h i n g t r a d e c e n t e r a t t r a c t e d
t o i t m a n y V a r a n g ia n m e r c e n a r ie s , w h o s e r v e d m a in ly a s a r m e d r e t a in e r s
o r tr a d e r s , y e t , c o n t r a r y t o t h e p o p u la r n o t io n o f f o r m e r t im e s , t h e y d id n o t
f o u n d t h e K in g d o m o f K ie v . T h is w a s d o n e b y a s o u t h e r n g r o u p o f E a s t e r n
S la y s , p a r t ic u la r ly t h e P o ly a n i, t h e u n d o u b t e d f o r b e a r s o f t h e p r e s e n t - d a y
U k r a in ia n s .
D u r in g t h e 1 0 t h c e n t u r y t h i s a n c i e n t U k r a in ia n s t a t e e x p a n d e d v e r y
r a p i d l y ; s u b j u g a t in g t h e m ix e d t r ib e s o f t h e f o r e s t - c l a d la n d s t o t h e n o r th , fr o m
a m o n g w h o m a r e d e s c e n d e d t h e m o d e r n R u s s i a n s ; s h a t t e r i n g t h e i n v a d in g
A s ia t i c h o r d e s t h a t w e r e a t t r a c t e d t o i t , a s s e v e r a l c e n t u r ie s b e f o r e t h e
T e u t o n s h a d b e e n t o R o m e ; s t r e n g t h e n i n g t h e e x t e n s i v e c o m m e r c ia l a n d
c u lt u r a l r e la t io n s w i t h t h e n e ig h b o r in g p o w e r f u l a n d h i g h ly c iv iliz e d B y z a n t in e
E m p ir e ; a n d s e e k i n g t o e s t a b lis h s im ila r r e la t io n s w i t h t h e d i s t a n t W e s t .
A t t h e t u r n o f t h a t c e n tu r y , d u r in g t h e r e ig n o f V o lo d im ir t h e G r e a t
( 9 8 0 - 1 0 1 5 ) , t h e k in g d o m a t t a in e d i t s g r e a t e s t p o w e r , e x t e n d i n g f r o m t h e
C a r p a t h ia n s t o t h e C a u c a s u s , f r o m t h e B la c k S e a t o t h e V o l g a , a n d t h e n c e
w e s t w a r d t o s o m e w h e r e s n e a r t h e d e l t a o f t h e N e v a ; w i t h K ie v r a p id ly
a t t a i n i n g i t s a p e x a s o n e o f t h e w e a l t h i e s t a n d m o s t c u lt u r e d c it i e s in
E u r o p e , c o m m u n ic a t in g w i t h t h e W e s t o n e q u a l t e r m s in a r t , lit e r a t u r e , a n d
com m erce.
D u r i n g h i s r e ig n , t o o , C h r is t ia n it y w a s in t r o d u c e d in t o t h e
co u n tr y (9 8 8 ).
V o lo d im ir s s u c c e s s o r , Y a r o s l a v t h e W is e ( 1 0 1 9 - 1 0 5 4 ) , p r o v e d m o r e
t h a n w o r t h y o f t h e h e r it a g e b e q u e a t h e d h im ; s t r e n g t h e n i n g a n d b e a u t i f y i n g
K i e v ; 3 c o d if y in g t h e c o m m o n la w o f t h e p e o p le ; f o u n d in g v a r io u s c u lt u r a l
i n s t i t u t i o n s ; r e t a k in g a ll t h a t la n d w e s t o f t h e B u h , in c lu d in g G a lic ia , w h ic h
h i s b r o th e r , S v y a t o p o lk , h a d g iv e n t o P o la n d in a n e f f o r t t o g a in h e r a id
in h is s t r u g g l e fo r , t h e t h r o n e d u r in g t h a t b r ie f p e r io d o f t u r m o il f o llo w in g
t h e i r f a t h e r ' s d e a t h ; a n d s e c u r in g t h e t i e s w i t h t h e W e s t b y a ll a v a ila b le
m e a n s , in c lu d in g t h e m a r r ia g e o f t h r e e o f h is d a u g h t e r s t o t h e r e s p e c t iv e
r u le r s o f N o r w a y , H u n g a r y , a n d F r a n c e .4
H is w h o le r e ig n c a n b e s a id t o
h a v e b e e n c h a r a c t e r iz e d b y a g r e a t a d v a n c e in t h e m a t e r i a l a n d s p ir it u a l
c iv iliz a t io n o f t h e a n c ie n t U k r a in ia n s .
T h is g o ld e n a g e o f a n c ie n t U k r a in e , h o w e v e r , w a s n o t f a t e d t o l a s t lo rig
a f t e r Y a r o s l a v s d e a t h .
I n t e r n a l d is s e n s io n , i n t e r v e n t io n a n d a t t a c k s f r o m
t h e N o r t h b y t h e n e w ly - a r is e n M u s c o v it e P r in c ip a lit y , a n d t h e u n c e a s in g
in v a s i o n o f t h e M o n g o lo id h o r d e s , c u l m in a t in g in t h e c a p t u r e a n d d e s t r u c t io n
o f K ie v in 1 2 4 0 ,- t h e s e t h r e e d e s t r u c t i v e f o r c e s u s h e r e d in t h e d e c lin e o f
t h i s f i r s t in d e p e n d e n t U k r a in ia n n a t i o n a n d b r o u g h t i t t o a n u n t im e l y e n d
in 1 3 4 0 , w h e n i t s r e m a in in g v e s t i g e s w e r e in c o r p o r a t e d in t o t h e L it h u a n ia n P o lis h s ta te .
I n t e r n a l d is s e n s io n w a s a r e s u l t m a i n l y o f t w o f a c t o r s .
T h e fir s t
w a s t h e b i t t e r s t r u g g l e f o r p o w e r w it h in t h e s t a t e b e t w e e n t h e p r in c e s a n d
t h e c la n a s s e m b ly o f a ll f r e e m e n ( v i c h e ) . T h e s e c o n d f a c t o r w a s t h e p r a c tic e
digitized by SVOBODA
T - OJ-K R A I N I A N S
463
O f s u c c e s s i o n t o t h e t h r o n e in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e p r in c ip le o f s e n i o r it y ,
w h ic h r e s u l t e d in t h e f o r m a t io n o f p e t t y p r in c ip a lit ie s , e a c h o n e a t o d d s w i t h
t h e o t h e r , a n d l e d t o t h e r e c u r r in g i n t e r v e n t i o n o f t h e n e ig h b o r in g s t a t e s
i n U k r a in ia n a f f a i r s .
B o t h t h e s e f a c t o r s m a d e im p o s s ib le t h e c r e a t io n o f
t h e v e r y n e c e s s a r y s t r o n g c e n t r a l g o v e r n m e n t , t h a t c o u ld s u c c e s s f u l l y c o n t e n d
w i t h i n t e r n a l p r o b le m s a n d e x t e r n a l d a n g e r s .
I t i s v e r y l ik e l y t h a t h a d t h e
l a t t e r b e e n l e s s a c u t e a n d p r e s s in g , s o m e f o r m o f i n t e r n a l s t a b il i t y , s u c h
a s a c o n s t i t u t i o n a l m o n a r c h y * w o u ld h a v e b e e n a c h ie v e d , a n d U k r a in e w o u ld
h a v e em erg ed a s a g r e a t E u ro p ea n pow er.
W it h t h e f a l l o f K ie v , t h e s c e n e o f o r g a n iz e d U k r a in ia n n a t io n a l lif e
s h i f t e d t o W e s t e r n U k r a in e , t o t h e t w o p r o v in c e s o f G a lic ia a n d V o lh y n ia ,
w h ic h d u r in g t h e r e i g n o f t h e s t r o n g r u le r P r i n c e R o m a n h a d u n ite d ( 1 2 0 0 ) ;
a n d H a li c h 6 n o w b e c a m e t h e n e w c a p it a l o f U k r a in e .
W e s t e r n U k r a in e , h o w e v e r , w a s a ls o b e s e t w i t h t r o u b le s , m a in ly in t h e
f o r m o f P o li s h a n d H u n g a r ia n e f f o r t s t o a n n e x i t .
D e s p it e s u c h d e te r m in e d
e f f o r t s , i t m a n a g e d t o k e e p i n t a c t i t s in d e p e n d e n c e , e s p e c ia l l y u n d e r t h e r u le
o f D a n ilo , h is s o n L e v , w h o e x t e n d e d h i s s w a y o v e r S u b - C a r p a th ia n U k r a in e
( P o d k a r p a t s k a R u s * ), a n d t h e l a t t e r s s o n Y u r iy , u n d e r w h o s e a b le r u le
W e s t e r n U k r a in e a t t a i n e d t h e p e a k o f i t s p o w e r a n d d e v e lo p m e n t u p t o t h a t
tim e*
I t w a s d u r in g t h e la t t e r - s r e ig n , to p , t h a t , t h e f i r s t r e lig io u s d iv is io n
b e t w e e n E a s t e r n a n d W e s t e r n U k r a in e c a m e i n t o b e in g ; a r is in g f r o m t h e
g r o w i n g h a b it o f t h e K ie v a n M e t r o p o lit a n s t o s p e n d m u c h o f t h e i r t im e in
t h e S u z d a l-M u s c o v it e la n d s t o t h e n o r t h in o r d e r t o e s c a p e t h e t h r e a t e n i n g
T a t a r d a n g e r ; w i t h t h e r e s u l t t h a t W e s t e r n U k r a in ia n s p e t it io n e d t h e
P a t r i a r c h a t C o n s t a n t in o p le a n d o b t a in e d t h e i r o w n M e t r o p o lit a n in 1 3 0 3 .
T h e in d e p e n d e n c e o f W e s t e r n U k r a in e l a s t e d n o t m o r e t h a n a c e n t u r y
a f t e r t h e c o lla p s e o f; E a s t e r n U k r a in . F o r , u p o n t h e d e a t h o f Y u r iy , h is t w o
s o n s r u le d b u t f o r a s h o r t t im e a n d d ie d l e a v i n g n o m a le h e ir s t o s u c c e e d
t h e m , w i t h t h e r e s u l t t h a t t h e ir k in g d o m , t h r o u g h a s e r ie s o f u n u s u a l
c ir c u m s t a n c e s , f e l l u n d e r L it h u a n ia n r u le .
T h is w a s f o llo w e d b y in t e r n a l
d i s s e n s i o n , w h ic h w a s j u s t w h a t P o la n d w a s w a i t i n g f o r .
In 13 5 0 sh e
c o n q u e r e d a ll o f s t r i f e - t o r n G a lic ia a n d a p o r t i o n o f V o lh y n ia , a n d im p o s e d
h e r d e s p o t ic r u le o v e r t h e m .
M e a n w h ile , l a r g e s e c t i o n s o f t h e T a t a r - d e v a s t e d E a s t e r n U k r a in e h a d
b e e n g r a d u a l l y a b s o r b e d b y L it h u a n ia , w h ic h , f u r t h e r r e m o v e d f r o m t h e
T a t a r d a n g e r , h a d b e e n s l o w l y r is in g , t o p o w e r , in s p it e o f t h e a t t a c k s o f
t h e T e u t o n ic p r in c e s f r o m t h e B a lt ic .
A n d w i t h t h e f a l l o f t h e G a lic ia n V o l h y n i a n d y n a s t y s h e h a d m a n a g e d t o a b s o r b t h i s s e c t i o n t o o , o n ly , a s
a l r e a d y m e n t io n e d , t o l o s e G a lic ia t o P o la n d .
T h i s a b s o r p t io n w a s q u ite
p e a c e f u l, a n d e n c o u n t e r e d v e r y l i t t l e o p p o s it io n a m o n g t h e w a r -r id d e n a n d
s t r i f e - t o r n U k r a in ia n s , e s p e c ia l l y s i n c e L i t h u a n i a r u le d k in d ly , l e a v i n g u n
d is t u r b e d t h e o ld o r d e r a n d n o t in t r o d u c in g a n y n e w o n e in i t s s t e a d , a d o p t in g
t h e o ld U k r a in ia n l a w s a n d c u s t o m s , a n d e v e n m a k in g t h e U k r a in ia n
la n g u a g e a s h e r o ffic ia l to n g u e .
T h i s s y s t e m o f b e n e f i c e n t r u le b y L it h u a n ia o v e r t h e U k r a in ia n s , h o w
e v e r , u n d e r w e n t r a d ic a l c h a n g e s w h e n i n 1 3 7 0 L i t h u a n i a u n i t e d .w it h P o la n d ,
w i t h t h e l a t t e r e m e r g in g p o u t o f t h e d e a l a s t h e .d o m in a n t p o w e r .
P o la n d
w a s n o w a b le t o e x t e n d h e r d e s p o t ic s w a y b e y o n d t h a t o f G a lic ia , in t o E a s t e r n
U k r a i n e a s w e ll, a n d n o w t h e l o t o f t h e U k r a i n i a n s b e c a m e v e r y b a d in d e e d ,
f o r P o la n d t r e a t e d t h e m a s a c o n q u e r e d r a c e a n d a b u s e d a n d o p p r e s s e d t h e m
6
; it i :from this city th a t, Halichiit (Galicia being : the ^Polish M ine for it,
recognized by mapmakers) derived its name.
;
i
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digitized by SVOBODA
in e v e r y p o s s ib le m a n n e r . E v e r y U k r a in ia n w a s m a d e t o f e e l t h e ir o n h a n d
o f t h e a r is t o c r a t ic , e q u e s t r ia n P o li s h s t a t e .
I n o r d e r t o e s c a p e t o t a l e x t in c t i o n , m a n y o f t h e U k r a in ia n u p p e r
c la s s e s d e s e r te d t h e i r n a t i o n a l i t y a n d r e lig io n a n d p e r m it t e d t h e m s e l v e s t o
b e c o m e P o lo n iz e d .
T h e b u r g h e r c la s s , n o w a l s o t y r a n iz e d , y ie ld e d f r o m i t s
m id s t s u c h d e s e r t e r s t o o .
O n ly t h e p e a s a n t r y , n o w r e d u c e d t o s e r fd o m a n d
a b u s e d m o s t o f a ll, r e s is t e d P o lo n iz a t io n , a n d b e c a m e t h e b u lw a r k o f U k r a in
ia n n a t io n a l id e n t i t y b y r e m a in in g t r u e t o t h e t r a d i t io n s o f i t s a n c e s t o r s , a n d
b y c o n s t a n t ly r e b e llin g a g a i n s t t h e g r e a t P o l i s h la n d o w n e r s t h a t h a d s e iz e d
i t s la n d s a n d f o r c e d i t t o w o r k t h e s e la n d s f o r t h e i r g a in .
A n d y e t , t h i s P o lis h - d o m in a t e d c o a lit io n r u le o v e r m o s t o f U k r a in e
w a s f a r t o o w e a k t o p r o t e c t i t a g a i n s t t h e u n c e a s i n g a t t a c k s o f t h e w ild
A s ia t i c s , w h ic h b e c a m e w o r s e w h e n o n e o f t h e m a j o r T a t a r h o r d e s s e t t l e d
in C r im e a a n d a c c e p t e d t h e r u le o f t h e T u r k is h E m p ir e in r e t u r n f o r T u r k is h
a id in i t s w a r s .
W it h t h i s a id a n d s u c h a s t r a t e g i c b a s e o f o p e r a t io n s , t h e T a t a r s
c o n s t a n t ly a n d s u c c e s s f u l l y r a id e d U k r a in e , e v e n a s f a r w e s t a s V o lh y n ia a n d
G a lic ia , d e v a s t a t i n g t h e c o u n t r y , s e i z i n g e v e r y t h i n g o f v a lu e , a n d a ls o t a k i n g
b a c k w i t h t h e m t h o u s a n d s u p o n t h o u s a n d s o f U k r a in ia n m e n , w o m e n a n d
c h ild r e n , t o b e s o ld in t h e O r ie n ta l s l a v e m a r k e t s .
A s a r e s u lt o f th e s e
in v a s io n s , d u r in g t h e 1 5 t h a n d 1 6 t h c e n t u r ie s , a l m o s t a ll o f E a s t e r n U k r a in e
o n t h e l e f t b a n k o f t h e D n ie p e r t u r n e d in t o a w ild e r n e s s , w h ile i t s s o u t h e r n
s e c t i o n s b e c a m e a s p a r e l y p e o p le d b o r d e r la n d .
A n d so , b e s e t b y th e T a ta r T u r k is h o n s la u g h t s o n t h e o n e s id e a n d b y a n a v a r ic io u s P o la n d o n t h e o t h e r
s id e , U k r a in e s e e m e d t o t o t t e r o n t h e v e r g e o f e x t in c t io n a s a n a tio n .
th e
I t i s a b o u t t h i s tim e , m id d le o f t h e 1 5 t h c e n t u r y , t h a t w e f i r s t h e a r o f
K o z a k s t h o s e w o r ld f a m o u s w a r r io r s w h o r e s u r r e c t e d U k r a in e .
T h e K o z a k s w e r e o r ig in a lly c o m p o s e d o n ly o f t h o s e b o ld e r s p ir it s
w h o , u n a b le t o l iv e u n d e r P o li s h m is r u le , h a d p e n e t r a t e d in t o t h e d a n g e r o u s
b o r d e r la n d s a n d t h e r e liv e d a h a z a r d o u s l i f e a m id s t t h e p l e n t y t h a t b o u n t if u l
N a t u r e p r o v id e d f o r th e m . G r a d u a lly , a s t h e i r n u m b e r s in c r e a s e d , t h e y b e g a n
t o b a n d t o g e t h e r , b u ild t h e i r w o o d e n o r r e e d - p la it e d h o r o d k y ( f o r t r e s s e s ) ,
a n d s o o n w e r e n o t o n ly s u c c e s s f u ll y d e f e n d in g t h e m s e l v e s a g a i n s t t h e T u r k s
a n d T a t a r s b u t w e r e e v e n r a id in g t h e l a t t e r s s e t t l e m e n t s , p e n e t r a t i n g in t o
C r im e a .
O f n e c e s s i t y , t h e s e b a n d s t o o k o n a s e m i- m ilit a r y c h a r a c t e r , w h ic h
b e c a m e m o r e p r o n o u n c ed w ith th e ir g r o w th .
T h e f i r s t r e a l m ilit a r y o r g a n
iz a t io n o f th e m , h o w e v e r , d id n o t t a k e p la c e u n t il a b o u t t h e m id d le o f t h e
1 6 t h c e n t u r y , w h e n u n d e r t h e le a d e r s h ip o f D m it r o V i s h n e v e t s k y ,6 a g o o d ly
p o r t io n o f t h e m s e t u p a s t h e i r c e n t e r a f o r t i f i e d e n c a m p m e n t o n t h e is la n d
o f K h o r t it s y a , o n t h e lo w e r D n ie p e r , b e lo w t h e r a p id s , w h ic h b e c a m e t h e
f a m o u s Z a p o r o z h ia n S it c h .
F r o m h e r e t h e K o z a k s s a l l ie d f o r t h o n t h e ir
w a r r in g e x p e d it io n s a g a i n s t t h e T a t a r s a n d t h e T u r k s , e it h e r b y la n d o r
w a te r.
D e s c e n d in g t h e D n ie p e r R iv e r a n d d e l t a in t o t h e o p e n a n d s t o r m y
B la c k S e a t h e s e w a r r io r s , a b o u t w h o s e f i g h t i n g a b ilit ie s e v e n W e s t e r n E u r o p e
b e g a n t o h e a r , r a id e d T a t a r a n d T u r k is h c o a s t w i s e a n d e v e n in la n d t o w n s
a n d c it i e s ; d e s t r o y i n g m a n y o f t h e m , g a i n i n g v a s t q u a n t it ie s o f s p o ils , f r e e in g
t h o u s a n d s o f U k r a in ia n c a p t i v e s ; a n d g r a d u a l l y u n d e r m in in g t h e p o w e r a n d
p r e s t i g e o f t h e p o w e r f u l T u r k is h E m p ir e , b e f o r e w h o m a ll E u r o p e w a s
t r e m b lin g th e n .
6
The Bayda of Ukrainian Kozak songs.
splendid courage, and fine organizing ability.
digitized by SVOBODA
A man of winning
personality,
S u c h w e r e t h e b e g in n in g s o f t h e K o z a k s .
O r ig in a lly g r o u p s o f
f r o n t i e r s m e n b a n d in g f o r p r o t e c t io n t h e y d e v e lo p e d in t o o n e o f t h e f i n e s t
m i li t a r y f o r c e s t h e w o r ld h a s e v e r s e e n , o n e w h o s e e x p l o it s a t t r a c t e d
a t t e n t i o n t h r o u g h o u t b o t h t h e O c c id e n t a n d t h e O r ie n t.
F r o m t h e v e r y o u t s e t o f t h e i r d e v e lo p m e n t , h o w e v e r , t h e y h a d t o
c o n t e n d w i t h P o la n d , w h ic h , j e a lo u s a n d a p p r e h e n s iv e o f t h e i r r is in g p o w e r
a n d s p ir i t o f in d e p e n d e n c e , a n d e m b a r r a s s e d b y t h e i r a t t a c k s u p o n t h e T u r k s
a n d T a t a r s , s o u g h t b y d ip lo m a t ic s u b t e r f u g e s a s w e ll a s b y d ir e c t f o r c e t o
s u p p r e s s t h e m , e a s i n g s u c h s u p p r e s s io n o n l y w h e n s h e n e e d e d t h e i r in v a lu a b le
a id in h e r n u m e r o u s w a r s .7
T h is a n t a g o n is t ic p o lic y t o w a r d s t h e K o z a k s
b e g a n to m a n ife s t it s e lf w ith ste a d ily g r o w in g s e v e r ity w h e n w ith t h e p a s s a g e
o f t im e t h e c h a r a c t e r o f t h e K o z a k o r g a n i z a t i o n e v o lv e d f r o m a n in d e p e n d e n t
b o d y e x i s t i n g a n d f i g h t i n g f o r i t s o w n s a k e in t o a n i n t e g r a l p a r t o f t h e U k r a i n
ia n n a t i o n i t s e l f ; f i g h t i n g f o r t h e r ig h t s a n d f r e e d o m o f n o t o n l y i t s e l f b u t o f a ll
t h e U k r a i n i a n p e o p le , a n d n o t o n ly a g a i n s t t h e r a id s a n d i n v a s i o n s o f b o t h
t h e T u r k s a n d T a t a r s b u t a g a i n s t P o li s h o p p r e s s io n a s w e ll.
T o d e s t r o y t h i s r a p id ly - r is in g d a n g e r t o i t s s w a y o v e r U k r a in e , P o la n d
b e g a n t o d i s p a t c h p u n it iv e e x p e d it io n s a g a i n s t t h e K o z a k s .
In th e m a jo r ity
o f t h e r e s u l t i n g s a n g u i n a r y e n c o u n t e r s t h e P o le s w e r e s o u n d ly t r o u n c e d , a n d
t o t h e i r f u r t h e r d is m a y t h e y f o u n d t h e m s e l v e s c o n f r o n t e d b y a s e r ie s o f
r e v o l t s a m o n g t h e U k r a in ia n p o p u la t io n , w h ic h b e g a n t o w a r d s t h e e n d o f
t h e 1 6 t h c e n t u r y a n d f i ll e d t h e f i r s t h a l f o f t h e 1 7 t h c e n t u r y .
B y d r a w in g
u p o n a ll t h e i r r e s o u r c e s , h o w e v e r , t h e y m a n a g e d t o q u e ll t h e r is in g r e v o l t s
a n d r e - e s t a b l i s h t h e i r h o ld o v e r U k r a in e .
B u t t h i s w a s o n ly t h e lu ll b e f o r e
th e sto r m .
The
U k r a in ia n
K ozak
S ta te .
I n 1 6 4 8 t h e U k r a in ia n K o z a k s , a id e d b y t h e e n t ir e U k r a in ia n p e o p le ,
f r o m t h e D n ie p e r t o t h e S a n , u n d e r t h e le a d e r s h ip o f H e t m a n B o h d a n K h m e l
n i t s k y , t h e C r o m w e ll o f E a s t e r n E u r o p e ,8 r o s e in r e b e llio n a g a i n s t P o la n d ,
s h a t t e r e d a ll t h e P o li s h a r m ie s a t Z h o v t i V o d i, K o r s u n , P ily a v a , a n d Z b o r iw ,
l e a v i n g e n t i r e P o la n d a t t h e i r m e r c y , o r , a s t h a t r o m a n t ic iz e r o f t h e P o le s a n d
v i li f i e r o f t h e U k r a in ia n s , t h e P o li s h w r i t e r S ie n k ie w ic z , w r o t e in h i s W it h F ir e
a n d S w o r d , P o la n d l a y in b lo o d a n d d u s t a t t h e f e e t o f t h e C o s s a c k s .
H a d n o t K h m e ln it s k y b e e n l e n ie n t w i t h t h e P o le s k t t h i s p o in t o f h i s g r e a t e s t
p o w e r , a l l o f P o la n d w o u ld h a v e c a p i t u l a t e d b e f o r e h im a n d t h e e n t ir e c o u r s e o f
E a s t e r n E u r o p e a n h i s t o r y w o u ld h a v e b e e n c h a n g e d .
A s i t w a s , h e d e s is t e d
f r o m i n v a d in g P o la n d , a n d t h u s g a v e h e r a c h a n c e t o r e c o v e r .
A n d s o a f t e r t h r e e h u n d r e d y e a r s o f b o n d a g e , U k r a in e r e g a in e d h e r
in d e p e n d e n c e .
7 Thus in 1621 the Kozak Hetman, Sahaydachny, saved the Polish army
which was surrounded by a large Turkish force near Khotin. A similar role was
played by the Kozak divisions which came to the aid of Jan Sobieski, defeating
the Turks near Vienna, in 1683.
8 The Polish historian Kubala writes of this figure who was the Ukrainian
Cromwell, W ashington and Bolivar: Strangers compared him with Cromwell. The
comparison forces itself to the attention, especially of the age when these tw o men
drew upon them selves the undivided interest of Europe. Both lived and died at
practically the same time. Both were standing enemies of the ruling church and
governm ent of their countries and in the later years of their lives both stood at the
head of an uprising that could boast of progress which could put to shame the teachings
and experience of the greatest warriors and diplomats. Each created a mighty army
by w hose help he governed, and both died at the heights of their power, willing
their position to thei children.
A letter from Cromwell to Khmelnitsky shows that the great Englishman saw
in Khmelnitsky a champion of freedom.
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H a v in g a c h ie v e d h e r in d e p e n d e n c e , U k r a in e w a s f a c e d w i t h t h e t r e m e n
d o u s t a s k o f e s t a b l i s h i n g a n i n t e r n a l o r d e r t h a t w o u ld r e p a ir t h e r a v a g e s o f
c o u n t l e s s w a r s a n d in v a s io n s , e x t e r m in a t e th e , r e m n a n t s o f t h e p a r a s i t i c P o li s h
s o c i a l- p o li t i c a l o r d e r , s u p p la n t i t w i t h o n e b e n e f i t t i n g t h e U k r a in ia n s th e ir is e l v e s , a n d s e t u p a s y s t e m o f g o v e r n m e n t C o m p r e h e n s iv e a n d a b le e n o u g h
t o d ir e c t t h e d e s t in ie s o f t h e n e w l y - f r e e d U k r a in ia n n a tio n , w h ic h f o r t h r e e
c e n t u r ie s h a d k n o w n h a r d ly a n y t h in g m o r e t h a n w a r , d e v a s t a t io n , m is r u le , a n d
o p p r e s s io n .
E v e n u n d e r n o r m a l c o n d it io n s t h i s t a s k w o u ld h a v e b e e n
s t a g g e r i n g , b u t w h a t m a d e i t d o u b ly s o f o r U k r a in e w a s t h a t n o w in h e r
n e w l y w o n f r e e d o m s h e f o u n d h e r s e l f b e s e t n o t o n ly b y in t e r n a l d i f f i c u lt i e s b u t
a l s o b y a t h r e a t e n i n g r in g o f e n e m ie s , c o n s i s t i n g o f t h e a r is t o c r a t ic P o la n d
s m a r t i n g f r o m h e r o v e r w h e lm in g d e f e a t , b y t h e p e r f id io u s K h a n o f C r im e a
s h o w i n g b u t s l i g h t in c lin a t io n t o r e s t r a i n t h e r a id in g a n d p lu n d e r in g h a b i t s
o f h is s u b j e c t s , a n d , f i n a l ly , b y t h e a u t o c r a t i c M u s c o v y in t h e n o r t h .
Of
t h e m a l l, h o w e v e r , P o la n d c o n s t i t u t e d t h e c h i e f t h r e a t in t h e e y e s o f t h e
U k r a in ia n s .
I n t h i s d ile m m a , K h m e ln it s k y d e c id e d t h e b e s t c o u r s e f o r U k r a in e t o
f o l l o w w a s t o b e t h a t o f a n a llia n c e w i t h s o m e n e ig h b o r in g p o w e r , in o r d e r
t o g a i n t h e n e e d e d c a lm a n d t im e n e c e s s a r y t o a c h ie v e i n t e r n a l o r g a n iz a t io n .
A c c o r d in g ly , h e n e g o t i a t e d w i t h v a r i o u s ; c o u n t r ie s , e s p e c ia l l y s u c h a s w o u ld
b e w i l li n g t o r e n d e r m i li t a r y a id t o U k r a in e i n t h e e v e n t o f a P o li s h a t t a c k .
F in a l l y h e f o u n d a n a t t e n t i v e e a r in M o s c o w , w i t h w h ic h U k r a in e w a s b o u n d
b y b o n d s o f r e lig io n .
T h e l a t t e r h a d l o n g a s p ir e d t o e x e r c i s e s o m e o f i t s
a u t o c r a t i c p o w e r o v e r U k r a in e a n d a t t h e s a m e t im e w a s j e a lo u s o f P o la n d 's
r is in g p o w e r a n d f e a r f u l o f t h e d a n g e r t o i t s e l f i f P o la n d e v e r p r o v e d v ic t o r io u s
o v e r U k r a in e ; s o in r e p ly t o K h m e ln it s k y s o v e r t u r e s i t n o t if ie d h im o f t h e t s a r s
w i l li n g n e s s t o b e c o m e h i s a lly .
T h e o u tc o m e o f t h e r e s u l t in g n e g o t i a t io n s w it h M u s c o v y w a s t h e T r e a t y
o f P e r e y a s la v ( 1 6 5 4 ) , w h ic h p r o v id e d f o r t h e c o m p le t e in d e p e n d e n c e o f
U k r a in e , a s w e ll a s o f h e r K o z a k o r g a n iz a t io n , w i t h t h e t s a r e x e r c i s i n g
a n o m in a l p r o t e c t o r a t e .
I t w a s a t r e a t y b e tw e e n tw o so v e r e ig n p o w e r s,
p l e d g i n g m u t u a l a id in t h e e v e n t o f a n e m e r g e n c y , a t r e a t y t h a t m a r k e d t h e
d o w n f a ll o f P o la n d a n d t h e e m e r g e n c e o f t h e g r e a t R u s s i a n s t a t e .
F r o m t h e v e r y o u t s e t i t b e c a m e c le a r t h a t M o s c o w h a d n o t t h e l e a s t
in t e n t i o n o f k e e p in g i t s p a r t o f t h e b a r g a in . I t s m a in p u r p o s e in m a k in g t h e
t r e a t y w a s t o e x t e n d i t s s w a y o v e r U k r a in e a n d a t t h e s a m e t im e c u r b P o la n d .
K h m e ln it s k y , s h r e w d s t a t e s m a n t h a t h e w a s , q u ic k ly d e t e c t e d t h i s a n d
im m e d ia t e ly
began
to
p la n
th e
a b r o g a t io n
of
th e
t r e a t y ; e s p e c ia l l y
w h en
h e saw
h is s u s p ic io n s b o r n e
out by
o v e rt a c ts
on
th e
part
o f M o s c o w , s u c h a s i t s g a r r i s o n in g v a r io u s s t r a t e g i c s p o t s in U k r a in e u n d e r
t h e g u i s e o f p r o t e c t i n g t h e U k r a in ia n s f r o m t h e P o le s , b u t in r e a l i t y t o k e e p
a w a t c h f u l e y e o n b o t h t h e H e t m a n a n d h is K o z a k s .
A t t h i s c r it ic a l p o in t in U k r a in ia n h i s t o r y , h o w e v e r , w h e n h is l e a d e r
s h ip a n d s a g a c i t y w e r e m o s t n e e d e d b y U k r a in e , B o h d a n K h m e ln it s k y d ie d .
T o q u o t e S a ly a n d y s d e s c r ip t io n o f h im : A b le , b o t h a s s t a t e s m a n a n d
w a r r io r > a c c o r d e d a k i n g ly e s t a t e b y a ll t h e g r e a t p o w e r s , B o h d a n c o n t in u e d
u n t il t h e e n d o f h is c a r e e r t o le a d t h e l i f e o f a p e a s a n t r a c o m m o n s o ld ie r .
I n t h e s a m e t h a t h e s h a r e d w i t h h i s w i f e a n d c h ild r e n h e r e c e iv e d
e m b a s s ie s f r o m t h e g r e a t e s t c r o w n e d h e a d s o f E u r o p e . T h e s u d d e n a p o p le c t ic
s t r o k e w h ic h c a r r ie d o f f t h e v e t e r a n c h i e f o f t h e K o z a k s r e m o v e d a - f a c t o r
w h ic h , f r t e n y e a r s , h a d p la y e d a . r o le in E a s t e r n E u r o p e w h ic h h a s b e e n
digitized by SVOBODA
c o m p a r e d w i t h t h a t o f O liv e r C r o m w e ll in t h e W e s t .
Y et; t o d a y B o h d a n
K h m e ln it s k y s n a m e i s a ll b u t f o r g o t t e n in h i s t o r y .
B e r e f t o f a s t r o n g h a n d a t i t s h e lm , t h e n e w l y - r e l e a s e d U k r a in ia n
s h ip
of
sta te
began
to
f lo u n d e r
on
th e
ja g g ed
rock s
o f M o s c o w s
m a c h i n a t i o n s t o w r e c k it .
T a k in g a d v a n t a g e ro f K h m e ln it s k y s d e a t h , o f t h e
i n c o m p e t e n c e o f h i s s u c c e s s o r s , a n d o f t h e p a r t i s a n f e e l i n g s r u n n in g h ig h
in U k r a in e , i t d e lib e r a t e ly f o s t e r e d f u r t h e r d is s e n s io n a m o n g t h e U k r a in ia n s
a,nd t h e i r K o z a k s , p o is o n e d t h e i r m in d s a g a i n s t t h e i r le a d e r s , a n d a t e v e r y
s u c c e s s i v e e le c t i o n o f t h e H e t m a n w h it t l e d s o m e o f t h e U k r a in ia n lib e r t ie s a w a y .
A t t i m e s i t s e e m e d a s i f t h e U k r a in ia n s w o u ld b e a b le t o c a s t o f f
M o s c o w s o p p r e s s iv e h a n d , a s s o o n a f t e r K h m e ln it s k y s d e a t h a K o z a k
r e v o l t a g a i n s t i t o c c u r r e d u n d e r t h e le a d e r s h ip o f H e t m a n V i h o v s k y , w h o
in f l ic t e d a c r u s h i n g d e f e a t t o M o s c o w t r o o p s u n d e r t h e c o m m a n d o f P r in c e
T r o u b e t s k o y a n d c o m p le t e ly d e s t r o y e d t h e v e r y f l o w e r o f t h e M o s c o w c a v a lr y .
B u t in t e r n a l s t r i f e a m o n g t h e K o z a k s t h e m s e l v e s s o o n n u l li f ie d t h i s v ic t o r y ,
a n d d e s p it e s u b s e q u e n t r e v o l t s M o s c o w m a n a g e d n o t o n l y t o r e c a p t u r e i t s
p r e v io u s l y w r e s t e d a d v a n t a g e s b u t w in a d d itio n a l o n e s a s w e ll.
I n 1 6 6 7 , M o s c o w , t i r i n g o f i t s t h i r t e e n y e a r s o f w a r w i t h P o la n d a n d
f i n d i n g t h e w h o le o f U k r a in e t o o d i f f i c u lt t o h a n d le a lo n e , c o n c lu d e d w i t h
P o la n d t h e p e a c e T r e a t y o f A n d r u s iw , w h e r e b y U k r a in e w a s p a r t it io n e d .
T h e R i g h t B a n k ( w e s t o f t h e D n ie p e r ) , w h ic h h a d b e e n d r e a d f u lly
d e v a s t a t e d a n d d e p o p u la t e d b y t h e w a r s , w a s a s s ig n e d o v e r t o P o la n d , a n d
s o o n t h i s s e c t i o n l o s t i t s U k r a in ia n f o r m o f g o v e r n m e n t a n d i t s K o z a k
o r g a n iz a t io n ; a l t h o u g h , in 1 6 7 2 , H e t m a n D o r o s h e n k o n e a r ly s u c c e e d e d in
f r e e in g i t c o m p l e t e ly b u t f a i l e d b e c a u s e o f t h e a r m e d in t e r v e n t i o n o f M o s c o w .
T h e L e f t B a n k , in c lu d in g K ie v o n t h e r ig h t s id e o f t h e D n ie p e r , r e m a in e d
u n d e r t h e d e s p o t ic c o n t r o l o f M o s c o w .
A n d a l t h o u g h t h e l a t t e r r e f r a in e d
f r o m d i s s o l v in g t h e K o z a k o r g a n iz a t io n , b e c a u s e o f i t s in v a lu a b le a id in
t im e o f w a r , y e t i t e n r o lle d m a n y o f t h e K o z a k s in i t s o w n r e g im e n t s , a n d
t h o s e w h o r e f u s e d w e r e s e n t t o d ig c a n a ls in t h e m a r s h e s n e a r S t . P e t e r s b u r g
( n o w L e n i n g r a d ) , w h e r e t e n s o f t h o u s a n d s o f t h e m p e r is h e d o f t h e c o ld ,
p e s t ile n c e , a n d in h u m a n h a r d w o r k .
D e s p it e t h e c r u e l e s t r e p r e s s io n s , h o w e v e r , U k r a in ia n o p p o s it io n a g a i n s t
M o s c o w d id n o t a b a t e .
T h e r e w e r e c o n s t a n t u p r is in g s .
B u t o n ly o n e su c h
u p r i s i n g c a m e v e r y c lo s e t o s u c c e s s .
I t w a s le d b y I v a n M a zep p a , th e
f a m o u s H e t m a n , w h o , a f t e r r e n d e r in g i n v a lu a b le a id t o P e t e r I ( c a ll e d t h e
G r e a t ) in h i s w a r s , c o u ld n o l o n g e r e n d u r e M o s c o w s o p p r e s s io n o f h i s
p e o p le a n d l a u n c h e d a r e v o l t a g a i n s t it , w i t h h i m s e l f a t t h e h e lm .
The
r e v o l t n e v e r r e a c h e d i t s f u l l s t r e n g t h , h o w e v e r , b e c a u s e o f h i s i n a b il i t y t o
g a i n t h e c o m p le t e c o n f id e n c e o f a ll t h e U k r a in ia n p e o p le , s o m e o f w h o m
d i s t r u s t e d h im b e c a u s e o f h is p r e v io u s a p p a r e n t f r ie n d s h i p w i t h M o s c o w .
A n d i t c o ll a p s e d a n d b e c a m e a l o s t c a u s e , w h e n l a r g e l y d u e t o M a z e p p a s
f a i lu r e t o m a r s h a l a ll o f t h e K o z a k f o r c e s o n t h e s id e o f t h e S w e d is h
C h a r le s X I I t h e d e c is iv e b a t t l e o f P o lt a v a w a s l o s t t o P e t e r I.
T h is b a t t l e
b u r ie d a ll U k r a i n i a n h o p e s t h e n , a n d M a z e p p a h a d t o f l e e t o T u r k e y w i t h
h i s S w e d is h a l ly , w h il e P e t e r p u t d o w n t h e U k r a i n i a n u p r i s i n g w i t h t h e
m o s t f r i g h t f u l a t r o c i t ie s .
A n d t h u s d is a p p e a r e d a n o t h e r g r e a t U k r a in ia n
H e tm a n .
W e ll d o e s C r e s s o n 9 d e s c r ib e h i m : t o h a v e h e ld f o r a n i n s t a n t
t h e b a la n c e o f p o w e r in t h e m o m e n t o u s s t r u g g l e w h ic h f i x e d t h e s u p r e m a c y
o f R u s s ia a m o n g t h e T o w e r s o f t h e N o r th ; t o lo s e b y a n a r r o w e s t c h a n c e
t o a g r e a t p l a c e in h i s t o r y ; t o b e r e m e m b e r e d o n l y a s a h e r o o f a r o m a n t ic
digitized by SVOBODA
p o e m ( B y r o n ' s M a z e p p a ) , t h e c e n t r a l f i g u r e o f a p o p u la r o p e r a ( T s c h a i k o w s k y s
M a z e p p a ) , s u c h h a s b e e n t h e s t r a n g e f a t e o f t h e C o s s a c k H e t m a n
M a z e p p a .
A f t e r P o lt a v a t h e r e w e r e s e v e r a l o t h e r a b o r t iv e K o z a k r e b e llio n s ,
u n t il f i n a l l y in 1 7 7 5 t h e l a s t s t r o n g h o ld o f U k r a in ia n lib e r t ie s , t h e Z a p o r o z h ia n
S it c h , f e l l in t o t h e h a n d s o f a n o v e r w h e l m i n g R u s s ia n f o r c e a n d w a s
c o m p le t e ly d e s t r o y e d .
A n d s o e n d e d t h e r e m n a n t s o f U k r a in ia n in d e p e n d e n c e t h a t h a d f l o w e r e d
s o p r o m is in g ly a c e n t u r y a n d a q u a r t e r b e f o r e , e n d e d a t a t im e w h e n a c r o s s
t h e s e a s in a n e w la n d t h i r t e e n y o u n g c o lo n ie s w e r e e m b a r k in g u p o n a
h a z a r d o u s c o u r s e t h a t w a s t o le a d t o t h e f o u n d a t io n o f t h a t g r e a t U n it e d
S t a t e s o f A m e r ic a w h ic h a c e n t u r y a n d s o m e o d d y e a r s l a t e r w a s t o
p r o v id e a h a v e n o f r e f u g e , f r e e d o m a n d o p p o r t u n it y t o t h o u s a n d s u p o n
th o u sa n d s o f th e o p p re ssed d e sc e n d a n ts o f th o s e K o za k s w h o h a d fo u g h t so
v a l i a n t l y f o r t h a t g r e a t id e a l d e a r t o a ll p e o p le s f r e e d o m .
H a v in g d e s t r o y e d U k r a in ia n p o l i t ic a l in d e p e n d e n c e , M o s c o w d e f i n i t e l y
e m b a r k e d u p o n a c o u r s e d e s ig n e d t o m a k e h e r a g r e a t E u r o p e a n p o w e r .
O n e o f h e r f i r s t a c t s in t h i s d ir e c t io n w a s t h e a b a n d o n m e n t o f t h e t e r m
M u s c o v y , b y w h ic h i t h a d c le a r l y b e e n k n o w n a n d c a lle d u p t o t h i s tim e ,
in f a v o r o f t h e t e r m R u s s i a .
T h is f i r s t h a p p e n e d w h e n a f t e r t h e d e f e a t
o f M a z e p p a P e t e r I a c c e p t e d t h e p e c u lia r t i t l e o f E m p e r o r a n d T s a r o f a ll
t h e R u s s i a s , 10 t h e r e b y p r o c la im in g h i m s e l f t o b e t h e s u c c e s s o r o f t h e
U k r a in ia n K in g d o m o f K ie v k n o w n t h e n a s R u s . Y e t i t is h i g h ly s i g n i f i c a n t
t h a t P e t e r I d id n o t d e s i g n a t e h is n e w ly - f o u n d e d e m p ir e a s R u s , f o r t h e
s im p le r e a s o n t h a t h e k n e w q u ite w e ll t h a t i t w o u ld b e im p o s s ib le t o c o n v in c e
h is p e o p le ( t h e M u s c o v it e s ) a s w e ll a s t h e o u t s id e w o r ld t h a t M u s c o v y i s
R u s , f o r t o e v e r y b o d y R u s w a s s i t u a t e d t o t h e s o u t h o f M u s c o v y a n d
w a s id e n t ic a l w it h U k r a in e .
B u t a n e n t i r e ly n e w n a m e R u s s i a ( R o s s i a )
w a s q u ite a n o t h e r m a t t e r , a n d s o R u s s i a w a s p r o m u lg a t e d .
T h is a c t o n t h e p a r t o f P e t e r I b e g a n t o h a v e i t s r e p e r c u s s io n s u p o n
t h e U k r a in ia n s , w h o t o k e e p t h e i r i d e n t i t y c le a r o f t h a t o f t h e R u s s i a n s b e g a n
to u se m o r e o fte n th e te r m U k r a in a a s th e n a m e o f th e ir c o u n tr y .
U k r a i n a f i r s t a p p e a r e d in t h e o ld c h r o n ic le s o f K ie v o f t h e 1 2 t h c e n t u r y ,
a s a d e s ig n a t io n f o r t h e b o r d e r la n d s b e t w e e n in h a b it e d R u s a n d t h e u n
i n h a b it e d s t e p p e s . W it h t h e g r a d u a l a d v a n c e o f t h e K o z a k c o n q u e s t t o w a r d s
t h e s o u t h a n d t h e c o lo n iz a t io n o f t h e s t e p p e s t h i s t e r m e x p a n d e d c o n
c u r r e n t ly .
G r a d u a lly t h i s t e r m c a m e in t o u s e a s a s y n o n y m o f t h e o ld n a m e
R u s a n d s u b s e q u e n t ly d is p la c e d i t e n t i r e ly .
H e t m a n K h m e ln it s k y h i m s e l f
u s e d b o t h t e r m s a lt e r n a t i v e l y , a n d a ll t h e m a p s o f t h a t p e r io d ( F r e n c h ,
D u tc h , G e r m a n , I t a l i a n ) s im u l t a n e o u s l y a n d a l t e r n a t i v e l y u s e d R u s o r
U k r a in a f o r p r e s e n t d a y U k r a in e , in c le a r d is t in c t io n f r o m M o s c o v it ia
o r M o s c o v ia . 11
A n d s o , w h e n M u s c o v y c o n q u e r e d R u s U k r a in e a n d
digitized by SVOBODA
a d o p t e d i t s p r e s e n t n a m e o f R u s s ia , t h e t e r m U k r a i n a b e g a n t o b e u s e d
a lm o s t e x c l u s i v e l y b y t h e U k r a i n i a n s t h r o u g h o u t U k r a in e , a n d t o d a y i t i s
t h e o n l y n a m e t h a t a l l U k r a in ia n s t h r o u g h o u t t h e w o r ld r e c o g n iz e .
O n t h i s p o i n t i t i s w e l l w o r t h w h ile t o d e v i a t e a n d q u o t e t h e o p in io n
o f P r in c e D . S . M ir s k y in h i s h i s t o r y R u s s i a , ( 1 9 3 1 ) : T h e t h e s i s o f
G re a t R u s s ia n h is to r ia n s h a s a lw a y s b e e n t h a t t h e e a s te r n S la v s fo r m e d
a p r e - e s t a b l is h e d u n i t y f r o m t h e b e g i n n in g o f t im e .
T h e th e s is o f th e
U k r a in ia n h i s t o r i a n s i s t h a t t h e e a s t e r n S l a v s h a d t w o c e n t e r s o f g r a v i t y
o n e in t h e n o r t h a n d o n e in t h e s o u t h , a n d t h a t t h e s o u t h e r n g r o u p w a s
o r ig i n a l l y n o t m u c h m o r e c lo s e l y r e l a t e d t o t h e n o r t h e r n t h a n i t w a s t o
o t h e r g r o u p s in t h e B a l k a n s o r in C e n t r a l E u r o p e .
T h e s u m o f e v id e n c e
s e e m s t o b e i n c r e a s i n g l y f a v o u r a b le t o a v i e w t h a t i s c lo s e r t o t h e U k r a in ia n
th a n to th e G r e a t R u s s ia n t h e s is .
H a v in g s u b d u e d U k r a in e a n d a d o p t e d i t s o r ig in a l n a m e , R u s s i a b e g a n
a n i n t e n s i v e c a m p a ig n m a r k e d b y h e a v y - h a n d e d o p p r e s s io n a n d c r u e l t y t o
e r a d ic a t e t h e v a r io u s d i f f e r e n c e s t h a t e x is t e d b e t w e e n t h e R u s s i a n s a n d t h e
U k r a in ia n s a s m e m b e r s o f t w o d i s t i n c t n a t i o n a l i t ie s .
T h is w a s i n lin e , o f
c o u r s e , w i t h h e r c e n t r a l iz i n g a n d l e v e l li n g p r o c e s s t o c r e a t e a g r e a t R u s s i a n
e m p ir e p e o p le d b y o n e h o m o g e n e o u s e t h n ic a n d l in g u a l R u s s i a n p e o p le .
A n d s o w e f i n d C a t h e r in e I I ( t h e G r e a t o r t h e L ib e r a l ) w r i t in g in h e r
s e c r e t i n s t r u c t i o n s t o t h e s e n a t e p r e s id e n t A . M . V i a z e m s k y t h a t i t w a s
n e c e s s a r y t o u p r o o t in U k r a in e t h e im m o r a l id e a t h a t t h e y ( t h e U k r a i n
i a n s ) a r e a n a t i o n c o m p le t e ly d i f f e r e n t f r o m o u r s a n d t o f i g h t a g a i n s t
t h e ir f a l s e a n d im p r o p e r r e p u b lic a n i d e a s . 12 A s t a r t in t h i s d ir e c t io n h a d
a lr e a d y b e e n m a d e b y R u s s i a w h e n a s e a r l y a s 1 6 8 0 i t h a d p r o h ib it e d t h e
u s e o f t h e U k r a i n i a n la n g u a g e in a n y e c c le s i a s t i c a l l it e r a t u r e , w h ile in 1 7 2 0 t h e
p r in t in g o f a n y U k r a in ia n p u b lic a t io n s a t a ll w a s fo r b id d e n t o o .
A t every
s t e p t h e in d ig e n o u s l it e r a t u r e w a s d e s t r o y e d a s m u c h a s p o s s ib le .
The
U k r a in ia n s c h o o l s w e r e n e x t t o f e e l t h e r e p r e s s io n a s g r a d u a lly a ll o f t h e m
w e r e c lo s e d .
I n t h e m id d le o f t h e 1 8 t h c e n t u r y , f o r e x a m p le , t h e r e w e r e in
t h e p r o v in c e o f C h e m i h i w 8 6 6 s c h o o l s t h a t h a d b e e n f o u n d e d d u r in g t h e
p e r io d o f U k r a i n i a n s e m i- in d e p e n d e n c e ; 6 0 y e a r s l a t e r n o t o n e o f t h e m
r e m a in e d in e x is t e n c e .
N e x t t o f e e l t h i s c e n t r a l iz i n g a n d l e v e l li n g p r o c e s s
w a s t h e U k r a i n i a n O r th o d o x C h u r c h w h ic h h a d e n j o y e d a lo o s e s u b o r d in a t io n
t o t h e P a t r i a r c h o f C o n s t a n t in o p le , a n d w h ic h w a s m a d e s u b j e c t t o t h e
P a t r ia r c h o f M o s c o w ( l a t e r t o t h e H o ly S y n o d ) a n d e v e n t u a l ly b e c a m e
c o m p le t e ly R u s s i f i e d .
T h is r u s s i f i c a t i o n p r o g r a m w a s c a r r ie d o u t t o t h e l e t t e r in e v e r y
c o n c e iv a b le m a n n e r a n d w i t h e x c e e d in g l y s e v e r e h a r s h n e s s .
R u s s ia w a s
d e t e r m in e d a t a l l c o s t s t o d e s t r o y e v e r y t h i n g p e r t a in in g t o o r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f
t h e U k r a in ia n p e o p le , t o w ip e o u t U k r a in e c o m p le t e ly a s a n a t io n .
U s i n g a ll
p o s s ib le a g e n c i e s o r p r o p a g a n d a , in c lu d in g h e r h is t o r ia n s , s h e s e d u lo u s l y
12
The republican ideals of the Ukrainians were not a hazy notion but an
actuality. They took the form of a well defined political conception as expressed
in the pacts and constitution of laws and liberties of the Ukrainian Republic pro
claimed by Hetman Orlik and the elected leaders of the Zaporozhian Army, on April
5. 1710. T hese pacts were in direct opposition to the principles of the despotic
M uscovite empire. According to this constitution Ukraine was to be a republic
with an elected president (hetm an), with publicly elected administrative bodies, and
a parliament w ithout whose consent neither the hetman nor his ministers could
proclaim laws or tax the people. The members of this parliament swore, first of all,
allegiance to their country' and den loyalty to the hetman. Spirit of Ukraine,
by D. Snowyd, 193 5 ). This constitution, formulated only tw enty years after the
Declaration o f the Rights of Man and 79 year before the French Revolution, was
the first Ukrainian constitution.
digitized by SVOBODA
f o s t e r e d t h e im p r e s s io n , b o t h in a n d o u t o f h e r b o r d e r s , t h a t t h e U k r a in ia n s
( t h e L ittle R u s s ia n s a s sh e d e sig n a te d th e m ) w e re b u t a b r a n c h o f th e
R u s s i a n n a t io n ; a n d t h a t t h e U k r a in ia n l a n g u a g e w a s b u t a d i a l e c t o f t h e
R u s s i a n t o n g u e ; i g n o r in g t h e f a c t t h a t e t h n ic a lly , in l a n g u a g e , p h y s i c a l ty p e ,
c u s t o m s n a t iv e a r c h it e c t u r e , f o lk lo r e , p s y c h o lo g ic a l t r a it s , t h e U k r a in ia n s
a r e a se p a r a te a n d d is tin c t n a tio n a lity .
E c o n o m ic a lly , t o o , t h e U k r a in ia n s
R u s s i a s p o lic ie s t o w a r d s t h e m .
su ffe r e d
in t e n s e l y
as
r e s u lt
of
A n d so , a t e v e r y s t e p t h e U k r a in ia n s f e l t t h e h e a v y - h a n d e d R u s s ia n
o p p r e s s io n , a im in g a t t h e i r c o m p le t e d e n a t io n a liz a t io n a n d r u in .
A s a r e s u lt ,
s o m e o f t h e m , e s p e c ia lly t h e h i g h e r c l a s s e s w h o w e r e o f f e r e d v a r io u s f l a t t e r i n g
in d u c e m e n t s a n d t h e i n t e ll e c t u a ls w h o f o u n d a d v a n c e m e n t c lo s e d t o t h e m a s
U k r a in ia n s , t u r n e d R u s s ia n , t o t h e g r e a t b e n e f i t o f R u s s i a .13
M e a n w h ile , c o n d it io n s in t h a t p a r t o f U k r a in e w h ic h h a d b e e n c e d e d
t o P o la n d a t A n d r u s iw w e r e n o t m u c h b e t t e r , f o r P o la n d a l s o s t r o v e t o
d e s t r o y t h e U k r a in ia n s a s a n a t io n .
F ro m th e v e r y o u ts e t, h o w e v e r , it
e n c o u n t e r e d v e r y s tu b b o r n r e s is t a n c e , e s p e c ia l l y in t h e f o r m o f g u e r il l a w a r f a r e
o f r o v in g b a n d s o f e m b a t t le d p e a s a n t r y , t h e H a y d a m a k i.
I n 1 7 6 8 , u n d e r t h e le a d e r s h ip o f Z a liz n y a k a n d G o n t a , t h e y n e a r ly
d r o v e t h e P o le s o u t o f U k r a in e , o n l y t o f a i l a t t h e c r u c ia l m o m e n t b y a
m i li t a r y in t e r v e n t io n o f R u s s ia , w h ic h c a m e t o t h e a id o f h e r a l ly i n t h e n ic k
o f tim e .
T h r o u g h f l a g r a n t t r e a c h e r y t h e R u s s ia n t r o o p s c a p t u r e d t h e m a in
f o r c e o f t h e H a y d a m a k i a n d q u e lle d t h e r e v o l t w it h t h e m o s t s h o c k in g
c r u e lt y .
F r o m t h e n o n t h e U k r a in ia n r e s is t a n c e g r a d u a lly d w in d le d d o w n
t o p r a c t ic a ll y n o t h in g .
O ne
th in g
th e
U k r a in ia n
r e s is t a n c e
d id
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how ever,
w a s t h e w e a k e n in g o f P o la n d , p a v in g t h e w a y t o w a r d s h e r d is m e m b e r m e n t
b y h e r e r s t w h ile a l ly R u s s i a a n d P r u s s i a a n d A u s t r ia in 1 7 7 2 a n d 1 7 9 3 .
N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e e n d o f U k r a in e a s a n a t io n s e e m e d im m in e n t t h e n .
A l l o f t h e f in e r t h i n g s o f U k r a in ia n l i f e a n d s p ir it , c r e a t e d a n d n u r t u r e d
t h r o u g h o u t c e n t u r ie s b y v a l ia n t e f f o r t , b lo o d s h e d a n d s a c r if i c e s , l a y s t r e w n
in t h e d u s t a t R u s s i a s a n d P o la n d s f e e t .
T h e U k r a in ia n h i g h e r c l a s s e s h a d
b e c o m e e it h e r R u s s ia n iz e d o r P o lo n iz e d .
O n ly w i t h i n t h e p e a s a n t r y , m o s t
a b u s e d a n d d o w n tr o d d e n t h a t i t w a s , d id t h e f l a m e o f U k r a in ia n c o n s c io u s n e s s
c o n t in u e t o f lic k e r .
A n d i t w a s in d e e d m o s t f o r t u n a t e f o r U k r a in e t h a t t h e b lin d r a c ia l
i n s t i n c t c a u s e d t h e p e a s a n t r y t o c li n g t o h e r .
F o r u p on th e m r o se th e
m o d e m U k r a in ia n r e v iv a l, t h a t d e s p it e i t s m a n y d i s c o u r a g in g r e v e r s e s h a s
b e e n s t e a d i l y g r o w in g in i n t e n s i t y a n d p o w e r t o t h i s v e r y d a y .
F r o m t h e s e l a y e r s n e a r e s t t h e s o i l t h e U k r a in ia n r e v iv a l g r a d u a lly
b e g a n t o s p r e a d u p w a r d s , g a i n i n g in c le a r n e s s a n d i n t e n s i t y a s i t to o k
a n e w h o ld u p o n t h o s e i n t e ll e c t u a l c l a s s e s t h a t h a d p r e v io u s ly b e e n d e s e r t i n g
it.
F in d in g a ll p r o g r e s s a l o n g p o l i t ic a l l in e s c o m p le t e ly b lo c k e d , t h i s r e v iv a l
t u r n e d t o lit e r a t u r e a n d s c ie n c e a s i t s e x p r e s s io n .
T h e d a w n o f t h i s m o v e m e n t c a n b e s a id t o h a v e c o in c id e d w t h t h e
a p p e a r a n c e in 1 7 9 8 o f I v a n K o t ly a r e v s k y ' s t r a v e r s t y o n A e n e i d , w r i t t e n in
t h e p o p u la r t o n g u e o f t h e p e o p le a r a d ic a l d e p a r tu r e o f t h e p r e v a le n t
c u s t o m u p t o t h e n o f u s in g t h e s t i l le d C h u r c h S la v o n ic la n g u a g e f o r l it e r a r y
p u rp o ses an d
u n m is t a k a b ly
c o n ta in in g
p o in t e d a llu s io n s
to w a r d s
th e
See Ukraine the School For Russia, a footnote (No. 5) in the succeeding
section of this article.
digitized by SVOBODA
o p p r e s s iv e c o n d i t i o n s / u n d e r w h ic h t h e U k r a in ia n s w e r e l i v i n g t h e n .
B e s id e s
in d ic a t in g ' t h e proper! m e d iu m f o r U k r a in ia n lit e r a t u r e t e x p r e s s i t s e l f , t h i s
W ork w a s a ls o o f g r e a t s e r v ic e in h e lp in g t o a w a k e n t h e d o r m a n t U k r a in ia n
i n t e ll e c t u a l c l a s s e s o f t h a t t im e t o a r e a liz a t io n o f t h e p l i g h t o f t h e i r c o u n t r y ,
a n d t o t h e p o s s i b i l it i e s c o n n e c t e d w i t h i t s e m e r g e n c e t o a m o r e e q u it a b le
s o c i a l, p o l i t ic a l a n d e c o n o m ic s t a t u s .
A n d s o , a r t ic le s c h a r a c t e r iz e d b y lib e r a l t h o u g h t a n d b e a r in g d i s t i n c t
t r e n d s o f r e a c t io n a g a i n s t t h e e x i s t i n g o r d e r b e g a n t o a p p e a r a m o n g t h e
i n t e l l e c t u a l s in U k r a in e , a n d f o l l o w i n g t h e e x a m p le o f K o t ly a r e v s k y t h i s
r e a c t io n a g a i n s t t h e o p p r e s s iv e R u s s i a n s a n d P o le s a t f i r s t e x h i b i t e d i t s e l f
i n t h e f o r m o f s a t i r ic a l a n d h u m o r o u s p o e m s a n d p a m p h l e t s o n p o l i t ic a l a n d
S o c ia l p r o b le m s .
T h e r e a l s o b e g a n a m o n g t h e s e a w a k e n in g i n t e l l e c t u a l s a s y s t e m a t i c
e f f o r t t o c o ll e c t a n d s t u d y a n c i e n t U k r a in ia n f o lk lo r e , t h e v a r io u s l e g e n d s
a n d d u m i ( r h a p s o d i e s ) o f t j i e p e o p le , w h ic h c o n s t i t u t e d t h e f i r s t s t e p l e a d in g
t o w a r d s t h e r e v i v a l o f U k r a in ia n l i t e r a t u r e t h e p r e d e c e s s o r o f t h e r e v i v a l
o f U k r a in ia n n a t io n a lis m . A l t h o u g h h u m b le , t h i s b e g i n n in g W as o f g r e a t
v a l u e t o t h e U k r a in ia n m o v e m e n t i n g e n e r a l; f o r b y r e c a ll i n g t o t h e m e m o r y
o f t h e U k r a in ia n p e o p le p ic t u r e s o f t h e i r a n c ie n t g lo r y , w h ic h t h i s f o l k l o r e
p o r t r a y e d , i t p r e v e n t e d t h e m f r o m l o s i n g t h e i r s e n s e o f r a c ia l d is t in c t io n .
N e x t , t h e U k r a i n i a n l a n g u a g e i t s e l f b e g a n t o b e a n a ly z e d i n r e l a t io n t o t h e
o t h e r S la v ic l a n g u a g e s , a n d i t s f o r e i g n im p u r it ie s g r a d u a l l y ' w e e d e d o u t .
S c i e n t if i c s o c i e t i e s w e r e f o u n d e d t o c a r r y o n t h i s w o r k , a l t h o u g h t h e y w e r e
u s u a lly d iss o lv e d b y th e a u th o r itie s a s so o n a s t h e y b e g a n to , s h o w s ig n s
o f g e n u in e a c t i v i t y .
A n d a t t h e s a m e t im e , a n i n d ig e n o u s a n d m o d e m
lit e r a t u r e b e g a n t o b e c r e a t e d , w i t h a m a n n e r o f e x p r e s s i o n a ll i t s o w n , a l a r g e
v a r ie t y o f t h e m e s , b a s e d m o s t l y o n s c e n e s a n d t y p e s d r a w n f r o m t h e n a t i o n a l
l i f e o f t h e p e o p le , a n d a s p e c ia l w a y o f w o r k in g t h e m o u t.
S o t i g h t l y w a s t h i s l it e r a r y a n d s c i e n t if i c m o v e m e n t b o u n d w i t h t h e
n a t i o n a l m o v e m e n t o f t h e U k r a in ia n n a t io n t h a t w e f i n d t h r o u g h o u t i t s
e n t ir e u n i t e d cou rse^ d a t i n g u p t o r e c e n t t im e s , t h e n a m e s o f t h e s a m e f i g u r e s
a p p e a r in g in b o t h t h e s e m o v e m e n t s .
O f t h e m c a n b e c it e d t h e a lr e a d y
m e n t io n e d I v a n K o t l y a r e v s k y ( 1 7 6 9 - 1 8 3 8 ) , f a t h e r o f t h e m o d e r n U k r a in ia n
n a t io n a l l it e r a t u r e ; M ik o la K o s t o m a r iw ( 1 8 1 7 - 1 8 5 5 ) , f i r s t i d e o lo g i s t o f t h e
U k r a in ia n n a t i o n a l r e v iv a l a n d a h is t o r ia n ; T a r a s S h e v c h e n k o ( 1 8 1 4 - 1 8 6 1 ) ,
U k r a in e 's g r e a t n a t io n a l p o e t , p a t r i o t , a n d m a r ty r , t h e o u t s t a n d in g in c a r n a
t i o n o f t h e n a t i o n a l g e n i u s o f t h e U k r a in ia n p e o p le . . .
a m an w h o su m s
u p a ll t h e p a s t o f h i s n a t i o n a n d s t a n d s o u t lik e a g u id e t o t h e f u t u r e j1*
M a r k ia n S h a s h k e v ic h ( 1 8 1 1 - 1 8 4 4 ) w h o s e w r i t in g s in t h e l iv i n g t o n g u e o f t h e
p e o p le b r o u g h t a b o u t a n a t i o n a l r e - a w a k e n in g in W e s t e r n U k r a in e u n d e r
A u s t r ia , a n d w h o a d v o c a t e d c lo s e r c o o p e r a t io n b e t w e e n t h e s u n d e r e d p a r t s
o f t h e w h o le U k r a i n e ; M a r ia M a r k o v ic h (M a r k o V o v c h o k 1 8 3 4 - 1 9 0 7 ) , t h e
H a r r i e t B e e c h e r S t o w e o f U k r a i n e ,16 w h o s e u n f o r g o t t a b le s t o r i e s e x p o s i n g t h e
t e r r ib le l o t o f t h e d o w n t r o d d e n p e a s a n t r y w e r e t r a n s l a t e d i n t o R u s s i a n b y
T u r g e n ie v ; M ic h a e l D r a h o m a n iw ( 1 8 4 1 - 1 8 9 5 ) , t h e e n e r g i t ic a n d p r o lif ic w r it e r ,
t e a c h e r , a n d p u b lic is t , w h o i s g e n e r a l l y c r e d it e d w i t h p r o v id in g t h e p r o g r a m
f o r U k r a in ia n r e v iv a l d u r in g t h e l a t t e r p a r t o f t h e 1 9 t h c e n t u r y ; L e s y a
K o s a c h ( L e s y a U k r a in k a , 1 8 7 1 - 1 9 1 3 ) , t h a t r e m a r k a b le w o m a n w h o s e b e a u t i f u l
16
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p o e t r y a n d p r o s e a n d a l i f e l iv e d in t h e c o n s t a n t s h a d o w o f d e a t h a r e
e s p e c ia l l y i n s p ir a t io n a l a n d t h o u g h t - p r o v o k in g in q u a lit y ; I v a n F r a n k o ( 1 8 5 6 1 9 1 6 ) , a w o r t h y s u c c e s s o r t o S h e v c h e n k o , a m a n o f a m a z in g f e c u n d i t y , a p o e t
w h o s e w o r k s , d i f f e r i n g g r e a t l y in c h a r a c t e r f r o m t h o s e o f S h e v c h e n k o , r a n k
a m o n g t h e f i n e s t in w o r ld lit e r a t u r e , a s c h o l a r o f a h ig h d e g r e e , a n d a g r e a t
le a d e r a m o n g h is p e o p le ; a n d , f i n a l ly , M ic h a e l H r u s h e v s k y ( 1 8 6 6 - 1 9 3 4 ) , o n e
o f t h e g r e a t e s t h is t o r ia n s E a s t e r n E u r o p e h a s p r o d u c e d , w h o s e h is t o r ic a l
w o r k s , la u d e d b y t h e A m e r ic a n H is t o r i c a l S o c ie t y , p r o v e t h a t t h e U k r a in ia n
d r a m a b e g in n in g w i t h t h e K in g d o m o f K ie v i s n o t b u t a n e p is o d e in t h e
g r e a t e r d r a m a o f t h e R u s s ia n r a c e , t h a t t h e U k r a in ia n s a r e a s e p a r a t e r a c e ,
a m a n o f g r e a t s c h o la r y , lit e r a r y , o r g a n iz in g , a n d p o l i t ic a l a c h ie v e m e n t s ,
a h o ld e r o f v a r io u s f o r e i g n h o n o r s , a n d t h e P r e s id e n t o f t h e b r i e f p o s t - W a r
U k r a in ia n N a t io n a l R e p u b lic .
T h e s e w e r e s o m e o f t h e m a n y in d iv id u a ls w h o , l a b o r in g in a l l f i e l d s
o f e n d e a v o r la u n c h e d t h e m o d e r n U k r a in ia n m o v e m e n t f o r in d e p e n d e n c e o n
i t s w a y , a m o v e m e n t t h a t a t f i r s t l a g g e d b e h in d t h e l i t e r a r y a n d s c i e n t if i c
m o v e m e n t , t h e n g r a d u a lly o v e r h a u le d a n d r a n c o n c u r r e n t ly w i t h i t , a n d
f i n a l l y o u t s t r ip p e d i t t o b e c o m e t h e ir r e s is t ib l e f o r c e t h a t i t i s t o d a y .
Y e t i t m u s t n o t b e s u p p o s e d t h a t a t a n y t im e t h i s m o v e m e n t w a s
a b le t o a d v a n c e e v e n a l i t t l e u n im p e d e d , f o r s u c h w a s n o t t h e c a s e .
I n f a c t,
i t c a n s a f e l y b e s a id t h a t n o n a t i o n a l m o v e m e n t in w o r ld h i s t o r y h a s b e e n
s u b j e c t e d t o s u c h r ig o r o u s o p p o s it io n a s h a s b e e n t h e U k r a in ia n .
I n R u s s ia , f o r e x a m p le , a l t h o u g h f o l lo w in g t h e d is a s t r o u s C r im e a n w a r
t h e G o v e r n m e n t s o m e w h a t r e la x e d i t s r e l e n t le s s p r e s s u r e u p o n t h e U k r a in ia n s ,
y e t i t w a s o n ly f o r a s h o r t w h ile , f o r , p r e c e d e d b y a s t a t e m e n t in 1 8 6 3 b y
t h e R u s s ia n M in is t e r o f I n t e r io r t h a t t h e r e is n o U k r a in ia n l a n g u a g e a n d
n e v e r w ill b e , a u k a s e w a s i s s u e d in 1 8 7 6 b a n n in g t h e im p o r t a t io n in to
R u s s i a o f a n y U k r a in ia n p u b lic a t io n s is s u e d a b r o a d , p r o h ib it in g t h e p r in t in g
o f a n y w o r k s in U k r a in ia n , a n d l ik e w is e p r o h ib it in g t h e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f
t h e a t r i c a l p e r f o r m a n c e s o f a n y k in d , a s w e ll a s t h e h o ld in g o f l e c t u r e s , in t h e
U k r a in ia n la n g u a g e , o r t h e p u b lis h in g o f m u s ic w it h U k r a in ia n w o r d s . L i t t le
w o n d e r , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t w h e n in 1 8 8 7 a K ie v p h i lo l o g i s t s u b m it t e d a m a n u s c r ip t
o f a U k r a in ia n g r a m m a r , t h e c e n s o r f o r b a d e i t s p u b lic a tio n b e c a u s e i t w o u ld
b e im p o s s ib le t o p r in t t h e g r a m m a r d o o m e d t o e x t in c t io n .
T h a t i t d id n o t b e c o m e e x t in c t , h o w e v e r , w a s g r e a t l y d u e t o t h e
c o m p a r a tiv e f r e e d o m f o u n d in A u s t r i a n U k r a in e , w h e r e t h e G o v e r n m e n t in
p u r s u a n c e o f i t s t im e - w o r n p o lic y o f k e e p in g t h e H a p s b u r g E m p ir e i n t a c t
b y p l a y i n g o f f o n e n a t i o n a l i t y a g a i n s t a n o th e r , p e r m it t e d t h e U k r a in ia n s
c e r t a in lib e r t ie s a s a d e v ic e t o in s u r e l o y a lt y , e s p e c ia lly a t s u c h t im e s , a s
in 1 8 4 8 , w h e n t h e c la m o r o f t h e P o le s f o r t h e i r in d e p e n d e n c e g r e w t o o
str o n g .
T h e s e c o n c e s s io n s , i n s i g n if i c a n t t h o u g h t h e y w e r e in c o m p a r is o n to
t h o s e g r a n t e d to t h e P o le s , w h o w e r e m o r e i n f lu e n t ia l w i t h i n G o v e r n m e n t
c ir c le s , n e v e r t h e l e s s m a d e G a lic ia a h a v e n f o r U k r a in ia n w r i t e r s a n d p a t r io t s
f r o m t h e R u s s ia n U k r a in e , a n d L v i w t h e c e n t e r o f U k r a in ia n c u lt u r e a n d
a g i t a t io n . I t i s n o w o n d e r , t h e n , t h a t M ilu k o ff , l e a d in g R u s s i a n h is t o r ia n a n d
lib e r a l p o lit ic a l f i g u r e b e f o r e t h e W a r , a t t a c k e d R u s s i a s o p p r e s s iv e t a c t i c s
o v e r U k r a in e , a n d b i t t e r l y c o m p la in e d t h a t n o t a m o n g u s b u t in A u s t r ia
( G a lic ia ) t h e r e h a s b e e n b u ilt u p a c e n t e r o f c u lt u r e w h ic h w i t h e v e r y y e a r
i s w in n in g m o r e i n f lu e n c e u p o n t h e n a t io n a l l i f e o f o u r U k r a i n e .
A n d s o , d e s p it e t h e b a n u p o n i t in R u s s ia n U k r a in e t h e U k r a in ia n
l a n g u a g e w a s a b le t o d e v e lo p m o r e o r l e s s u n h in d e r e d in A u s t r i a n U k r a in e
t o t h e p o in t w h e r e i t b e c a m e a b s u r d e v e n f o r R u s s ia t o d e n y i t s e x is t e n c e
digitized by SVOBODA
a n d in d e p e n d e n c e . I n 1 9 0 5 , u n d e r t h e s p e ll o f t h e n e w lib e r a l in f l u e n c e s t h a t
w e r e s w e e p in g o v e r R u s s ia fo llo w in g th e d is a s tr o u s w a r w ith J a p a n , t h e
I m p e r ia l A c a d e m y o f S c ie n c e s a t S t . P e t e r s b u r g c o n f ir m e d t h e f a c t t h a t t h e
U k r a in ia n l a n g u a g e i s in d e p e n d e n t o f t h e R u s s ia n .
A t t h e s a m e t im e t h e
A c a d e m y d e n o u n c e d t h e m y t h o f t h e P a n - R u s s i a n la n g u a g e , o f w h ic h
U k r a in ia n h a d b e e n d e c la r e d a d ia le c t .
T h is w a s in d e e d a g r e a t s h o c k t o
t h e P a n - R u s s i a n s , a n d r e m a in s a s s u c h t o t h i s d a y .
T h e sa m e y ea r th e
t s a r p r o m is e d t o a ll s u b j e c t n a t i o n a l i t ie s , in c lu d in g t h e U k r a in ia n , g r e a t e r
fr e e d o m , a n d c o n s titu tio n a l a n d g o v e r n m e n ta l r e fo r m s.
A s a r e s u l t o f t h e s e r a d ic a l c h a n g e s , t h e d o r m a n t U k r a in ia n c u lt u r a l
a n d p o lit ic a l l i f e u n d e r R u s s i a f l a r e d in t o n e w l i f e a g a in .
T h e U k r a in ia n
p o l i t ic a l p a r t ie s , w h ic h h i t h e r t o h a d t o c o n f in e t h e i r a c t iv i t i e s t o u n d e r
g r o u n d c h a n n e ls , c a m e t o t h e s u r f a c e .
T h e U k r a in ia n p r e s s , w h ic h u p t o
t h a t t im e w a s p r a c t ic a ll y n o n - e x i s t e n t , d u e t o t h e r e s t r i c t i o n s p la c e d u p o n it ,
w e n t i n t o im m e d ia t e o p e r a t io n , a n d d e s p it e t h e m a r tia l la w , l a t e r p r o c la im e d ,
m a n a g e d e v e n t o i s s u e b y t h e a u t u m n o f t h a t y e a r 3 4 U k r a in ia n p u b lic a t io n s .
T h e F i r s t a n d S e c o n d D u m a s ( 1 9 0 6 - 1 9 0 7 ) c o n t a in e d 6 3 U k r a in ia n d e p u t ie s .
T h e a u t o n o m y o f U k r a in e b e c a m e t h e s l o g a n a t t h e v a r io u s m a s s m e e t i n g s
t h a t o c c u r r e d t h r o u g h o u t U k r a in e .
T h e su d d en p r o g r e s s a n d d e m a n d s o n th e p a r t o f t h e U k r a in ia n s
f r ig h t e n e d n o t o n l y t h e t s a r b u t e v e n t h e R u s s i a n lib e r a ls t h e m s e l v e s , a n d
b e g i n n in g w i t h 1 9 0 7 t h e U k r a i n i a n s w e r e p r a c t ic a ll y d is f r a n c h is e d .
R u s s ia n
o p p r e s s io n o f U k r a i n e a g a i n r e a r e d i t s f a m i li a r a n d u g l y h e a d , a n d t h e
g r o w i n g U k r a in ia n s o c i e t i e s a n d t h e p r e s s w e r e a m o n g t h e f i r s t t o f e e l i t s
v e n t e d s p le e n .
I f R u s s ia , h o w e v e r , h a d h o p e d t h a t s h e w o u ld o n c e m o r e b e a b le t o
s t e m a n d c o n t r o l t h e U k r a in ia n m o v e m e n t , s h e w a s d o o m e d t o d i s a p p o in t m e n t ,
f o r l ik e a t o r r e n t n e w l y r e l e a s e d i t le a p e d f o r w a r d , d r a w in g t o i t n e w a n d
a r d e n t d is c ip le s , in c lu d in g m a n y f o r m e r ly R u s s ia n iz e d U k r a i n i a n s w h o r e
t u r n e d t o t h e i r n a t i v e f o ld .
T u r n in g o u r a t t e n t i o n b a c k f o r a m o m e n t t o A u s t r ia n U k r a i n e w e f i n d
t h a t d e s p it e t h e m o r e lib e r a l a t m o s p h e r e p r e v a ilin g t h e r e , w h ic h h a d l e d
t o t h e c a ll i n g o f t h a t s e c t i o n a s t h e in t e ll e c t u a l P ie d m o n t o f t h e U k r a in ia n
n a t i o n a l m o v e m e n t , c o n d it io n s w h ic h t h e U k r a in ia n s h a d t o e n d u r e t h e r e w e r e
n o t v e r y m u c h b e t t e r t h a n t h o s e o f R u s s i a n U k r a in e .
T hey had becom e
e s p e c ia l l y a c u t e w h e n in 1 8 7 3 t h e P o le s , t a k i n g a d v a n t a g e o f t h e c o r r u p t
c o n d it io n s o f t h e A u s t r ia n G o v e r n m e n t , c o n c lu d e d a s e c r e t a g r e e m e n t w i t h
i t , w h e r e b y in r e t u r n f o r t h e i r p r o m is e o f a b s o lu t e l o y a l t y t o t h e H a p s b u r g
d y n a s t y t h e y w e r e g i v e n a f r e e h a n d in G a lic ia .
T h e r e s u l t in g f r e s h w a v e
o f p e r s e c u t io n s o f t h e U k r a in ia n s b r o u g h t a b o u t b lo o d s h e d a t t h e e le c t i o n s
t o t h e D ie t in 1 8 9 7 w h e n t h e U k r a in ia n p e a s a n t s c la s h e d w i t h t h e P o li s h
a d m in is t r a t iv e o f f i c e r s .
M a s s d e m o n s t r a t io n s o f U k r a in ia n s , e s p e c ia l l y t h e
s t u d e n t s , t o o k p la c e , d e m a n d in g t h e i r e c o n o m ic , p o l i t ic a l a n d c u lt u r a l r ig h t s .
I n 1 9 0 2 a g r e a t s t r i k e o f t h e p e a s a n t s o c c u r r e d , a im e d a t t h e P o li s h la n d lo r d ,
w h o o w n e d m o r e t h a n 4 5 % o f t h e l a n d a n d o f w h o m t h e N o b e l p r iz e w in n e r ,
B j o e r n s t j e r n e B j o e r n s o n w r o t e t h a t , in t h e i r u n d e r s t a n d in g , l ib e r t y m e a n s
n o t h in g b u t l ic e n s e f o r t h e m s e l v e s t o d o w h a t t h e y p le a s e .
E very w h ere th e
U k r a in ia n s w e r e d is c r im in a t e d a g a i n s t a n d a b u s e d . 16
16
Although in 1907 the Ukrainians managed to force the passage of a bill
giving them the right of suffrage, yet the Poles managed to have it amended so
that the Ukrainian representation of Galicia in the Austrian Parliament was limited
to only one-third of the total representation of Galicia, despite the fact that the
Ukrainian population there was in a preponderant majority. As a result, one Ukrainian
digitized by SVOBODA
.:
I t w a s n o w o n d e r , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t t h e U k r a in ia n e m ig r a t io n t o A m e r ic a
a n d e ls e w h e r e , t h a t h a d b e g u n r a t h e r s l o w l y in t h e f i n a l q u a r t e r o f t h e 1 9 t h
c e n t u r y , t o o k o n t h e a s p e c t s o f a g e n e r a l e x o d u s in s o m e p a r t s o f A u s t r ia n
U k r a in e b e g in n in g w i t h t h e t u r n o f t h e 2 0 t h c e n t u r y a n d l a s t i n g u p t o t h e
W o r ld W a r .
S u c h w a s t h e f a t e o f U k r a in e a t t h e o u t b r e a k o f t h e W o r ld W a r ;
r e n t a s u n d e r b y R u s s i a a n d A u s t r ia , h e r p e o p le e n s la v e d , h e r n a t u r a l w e a lt h
e x p lo it e d , a n d h e r v e r y e x is t e n c e d e n ie d b y t h e m .
A n d y e t , d e s p it e t h e
c e n t u r ie s o f s u c h m a r ty r d o m , U k r a in e w a s s t e a d i l y a d v a n c in g in h e r n a t io n a l
d e v e lo p m e n t . I t r e m a in e d o n l y t o b e s e e n w h e t h e r s h e w a s s t r o n g e n o u g h t o
s t r ik e o u t f o r h e r lib e r t ie s , o r w h e t h e r t h e t im e w a s n o t y e t r ip e f o r s u c h
a m ove.
T h e o p e n in g s t a g e s o f t h e W a r o f f e r e d t h e U k r a in ia n s n o t t h e s l i g h t e s t
o p p o r t u n it y in t h i s d ir e c t io n .
I f f a c t , f o r a w h ile i t s e e m e d a s i f a ll t h e
p r e v io u s U k r a in ia n g a i n s h a d b e e n n u llif ie d , f o r R u s s i a n m o b iliz a t io n w a s
im m e d ia t e ly f o l lo w e d b y a n e x c e e d in g l y h a r s h s u p p r e s s io n o f e v e r y t h i n g t h a t
p e r t a in e d t o U k r a in ia n lif e , n o t o n ly in R u s s ia n U k r a in e b u t a ls o in A u s t r ia n
U k r a in e w h ic h t h e R u s s i a n s h a d s u c c e s s f u ll y in v a d e d ; a n d t h o u s a n d s o f
U k r a in ia n p a t r io t s w e r e e x ile d in t o t h e d e p t h s o f R u s s i a a n d S ib e r ia .
And
t h o s e U k r a in ia n s w h o h a d h o p e d f o r b e t t e r t r e a t m e n t a t t h e h a n d s o f
A u s t r ia - H u n g a r y , w e r e q u ic k ly d is illu s io n e d , f o r t h e G o v e r n m e n t p a id b u t s c a n t
a t t e n t i o n t o t h e i r h o p e s a n d a s p ir a t i o n s a n d t o t h e i r l o y a l t y t o it .
It w as
c o n s id e r a b ly m o r e c o n c e r n e d in k e e p in g t h e P o le s p a c if ie d in t h e f a c e o f t h e
R u s s ia n p r o m is e s t o c r e a t e a n a u t o n o m o u s P o la n d .
A n d t h e m o s t t r a g ic
f e a t u r e o f i t a ll w a s t h a t s i n c e R u s s i a a n d A u s t r ia w e r e o n o p p o s it e s id e s ,
U k r a in ia n h a d t o f i g h t a g a i n s t U k r a in ia n , n o t f o r t h e i r m o t h e r la n d , b u t
f o r t h o s e t w o p o w e r s t h a t w e r e o p p r e s s in g h e r .
N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e U k r a in
i a n s d id n o t d e s p a ir , b u t b id e d t h e i r t im e f o r t h e a r r iv a l o f t h a t m o m e n t
w h e n t h e y w o u ld b e a b le t o s t r ik e f o r t h e i r n a t io n a l lib e r t ie s , n o t a s
R u s s ia n o r A u s t r ia n s o ld ie r s , b u t a s U k r a in ia n s o ld ie r s .
T h e U k r a in ia n N a t i o n a l R e p u b lic .
T h a t m o m e n t c a m e f o r t h e m a t l a s t 1; f i r s t w i t h t h e c o lla p s e o f R u s s ia
1 9 1 7 , a n d s e c o n d l y w i t h t h e c o lla p s e o f A u s t r ia - H u n g a r y in 1 9 1 8 .
T h e f i r s t w a s u s h e r e d in b y t h e R u s s ia n R e v o lu t io n , w h o s e e r u p t io n
in t o a r a g in g f l a m e w a s g r e a t l y d u e t o t h e u p r is in g s o f t h e U k r a in ia n
p e a s a n t r y a n d t o t h e r e v o l t o f t h e V o lh y n ia n G r e n a d ie r s , a U k r a in ia n
r e g im e n t .
Q u ic k ly t h e U k r a in ia n C e n tr a l R a d a ( C o u n c il) , r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e
v a r io u s p a r t ie s a n d g r o u p s o f U k r a in e , a r o s e u n d e r t h e le a d e r s h ip o f P r o f.
H r u s h e v s k y , N e g o t i a t i o n s f o l lo w e d w i t h t h e R u s s ia n P r o v is io n a l G o v e r n m e n t.
T h e l a t t e r f l a t l y r e f u s e d U k r a in ia n d e m a n d s f o r s e l f - a u t o n o m y , b e i n g f e a r f u l
o f l o s i n g U k r a in e w h ic h w a s i n d is p e n s a b le to R u s s i a n o t o n l y a s a g r a n a r y
b u t a ls o a s t h e f o u n d a t i o n o f h e r in d u s t r ia l a n d c o m m e r c ia l d e v e l o p m e n t 17
F in a ll y i t h a d t o c a p it u la t e , h o w e v e r , g r u d g in g ly , t o b e s u r e , a n d o n ly a f t e r
t h e C e n tr a l R a d a d e c la r e d , U k r a in ia n a u to n o m y .
G r e a t h a p p in e s s r e ig n e d
t h r o u g h o u t U k r a in e , a r is in g f r o m t h e r e a liz a t io n t h a t a f t e r c e n t u r ie s o f
in
deputy represented 110 ,0 0 0 inhabitants, while each Polish deputy represented 51,000.
Then too, the fact that most of the administrative offices were held by them, made
it possible for the Poles not only to falsify census returns in their favor but also to
perpetrate all manner of abuses, fraud, and corruption at the elections against the
Ukrainians.
17
Besides grain Ukraine furnished pre-War Russia with m ost of the coal and
iron, nearly all of the oil, all of the salt, 80% of the beet, 70% o f the tobacco, and
33% of the livestock.
digitized by SVOBODA
b o n d a g e t h e p e o p le w e r e o n c e m o r e t h e i r o w n m a s t e r s . W h e n t h e B o l s h e v i k i
c a m e i n t o p o w e r , U k r a in e im m e d ia t e ly d e c la r e d h e r s e lf f r e e , l e a v i n g t h e d o o r
jpen, h o w e v e r , t o n e g o t i a t io n s l e a d in g t o w a r d s t h e c r e a t io n o f a R u s s i a n
f e d e r a t i v e s t a t e , w i t h U k r a in e a n a u t o n o m o u s p a r t o f it* I m m e d ia t e ly , F r a n c e ,
E n g l a n d , a n d J a p a n r e c o g n iz e d U k r a in e .
T h e B o l s h e v i k i r e c o g n iz e d h e r a ls o ,
b u t i t s o o n b e c a m e c le a r l y a p p a r e n t t h a t t h i s r e c o g n it io n w a s o n l y a s u b t e r f u g e ,
f o r i t w a s q u ic k ly f o l lo w e d b y t h e i r i n v a s i o n o f U k r a in e w h e n t h e C e n t r a l R a d a
r e f u s e d t o a c k n o w le d g e t h e s u p r e m e a u t h o r i t y o f t h e S o v ie t .
A s a r e s u lt,
U k r a in e is s u e d h e r D e c la r a t io n o f I n d e p e n d e n c e ( F o u r t h U n i v e r s a l e )
on
J a n u a ry 22, 1918.
T h e f o l lo w in g d a y a t B r e s t - L it o v s k t h e C e n t r a l P o w e r s
r e c o g n iz e d t h e in d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e n e w l y - a r is e n U k r a in ia n N a t i o n a l R e p u b lic ,
a n d s e v e r a l w e e k s l a t e r c o n c lu d e d w i t h h e r a t r e a t y o f p e a c e .18
T h e y o u n g r e p u b lic w a s i m m e d ia t e ly a t t a c k e d b y t h e B o ls h e v ik i.
F rom
a ll s i d e s d a n g e r t h r e a t e n e d ; f r o m t h e w e s t b y in c o m in g d is b a n d e d R u s s i a n
s o ld ie r s t h a t lo o t e d , b u r n e d a n d k ille d ; f r o m t h e n o r t h b y t h e B o l s h e v i k i a n d
f r o m t h e c e n t e r b y B o ls h e v ik i r e v o l t s , p r o p a g a n d a a n d d is o r d e r s .
In th is
a c u t e c r i s i s t h e o n l y e f f e c t i v e r e m e d y w o u ld h a v e b e e n a s t r o n g c e n t r a l
g o v e r n m e n t a n d a p o w er fu l arm y .
B u t b o t h w e r e la c k in g , d u e l a r g e l y t o
t h e s o c i a l i s t t h e o r ie s w h ic h r a n r a m p a n t t h r o u g h t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e C e n t r a l
R a d a m e m b e r s a n d w h ic h o p p o s e d c e n t r a liz a t io n a n d s t r o n g a r m e d f o r c e s .
S o o n t h e B o l s h e v i k i c a p t u r e d K ie v , a n d i n a u g u r a t e d t h e r e a r e ig n o f t e r r o r .
U k r a in e h a d t o s e e k f o r e i g n a id .
A n a l l y w a s f o u n d in G e r m a n y , w i t h
w h o s e a id t h e B o l s h e v i k i w e r e d r iv e n o u t o f U k r a in e .
G erm any, h ow ever,
b e g a n t o e c o n o m ic a lly e x p l o it U k r a i n e in t h e m o s t o u t r a g e o u s f a s h io n , a n d
a n e v e r - w id e n in g b r e a c h a p p e a r e d b e t w e e n t h e C e n tr a l R a d a a n d t h e G e r m a n
m i li t a r y c o m m a n d .
A s a r e s u lt t h e G er m a n s o v e r th r e w t h e R a d a a s th e
g o v e r n m e n t o f U k r a in e , a n d w i t h t h e a id o f s o m e U k r a in ia n e le m e n t s s e t
u p in i t s s t e a d a m ili t a r y d i c t a t o r s h ip , h e a d e d b y G e n e r a l S k o r o p a d s k y .
O n D e c e m b e r 1 9 , 1 9 1 8 , S k o r o p a d s k y w a s o v e r t h r o w n b y t h e o p p o s it io n h e a d e d
b y a D i r e c t o r y r e p r e s e n t i n g a c o a li t i o n o f U k r a in ia n p a r t ie s , w i t h V o lo d im ir
V in n ic h e n k o a n d S e m e n P e t l u r a a t i t s h e a d .
O n c e m o r e t h e U k r a in ia n
N a t i o n a l R e p u b lic s e t o u t t o p r e s e r v e i t s in d e p e n d e n c e .
I n t h e m e a n w h ile , g r e a t e v e n t s w e r e t a k i n g p la c e in W e s t e r n U k r a in e .
F o r , w h e n d u r in g t h e f i n a l s t a g e s o f t h e W a r t h e m ilit a r y a n d p o l i t ic a l m i g h t
o f A u s t r ia - H u n g a r y b e g a n t o t o t t e r a n d d i s i n t e g r a t e , w h e n t h e v a r io u s
s u b j e c t n a t i o n a l i t ie s o f i t b e g a n t o c a s t o f f t h e s h a c k le s o f o p p r e s s io n t h e
W e s t e r n U k r a in ia n s r e a liz e d t h a t t h e i r l o n g a w a it e d o p p o r t u n it y h a d a r r iv e d
a t l a s t , t h a t t h e y m u s t s t r i k e f o r t h e i r fr e e d o m .
O n O c t o b e r 1 0 , 1 9 1 8 t h e U k r a in ia n r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s t o t h e , A u s t r ia n
P a r l i a m e n t m e t in V ie n n a a n d t h e r e d e c id e d t o s u m m o n a c o n f e r e n c e o f
d e l e g a t e s f r o m a l l U k r a in ia n t e r r it o r i e s u n d e r A u s t r ia - H u n g a r y .
Su ch a
C o n fe r e n c e c o n v e n e d in L v iw o n O c to b e r 1 8 , a n d e le c t e d t h e U k r a in ia n
N a t i o n a l R a d a , w h ic h w a s t o a c t a s t h e c o n s t i t u e n t a s s e m b ly o f W e s t e r n
U k r a in e .
T h e f o l lo w in g d a y t h e N a t i o n a l R a d a r e s o lv e d t o e s t a b l i s h a n
i n d e p e n d e n t W e s t e r n U k r a in ia n R e p u b lic .
F u r t h e r p r o v is io n s w e r e m a d e in
r e g a r d s t o t h e r i g h t o f s u f f r a g e , p r o t e c t i o n o f m in o r it ie s , a n d r e p r e s e n t a t i o n
a t t h e P a r is P e a c e C o n fe r e n c e .
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I n t h e e a r ly m o r n in g h o u r s o f N o v e m b e r 1 s t , 1 9 1 8 , y o u n g v o l u n t e e r s
a n d U k r a in ia n s o ld ie r s f r o m t h e A u s t r ia n a r m y s e iz e d L v iw in t h e n a m e
o f t h e W e s t e r n U k r a in ia n R e p u b lic . T h is w a s f o llo w e d b y t h e s e iz u r e o f c it y
a f t e r c it y , a n d in a f e w d a y s t h e U k r a in ia n b lu e a n d y e ll o w b a n n e r s w a v e d
t h r o u g h m o s t o f G a lic ia a n d o t h e r p r o v in c e s o f W e s t e r n U k r a in e .
T h e n e w ly r e s u r r e c t e d P o la n d a t t a c k e d t h e y o u n g U k r a in ia n R e p u b lic .
A P o li s h a r m y w a s fo r m e d , a n d u n d e r t h e p r e t e x t o f u s in g i t a g a i n s t t h e
B o ls h e v ik i, t h e P o le s r e c e iv e d s u p p lie s a n d m ilit a r y e q u ip m e n t f r o m t h e
A l l ie s , w h o a t t h a t t im e w e r e p a n ic s t r ic k e n a t t h e t h o u g h t t h a t t h e B o l s h e v i k i
m i g h t o v e r r u n a ll o f E u r o p e .
T h e U k r a in ia n f o r c e s , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d ,
a l t h o u g h o f s u f f ic i e n t m a n p o w e r , w e r e u n d e r f e d , b a d ly
c lo t h e d , p o o r ly
e q u ip p e d a n d i ll- t r a in e d .
T h a t t h e y f o u g h t u n c e a s i n g l y a g a i n s t t e r r ib le o d d s
i s a t r ib u t e t o t h e m a n d t h e i r c a u s e .
O n J a n u a r y 2 2 , 1 9 1 9 , a m i d s t g r e a t r e j o ic in g , r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e
t w o U k r a in ia n R e p u b lic s m e t in t h e h is t o r ic S t . S o p h ia S q u a r e in K ie v , a n d
t h e r e p r o c la im e d t h e f e d e r a t i o n o f t h e t w o s u n d e r e d p a r t s o f U k r a in e in t o
o n e U k r a in ia n N a t i o n a l R e p u b lic , w i t h t h e s u p r e m e p o w e r v e s t e d in t h e
D ir e c to r y h e a d e d b y P e tlu r a .
I t w a s in d e e d a n in s p ir in g m o m e n t .
For
w h a t c o u ld b e m o r e s t r i k i n g a n d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h i s c o u r a g e o u s p e o p le
t h a n t h i s a c t, w h e n , s u r r o u n d e d o n a l l s id e s b y t h e B o ls h e v ik i, t h e P o le s ,
a n d t h e r o y a li s t R u s s ia n f o r c e s , a ll i n t e n t u p o n d e s t r o y i n g t h i s n e w l y a r is e n
U k r a in ia n s t a t e , t h e y m a d e t h e s u p r e m e g e s t u r e o f t h e i r c o n v ic t io n in t h e
s a n c t i t y o f t h e i r c a u s e b y u n i t i n g G r e a t e r U k r a in e w it h W e s t e r n U k r a in e !
O n M a r c h 1 9 , o f t h e s a m e y e a r , t h e S u p r e m e C o u n c il o f t h e P a r i s
P e a c e C o n f e r e n c e i n t e r v e n e d b y c a ll i n g f o r a n im m e d ia te s u s p e n s i o n o f h o s t i l
i t i e s b e t w e e n t h e U k r a in ia n s a n d t h e P o le s , p e n d in g s e t t l e m e n t .
T h e U k r a in
ia n s c e a s e d f i g h t i n g , w h e r e u p o n t h e P o le s , w h o h a d a ls o g i v e n t h e i r p le d g e to
s t o p f i g h t i n g , b r o k e it , c a u g h t t h e U k r a in ia n f o r c e s o f f t h e i r g u a r d a n d
a d v a n c e d q u ite d e e p in t o U k r a in ia n t e r r it o r y .
I t w a s a t th is ju n c tu r e , to o ,
t h a t t h e P o le s r e c e iv e d f u r t h e r a s s is t a n c e w it h t h e a r r iv a l o f G e n e r a l H a lle r 's
A r m y , w h ic h c o n s is t e d o f t w o d iv is io n s o f v o l u n t e e r s f r o m A m e r ic a a n d
d e s e r t e r s f r o m G e r m a n a r m ie s , o r g a n iz e d a n d e q u ip p e d b y t h e A l l ie s .
W it h
t h i s a id t h e P o le s a t t a c k e d a g a in a n d t h e P o lis h a d v a n c e s t o p p e d a f t e r
p r o t e s t s fr o m P a r is o n ly a f t e r t h e g r e a t e r p a r t o f E a s t e r n G a lic ia h a d b e e n
o c c u p ie d b y P o li s h tr o o p s .
O n J u n e 1 9 , t h e A l l ie s a t t h e P e a c e C o n fe r e n c e , ig n o r in g t h e j u s t
d e m a n d s o f t h e U k r a in ia n s , i s s u e d t h e a m a z in g a u t h o r iz a t io n t o t h e P o le s
t o o c c u p y a ll o f E a s t G a lic ia , m o d if ie d b y s o m e v a g u e r e f e r e n c e s t o u l t i m a t e
s e lf - d e te r m in a t io n .
G r e a t w a s t h e b i t t e r n e s s o f t h e U k r a in ia n s , m a d e s t i l l
g r e a t e r b y t h e f a c t t h a t r e l y i n g u p o n t h e p r o m is e s o f t h e A l l i e s a n d t h e
p r o p o s a ls f o r a n a r m is t ic e , t h e y h a d , a f e w d a y s p r e v io u s , r e m o v e d t h e
U k r a in ia n t r o o p s f r o m t h e P o li s h f r o n t a n d s e n t t h e m t o r e p e l t h e B o l s h e v i k i
t h r e a t e n i n g K ie v .
T h e y e a r 1 9 1 9 w a s o n e o f t h e d a r k e s t in a ll U k r a in ia n h i s t o r y , r e lie v e d
o n ly b y t h e s h in in g c o u r a g e o f t h e U k r a in ia n s o ld ie r y in t h e i r t e r r if i c
s t r u g g l e t o p r e s e r v e t h e i r n e w ly - w o n n a t io n a l f r e e d o m .
E n t i r e U k r a in e
w a s t h e c e n t e r o f e v e n t s w h ic h d e f y p r e c e d e n t a n d b e g g a r d e s c r ip t io n , a
b a t t le g r o u n d o f a m e r c ile s s w a r , a w a r c h a r a c t e r iz e d b y b lo o d y r a id s , a f f r a y s
a n d m a s s a c r e s , i n v o lv in g t e n s o f t h o u s a n d s o f m e n , a w a r o f h o r r ib le
p e r s e c u t io n s w r e a k e d u p o n t h e U k r a in ia n p e o p le b y o n e e n e m y o r t h e o t h e r .
F r o m a ll s id e s a r in g o f p r e d a t o r y e n e m ie s c o n v e r g e d u p o n t h e y o u n g
U k r a in ia n N a t i o n a l R e p u b lic .
I n t h e s o u t h w e s t R u m a n ia w a s a t t a c k i n g t h e
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p r o v in c e o f B u k o v in a , w h ic h h a d p r e v io u s l y d e c la r e d i t s u n io n w i t h t h e
W e s t e r n U k r a in ia n R e p u b lic .
I n t h e w e s t P o la n d w a s s t e a d i l y a d v a n c in g
d e e p e r in t o U k r a in ia n t e r r it o r y , t h a n k s t o A llie d a id .
F rom th e e a st and
s o u t h c a m e t h e r o y a li s t R u s s i a n f o r c e s u n d e r D e n ik in a n d l a t e r W r a n g e l,
a ls o a id e d b y t h e A l l ie s .
A n d fr o m t h e n o r th d e sc e n d e d th e B o lsh e v ik i
h o r d e s w ith th e ir f r ig h t f u l r e ig n o f te r r o r .
N o n a t i o n in m o d e m h i s t o r y h a s e v e r b e e n m a d e t h e o b j e c t o f s u c h
a m a n y - s id e d a n d o v e r w h e lm in g a t t a c k . A n d a l t h o u g h t h e U k r a in ia n s , u n ite d
u n d e r P e t l u r a , f o u g h t v a l i a n t l y a n d w e r e a t t i m e s v ic t o r io u s , y e t i t w a s
h u m a n ly i m p o s s ib le t o s t a v e o f f f i n a l d e f e a t f o r t h e m a n d t h e i r c a u s e ,
e s p e c ia l l y w h e n m o r e t h a n o n e - t h ir d o f t h e i r a r m e d f o r c e s f e l l b e f o r e t h a t
d r e a d e d d i s e a s e t y p h u s , 19 w h ic h r a g e d u n c h e c k e d m a in ly b e c a u s e o f t h e
la c k o f h o s p i t a l s u p p lie s w h ic h t h e A l l ie d b lo c k a d e , o s t e n s ib ly a im e d a t t h e
B o ls h e v ik i, r e f u s e d t o p e r m it t o e n t e r i n t o U k r a in e .
I t m a y b e p e c u lia r t o s o m e t h a t t h e A l l ie s w h ic h h a d p le d g e d t h e m
s e l v e s t o t h e h i g h ly - t o u t e d W ils o n ia n p r in c ip le o f s e lf - d e t e r m in a t io n s h o u ld
h a v e t a k e n s u c h a h o s t il e a t t i t u d e t o w a r d s t h e U k r a in ia n s t r u g g l e f o r f r e e d o m
a n d t h e r e b y g r e a t l y h e lp e d t o d e f e a t it .
I n t h i s c o n n e c tio n , i t m u s t b e
u n d e r s t o o d t h a t f r o m t h e v e r y s t a r t t h e F r e n c h p o lic y w a s p r o - P o lis h . F r a n c e
w a s f o r P o la n d g r a n d e e t f o r t e , t r e s f o r t e .
T h e r e a so n s fo r th is a re
o b v io u s .
F r a n c e a n d P o la n d , h a v i n g g a in e d m o s t o f G e r m a n y s t e r r it o r y ,
w e r e b o u n d i n d is s o lu b ly b y t h e i r c o m m o n i n t e r e s t in u p h o ld in g t h e n e w
s e ttle m e n t.
A P o la n d g r a n d e t f o r t e m i g h t b e c o m e a n e w F r a n c e t o t h e
e a s t o f G e r m a n y , d o u b lin g t h e p o w e r o f F r a n c e in t h e w e s t .
F or th a t
r e a s o n , t h r o u g h o u t t h e e n t ir e n e g o t i a t io n s , w h a t P o la n d w a n t e d , F r a n c e
g r a n te d .
F u r t h e r m o r e , P o la n d s d e m a n d s a ls o r e c e iv e d s t r o n g s u p p o r t f r o m
A m e r ic a , w h ic h i s v e r y d i f f i c u lt t o r e c o n c ile w i t h W ils o n s s e l f - d e t e r m in a
t i o n p r in c ip le .
F in a lly , I t a l y f o l lo w e d F r a n c e a n d A m e r ic a in g i v i n g h e r
s u p p o r t t o P o la n d . T h e B r it i s h a lo n e r e a c t e d u n f a v o r a b ly t o P o li s h d e m a n d s ,
p r e d ic t in g t h a t t h e e x t e n s i o n o f P o la n d s b o u n d a r ie s a t t h e e x p e n s e o f
a n o t h e r n a t i o n a l i t y w o u ld p r o v e in t h e f u t u r e t o b e a c o n t in u a l s o u r c e o f
t r o u b le f o r P o la n d a n d t h e c o u n t r ie s s u p p o r t in g h e r .
H o w tr u e w a s th is
proph ecy!
H e r b e r t A d a m s G ib b o n s , t h e A m e r ic a n h is t o r ia n , e x p la in e d t h i s
A l l ie d h o s t i l i t y t o w a r d s U k r a in e a l i t t l e d i f f e r e n t l y w h e n h e s a id : A n
i n d e p e n d e n t U k r a in e h o w e v e r , d o e s n o t s e e m t o f i t in w i t h t h e i n t e r e s t s o f
t h e v i c t o r s in t h e W o r ld W a r , a s t h e s e i n t e r e s t s a r e c o n c e iv e d b y s t a t e s m e n . . .
T h e m is fo r tu n e s o f th e U k r a in ia n s h a v e co m e fr o m th e f a c t t h a t th e
19
Concerning this, Henry G. Alsberg of the Nation (November 1, 1 919)
had this to say in connection with the Situation in Ukraine : But worst of all
is that every third person in Kamanietz has had typhus. In the other cities the
situation is the same. In the army it is worse. At Vapniak I was with Petlura at a
review of a frontier garrison where out of a thousand troops at least two hunderd
had had typhus. Against the epidemic Petluras government is quite powerless to
make headway. The Ukrainians are condemned to death by the fact that the Entente
is backing Denikin. In an interview I had with Petlura, he begged that if only for
humanitys sake the Red Cross would send over a mission to fight typhus. Let me
add here that right across the river in Rumania are all the medical supplies necessary,
as well as plenty of food with which to feed the dying Ukrainian children. The head
of the American Red Cross in Czernowitz, and also the head in Bucharest, had
a first impulse to send supplies here. But two American Red Cross delegates have
since come from Paris, who say that they will have to go first to the Ukraine to
investigate conditions. One of them told me that the Entente had; decided to back
Denikin, and would do nothing for the Ukrainians in Petluras territory. In short,
far from having any mission to relieve the terrible suffering, they had been sent
merely to report on how near Petlura was to breaking down.
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i n d e p e n d e n t e x is t e n c e o f t h e i r n a t io n w a s a n o b s t a c l e t o t h e p o l i t ic a l a im s
o f a ll t h e r iv a l f o r c e s c o n t e n d in g f o r s u p r e m a c y , a n d a t t h e s a m e t im e p r o v e d
t o b e a n i r r e s is t ib l e m a g n e t t o t h e o c c u lt p o w e r s b e h in d a r m ie s , w h ic h
l u s t f o r o il a n d c o a l a n d ir o n a n d m o n o p o lie s o f f o o d s t u f f s a n d r a w
m a t e r i a ls . 20
P r e se n t S ta tu s.
A n d s o o n D e c e m b e r 9, 1 9 1 9 , b y v ir t u e o f t h e M in o r itie s T r e a t y
s i g n e d a t P a r is , t h e A l l ie s h a n d e d o v e r t h e U k r a in ia n p r o v in c e s o f B u k o v in a
a n d B e s s a r a b i a o v e r t o R u m a n ia , a t e r r it o r y o f 2 2 ,0 0 0 sq . k i lo m e t e r s c o n t a in in g
a c o m p a c t m a s s o f c lo s e t o o n e a n d o n e - q u a r t e r m illio n U k r a in ia n s .
D e s p it e
h e r p r o m is e s t o s a f e g u a r d t h e r a c ia l, r e lig io u s a n d lin g u i s t i c r i g h t s o f t h e
U k r a in ia n s , R u m a n ia h a s b e e n g u i l t y o f t h e n o t o r io u s B a l k a n m e t h o d s o f
g o v e r n in g th e m , w h ic h c o n s i s t s o f c r u e l p e r s e c u t io n s a n d a b u s e s , d ir e c t e d
t o w a r d s t h e d e s t r u c t io n o f t h e U k r a in ia n w i t h i n h e r b o r d e r s a s a s e p a r a t e
n a tio n a lity .
O n S e p t e m b e r 1 0 , 1 9 1 9 , b y t h e T r e a t y o f S t. G e r m a in , t h e n e w ly
c r e a t e d R e p u b lic o f C z e c h o s lo v a k ia a b s o r b e d 1 5 ,0 0 0 s q . k ilo m e t e r s o f t h e U k r a in
i a n t e r r it o r y c o m m o n ly k n o w n a s P o d k a r p a t s k a R u s o r S u b -C a r p a th ia n
U k r a in e , in h a b it e d b y 6 5 5 ,0 0 0 U k r a in ia n s , a s a n a u t o n o m o u s u n i t w i t h in t h e
C z e c h o s lo v a k S t a t e .
Y e t d e s p it e t h e a s s u r a n c e g iv e n b y M . B e n e s in 1 9 3 4
t h a t C z e c h o s lo v a k ia h a s n e v e r f o r g o t t e n i t s o b l i g a t io n s a n d w ill n e v e r f o r g e t
t h e m , t h e s e p r o m is e s h a v e n o t b e e n k e p t t h u s f a r , a n d i t a ls o h a s b e e n
g u i l t y o f s t r i v in g t o d e n a t io n a liz e t h e U k r a in ia n s .
O n M a r c h 1 5 , 1 9 2 3 , t h e C o n f e r e n c e o f A m b a s s a d o r s a t P a r i s r e c o g n iz e d
t h e o c c u p a t io n o f G a lic ia b y P o la n d a n d a p p r o v e d t h e R ig a t r e a t y w h e r e b y
P o la n d a n d t h e S o v i e t s d iv id e d u p b e t w e e n t h e m s e l v e s t h e o t h e r p a r t s , o f
W e s t e r n U k r a in e .
T h is d e c is io n w a s b a s e d u p o n t w o p r o v is io n s , w h e r e b y
P o la n d
r e c o g n iz e d
th a t
th e
e t h n o g r a p h ic a l
c o n d it io n s
n e c e s s ita te
an
a u t o n o m o u s r e g im e , a n d g u a r a n t e e d t o r e s p e c t t h e p le d g e s s h e h a d m a d e
a t t h e s i g n i n g o f t h e T r e a t y o f V e r s a i ll e s o n J u n e 2 8 , 1 9 1 9 , o f p r e s e r v i n g
t h e n a t io n a l r ig h t s o f t h e U k r a in ia n p e o p le w it h in h e r b o r d e r s .
T h is m e a n t
t h a t P o la n d r e c e iv e d n o t o n ly E a s t e r n G a lic ia b u t N o r t h w e s t e r n U k r a in e a s
w e ll, in c lu d in g K h o lm , P id ly a s h e , P o lis y a , a n d V o lh y n ia , a n a r e a o f 1 3 7 ,0 0 0
s q u a r e k ilo m e t e r s , ( 3 5 .3 %
o f h e r e n t ir e a r e a ) , in h a b it e d b y a U k r a in ia n
p o p u la t io n u p w a r d s o f s e v e n m illio n .
F r o m t h e v e r y o u t s e t o f h e r o c c u p a t io n o f W e s t e r n U k r a in e P o la n d
h a s b e e n g u i l t y o f n o t o n l y b r e a k in g a ll t h e s e p l e d g e s s h e m a d e g u a r a n t e e in g
U k r a in ia n r ig h t s b u t a ls o o f t h e g r o s s e s t a b u s e s o f t h e i r e le m e n t a r y h u m a n
r ig h t s , a ll in a n e f f o r t t o P o lo n iz e t h e U k r a in ia n s .
M any o f th e se ab u ses
h a v e r e a c h e d in c r e d ib le l e n g t h s .
U k r a in ia n n a t io n a l, c u lt u r a l, a n d e c o n o m ic
p r o g r e s s i s r e t a r d e d a t e v e r y s t e p .21
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T HIE r U R A I N I A N S
479
A n d s e v e r a l t i m e s P o la n d s m i s t r e a t m e n t o f t h e U k r a in ia n s b e c a m e
s o h a r s h a s t o b e c o m e t h e o b j e c t o f c o m p la in t s b e f o r e i n t e r n a t io n a l tr ib u n a ls *
e s p e c ia l l y w h e n s h e r e s o r t e d t o .a r e i g n o f t e r r o r t o b e n d t h e u n y i e l d i n g
U k r a i n i a n s t o h e r w ill.
I t i s n o w o n d e r , th e r e fo r e * t h a t t h e L o n d o n N e w
S t a t e s m a n a n d N a t i o n ( A u g u s t 2 9 , 1 9 3 1 ) d e c la r e d t h a t : A m o n g t h e
a b u s e s in p s t - w a r E u r o p e t h e w o r s t a r e t h e c u m u la t iv e v i o la t i o n s o f t h e
'M in o r itie s T r e a t y b y t h e P o li s h S t a t e . . .
in P o la n d t h e y h a v e a c q u ir e d
p r im a r y i n t e r n a t io n a l im p o r t a n c e . . . b y r e a s o n o f t h e i r b a r b a r is m a n d
a b u n d a n c e .
T h i s w a s w r i t t e n a t t h e t im e w h e n t h e w h o le w o r ld r e c o ile d
i n h o r r o r a t t h e p a c i f ic a t i o n b y P o l i s h t r o o p s o f t h e U k r a in ia n p o p u la t io n ,
c o n c e r n in g w h ic h t h e M a n c h e s t e r G u a r d ia n w r o t e t h e n t h a t : T h is s o c a lle d p a c i f ic a t i o n h a s b e e n c a r r ie d o u t w i t h a f e r o c i t y w h ic h c a n o n l y b e
c o m p a r e d t o t h e p r e v io u s a t r o c i t ie s c a r r ie d o u t in t h e e a r ly n i n e t e e n t h
c e n t u r y b y t h e B a s h i- B a z o u k s in t h e o ld T u r k is h t e r r it o r i e s .
Thus has
P o la n d c a r r ie d o u t h e r p l e d g e s t o r e s p e c t U k r a in ia n r ig h t s , b y d e n y i n g t o
t h e m e v e n t h e i r e le m e n t a r y h u m a n r ig h t s .
A n d t o a d d a n ir o n ic t o u c h t o i t
a ll, n S e p t e m b e r 1 3 , 1 9 3 4 , P r e m ie r B e c k s o l m e n l y n o t i f i e d t h e L e a g u e o f
N a t i o n s A s s e m b l y t h a t s h e w o u ld b e n o lo n g e r b o u n d b y t h e M in o r itie s
T r e a t y . A s i f s h e e v e r h a d ! V e r y a p t l y h a s H . G . W e lls d e s c r ib e d P o la n d
w h e n h e w r o t e in h is T h e S h a p e o f T h i n g s t o C o m e t h a t :
T h e r e s t o r a t i o n o f P o la n d - t h e e x c e s s i v e r e s t o r a t i o n o f P o la n d w a s
o n e o f t h e b r i g h t e s t a m b it io n s o f W ils o n . P o la n d w a s r e s to r e d .
B u t in ste a d
o f a f i n e - s p i r i t e d , a n d g e n e r o u s p e o p le e m e r g in g f r o m t h o s e h u n d r e d a n d
t w e n t y y e a r s o f s u b j u g a t io n , a n d j u s t i f y i n g t h e s y m p a t h y a n d h o p e s o f
lib e r a lis m t h r o u g h o u t t h e w o r ld , t h e r e a p p e a r e d a n a r r o w ly p a t r io t ic g o v e r n
m e n t , w h ic h p r e s e n t l y d e v e lo p e d i n t o a n a g g r e s s i v e , v in d ic a t iv e a n d p i t i l e s s
d i c t a t o r s h ip , a n d s e t i t s e l f a t o n c e t o t h e z e s t f u l p e r s e c u tio n o f t h e u n
f o r t u n a t e e t h n i c m in o r it ie s ( a b o u t o n e t h ir d o f t h e e n t ir e p o p u la t io n ) c a u g h t
i n t h e n e t o f i t s a ll t o o a m p le b o u n d a r ie s .
. . . In th e tr e a tm e n t o f th e
U k r a i n i a n s in v o l v e d in lib e r a t io n , P o la n d e q u a lle d a n y o f t h e a t r o c i t ie s w h ic h
h a d b e e n t h e b u r d e n o f h e r s o n g d u r in g h e r y e a r s o f m a r t y r d o m .
L e t i t n o t b e su p p o se d , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h is m is tr e a tm e n t o f th e
U k r a i n i a n s b y P o la n d h a s b r o k e n t h e i r s p ir it .
S u ch h a s n o t b een th e
c a s e , f o r n o t e v e n in t h e E m e r a l d I s le ( I r e l a n d ) d o e s o n e f i n d m o r e
f o r m id a b le f i g h t i n g q u a lit ie s o r a m o r e p a s s i o n a t e n a t io n a l s e n t i m e n t t h a n
i n U k r a in e .22 N o r h a s i t r e t a r d e d t h e i r n a t i o n a l e v o lu t io n .
D e s e r t e d in t h e p a s t b y r ic h , U k r a in ia n l a n d o w n e r s w h o b e c a m e
P o li s h a r is t o c r a t s , t h e U k r a in ia n p e a s a n t s , a id e d b y t h e i r h a r d - w o r k in g
p r i e s t s , t h e m s e l v e s o f p e a s a n t s t o c k , d e v e lo p e d c a p a c it y a n d t a l e n t f o r
r e s p o n s ib le a c t io n .
T h e ir p o lit ic a l l e a d e r s a r e n e a r ly a ll t h e s o n s o r g r a n d
s o n s o f p e a s a n t s , m a n y o f t h e m t r a in e d in t h e U n iv e r s i t ie s o f P r a g u e arid
V ie n n a . . . A v i s i t o r t o P o la n d m a k i n g a t o u r o f s o m e o f t h e U k r a in ia n
v i l l a g e s w ill b e a g r r e a b ly s u r p r is e d a t t h e c h a r a c t e r o f t h e a c t iv i t i e s c a r r ie d
o n b y t h e p e a s a n t s , w h ic h b e t r a y s n o t o n ly a d e e p s e a t e d n a t i o n a l con*
find all sorts of obstacles and discriminations placed in their way of entering the pro
fessions, and find no outlet for their abilities in the state administration of Poland
as long as they do not renounce their Ukrainian ideals. ( Political Quarterly (Eng
land), Oct.-Dec., 1 9 3 2 ). Then too, to drive hostile Polish wedges into the compact
Ukrainian settlem ents, th e Polish Government resorts to artificial settlem ent o f
Ukrainian territories with Polish colonists, selling them their plots at greatly
preferential rates. Various m anifestations held by th e Ukrainians are often banned
or dispersed by Polish police. Even memorial exercises for the Ukrainian war dead
are often banned.
22 E. Alexander Powell !n his book: Thunder Over Europe.
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s c i o u s n e s s , b u t a r e a d in e s s a n d a b i l it y t o w o r k t o g e t h e r a n d a s e n s e o f
c it iz e n s h ip . . .
S o v i g o r o u s a r e s u r r e c t io n , s t a r t i n g a t z e r o a f t e r t h e
d e v a s t a t i o n o f t h e G r e a t W a r , i s a ll t h e m o r e r e m a r k a b le a s t h e U k r a in ia n s
h a v e a c h ie v e d i t b y t h e i r o w n u n a id e d e f f o r t s , w i t h o u t c r e d it s f r o m t h e
s t a t e o r f r o m P o li s h b a n k s . . .
T h e U k r a in ia n s a r e t o o w e ll c o n s o lid a t e d t o b e ig n o r e d ; t h e y c a n n o t
b e a s s im ila t e d , t h e y a r e t o o n u m e r o u s a n d t o o d e t e r m in e d .
O p p r e s s io n w ill
s e r v e o n l y t o d r iv e t h e m in t o i l l e g a l a n d v i o le n t m e t h o d s o f p r o t e s t .
U p to
n o w t h e v a s t m a j o r i t y t e n a c io u s l y c lin g t o c o n s t i t u t i o n a l m e t h o d s . . .
I t w o u ld
b e d i s a s t r o u s i f t h e y b e g a n t o s w e ll t h a t b a n d o f h o t - b lo o d e d y o u n g m e n ,
m e m b e r s o f a s e c r e t m i li t a r y o r g a n iz a t io n ( U . W . O .) w h o a r e im p a t ie n t o f
c o n s t i t u t i o n a l r e d r e s s . . . 23
B y t h e T r e a t y o f R i g a c o n c lu d e d b e t w e e n P o la n d a n d t h e S o v i e t s o n
M a r c h 1 8 , 1 9 2 1 , t h e l a t t e r r e c e iv e d a b o u t 4 5 0 ,0 0 0 s q u a r e k ilo m e t e r s o f
U k r a in ia n t e r r it o r y , c o n t a in in g a p p r o x im a t e ly 3 2 m illio n p e o p le .
Tw o years
l a t e r t h i s t e r r it o r y w a s in c o r p o r a t e d a s a n i n t e g r a l p a r t o f t h e U n io n o f
t h e S o c i a li s t S o v ie t R e p u b lic s , t h e s t r o n g n a t io n a l f e e l i n g s o f i t p r e v e n t in g
t h e B o ls h e v ik i f r o m r o b b in g i t o f i t s n a t io n a l id e n t it y .
D e s p it e t h e u n c e a s i n g u s e o f t e r r o r is m a s a w e a p o n o f r u le , t h e
e a r lie r y e a r s u n d e r t h e S o v i e t s w e r e c h a r a c t e r iz e d b y c e r t a in
c u ltu r a l
c o n c e s s io n s g r a n t e d t h e U k r a in ia n s , a s a p a r t ia l o f f s e t t o t h e v i o le n t p o lit ic a l
r e p r e s s io n a n d e c o n o m ic e x p l o t a t io n o f t h e m .
T h a t t h i s c u lt u r a l s o p t o t h e
U k r a in ia n s f a i le d in i t s p u r p o s e w a s e v id e n c e d b y t h e f a c t t h a t U k r a in ia n
p e a s a n t r y s o p p o s it io n t o t h e g o v e r n m e n t's r e q u is it io n o f f o o d s t u f f s f o r c e d
i t t o g i v e i t u p a n d in t r o d u c e f o r a w h ile t h e N e p , o r N e w E c o n o m ic P o lic y ,
w i t h i t s s e c u r it y o f in d iv id u a l f a r m in g a n d f r e e d o m o f p r iv a t e t r a d e .
W it h
t h e p a s s a g e o f t im e a n d g r o w t h o f t h e S o v i e t s in p o w e r , h o w e v e r , e v e n
t h e s e c u lt u r a l c o n c e s s io n s b e g a n t o b e t a k e n a w a y , a n d t h e g o v e r n m e n t p o lic y
a im e d d i r e c t ly a n d s y s t e m a t i c a l l y a t t h e c o m p le t e p o lit ic a l, e c o n o m ic a l a n d
c u lt u r a l s u b j u g a t io n a n d d e n a t io n a liz a t io n o f t h e U k r a in ia n n a t io n .
A lth o u g h
s o m e U k r a in ia n c u lt u r a l i n s t i t u t i o n s w e r e p e r m it t e d t o c o n t in u e t h e i r e x is t e n c e
y e t t h e y f o u n d t h e m s e l v e s e m a s c u la t e d o f a n y r e a l p r o g r e s s b e c a u s e o f t h e i r
b e in g f o r c e d t o p r o c e e d o n l y a l o n g c h a n n e ls o f C o m m u n is tic id e o lo g y .
The
s a m e i s t r u e o f U k r a in ia n w r i t e r s in t h e S o v i e t U n io n .
T h o s e w h o r e b e lle d
a g a i n s t t h i s p o lic y o r s h o w e d e v e n t h e s l i g h t e s t t r a c e o f n a t i o n a l i s t s e n t i m e n t
w e r e b r a n d e d a s t r a it o r s t o t h e R u s s i a n r e v o lu tio n ," s u m m a r ily t r ie d a n d
e x e c u t e d , o r s e n t t o t h e n o t o r io u s p r is o n c a m p s i n t h e n o r t h .
C o n c e r n in g
o n e s u c h t r ia l, t h e L o n d o n S a t u r d a y R e v ie w " ( J a n u a r y 1 8 , 1 9 3 0 ) c o r r e c t ly
p o in te d o u t t h a t t h e r e a l r e a s o n f o r b r in g in g a c h a r g e a g a i n s t J e f r e m o v ,
C z e c h iw s k y a n d t h e o t h e r s i s t h e d e s ir e t o d e s t r o y t h e U k r a in ia n i n t e ll i g e n t s i a
b y g e t t i n g r id o f i t s c h i e f r e p r e s e n t a t iv e s .
. . . T h e S o v i e t p o lic y in U k r a in e
c a r r ie d o n s in c e 1 9 2 3 a n d c a lle d U k r a in ia n iz a t io n , a im e d a t o b t a in in g a h o ld o n
t h e n a t io n a l c u lt u r e o f U k r a i n e a n d c h a n g in g i t in t o a c u lt u r e o f t h e w o r k in g
c la s s e s d e p e n d e n t o n M o s c o w .
A f t e r f i v e y e a r s t h i s p o l i c y f a i le d e n t ir e ly .
T h e U k r a in ia n i n t e ll i g e n t s i a t h e m s e l v e s m a d e u s e o f t h e U k r a in ia n iz a t io n in
a ll b r a n c h e s o f l i f e f o r i t s o w n p u r p o s e s , d e e p e n in g t h e n a t io n a l c u lt u r e a n d
w in n in g t h e i d e o lo g ic a l f i g h t w i t h t h e C o m m u n is ts b y t h e i r s t r o n g r e s is t a n c e .
R e a liz in g i t s f a ilu r e , B o l s h e v i s m h a s t a k e n t o i t s a l t e r n a t i v e w e a p o n s
te r r o r is m a n d p r o v o c a tio n . B y t h i s m e a n s i t s e e k s t o k ill t h e c r e a t iv e e f f o r t s
o f U k r a in ia n c u lt u r e a n d t h a t is t h e r e a l s ig n i f i c a n c e o f t h e p r e s e n t tr ia l."
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E v e n t h e s e w e a p o n s , t e r r o r is m a n d p r o v o c a t io n , f a i le d t o s u b d u e t h e
U k r a in ia n r e s is t a n c e , e s p e c ia lly t o t h e S o v i e t e c o n o m ic p o lic y .
In 1931, fo r
e x a m p le * t h e S o v i e t a u t h o r i t i e s s u c c e e d e d in c o ll e c t i n g o n l y , 5 3 % o f t h e
g r a in d u e f r o m U k r a in e , a s c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e a v e r a g e 8 6 % t h e y m a n a g e d
t o r e c e iv e f r o m t h e o t h e r p a r t s o f t h e S o v i e t U n io n .
S u c h o p p o s it io n w a s
u s u a l l y f o l lo w e d b y m a s s r e p r is a ls o n t h e p a r t o f vt h e a u t h o r it ie s , w h ic h
in c lu d e d t h e f o r c i b l e s h i f t i n g o f m i ll i o n s o f t h e U k r a in ia n p o p u la t io n f r o m
i t s n a t i v e h a b i t a t in o r d e r t o a r t i f i c i a l l y p o p u la t e t h e v a c a t e d a r e a w i t h
a lie n p e o p le s .
I n 1 9 3 2 a n d 1 9 3 3 t h e B o l s h e v i k s b y t h e i r e c o n o m ic p o lic y , a n d e s p e c ia l l y
b y t h e i r e n f o r c e m e n t o f r u r a l c o lle c t iv iz a t io n , b r o u g h t a b o u t a n a c u t e s t a t e
o f f a m i n e in U k r a in e , w h ic h t o o k a t e r r ib le t o l l c o n s e r v a t i v e ly e s t i m a t e d
a t 4 m illio n liv e s .
A n d a l t h o u g h t h e S o v i e t G o v e r n m e n t w a s f u l l y a w a r e
o f t h e f a m i n e in U k r a in e a n d a l t h o u g h h a v i n g f u l l a n d c o m p le t e c o n t r o l
o f t h e e n t i r e f o o d s u p p lie s w it h in i t s b o r d e r s , ( i t ) n e v e r t h e l e s s f a i le d t o t a k e
r e l i e f m e a s u r e s d e s ig n e d t o c h e c k t h e f a m i n e o r a l le v i a t e t h e t e r r ib le c o n d i
t i o n s a r is in g f r o m it , b u t o n t h e c o n t r a r y u s e d t h e f a m in e a s a m e a n s o f
r e d u c in g t h e U k r a in ia n p o p u la t io n a n d d e s t r o y i n g t h e U k r a in ia n p o lit ic a l,
c u l t u r a l a n d n a t i o n a l r ig h t s . . . 24
D e s p it e a l l s u c h m a s s r e p r is a ls a n d t e r r o r is m o f t h e a u t h o r it ie s , t h e
n a t i o n a l s p ir i t in S o v i e t U k r a in e b u r n s a s b r i g h t l y a s e v e r , a f a c t w h ic h
D i c t a t o r S t a l i n a s w e ll a s s o m e o f h i s u n d e r l i n g s h a v e t h e m s e l v e s a d m it t e d .26
A n d t o d a y t h i s s p ir i t i s o n e o f t h e c h i e f w o r r ie s o f t h e r u le r s in t h e K r e m lin .
F o r s i x h u n d r e d y e a r s . . . w r i t e s H . H e s s e l T ilt m a n in h i s b o o k o n
P e a s a n t E u r o p e , t h e y ( t h e U k r a i n i a n s ) h a v e f o u g h t t o r e m a in U k r a in ia n .
T h e y h a v e p r e se r v e d th e ir o w n d is tin c tiv e la n g u a g e , th e ir o w n C h u rch , th e ir
o w n c lo t h e s , t h e i r h i g h s t a t e o f h u s b a n d r y .
A n d, a t th e end o f th a t fig h t
o f c e n t u r ie s a s a t t h e b e g in n in g , t h e y f a c e t h e w o r ld u n d a u n t e d a lik e bjr
p o v e r t y , p e r s e c u tio n , a n d r e p r e s s io n d e m a n d in g t h e r i g h t o f 4 3 m illio n s
o f p e o p le h a v i n g a c o m m o n s t o c k a n d a c o m m o n l i f e t o r u le t h e m s e l v e s .
T h a t d e m a n d m a y b e r e s is t e d f o r a y e a r , a g e n e r a t io n , o r a h u n d r e d
g e n e r a tio n s .
B u t a t t h e e n d o f t h a t t im e t h e U k r a in ia n p e o p le w ill s t i l l b e
a s k in g f o r t h e i r f r e e d o m .
A n d t h e r e w ill b e n e i t h e r l a s t i n g p e a c e n o r t h e
r e ig n o f j u s t i c e in E a s t e r n E u r o p e u n t il t h a t r ig h t i s g r a n t e d , a n d t h e a lie n
t r o o p s w it h d r a w n , le a v i n g t h e U k r a i n e t o c o n t r o l i t s o w n d e s t i n i e s a n d
e n r ic h . a l l t h e p e a s a n t la n d s b y i t s e x a m p l e .
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L IT E R A R Y
T R A D IT IO N .
F r o m t h e t im e o f t h e 1 1 t h c e n t u r y , w h e n t h e l o f t i n e s s a n d b e a u t y
o f t h e K ie v a n c u lt u r e e x c i t e d c o n s id e r a b le a s t o n is h m e n t a m o n g t h e t r a v e le r s ,
d o w n t h r o u g h t h e c e n t u r ie s t o t h e p r e s e n t d a y , t h e U k r a in ia n s h a v e a l w a y s
i m p r e s s e d f o r e i g n o b s e r v e r s w i t h t h e i r c u lt u r a l a b ilit y , t h e i r m e n t a l a le r t n e s s ,
t h e l iv e l in e s s o f t h e i r t h o u g h t a n d e m o tio n a l r e a c t io n s , a n d t h e i r t a l e n t s f o r
e x p r e s s i n g t h e m s e lv e s .
O th e r s o b s e r v e d in t h e U k r a i n i a n s : t h e i r s t r o n g p r e f e r e n c e f o r e x t r e m e
in d iv id u a lis m , f r e e d o m ,1 a n d e q u a l i t y ; t h e i r in it ia t iv e , in d u s t r y , t h r i f t , a n d
c le a n l i n e s s ; t h e i r e a r n e s t , c a r e f u l m in d s , c a p a b le o f s u s t a i n e d a c t iv i t y ; t h e ir
ba-PPy n a t u r e , te m p e r e d s o m e w h a t b y a m e la n c h o ly b e g o t t e n o f o p p r e s s io n ;
a n d t h e i r w i l li n g n e s s t o f i g h t a n d s a c r if i c e e v e n t h e i r l iv e s f o r t h e s a k e o f
t h e i r c o n v ic t io n s , a s w e ll a s f o r t h e i r h o m e , f a m i ly a n d n a t io n .
S u c h a r e t h e U k r a in ia n s , a s s e e n b y n u m e r o u s f o r e i g n o b s e r v e r s , n o t
t o m e n t io n t h e n a t iv e o n e s , r a n g i n g f r o m t h e G r e e k a n d A r a b ia n t r a d e r s a n d
t r a v e l e r s w h o p a s s e d t h r o u g h U k r a in e in t h e e a r l i e s t d a y s o f t h e K ie v a n
d y n a s t y , t o t h e m a n y E u r o p e a n t r a v e l e r s a n d w r i t e r s w h o v i s i t e d U k r a in e
d u r in g t h e l a t e r s t a g e s o f h e r n a t io n a l d e v e lo p m e n t, u p t o a n d in c lu d in g t h e
m o d e m t i m e s .2
O ral L ite r a tu r e .
A m ir r o r o f t h e i r t u r b u le n t a n d c o lo r f u l n a t i o n a l l if e , t h e l it e r a t u r e
o f t h e U k r a in ia n p e o p le t r u l y r e f l e c t s a ll t h e i r t r ia l s a n d t r ib u la t io n s , a s
w e ll a s t h e i r t h o u g h t s , s t r i v in g s , a n d a s p ir a t io n s .
E s p e c i a ll y i s t h i s t r u e o f t h e i r o r a l lit e r a t u r e , w h o s e r o o t s l ie b u r ie d
i n t h e a n c ie n t, p r e -C h r is tia n p a s t , a n d w h ic h c o n s i s t s o f a r ic h a n d v a r ie d
s t o r e o f m y t h s , t a l e s , le g e n d s , a n e c d o t e s , d r o ll s a y i n g s , f a b l e s , r id d le s ,
i n c a n t a t io n s , a n d s o n g s ; a ll e x p r e s s i n g t h e p h ilo s o p h ic a l n a t u r e o f t h e
U k r a in ia n p e o p le .
B u t b y f a r t h e r ic h e s t , a n d p e r h a p s m o s t v o lu m in o u s c la s s o f o r a l
lit e r a t u r e a r e t h e f o l k s o n g s ; s o n g s o r ig i n a t i n g a n d c u r r e n t a m o n g t h e
c o m m o n m a s s e s o f t h e p e o p le , t y p i f y i n g t h e i r lif e , i n t e r e s t s , s o r r o w s a n d
e n t h u s i a s m s d o w n t h r o u g h t h e a g e s ; s o n g s w h ic h a r e a g e n u in e c o n t r ib u tio n
t o t h e w o r ld 's lit e r a r y t r e a s u r y .,,3
O f t h e d if f e r e n t c a t e g o r ie s o f t h e m t h a t e x is t , t h e o l d e s t a r e t h e
r it u a li s t i c s o n g s .
O r ig in a lly , b e f o r e t h e c o m in g o f C h r is t ia n it y , t h e y w e r e
s u n g in h o n o r o f t h e v a r io u s g o d s , a n d a t t h e o c c a s io n o f t h e p e r io d ic
c h a n g e s o f n a tu r e , in t e r p r e t in g a n d p r a i s i n g t h e s a m e .
T h e k o l y a d k i , f o r
e x a m p le , w e r e s u n g n e a r t h e c lo s e o f D e c e m b e r in h o n o r o f k o l y a d a , w h ic h
s ig n i f i e d t h e r e b ir th o f t h e s u n s p o w e r .
W ith t h e a r r iv a l o f C h r is t ia n it y ,
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h o w e v e r , C h r is t m a s t o o k t h e p la c e o f t h e k o l y a d a f e s t i v a l a n d t o d a y t h e
k o l y a d k i a r e C h r is t m a s c a r o ls .
T h e k o ly a d n ik i g o f r o m h o u s e t o h o u s e
s i n g i n g a n d w i s h in g e v e r y o n e a n e a t l i t t l e p r o f i t a n d h a p p in e s s g a lo r e
f r o m k o ly a d a t o k o l y a d a .
A s im ila r e v o lu t io n w a s u n d e r g o n e b y t h e
v e s n y a n k i a n d h a y i v k i, p a g a n s o n g s e x p r e s s i n g t h e j o y a n d g l a d n e s s a t
t h e c o m in g o f s p r in g , w h ic h in t im e b e c a m e i n t e r w o v e n w i t h t h e p ic t u r e s q u e
a n d g a y E a s t e r H o li d a y f e s t i v i t i e s o n t h e v i l l a g e g r e e n s .
S o n g s r e v o l v i n g a r o u n d f a m i ly l i f e t o u c h u p o n a ll i t s p h a s e s .
The
t y p i c a l c r a d le s o n g s u s u a l l y e x p r e s s t h e g r e a t l o v e t h e m o t h e r b e a r s f o r
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C h r is t ia n s o u r c e s , a r e n o t v e r y p le n t if u l, b u t v e r y m o v in g in t o n e , u s u a l l y
l ik e n in g t h e d e c e a s e d t o t h e s u n o r m o o n , a n d d e a t h t o t h e s e t t i n g s u n
b e h in d t h e h ills , o r t o a r a v e n , w it c h , o r e v e n a s n a k e .
In str ik in g c o n tr a s t
t o t h e m e a g e r n e s s o f m o u r n in g s o n g s i s t h e m u l t i t u d e o f w e d d in g s o n g s a n d
c h a n t s , w h ic h f r o m t h e p o in t o f r ic h n e s s in m u s ic a l s t y l e a n d v a r ie t y
r e ig n su p r em e .
L y r ic a l s o n g s , in c lu d in g t h o s e o f lo v e , a r e n o t o n l y t h e m o s t n u m e r o u s
o f a ll f o l k s o n g s b u t t h e y a r e also; t h e m o s t b e a u t i f u l , b e in g r e p le t e w i t h
a n a c r e o n t ic g r a c e , b e a u t y o f d ic tio n , p r e t t y l i t t l e c o m p a r is o n s a n d f i n e
p h r a s e s o f a t r u e a n d l o v in g h e a r t .
T h e r e is n o tr a c e o f s e x u a lity w ith in
t h e m ; f o r n o t t h e p h y s i c a l b u t t h e s p ir it u a l b e a u t y o f a w o m a n i s g lo r if ie d
in t h e m .
M o s t o f t h e m , i t i s w o r t h n o t in g , w e r e c o m p o s e d b y w o m e n
w h il e t h e i r m e n w e r e a w a y a t w a r s , w h ic h m a y a c c o u n t f o r t h e s t r a in o f
s a d n e s s t h a t r u n s t h r o u g h s o m a n y o f th e m .
T h e m o r a l- r e lig io u s s o n g s o r c a n t i c l e s a r e u s u a l l y s u n g b y it in e r a n t
l y r i c i s t s t o t h e a c c o m p a n im e n t o f t h e l i r a ( a g u it a r - lik e in s t r u m e n t ,
p r o d u c in g a t y p e o f h u r d y - g u r d y m u s ic b y t h e t u r n i n g o f a h a n d l e ) , a n d
t h e i r b a s is l ie s u s u a l l y in t h e l i v e s o f t h e s a i n t s , t h e b e g in n in g a n d e n d
o f t h e w o r ld , a n d in g e n e r a l r e l i g io u s a n d m o r a l i s s u e s . . .
O f t h e h i s t o r i c a l s o n g s t h e m o s t c o lo r f u l a r e t h e d u m i, w h ic h
d e a l in g m a i n l y w i t h t h e K o z a k w a r s f o r f r e e d o m r e f l e c t in t h e i r in im it a b le
c l a r i t y a n d p o ig n a n c y o f s t y l e a l l o f t h e p h a s e s o f t h a t h e r o ic a g e . I n t h e m
w e f i n d m a n y s t r i k i n g c o m p a r is o n s , a l le g o r ie s , s y n o n y m s , e p it a p h s , a n d
s y m b o li s m s ; in t h e m , t o o , t h e K o z a k s a r e k n i g h t s , s t r o n g l y u n ite d , h i g h l y
c o u r a g e o u s , c o n t e m p t u o u s o f d e a t h , a n d g l o r i o u s ly f r e e a n d e q u a l.
T h e p o s t - K o z a k p e r io d l e f t in i t s w a k e , a s id e f r o m t h e m a n y k r ip a k i
( s e r f ) a n d h a y d a m a k i ( p e a s a n t - r e v o lu t i o n a r ie s ) s o n g s , a ls o m a n y c h u m a k i
s o n g s , t h e l a t t e r w h ic h w e r e b a s e d u p o n t h e a d v e n t u r e s , b o t h s e r io u s a n d
h u m o r o u s , e n c o u n t e r e d b y t h e c h u m a k i t h o s e w h o t r a v e l e d b y c a r a v a n
t o C r im e a a n d t h e D o n f o r s a l t . A m o n g t h e l a t e s t in t h e f i e l d o f U k r a in ia n
h is to r ic a l fo lk s o n g s a r e t h e S itc h o v i S t r ilt s i ( S itc h R ifle m e n ) s o n g s, b a s e d
u p o n t h e r e c e n t U k r a in ia n w a r f o r in d e p e n d e n c e ; a n d t h e e m ig r a n t s o n g s ,
d e a l in g w i t h t h e p l i g h t o f t h o s e w h o h a d t o l e a v e t h e i r n a t i v e la n d in s e a r c h
o f f r e e d o m a n d o p p o r t u n it y .
I t i s a s t r i k i n g f a c t t h a t p r a c t ic a ll y a ll t h e s e U k r a in ia n f o l k s o n g s a r e
d i s t i n g u i s h e d b y a r ic h n e s s o f m o t i f s , g r e a t p e r f e c t io n o f f o r m , d e p t h o f
m e a n in g , a n d a h i g h m o r a l t o n e . I n m o s t o f t h e m c a n b e f o u n d a f a n t a s t i c
d r e a m in e s s , a n d a g l o r i f i c a t i o n o f t h e l o f t i e s t f e e l i n g s o f t h e h u m a n s o u l.
N o w o n d e r , t h e n , t h a t t h e P o li s h s o c i o lo g i s t , P r o f . F r . B u j a k , d e c la r e d t h a t
t h e f o l k - c u l t u r e o f t h e .U k r a in ia n i s a t p r e s e n t r ic h e r a n d b e t t e r c r y s ta liz e d ,
t h a n t h e P o li s h f o l k - c u l t u r e , a n d t h a t t h i s s u p e r i o r it y is m a n i f e s t in t h e
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l i v e l y f o l k s o n g s , in w h ic h r e s p e c t t h e U k r a in ia n s a r e , a lo n g w i t h t h e S e r b s ,
t h e b e s t e n d o w e d o f t h e S la v ic r a c e s . 4
H is t o r y h a s b e e n c r u e l t o t h e U k r a in ia n s , c r u s h i n g o u t t h e i r a n c ie n t
l ib e r t i e s a n d g l o r i e s , w r o t e t h e e m in e n t C a n a d ia n s c h o la r a n d p o e t , P r o f .
W a t s o n K ir k c o n n e ll, b u t t h e p e n t - u p e m o t io n s o f a t h o u s a n d y e a r s , t h e
p a s s io n o f fr e e d o m , t h e p o ig n a n c y o f b r o k e n h e a r t s , t h e t e a r s o f j o y a t t h e
b e a u t y o f s p r in g a n d lo v e a n d a t t h e n i g h t i n g a le 's v o ic e t h e s e h a v e g u s h e d
f o r t h in s o n g t h a t i s w o r t h y o f l iv i n g f o r e v e r .
. . . A n d , h e m i g h t h a v e a d d e d , a s o n g t h a t g r e a t l y h e lp e d t o p r e s e r v e
t h e U k r a in ia n h e r it a g e a n d t r a d i t io n s w h e n t h e U k r a in ia n lit e r a t u r e h a d
w e ll n i g h p e r is h e d f r o m t h e f a c e o f t h i s e a r t h b e f o r e t h e b lu d g e o n in g s o f
R u s s i a n a n d P o li s h p e r s e c u tio n .
W r it t e n
L it e r a t u r e .
T h e U k r a in ia n w r i t t e n lit e r a t u r e h a s i t s r o o t s in t h e o f f i c i a l in t r o d u c t io n
o f C h r is t ia n it y in t o U k r a in e ( 9 8 8 ) , a l t h o u g h a p r im it iv e f o r m p f w r i t in g d id
e x i s t b e f o r e t h a t tim e , s u c h a s t h e v a r io u s c o m m e r c ia l t r e a t i e s w i t h t h e
G reek s.
T h e A n c i e n t P e r io d p r o d u c e d a l i t e r a t u r e m a in ly o f a n e c c le s i a s t i c a l
n a t u r e , s u c h a s t h a t o f Z o lo t o u s t , H a r io n , S m o ly a t ic h , a n d T u r iw s k y ; w i t h
b u t a s c a tte r in g o f w o r k s o f a s e c u la r c h a r a c te r .
A l l o f i t w a s w r i t t e n in
t h e s o - c a l le d C h u r c h S la v o n ic . D e s p it e t h i s g e n e r a l r e lig io u s n a t u r e , h o w e v e r ,
m o s t o f t h e w o r k s p r o d u c e d t h e n h a d g r e a t d e a l o f n a t i v e c o lo r in t h e m ,
a n d w i t h t h e p a s s a g e o f t im e t h e y s t e a d i l y s h o w e d t h e i n f i lt r a t i o n o f t h e
liv i n g t o n g u e s p o k e n a m o n g t h e p e o p le .
B u t i t w a s n o t u n t il t h e b e g in n in g
o f t h e 1 9 t h c e n t u r y t h a t U k r a in ia n l it e r a t u r e a p p e a r e d in t h e la n g u a g e s p o k e n
b y t h e p e o p le .
A m o n g t h e o u t s t a n d in g s e c u la r w o r k s o f t h a t a n c ie n t p e r io d c a n b e c it e d
t h f a m o u s N e s t o r 's C h r o n ic le s , w h ic h a s i d e f r o m t h e i r v a lu e a s h i s t o r i c a l s o u r c e s
o p e n e d n e w v i s t a s in U k r a in ia n lit e r a t u r e b y b e a r in g w it h in t h e m u n m is t a k a b le
e v id e n c e s o f t h e g r o w in g s t r e n g t h o f t h e p o p u la r t o n g u e ; t h e e q u a lly f a m o u s
T a le o f I h o r 's L e g io n , t h e w o r k o f s o m e g r e a t l y g i f t e d b u t u n k n o w n b a r d ,
w h ic h b y r e a s o n o f i t s n a t iv e c h a r a c t e r a n d s h e e r p o e t ic w o r t h c o n s t i t u t e s
U k r a in e 's f i r s t r e a l c o n tr ib u tio n t o w o r ld lit e r a t u r e ; "and f in a l ly , t h e l e s s e r
k n o w n G a lic ia n - V o lh y n ia n C h r o n ic le s , w r i t t e n in t h e h e r o ic s t y l e a n d w i t h
t h e a b u n d a n c e o f t h e p o p u la r t o n g u e e le m e n t s o f t h e p r e c e d in g w o r k .
T h is m o s t a u s p ic io u s s t a r t , h o w e v e r , w a s b r o u g h t t o a s t a n d s t i l l b y t h e
T a t a r in v a s io n s , w i t h t h e r e s u l t t h a t a t t h e t im e w h e n m o s t o f W e s t e r n
E u r o p e w a s o n t h e t h r e s h o ld o f a g r e a t c u lt u r a l r e n a is s a n c e , U k r a in e , iti
b u lw a r k a g a i n s t t h e a c u t e A s ia t i c d a n g e r , p a s s e d t h r o u g h a p e r io d o f i n t e n s e
s p ir it u a l d a r k n e s s .
F o r w h e r e w a r r e ig n e t h , k n o w le d g e s le e p e t h .
T h e M id d le P e r io d o f U k r a in ia n
L it e r a t u r e , u s h e r e d
in b y t h e
in t r o d u c t io n o f t h e p r in t in g p r e s s , t h e R e f o r m a t io n , a n d t h e r e lig io u s u n io n
o f W e s t e r n U k r a in e w i t h R o m e ( 1 5 9 6 ) , w a s m a r k e d b y t h e d e f in it e e n t r a n c e
o f n a t i o n a l i s t i c t r e n d s in t o it . T h e w r i t e r s w e r e n o l o n g e r m a in ly o f f o r e ig t i
b u t n a t i v e e x t r a c t io n , w h ile t h e ir w o r k s b e g a n t o t a k e o n m o r e l i f e a n d v ig o r
t h a n p r e v io u s ly , o n e c lo s e r t o t h e d a ily e x is t e n c e o f t h e p e o p le . T h e p o p u la r
4
The Russian folk songs are smaller in number and variety, form and content.
Sympathetic appreciation of nature is scant. The imagination either rises to super
natural heights or; sinks to mere trifling. Criminal m onstrosities and the spirit of
destruction are glorified as objects of national worship. The conception of love is
sensual, the jesting and ribald songs disgusting. Stephen Rudnitsky: Ukraine,
the Land and Its People.
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sp e e c h , to o , p a r t ly b y it s o w n v ig o r a n d p a r t ly b e c a u s e o f th 6 R e fo r m a tio n
in f l u e n c e s , s t e a d i l y p r o g r e s s e d a s t h e l it e r a r y m e d iu m o f t h e U k r a in ia n p e o p le .
T h i s r e n a is s a n c e c e n t e r e d f o r a w h ile a r o u n d t h e V o lh y n ia n t o w n o f
O s t r ih , w h o s e r e i g n i n g P r in c e C o n s t a n t in e e s t a b l i s h e d t h e f i r s t U k r a in ia n
C la s s ic a l A c a d e m y a n d t h e f i r s t C h u r c h S l a v o n ic p r i n t i n g s h o p in U k r a in e .
F r o m t h e f o r m e r e m e r g e d s o m e o f t h e l e a d in g lit e r a r y , e c c le s i a s t i c a n d
p o l i t ic a l f i g u r e s o f t h a t d a y , w h il e f r o m t h e l a t t e r w a s p r o d u c e d t h e f a m o u s
O s t r ih B ib le ( 1 5 8 7 ) w h o s e g e n e r a l e x c e ll e n c e c a u s e d t h e M u s c o v ia n s t o
r e p r in t i t ( 1 6 6 3 ) f o r t h e i r o w n u s e .
W it h t h e d e a t h o f C o n s t a n t in e ( 1 6 0 8 ) , h o w e v e r , L v iw in t h e W e s t a n d
K ie v i n t h e E a s t b e c a m e t h e c e n t e r s o f t h i s U k r a i n i a n l it e r a r y a n d c u lt u r a l
r e n a is s a n c e .
F r o m t h e m , a s w e ll a s f r o m O s t r ih , c o n t in u e d t o e m a n a t e
a f l o o d o f p o le m ic w r i t in g s , a r e s u l t o f t h e r e l i g io u s s t r u g g l e t h e n b e t w e e n
t h e C a t h o lic a n d O r t h o d o x C h u r c h e s , a s t r u g g l e w h ic h h e lp e d t o im p r o v e t h e
m o r a l c o n d it io n s o f t h e c h u r c h a n d b r in g a b o u t t h e i n t e ll e c t u a l a w a k e n in g o f
t h e p e o p le .
v ;
I n 1 6 1 9 , M e le t iy S m o t r i t s k y p r o d u c e d t h e b e s t u p t o t h a t tim e; o f t h e
C h u r c h S la v o n ic g r a m m a r s , w h ic h f o r o v e r t w o c e n t u r ie s w a s c o n s id e r e d a s
a u t h o r i t a t i v e n o t o n ly in U k r a in e b u t in M u s c o v y a s w e ll.
In 1627, P& m va
B e r in d a , t h e m o n k - p h ilo s o p h e r o f P e c h e r s k a - L a v r a M o n a s t e r y , p r o d u c e d h i s
L e x ic o n o f t h e S la v - R u s s L a n g u a g e , w h ic h w a s o f t e n r e p r in t e d a n d h a s
a h i s t o r i c v a l u e a s t h e f i r s t a t t e m p t a t a d i c t io n a r y in t h e ^ ^ r a i n i n
la n g u a g e .
I
A n o t h e r o u t s t a n d in g p e r s o n a l i t y o f t h a t p e r io d , M e t r o p o lit a n P e t e r
M o h ila ( 1 5 9 7 - 1 6 4 7 ) , c a u s e d K ie v t o r e g a in a g r e a t d e a l o f i t s a n c i e n t g l o r y
a s t h e c u lt u r a l c e n t e r o f E a s t e r n E u r o p e , b y h i s p e d a g p g ic , l it e r a r y a n d
o t h e r c u lt u r a l a c t iv i t i e s .
H a ls o f o u n d e d a U k r a in ia n A c a d e m y , b a s e d
o n w e s te r n sta n d a r d s , w h o se fa m e a s th e la w g iv e r o f lite r a r y fo r m s a n d
te n d e n c ie s sp r e a d fa r ab ro a d .
A t e v e r y s t e p h e s t r i v e d t o in t r o d u c e
W e s t e r n E u r o p e a n c u lt u r e , a n d d e s p it e t h e f a c t t h a t i t w a s in a m o r ib u n d
s t a t e t h e n , i t h e lp e d , n e v e r t h e l e s s , t o b r in g n e w c o n c e p t io n s in t o U k r a in ia n
c u lt u r e , e s p e c ia l l y t h r o u g h t h e h e lp o f t h e m a n y s t u d e n t s t h a t M o h ila h a d
se n t ab road to stu d y .
D u r i n g t h i s M id d le P e r io d , t o o , m a n y ; v a l u a b le h i s t o r i c a l w o r k s w e r e
p r o d u c e d , e v e n m o r e in n u m b e r t h a n t h o s e o f a n e c c le s i a s t i c n a t u r e .
T h is
w a s a h e a l t h y s i g n o f t h e g r o w i n g n a t i o n l c o n s c i o u s n e s s f t h e p e o p le .
T h e t w o .m o s t w o r t h m e n t io n in g h e r e a r e : t h e K o z a k C h r o n ic le s , o f w h ic h
t h e b e s t f r o m t h e h i s t o r i c a l a n d l it e r a r y v i e w p o i n t a r e b y S a m iy lo W e lic h k o
(1 7 2 8 );
and th e
H i s t o r y
o f t h e R u s s P e o p le b y
G r e g o r y P o le t i k a
( 1 7 2 5 - 1 7 8 4 ) , w h ic h n o t o n l y w a s e s p e c i a l l y s u c c e s s f u l i n a r o u s i n g n a t io n a l
c o n s c i o u s n e s s a m o n g t h e U k r a in ia n s t h e n b u t a l s o l a s t e d in p o p u la r it y w e l l
i n t o t h e m id d le o f t h e 1 9 t h c e n t u r y .
J u s t a s t h e F i r s t P e r io d o f U k r a i n i a n L i t e r a t u r e w a s b r o u g h t t o
a n a b r u p t n d u n t im e l y e n d b e c a u s e o f a f o r e i g n in v a s io n , t h a t o f t h e
T a t a r s , s o l ik e w is e i t s M id d le P e r io d w a s b r o u g h t t o a s im ila r e n d , b u t t h i s
t i m e b y t h e : i n v a s i o n o f t h e M u s c o v ia n s ( R u s s i a n s ) , f o l lo w in g t h e T r e a t y
o f P e r e y a s l a v ( 1 6 5 4 ) . T h e M u s c o v ia n p e n e t r a t i o n r a v a g e d t h e U k r a in ia n
n a t i o n f a r m o r e s e v e r e ly t h a n s p o r a d ic in c u r s io n s o f t h e w ild n o m a d s , f o r
i t s o b j e c t w a s n o t m e r e ly t o l o o t a n d b u r n , b u t t o d e s t r o y t h e U k r a in ia n
n a t i o n b o t h p h y s i c a l l y a n d s p ir it u a lly . T h e U k r a in ia n la n g u a g e , o n e o f t h e c h i e f
p i l la r s o f t h e U k r a in ia n n a t io n a l c o n s c i o u s n e s s , w a s t h e o b j e c t o f t h e m o s t
r e l e n t l e s s a n d s a v a g e p e r s e c u t io n b y t h e R u s s i a n t a r s , w i t h t h e r e s u l t
t h a t t h e r e n a is s a n c e o f U k r a in ia n l i t e r a t u r e w a s n ip p e d j u s t a s i t w a s a b o t it
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t o b r e a k b u t i n t o a f u l l a n d b e a u t i f u l f lo w e r .
A n d i t i s p r e c is e ly a t t h i s
p o in t t h a t R u s s ia n c u lt u r e b e g a n t o r e c e iv e a g r e a t i m p e t u s t o i t s h it h e r t o
s l u g g i s h g r o w t h a s a r e s u l t p f U k r a in ia n i n t e ll e c t u a ls b e in g f o r c e d t o e x p r e s s
t h e i r n a t i v e t a l e n t s a n d h e r it a g e t h r o u g h R u s s i a n m e d iu m s .6
T h is w h o le p e r io d o f d a r k n e s s o f U k r a in ia n c u lt u r e a n d n a t io n a l
f e e l i n g i s illu m in a t e d o n ly b y t h e r a p id ly r is in g d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h e p o p u la r
l it e r a t u r e , a n d b y t h e f i g u r e o f t h e w a n d e r in g U k r a in ia n p h ilo s o p h e r
G r e g o r y S k o v o r o d a ( 1 7 2 2 - 1 7 9 4 ) , w h o s e w r i t in g s t h o u g h n u m e r o u s a r e n o t
a t a ll a s im p o r t a n t a s t h e e x a m p le o f h i s liv in g ; w h ic h t a u g h t c o u r a g e
in t h e f a c e o f a d v e r s it y , lo v e o f f r e e d o m , s im p lic it y , a n d q u ie t d ig n it y .
S u c h c a n b e s a id t o h a v e b e e n t h e a t t i t u d e o f t h e U k r a in ia n p e o p le d u r in g
t h i s p e r io d o f u n p r e c e d e n t e d o p p r e s s io n , d e n a t io n a liz a t io n , a n d r u in .
T h e M o d e m P e r io d o r t h e N e w R e n a is s a in c e o f U k r a in ia n L it e r a t u r e
w a s s u d d e n ly la u n c h e d in t o b e i n g w i t h t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f I v a n K o t ly a r e v s k y s
t r a v e s t y o n A e n e id ," ( 1 7 9 8 ) , w h o s e n a t i o n a l i s t i c s p ir i t a n d u s e o f t h e
liv i n g t o n g u e t o e x p r e s s i t s e l f c le a r l y p o in te d o u t t h e r o a d f o r t h e U k r a in ia n
w r i t e r s t o ta k e .
T h is e n t ir e p e r io d , w i t h i t s c h a n g in g a im s a n d c o n c e p tio n s ,
c a n o n l y b e u n d e r s t o o d in t h e l i g h t o f t h e s o c ia l- p o lit ic a l c o n d it io n s t h r o u g h
o u t U k r a in e t h e n a n d n o w .
I t s e a r l i e s t s t a g e w a s c h a r a c t e r iz e d b y s e n t i m e n t a l f e e l i n g s f o r t h e
p e a s a n t r y , w it h
su ch
r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s
o f it
as
G . K v it k a - O s n o v y a n e n k o
( 1 7 7 8 - 1 8 4 3 ) , t h e f a t h e r o f t h e U k r a in ia n n o v e l ( s u c h a s M a r u s ia ," tr . in t o
F r . b y P . M e r im e e a n d in t o E n g . b y T . R . L i v e s a y ) , w h o a c c o r d in g t o t h e
R u s s ia n
I m p e r ia l A c a d e m y ,
c o m b in e d t h e
c h a r a c t e r is t ic
t r a it s
o f th e
U k r a in ia n s o u l, h u m o r , a n d s t r e n g t h o f f e e l i n g " ; P . A r t e m o v s k y - H u l a k
( 1 7 9 0 - 1 8 6 6 ) , a k e e n s a t i r i s t o f s o c i a l t h e m e s ; a n d E . H r e b in k a ( 1 8 1 8 - 1 8 4 8 ) ,
f i n e s t e x p o n e n t o f U k r a in ia n f a b l e s .
T h is s t a g e a ls o p r o d u c e d t h e f i r s t
U k r a in ia n G r a m m a r ( 1 8 1 8 ) , b y A . P a v lo v s k y , a n d c o ll e c t i o n s o f n a t iv e
f o l k s o n g s b y T s e r t e le v , M a k s im o v ic h , a n d S r e z n e v s k y .
5
Ukraine," wrote Prof. Alexander Bruekner, the Polish scholar, in his book
oh' the Europeanization of Russia, was the equivalent of a school for Russia,"
especially after the Treaty of Pereyaslav when many Ukrainian students of the western
theology, medicine, and science migrated into Moscovy, and helped to Europeanize it.
Outstanding among them were such as Epyphany Slavynetzky, who translated Western
European geographies, works on the anatomy a n d . medicine; Meletiy Smotritsky,
Archbishop of Polotsk and a man of wide cosmopolitanism, whose grammar, published
in Kiev in 161-9, was reprinted in M oscow in 1648; Innocent Gizel, whose Synopsis
(h isto ry ), published in Ukraine in the middle of the 17th century, influenced the
R ussian: historians more than any other text up to the 18th century and was used in
their schools until the 19th century, being reprinted in Moscow in 1863; and
then later Metropolitan Dimitri Rostovsky, Stephen Yavorsky, and Theodore Pro
kopovich, the closest advisers of Peter I. Furthermore, at the convention of law
makers called together in 1767 by Catherine II the most important delegates were
the Ukrainians. During her reign, too, of the total 74 physicians in Russia S3 of them
were Ukrainians. It was the Ukrainians who taught the M uscovites the linear
method of musical notation, as well as the art of printing. Nearly all of the bishops
were Ukrainians, as well as the seminary teachers and students. Everywhere the
Ukrainian influence was felt. Ukrainian literary men, wrote the Russian Pypin,
composed works .of which no one dreamt in M oscow. . .th ey were works of grammar,
dictionaries, catechisms, histories, church teachings, general polemical church liter
ature which was equal to the literature aimed against the Orthodox Church by
the Jesuits. And also, Nicholas Gogol (Hohol, in Ukrainian), unable to write in his
native Ukrainian tongue, wrote in Russian and became the creator of the Russian
prose. In the field of music, Peter Tschaikowsky, Dmytro Bortnyansky, and Artemy
L. Vedel, generally known as Russians, were in reality Ukrainians. In painting,
Anthony Losenko, Dmytro Levitsky, Volodimir Borovikovsky, Serhiy C. Zaryanko,
Ilya E. Repin, and Rufun Sudkovsky, were all natives of Ukraine.
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T h e s e c o n d s t a g e , t h e s o - c a l le d R o m a n t ic , a r e a c t io n a g a i n s t t h e
f o r m e r p s e u d o - c la s s i c a l a n d d r y f o r m s , a n d c h a r a c t e r iz e d b y s t r o n g n a t io n a l
t o n e s , w a s u s h e r e d in b y T a r a s S h e v c h e n k o 's ( 1 8 1 4 - 1 8 6 1 ) K o b z a r , w h ic h
im m e d ia t e ly r a is e d U k r a in ia n p o e t r y t o a t e r m o f e q u a l i t y w i t h t h e b e s t o f
E u r o p e a n p o e tr y a n d m a r k e d S h e v c h e n k o n o t o n ly a s t h e n a tio n a l p r o p h e t
o f h i s p e o p le b u t o n e o f t h e g r e a t m a s t e r s o f w o r ld p o e t r y ; a l t h o u g h t h i s
f a c t w a s g e n e r a l l y o v e r lo o k e d b y h i s c o n t e m p o r a r ie s , w h o s a w in h i s w o r k
o n l y a m i g h t y p r o t e s t a g a i n s t t h e in t o l e r a b l e s o c ia l a n d p o lit ic a l c o n d it io n s
o f th a t day.
T o r a is e U k r a in ia n p r o s e t o a s i m i la r r a n k w a s t h e n e x t s t e p , a n d
t h i s t a s k w a s b e g u n q u it e s u c c e s s f u l l y b y P . K u lis h ( 1 8 1 9 - 1 8 9 5 ) , w h o s e
c la r i t y , o r ig i n a l i t y , a n d b r e a d t h o f v i s i o n a p p e a r s t o a g o o d a d v a n t a g e in h i s
w o r k s , r a n g i n g f r o m p o p u la r s t o r i e s t o t h e h i s t o r i c a l n o v e l C h o r n a R a d a .
H is t r a n s l a t i o n o f S h a k e s p e a r e i s u n s u r p a s s e d , w h il e t h o s e o f B y , G o e t h e
a n d S c h i l le r a r e c o m m e n d a b le .
A n d w h a t S h e v c h e n k o d id w i t h h i s l y r ic s ,
M a r k o V o v c h o k ( 1 8 3 4 - 1 9 0 7 ) d id w i t h h e r P o p u la r S t o r i e s , a p o w e r f u l
p r o t e s t a g a i n s t s o c i a l o p p r e s s io n , w h ic h a r e c h a r a c t e r iz e d b y p u r i t y o f
l a n g u a g e , p e r f e c t t e c h n iq u e , a n d d e e p e m o tio n , a n d w h ic h l e d t o h e r b e in g
c a lle d t h e H a r r i e t B e e c h e r S t o w e o f U k r a i n e .6
A l l t h i s w h ile , i t m u s t b e b o r n e in m in d , n u m e r o u s O th er w r i t e r s
w e r e s p r i n g i n g u p a n d c o n t r ib u t in g t h e i r s h a r e t o t h e n e w r e n a is s a n c e o f
U k r a i n i a n l it e r a t u r e , e s p e c ia l l y in t h e f i e l d o f e t h n o g r a p h ic a n d h is t o r ic a l
w r i t in g s .
A m o n g t h e m o r e o u t s t a n d in g o f t h e m w e r e M . K o s t o m a r iw
( 1 8 1 7 - 1 8 6 5 ) h i s t o r i a n a n d a u t h o r o f t h e B o o k o f G e n e s is o f t h e U k r a in ia n
P e o p le , a n d t h e g u id in g s p ir i t o f t h e C y r il-M e th o d iu s B r o t h e r h o o d , w h ic h
a d v o c a t e d d e m o c r a c y a n d c e r t a in s o c i a l r e f o r m s ; S . R u d a n s k y (1 8 3 4 -1 8 7 3 )*
a f t e r S h e v c h e n k o o n e o f f i n e s t p o e t s o f D n ie p e r U k r a in e ;
L . H lib iw
(1 8 2 7 -1 8 9 3 ),
a n o th er
H r e b in k a ;
A.
S v id n its k y
(1 8 3 4 -1 8 7 1 ),
fir s t
r a te
n o v e l i s t a n d p o e t ; A . S t o r o z h e n k o ( 1 8 0 5 - 1 8 4 7 ) , s h o r t s t o r y w r it e r ; A . K o n is k y
( 1 8 3 6 - 1 9 0 0 ) , a g o o d f i c t i o n w r i t e r a n d p o e t, a n d o n e o f t h e f o u n d e r s o f
t h e S h e v c h e n k o S c i e n t if i c S o c i e t y ( w h o s e g r e a t e s t a d v a n c e w a s m a d e u n d e r
t h e le a d e r s h ip o f M ic h a e l H r u s h e v s k y ) .
A l l t h e s e w r it e r s , h o w e v e r , w e r e o f t h e D n ie p e r ( G r e a t e r , E a s t e r n ,
R u s s i a n ) U k r a in e .
G a lic ia , u n d e r A u s t r ia , w a s u n d e r g o in g t h e n a l it e r a r y
r e n a is s a n c e t o o , w h ic h h a d i t s i n c e p t io n w i t h t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f M a r k ia n
S h a s h k e v ic h
( 1 8 1 1 - 1 8 4 4 ) , w h o d id f o r
h is p a r t o f t h e c o u n tr y w h a t
K o t ly a r e v s k y h a d d o n e e a r lie r f o r h is : u s e o f t h e l iv i n g t o n g u e f o r l it e r a r y
p u r p o s e s a n d n a t io n a l r e b ir t h .
S h a s h k e v ic h i s a ls o r e m e m b e r e d f o r h i s
la b o r s d e v o t e d t o w a r d s b r in g in g c lo s e r c o o p e r a t io n b e t w e e n t h e s u n d e r e d
p a r t s o f U k r a in e .
A l i t t l e l a t e r B u k o v in a ( u n d e r R u m a n ia ) p r o d u c e d t h e p o w e r f u l f i g u r e
o f O sip F e d k o v ic h ( 1 8 3 4 - 1 8 8 8 ) , a f i n e l y r i c i s t i n t e n s e l y f o n d o f h i s n a t i v e
la n d , w h o s e r o le in B u k o v in a c a n b e r e g a r d e d in t h e s a m e l i g h t as
K o t l y a r e v s k y a n d S h a s h k e v ic h .
A m o n g t h o s e w h o c o n t in u e d in h i s s p ir i t
w e r e t h e V o r o b k e v ic h b r o t h e r s .
I t s h o u ld b e n o t e d h e r e , h o w e v e r , t h a t b y t h i s t im e t h e R o m a n t ic
s t a g e o f t h e n e w U k r a in ia n r e n a is s a n c e w a s g i v in g w a y t o a m o r e r e a l i s t i c
6
About this time there arose in Polish literature the so-called Ukrainian
School, composed of writers who, attracted by Ukrainian life and nature, wrote on
Ukrainian themes. Among them were three poets; B. Zaleski, A. Malczewski (w hose
Marja was tr. into Eng. by Dr. and Mrs. Coleman) and S. Goszczyski; while the
prose writers were ably represented by M. Czajkowski. Similarly in Russian liter
ature N. Gogol (Hohol h im self a Ukrainian), ., Grabowsky, and Pushkin wrote
on Ukrainian them es.
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n d m o d e r n s c h o o l o f w r it e r s .
A n d a ll t h i s w h ile , to o , a s m e n t io n e d in t h e
h i s t o r i c a l s e c tio n o f t h i s a r t ic le , R u s s i a w a s s t r i v in g w i t h m i g h t a n d m a in
t o d e s t r o y n o t o n ly U k r a in e 's l it e r a r y a n d n a t io n a l r e n a is s a n c e b u t e v e n
h e r l a n g u a g e i t s e l f , a p e r s e c u t io n w h ic h c u lm in a t e d in t h e n o t o r i o u s u k a s e
o f 1 8 7 6 . R e s p it e a ll s u c h p e r s e c u t io n s , h o w e v e r , t h e r e n a is s a n c e h a d a d v a n c e d
t o o f a r t o b e t h r o t t l e d n o w .
D e n ie d t h e r ig h t t o w r i t e in U k r a in ia n in R u s s i a n U k r a in e m a n y o f
i t s . w r i t e r s e m i g r a t e d ; t o G a lic ia u n d e r A u s t r ia a n d e ls e w h e r e a n d t h e r e
c o n t in u e d t h e ir la b o r s .
A m o n g t h e m w a s M . D r a h o m a n iw ( 1 8 4 1 - 1 8 9 5 ) t h e
f o r e m o s t d ir e c to r o f t h e U k r a in ia n r e b ir t h o f h is tim e , a g r e a t s c h o l a r a n d
p u b lic is t .
, Here in G a lic ia , in 1 8 8 0 , w a s b o r n t h e th ir d s t a g e o f t h e m o d e r n
U k r a in ia n l it e r a t u r e , o n e m a r k e d b y s t r o n g W e s t e r n E u r o p e a n r e a lis t ic
t r e n d s , a n d in t r o d u c e d b y t h a t m o s t p r o lif ic w r it e r w h o in p o e t r y a n d
in f l u e n c e o n t h e U k r a in ia n n a t io n a l a n d l it e r a r y r e b ir t h is o n l y s e c o n d
to S h ev ch en k o , Iv a n F ra n k o (1 8 5 6 -1 9 1 6 ).
F r a n k o a m a n o f t h e m o s t v a r ie d a n d r e m a r k a b le t a l e n t s w h o s e
p o e m s a r e a m o n g t h e f i n e s t in w o r ld l it e r a t u r e i s t h e f i r s t U k r a in ia n
w r i t e r t o h a v e e m b r a c e d , a n d s o s u c c e s s f u ll y , s u c h a w id e f i e l d o f l it e r a r y
e n d e a v o r s : e p ic a n d l y r ic p o e t r y , n o v e ls , s h o r t s t o r ie s , d r a m a , t r a n s l a t i o n s ,
p d s c ie n c e ; t h e f i r s t t o m a k e s u c h a n i n t e n s i v e s t u d y o f f o r e i g n l it e r a t u r e
a s ' b e d id ; a n d t h e f i r s t a b le e n o u g h t o i n t r o d u c e in t o h is w o r k s t h o s e b a s ic
i d e a ls o f U k r a in ia n n a t i o n a l i s m a n d m o d e r n is m f o r w h ic h h e f o u g h t s o
u n s w e r v in g ly a s a n u n s p a r in g c r it ic a n d l e a d in g p u b lic f i g u r e o f h i s tim e !
Hjs w a s a l s o t h e f i r s t t o u s e c i t y d w eller s* a s t h e c e n t r a l c h a r a c t e r s in h is
S t i r li n g a n d b e a u t if u l ly r ic s , t h e e m o t i o n a l e x p e r ie n c e s o f - a n i n t e ll e c t u a l;
e v e n t h o u g h h is s t o r i e s o f v i l l a g e l i f e a r e a m o n g t h e b e s t w r i t t e n in
p e n e tr a tiv e n e ss, s ty le , a n d h u m o r.
I n a w o r d , h is p o s it io n in U k r a in ia n
l it e r a t u r e i s t h a t o f m o d e r n is m p e r s o n if ie d .
<
A s a r e s u l t o f h is in f lu e n c e , U k r a in ia n l it e r a t u r e b e c a m e in v ig o r a t e d
a n d : E u r o p e a n iz e d t o a v e r y m a r k e d d e g r e e , p r o d u c in g s u c h f i g u r e s a ;
N . K o b r in s k a ( 1 8 5 5 - 1 9 2 0 ) , c a p a b le w r i t e r a n d f i r s t o r g a n iz e r o f G a lic ia n
f e m i n is t m o v e m e n t ; A . C h a ik o v s k y ( 1 8 5 7 - 1 9 3 5 ) , a w r it e r m a in ly o f p o p u la r
h i s t o r i c a l , n o v e ls ; O . M a k o v e y ( 1 8 6 7 - 1 9 2 5 ) s h o r t s t o r y w r it e r w i t h a f in e
S e n s e o f h u m o r ; V . S t e f a n i k ( 1 8 7 1 - 1 9 3 6 ) , t h e f i n e s t o f G a lic ia n s h o r t s t o r y
w r it e r s , w h o . u s e d t h e m o s t m o d e r n o f t e c h n iq u e t o d e s c r ib e t h e tr a ig e d ie
o f v i ll a g e l i f e ; h is c o n t e m p o r a r y , L . M a r t o v ic h ( 1 8 7 1 - 1 9 1 6 ) , k e e n l y s a t ir ic a l
in h is s h o r t s t o r i e s ; M . C h e r e m s h in a ( 1 8 7 0 - 1 9 2 7 ) , w h o d w e lls in h i s s t o r i e s
m a i n l y o n H u t z u l l if e ; M . V o r o n y (b . 1 8 7 1 ) a tr u e p o e t - a e s t h e t e , a r t
f o r a r t 's s a k e " ; V . H n a t iu k ( 1 8 7 1 - 1 9 2 6 ) , l e a d in g e t h n o g r a p h e r ; B . L e p k y
( b . 1 8 7 2 ) w r it e r o f n o v e l s r e v o l v i n g a r o u n d t h e h e r o ic e x p l o it s o f t h e
K o z a k s , a l s o a f i r s t - r a t e p o e t o f a u t u m n a l m e la n c h o lia a n d 1 r e c o ll e c t i o n s o f
l o s t y o u t h ; A . O le s (b . 1 8 7 8 ) f o r e m o s t c o n t e m p o r a r y ly r i c is t ,- w h o s in g S
o f ; t h e b e a u t y o f t h e U k r a in ia n n a t u r e a n d o f t h e U k r a in ia n r e v iv a l ; arid
D . D o n t s o w (b . 1 8 8 3 ) , p r o m in e n t c o n t e m p o r a r y p u b lic is t a n d t h e o r e t i c i a n
o f U k r a in ia n n a t io n a lis m .
F r o m R u s s ia n U k r a in e e m e r g e d M . K o t s y u b in s k y 7 ( 1 8 4 6 - 1 9 1 3 ) , t h e
g r e a t e s t o f a ll U k r a in ia n n o v e l i s t s w h e n i t c o m e s t o t h e r a n g e o f s u b j e c t s
t r e a t e d , p s y c h o lo g ic a l a n a l y s i s o f v a r io u s h u m a n t y p e s , c o m p o s it io n a n d
sty le .
A s im ila r p o s it io n in J y r ic a n d d r a m a t ic p o e t r y is o c c u p ie d b y L e s y a
7
He was one of those rara people who at your first m eeting with them
arquse in you a bliss of spiritual contentm ent . . Humanity, beauty, people, Ukraine
these were the most favorite topics of Kotsyubinskys conversations." (Maxim G orky).
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U krainka (1872-1913), who in a m asterly and poignant style deals w ith such
psychological questions as those of beauty, duty, and sacrifice. A nother
woman, and a brilliant exponent of m odem trends in literature, is Olga
Kobilanska (b. 1862) of Bukovinian origin, who w ith her im pressionistic
and highly idealistic tream ent of m odem woman in h er stories has won
considerable fam e fo r herself. Drahom aniw's sister, Olena Pchilka (1849-1930)
is also w orth m entioning here. A tran slato r of D ante's Divine Comedy and
w riter of works rich in content was V. Samiylenko (1864-1925). The fa th e r
of th e U krainian rom ance novel, I. Nechuy-Levitsky (1837-1918), found
two w orthy successors in the persons of P. M ym y (1849-1920) and B.
Hrinchenko (1863-1910). The revolutionary period of U krainian literatu re
a t th e tu rn of th e century also produced in Dnieper U kraine th e figure
of V. Vinnichenko (b. 1880) leading contem porary novelist, whose them es
range from sex to those based on social contrasts and sharply etched
characters. And finally th ere looms th e m ighty figure of Michael H rushevsky
(1866-1934), founder of th e modern U krainian scholarship, one of Europe's
outstanding historians, w riter on m any cultural and scientific topics, organizer
and a g reat political figure who died a m iserable death as . a result of
Russian Soviet persecution.
Such, so briefly outlined, has been th e development of th e U krainian
literature, along th e extrem ely tortuous and thorny road the U krainian
people had to travel down through the centuries of wars, calamities, and
oppressions. In view of this, it is indeed quite inspiring to note how fa r
th is development has advanced.
The spirit of this literatu re today is th a t of its creators, of a people
highly talented, active and strong, and yet prevented from giving full play
to these qualities within them, because, as V oltaire once said, they are
still dragging the irons of subjugation.
OTHER CULTURAL TRADITIONS
(N ote: Lack of space permit only the barest mention of the follow ing few aspects
of the Ukrainian cultural traditions.)
Language.
An Englishm an who w anted to give to his fellow countrym en an idea
of the beauties of the U krainian tongue, wrote the L iterary Digest,1 once
advised his readers to combine m entally classical Greek w ith m odem
Italian . . . Probably neither Greek nor m odem Italian, with th e ir softer
tones, possesses th e force o f Ukrainian, a force derived . ... from its strange
consonantal combination and an abundance of the deep sounds of ui and
u. I t is th is peculiarity which has made a m odem English authoress
speak of its haunting m usicality.' One of its distinguishing features is its
unparalleled aptitude fo r form ing diminutives. They are made not only
from substantives, as in other languages, b u t also from adjectives, adverbs,
and even verbs. This gives th a t singular charm referred to by P. Chevalier
in 1871: The language of U kraine is very beautiful, abundance of diminutives
and p re tty fashions of elegant speech m aking it very delicate.
Music.
The ch aracter of th e U krainian song, w rote Mikola Hohol (Gogol),
cannot be expressed in one word . . . I t is exceedingly complex. In m any
cases it is light, graceful, it hardly touches th e ground, it seems to play
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and trifle with tones, while in others it assumes manly power, its tones
grow strong,: forceful . . . and again they become free, broad,, and strive to
embrace limitless stretches . . . As for the music of sorrow, it >j is heard
nowhere so vividly as in them, the tones of it live, scorn, te a r the soul.
As Prof. Koshetz (forem ost choral conductor and in terp reter of
Ukrainian song of m odern times) points out, its rhythm s are immensely
varied. Often the rhythm ic structure is irregular, but perfect balance of
phrase and section gives each song unity and clarity. I t is in a capella
singing th a t U kraine has been m ost noted since the 16th century. T hat
compositions of th a t tim e were for from four to tw enty-four voices testifies
to the development of this art. A special balance of the chorus was early
worked out, in which the male voices outnum ber the soprano and alto parts
and in which the basso profundo th a t characteristically U krainian voice
so much deeper th an other bassos is used.
Ukraine's composed music begins historically in the 17th century
with such composers and theorists as N. Diletsky, A. Meenietz, J. Tarnopolsky,
J. Zagvojsky, J. Nis, and others. In spite of foreign domination, Ukraine
continued to derive its musical inspiration from its own national sources,
and the famous composers M. S. Berezovsky (1745-77), D. B ortnyansky
(1751-1825), A. L. Vedel (1768-1806) and P. Turchaninow (1779-1825), though
they worked in Russian, actually carried on th e national U krainian tradition
in th eir compositions. The renaissance of Ukrainian music began with
M. Lysenko (1842-1912), a t first with researches in the nation's folk music,
and later in the conventional branches of music, such as opera, symphony, and
chamber music. In this school are the composers P. Sokalsky (1832-87),
S. Artemovsky (1842-64),2 M. Arkas, A. Koshetz, P. Demutsky, K. Stetsenko
(died 1922), J. Stepovy (died 1921), N. Leontovich (died 1921), P. Senitsya,
M. O. Hayvoronsky, W. Barvinsky, S. Ludkevich, P. Pecheniha-Ouhlitsky,
R. Prydatkevich, B. Kudrick, and m any others.
Other composers, too, have found inspiration in U krainian melody;
Haydn, Hummel, Knorr, Mozart, Beethoven, ( pastoral Symphony and the
Q uartet in F M ajor), Weber, Brahm s, Liszt, Dvorak, Moussorgsky,
Dargomyzhsky, Tschaikowsky (a U k ra in ia n ) all have used melodies from
Ukraine.. Yet Ukraine still waits for h er W agner; but in the m eantim e the
whole world is enriched by her priceless legacy of folk song.3
D an ce.
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Costume.
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f u
, 1
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this
IN AMERICA.1
The outbreak of the W orld W ar in 1914 created a whirlpool of conflict
ing hum an interests on th e E uropean continent th a t a t once sucked in those
gigantic waves of em igration th a t had been inundating America for wellnigh one hundred years. J u s t before it did, however, one of these em igratory
waves cast upon th e Am erican shores close to one million Ukrainians.
Approxim ately 85% of them came from W estern Ukraine, although
th e forerunners of this Wave, appearing in the 60's of th e last century, came
from E astern Ukraine, being th e tail end of th a t famous Gold R ush which
h ad as its objective California. Recent researches, however, have revealed
th a t even before this time, as early as the Colonial Period, there were
already a num ber of U krainians in America, some of whom even fought
in th e Revolutionary W ar. The real U krainian im m igration to America,
nevertheless, did not begin until about 1870, and did not assume any appreciable
proportions until 1899. Beginning w ith th a t year the U krainians began to
arrive in th is country in ever increasing numbers, until the w ar put a stop
upon them .
The earliest of them settled m ostly in Pennsylvania, especially in the
coal and steel districts. Those who followed settled in the industrial centers
of New York and New Jersey. O thers went to the gold and silver mines of
M ontana and Colorado. Still others went to Minnesota, N ebraska, and
oth er farm ing states.^ Today m ost of them occupy the Middle A tlantic and
th e Middle W est sections of the U nited States.
Driven from th eir native land by economic, social and political oppression,
they found upon th eir arrival here th a t th e country was riot th a t land of
plenty the traveling agencies had pictured it to be. F urtherm ore, unlike
th e o th er nationalities who upon coming, here found m any of th eir countrym en
occupying positions of power and influence, the U krainians had no one t
extend to them a helping hand. A rriving here, as they did, a fte r an exhausting
trip of m any days in the steerage and a nerve-racking confinement a t Ellis
Island, it was , indeed, too, a b itte r disappointment to them< to find out th a t
th eir eagerly-dream ed-of new home in the promised land was nothing bu t
a bare little fla t in a smelly and teem ing tenem ent district of a large city,
o r a miserable little company home in the coal or steel district. From
th e break of dawn to late in th e evening th e U krainian im m igrant had to
toil in th e factory, or deep down in th e bowels of the earth, ever in danger
o f serious injury, or even death itself from whirling m achinery or constant
cave-ins.
How different from th e work on the farm he had been
accustomed to!
Despite such hardships, however, the U krainian im m igrant through
sheer persistence gradually forged ahead.
Being of a spiritual and m ystically inclined character, one of his
firs t acts upon establishing his fam ily on this soil was the building of a
place of worship in his locality, of which the first was th e U krainian Greek
Catholic Church of Shenandoah, Pa., founded in 1886. Today, there is hardly
one of the several hundred Ukrainian-Am erican communities which does
not contain a t least one such church.
A rising alm ost concurrently w ith his spiritual needs was the need of
providing some form of protection fo r his family in th e event of his natu ral
1
The saga of. the Ukrainians in America and their youth deserves extensive
treatment, yet because of lack o f space the barest of bare outlines will have to suffice
here. A great deal of valuable material, how.eyr, can ..be found in the Ukrainian section
of this book.
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/ U K R A I N I A,N S
495
growing num ber of th eir children can be found occupying various responsible
political and oth er public offices.
A lthough the Ukrainian-Am ericans have done th eir share in the
building of America by th eir labors in the mines, factories, railroads; and
farm s especially noticeable, however, has been th eir contribution to the
expanding American culture, a culture which is more th an anything else
a combination of European traditions and American environment. In the
early 1920,s fo r example, Prof. Alexander Koshetz, regarded by m any
as the forem ost chorus conductor in th e world today, visited America with
his touring and world-famous U krainian National Chorus, and m any American
critics declared it to be th e finest ever heard in America.4 W ithin the last
few years he has repeated his trium phs with the United U krainian Folk
Choruses of th e M etropolitan A rea (composed mainly of young UkrainianAmericans, bom and raised here) whose concerts in Town Hall and
Carnegie Hall, leading music centers of New York City, have also won high
praise.6 U krainian folk dancing, too, has been presented before m any
American audiences by Ukrainian-Am erican youth, delighting th e spectators
w ith its graceful weaving, colorful, and meaningful movements. The fam ed
B roadway in New York City has also witnessed presentations in U krainian
of Tschaikowskys opera Mazeppa. A t the Chicago W orld's Fair, the
U krainians were the only nationality not having an independent state of
its own th a t were given the special privilege of exhibiting there, and th eir
pavilion, by reason of its native beauty and originality, was one of the
finest sights there, and together w ith its exhibits of Ukrainian folk a r t
excited a g reat deal of American approbatory comment, both oral and
printed. On exhibition there, also, were a num ber of works of a r t of th a t
world renowned U krainian in terp reter of modernism in sculpture and painting,
A lexander Archipenko.
W herever possible, the Ukrainian-Am ericans have sought to adapt
some of the finer and m ore colorful of th eir old world (habits and customs
to th eir American environment. Especially do they strive to reproduce
th eir beloved ceremonial of Christm as Eve in Ukraine. On th a t eve they
g ath er around th e table fo r the Holy Supper, consisting of th e various
specially-prepared courses th a t ancient U krainian customs prescribe and th eir
pocketbooks allow. They sing th e equally ancient and the heart-w arm ing
kolyadi. Faces glow with happiness and cheer. And as they sit there,
gazing into th e flickering candlelight, th eir memories involuntarily go back
through the darkness of Time to a sim ilar scene, many, m any years ago,
in fa r different surroundings in Ukraine. They recall how outside th eir
sturdy peasant hut, the moon shone, while the sta rs twinkled m errily in the
blue dome of th e sky; a soft, breathless stillness pervaded village and field,
broken only by the distant singing of the approaching carolers, wending th eir
way from home to , home and announcing th eir arrival underneath the
window w ith th e joyous tinkling of a bell. W hat a glorious night th a t w a s!
No wonder then, th a t sometimes they long so intensely fo r Ukraine.
4
The praise that preceded the chorus from all the musical centers of Europe
seemed excessive until one heard it, until one saw Alexander Koshetz with his extra
ordinarily living hands mold the sounds as a sculptor molds pliant clay. Here was
that noblest and austerest and most stringently moral thing in the World perfection.
T h e chorus is a hyman organ, an instrum ent of incomparable precision and incom
parable expressiveness. It can rustle like leaves in the forest; it can be as lyrical
as a lark at dawn; it can be sonorous as thunder over m ountains.- Nation,
November, 1922. N. Y. City.
' .. ..
6
The New YOik Sun, April 8, 1935; New York Herald-Tribune, New
York W orld-Telegram, Jun^4*
;v:;:; /
- .7.
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UKRAINIAN
DANCERS
Drawn
by
MARIA
NAHIRNA.
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c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f e a c h g r o u p t o r e g a r d i t s o w n c u lt u r e a s s u p e r io r , o t h e r s a s
i n f e r i o r . T h i s a t t i t u d e a r is e s l a r g e l y b e c a u s e t h e w a y s o f l iv i n g w h ic h w e
p r a c t ic e b e i n g o u r w a y s , w e k n o w i n g n o o t h e r a r e o f p r e c io u s v a l u e t o
u s b e c a u s e b y t h e m w e e x is t . W e m a y b e c o m e h a b it u a t e d t o o t h e r w a y s ; a n d
o u r o w n w a y s c h a n g e , b u t c h a n g e i s s lo w , p a r t i c u la r l y in a g r o u p w h ic h i s
i s o l a t e d f r o m o t h e r s , o r w h ic h , b e c a u s e o f a n a t t e m p t t o f o r c e i t t o c h a n g e ,
h a s w o r k e d u p a r e a c t io n b y p l a c in g a p a r t i c u la r l y h i g h v a lu e o n i t s o w n
c u lt u r e .
T h e f a c t t h a t e v e r y g r o u p h a s a c u lt u r e m u s t n o t b e t a k e n t o i m p l y
t h a t i t a lo n e h a s p r o d u c e d t h a t c u lt u r e .
I n v e n t io n s in c u lt u r e a r e r e l a t i v e l y
ra re ; m o st o f w h a t e v e r y g ro u p p o s s e s s e s h a s b e e n b o rro w ed fr o m so m e o th e r
g r o u p ; a t t h e p r e s e n t d a y t h i s d if f u s io n o f c u lt u r e f r o m g r o u p t o g r o u p p r o
c e e d s s o f a s t t h a t t h e w o r ld i s b e c o m in g o n e v a s t w h is p e r in g - g a lle r y , a s i t
w e r e . I f w e f o c u s a t t e n t i o n o n t h e o r ig i n o f t h e c u lt u r e o f &ny g r o u p , t h e n ,
w e a l s o f a c e t h e v e r y e v id e n t f a c t t h a t n o c u l t u r e i s p u r e in t h e s e n s e o f
b e i n g t h e p r o d u c t o f b u t t h a t p e o p le w h ic h l i v e s it .
A t t h e s a m e t im e , a p a r t ic u la r c u l t u r a l g r o u p , t h r o u g h lo n g , c o n t in u o u s
a n d v a r ie d a s s o c i a t i o n o f t h e i n d iv id u a ls w i t h i n t h a t g r o u p , d e v e lo p s a s o - c a l le d
g r o u p - c o n s c i o u s n e s s ; a c e r t a in d e s ir e o r w i l l t o l iv e t o g e t h e r a c c o r d in g t o i t s
o w n w a y s a s c o n t r a s t e d w i t h t h o s e o f o t h e r s , a s e n t im e n t , b a s e d o n g e n e r a l
c o m m o n i n t e r e s t a r is in g p a r t l y o u t o f t h e c o m m u n it y o f c u lt u r e a n d m o r e s p e
c if ic a lly o u t o f a c o m m o n h is t o r ic e x p e r ie n c e , d e v e lo p s ; a n d t h i s u s u a l l y i n
c lu d e s t h e d e t e r m in e d d e s ir e t o l iv e b y a s t a t e o f i t s o w n . S u c h a g r o u p i s
c a lle d a n a t i o n a l i t y ; i t i s a ls o c o r r e c t t o c a ll a n y d i s t i n c t c u lt u r a l g r o u p a s
su c h , a n a tio n a lity .
H o w e v e r , i t c la r ifie s t h i n k i n g i f t h e t e r m i s r e s e r v e d t o
t h a t c u lt u r e g r o u p w i t h i n w h ic h t h e i n d iv id u a ls f e e l s t r o n g l y b o u n d t o g e t h e r
b y s e n t i m e n t a l a n d o t h e r t i e s w h e t h e r o r n o t t h e r e i s a c t u a l ly m u c h c u lt u r a l
h o m o g e n e it y .
P o p u la r ly , n a t i o n a l i t y i s o f t e n c o n f u s e d w i t h t h e s t a t e , a s f o r
e x a m p le , a n y o n e b o m in t h e p r e - w a r A u s t r ia - H u n g a r y i s o f t e n n a m e d a s f
A u s t r o - H u n g a r ia n n a t i o n a l i t y . T h is i s a w r o n g u s e o f t h e t e r m ; t h e s t s t te
s t a n d s f o r a g r o u p o f p e o p le in h a b i t in g a c e r t a in t e r r it o r y a n d p o s s e s s i n g a
c o m m o n g o v e r n m e n t ; a s i n g l e s t a t e m a y c o m p r is e , h o w e v e r , s e v e r a l n a t i o n a l
i t ie s , e t c .
U k r a in ia n s , t h e n , a r e a s p e c ific c u lt u r e g r o u p , b u t a r e a t t h e s a m e t im e
a n a tio n a lity .
T h e f e e l i n g o f s o l i d a r it y , o f g r o u p c o h e s io n , t h e e x i s t e n c e o f
w h ic h i s im p lie d in t h e l a t t e r ,* d o e s n o t , b e i t e m p h a s iz e d , d e p e n d w h o ll y o r
i n v a r ia b ly o n a c o m m o n c u lt u r e , a n d i t i s t h a t w h ic h , in t h e c a s e o f t h e U k r a i n
ia n i n A m e r ic a s u r v i v e s m u c h lo n g e r t h a n t h e U k r a in ia n c u lt u r e . W e a r e c o n
c e r n e d , h e r e , h o w e v e r , p r im a r ily w i t h c u l t u r e c h a n g e t o w h ic h w e n o w t u r n .
. THE
NATURAL
P R O C E SS O F U K R A IN IA N
IN A M E R IC A .
CULTURE
CHANGES
1 . T h e i m m ig r a n t s it u a t i o n .
W e h a v e b e e n l e a d in g u p t o a c o n s id e r a t io n o f w h a t h a p p e n s t o t h e
U k r a in ia n , in t e r m s o f h i s c u lt u r e , in A m e r ic a .
T o r e i t e r a t e , w e a r e d e a l in g
w i t h t h e im m ig r a n t , h e b e i n g in t h i s c a s e , a U k r a in ia n w h o h a s m o v e d t o
A m e r ic a . L e t u s f ir m ly k e e p in m in d t w o b a s ic f a c t s : ( 1 ) t h a t h e c o m e s t o
A m e r i c a a l r e a d y w i t h a c u lt u r e , a n d ( 2 ) t h a t h e c o m e s n o t in t o a v a c u u m
b u t i n t o a d if f e r e n t c u lt u r e . T h e l a t t e r i s c a lle d l o o s e l y A m e r ic a n c u lt u r e ,
a n d w e d o n o t n e e d t o c o n c e r n o u r s e l v e s a t p r e s e n t w i t h d e fin in g w h a t A m e r i
c a n c u lt u r e i s .
I t w ill s u ffic e f o r o u r u n d e r s t a n d in g o f w h a t f o l lo w s i f w e
b e a r in m in d , f ir s t , w h a t c u l t u r e is , a n d s e c o n d l y , t h a t t h e jpeople w h o l iv e
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h e r e h a v e a c u lt u r e t h o u g h t h i s c u lt u r e i s a s o r t o f a b le n d o f m a n y o f
t h e c u lt u r e s w h ic h h a v e b e e n b r o u g h t t o A m e r ic a , in p a r t , t h r o u g h t h e ' i m
m i g r a t i o n o f d iv e r s e c u lt u r e g r o u p s .
2. N a tu r a l
d e fin e d .
W h e n a c e r t a in a m o u n t o f h e a t i s a p p lie d t o s n o w i t m e lt s , o r, i s
t r a n s f o r m e d in t o w a t e r .
W h e n a c e r t a in g e r m e n t e r s t h e b o d y o f a p a r
t i c u la r in d iv id u a l i t w ill c a u s e a c e r t a in d is e a s e .
W h e n t w o p r o p o r t io n s o f
h y d r o g e n a r e c o m b in e d w i t h o n e p r o p o r t io n o f o x y g e n w e g e t w a t e r . T h e s e
f e w e x a m p le s i ll u s t r a t e w h a t w e m e a n b y n a t u r a l l a w s . G iv e n c e r t a in e le m e n t s
o r f a c t o r s in a s p e c if ic s i t u a t i o n w e i n v a r ia b ly o b t a in a c e r t a in r e s u l t o r
p rocess.
T h e a b o v e e x a m p le s a r e t a k e n f r o m t h e p h y s i c a l o r t h e n o n - s o c ia l
w o r ld .
I n t h e fie ld o f s o c i e t a l r e la t io n s , t h e r e l a t io n s o f m a n t o m a n , t h e r e
a r e n a t u r a l la w s a s w e ll, e x c e p t t h a t b e c a u s e t h e s c ie n t if ic s t u d y o f s o c i e t y
i s b u t s u c h a r e c e n t a f fa ir a s w e ll a s b e c a u s e o f t h e c o m p l e x i t y o f s o c ie t a l
p h e n o m e n a , s o c ia l s c i e n t i s t s h a v e , a s y e t , d is c o v e r e d b u t f e w o f t h e s e n a t u r a l
l a w s in t h e s o c i e t a l fie ld , a n d t h o s e t h a t h a v e b e e n s c i e n t if i c a l l y v a lid a t e d a r e
s o m e w h a t m u c h l e s s p r e c i s e ly s t a t e d t h a n h a s b e e n t h e c a s e w i t h la w s in
t h e p h y s ic a l w o r ld .
F o r e x a m p le , t h a t P o p u la t io n t e n d s t o i n c r e a s e u p t o
t h e s u p p o r t in g p o w e r o f t h e e n v ir o n m e n t , o n a g i v e n s t a g e o f t h e a r t s , a n d
f o r a g i v e n s t a n d a r d o f l i v i n g is a f u n d a m e n t a l s o c i a l la w , b u t t h e p r e c is e
r e la t io n s h ip o f t h e v a r ia b le s i n v o lv e d h a s n o t y e t b e e n p o s s i b l e o f m a t h e
m a t i c a l s t a t e m e n t , a s a l m o s t a ll l a w s in t h e p h y s i c a l w o r ld c a n b e s t a t e d .
A n o t h e r s o c ia l l a w i s t h a t C iv iliz a tio n i s a f u n c t i o n o f n u m b e r s in c o n t a c t .
A n d w e c o u ld c it e n u m e r o u s o t h e r s . W h ile t h e s e d e s c r ip t io n s o f t h e r e la t io n
s h ip i n v o lv e d b e t w e e n v a r io u s p h e n o m e n a w h ic h i s a ll t h a t a l a w i s a r e
t o o g e n e r a l t o b e o f v e r y g r e a t p r a c t ic a l u t i l it y , y e t t h e y a r e u s e f u l, a n d
c e r t a in ly a r e t h e p io n e e r e f f o r t s a t t h e f o r m u la t io n o f l a w s w h ic h w e c a n
c e r t a in ly h o p e t o a r r iv e a t in m o r e s p e c ific t e r m s , p r o v id e d t h e s c ie n tific
s tu d y o f so c ie ty is u n h a m p ered .
W e h a v e d ig r e s s e d t o i l l u s t r a t e w h a t w e m e a n w h e n w e s p e a k o f
n a t u r a l p r o c e s s o r n a t u r a l la w . I t w ill b e s e e n t h a t i t i s m e r e ly a s t a t e m e n t
o f w h a t i s i n e v it a b le in a c e r t a in s it u a t i o n ; i t i s a d e s c r ip t io n o f a n a u t o
m a t ic , u n p la n n e d , u n c o n s c io u s , im p e r s o n a l p r o c e s s .
3 . U k r a in ia n c u lt u r e c h a n g e in d ic a t e d b y c h a n g e s in s p e c if ic a n d t y p i c a l
c u lt u r e t r a it s .
I n r e s p e c t t o U k r a i n i a n s in A m e r ic a , o n e g e n e r a l f u n d a m e n t a l l a w w h ic h
m a y b e f o r m u la t e d i s t h i s : U k r a in ia n c u lt u r e in c o n t a c t w i t h A m e r ic a n c u ltu r e
=
a d if f e r e n t c u lt u r e .
O r, p u t s im p ly , t h e in e v it a b le p r o c e s s w h ic h g o e s o n
in t h e s i t u a t i o n o f t h e im m ig r a n t in A m e r ic a i s t h a t t h e i m m ig r a n t c u ltu r e
ch an ges.
(W e a r e n o t u n m in d f u l, o f c o u r s e , o f t h e c h a n g i n g A m e r ic a n c u ltu r e ,
t o o , d u e t o c o n t a c t s w i t h i m m ig r a n t c u lt u r e .)
T h e m e r e f a c t o f c h a n g e i s e v id e n t e n o u g h , b u t w e s h a ll e m p h a s iz e it
h e r e b e c a u s e t h e a r e n a o f p u b lic d is c u s s io n i s fille d w i t h a l o t o f o b s c u r a n t
i s m o n t h i s p o in t.
L e t u s b u t b a r e ly in d ic a t e s o m e o f t h e s e c h a n g e s .
The
i m m ig r a n t i s in a g e o g r a p h ic e n v ir o n m e n t s o m e w h a t d if f e r e n t f r o m t h e o n e
h e h a s b e e n u s e d t o , h e m u s t a d j u s t t o t h e d if f e r e n t s e a s o n a l c h a n g e s ; h e
m u s t a d j u s t f r o m w a y s o f a r u r a l p e a s a n t v i ll a g e t o l i f e in t h e h i g h ly in
d u s t r ia liz e d m o d e r n A m e r ic a n c it y .
H e h a s f o r m a l l y a c c e p t e d t h e p r o t e c t io n
o f t h e A m e r ic a n g o v e r n m e n t , w h e t h e r o r n o t h e b e c o m e s a c it iz e n b y n a t u r a l
i z a t io n ; i f h e b e c o m e s a c it iz e n h e h a b i t u a t e s h i m s e l f t o p o l i t ic a l w a y s u n
d r e a m t o f in h is n a t i v e la n d . H e p e r h a p s i m p r o v e s h i s U k r a i n i a n la n g u a g e
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i f h i s s i t u a t i o n i n A m e r ic a i s m o r e c o n d u c iv e t o lit e r a r y i n t e r e s t s t h a n i t w a s
in t h e o ld w o r ld ; a t t h e s a m e t im e p a r t o f h i s U k r a in ia n b e c o m e s a j a r g o n
o f A m e r i c a n t e r m s ; h e p ic k s u p a l s o , i f n o t b y f o r m a l in s t r u c t io n , t h e n
t h r o u g h h i s o c c u p a t io n a l c o n t a c t s , a t l e a s t a w o r k in g v o c a b u la r y o f E n g l i s h ;
h e u s e s t h i s p e r h a p s o n ly w h e n t h a t i s t h e o n l y l a n g u a g e in w h ic h h e c a n
m a k e h i m s e l f u n d e r s t o o d , b u t n e v e r t h e l e s s , h i s l a n g u a g e p r a c t ic e s c h a n g e . H is
f o o d p r a c t ic e s , t o o , c h a n g e . F o r s o m e t i m e h e m a y r e t a i n t h e s e a s a r e g u la r
r o u t in e , b u t n o t f o r lo n g . F o r o n e t h i n g , h e c a n n o t o b t a in h e r e t h e f o o d s h e
u s e d in t h e o ld w o r ld , o r h e m a y n o t w a n t t o ; t h e r e i s a g e n e r a l d e s ir e t o
c o n f o r m is m , a n d in a s h o r t w h il e A m e r ic a n f o o d p r a c t ic e s a r e a s s im i l a t e d t o
a l a r g e d e g r e e w h il e t h e t y p i c a l U k r a in ia n f o o d s a r e r e s e r v e d f o r f e s t i v e o c
c a s io n s .
H is h o m e , h is f u r n it u r e , u t e n s il s , a n d t h e lik e a r e m a t e r i a ll y v e r y
d if f e r e n t f r o m t h o s e in t h e o ld w o r ld .
H is c lo t h in g i s u s u a l l y t h e v e r y f i r s t
t h i n g w h ic h h e c a s t s o ff in e x c h a n g e f o r A m e r ic a n c lo t h in g ; t h e n a t i v e U k r a i n
ia n c o s t u m e s , a s t h e f o o d s , a r e t h e n s e e n b u t a t p u b lic c o n c e r t s a n d s u c h
c e r e m o n ia l o c c a s io n s .
I n s t e a d o f t h e w a g o n o r t h e f e e t , t h e i m m ig r a n t u s e s
tr o lle y s , t h e su b u rb a n e x p r e s se s , t h e m o to r c a r s, e tc .
H e w o r k s in a n o v e l
e c o n o m ic o r g a n iz a t io n ; h e i s n o t r o o t e d t o t h e la n d , h e m u s t s e e k o u t e m
p l o y m e n t , a n d t h a t s o r t o f e m p lo y m e n t w h ic h i t t a k e s a g o o d l y w h ile t o
b e g i n t o f e e l c o m fo r t a b le in .
H is p r o p e r t y i s o f a v e r y d if f e r e n t k in d t h a n
h i s o ld w o r ld p r o p e r t y ; i n s t e a d o f la n d i t i s in t e r m s o f b a n k d e p o s it s , r e a l
e s t a t e a n d t h e lik e , b u t h e m a y h a v e a b s o lu t e l y n o p r o p e r t y in t h e p a r t ic u la r
c o n c e r n w h e r e h i s e m p lo y m e n t i s t h e b a s is o f h i s e x is t e n c e .
T h e c la s s c o n
s c i o u s n e s s a n d n a t io n a l d is c r im in a t io n o f t h e o ld w o r ld a r e n o t s o e v id e n t
h e r e ; t h e U k r a i n i a n p e a s a n t in a n A m e r ic a n d e m o c r a c y d o e s n o t f e e l lik e
a c o n t e m p t ib le c u r a s u n d e r t h e s y s t e m o f o v e r lo r d s h ip a b r o a d ; r a t h e r , h e
f e e l s m o r e h i s d i g n it y w i t h o t h e r h u m a n b e i n g s .
T h e f a m i ly c h a n g e s ; v e r y
i m m ig r a t io n i t s e l f s e v e r s c e r t a in b o n d s ; h e r e h e m a y h a v e a m u c h s m a l l e r
f a m i l y t h a n h e w o u ld a b r o a d ; t h e r o le s o f t h e h u s b a n d , w i f e a n d c h ild r e n
c h a n g e u n d e r t h e p r e s s u r e o f a d i f f e r e n t e c o n o m ic a n d s o c i a l o r g a n iz a t io n , e t c .
H is p o l i t ic a l l i f e i s u s u a l l y t o s o m e d e g r e e s t i l l w a g e d in t h e r e a lm o f o ld
w o r ld p o l i t ic s b u t t h e s u b s t a n c e o f t h i s i s v e r y d if f e r e n t f r o m w h a t i t w o u ld
h a v e b e e n a b r o a d ; in a n y c a s e , A m e r i c a n p o l i t ic a l l i f e c a n n o t e n t i r e ly e s c a p e
h im ; t h e r e i s s o m e a c q u a in ta n c e w i t h l e g a l a n d s o c i a l a g e n c ie s b u i lt o n a
p a t t e r n d if f e r in g b a s ic a l ly f r o m t h e i r o ld w o r ld c o u n t e r p a r ts .
W ar h a s a
v e r y d if f e r e n t m e a n in g t o h im ; f o r t h e m o s t p a r t h e b e c o m e s in u r e d t o p e a c e .
H is e a t in g , s l e e p in g , b a t h in g , e t c . r o u t i n e c h a n g e s , a s a l s o h is h a b i t s o f h o s
p i t a l it y , s a l u t a t i o n s a n d e t iq u e t t e . H i s r e c r e a t io n a l v a l u e s , t o o , s h i f t ; d if f e r e n t
g a m e s , m o v ie s , m u s ic , d a n c in g , d r a m a , l it e r a t u r e a n d f o l k lo r e b e c o m e t o
s o m e d e g r e e p a r t o f h im .
T h e c u l t u r e t r a i t s s u r r o u n d in g c h ild h o o d , in c lu d
i n g e d u c a t io n , c h a n g e m o s t f u n d a m e n t a l ly , a s w e ll a s t h e g e n e r a l l y a c c e p t e d
p r a c t ic e s in c o u r t s h ip a n d t o s o m e d e g r e e in m a r r ia g e .
S o t o o w i t h a d u lt
l i f e ; h e r e d if f e r e n t p a t h s o f s o c ia l a d v a n c e m e n t a r e p o s s ib le f r o m t h o s e a b r o a d ;
t h e s t a t u s o f w o m e n c e r t a in ly i s a lt e r e d , a s i s a ls o t h e t r e a t m e n t o f t h e
aged.
T h e c h a n g e s in r e lig io n , t o o , a r e f a r - r e a c h in g ; t h e s e in v o l v e n o t o n l y
t h e in d iv id u a l's r e in t e r p r e t a t io n o f o l d a t t i t u d e s , b u t o f t e n o r g a n iz e d m o v e
m e n t s w h ic h e v e n t u a t e in n e w r e l i g io u s i n s t i t u t i o n s .
T h e p o i n t w e h a v e t r ie d t o e m p h a s iz e i s s im p ly t h a t U k r a in ia n c u lt u r e
in A m e r ic a d o e s n o t e s c a p e t h e e le m e n t a l s o c i a l p r o c e s s c h a n g e . T h is c h a n g e
m e a n s t h a t t h e s p e c if ic a lly U k r a in ia n c u lt u r e b c o m e s , t o a d e g r e e , A m e r ic a n *
iz e d .
T o p u t i t in o n e w a y , t h e , U k r a i n i a n w h o h a s l iv e d in A m e r i c a f o r a
s c o r e o f y e a r s , f o r e x a j n p le , , v e r y d if f e r e n t i n d iv id u a l f r o m w h a t h e w a s
a t t h e t i m e o f l a n d in g m A m e r ic a .
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digitized by SVOBODA
. D E G R E E O F U K R A IN IA N C U L T U R E R E T A IN E D , A N D A M E R IC A N
CULTURE ABSO RBED.
T h e r e l e v a n t q u e s t io n t o a s k i s w h a t d e g r e e o f U k r a in ia n is m , i. e, U k r a in ia n c u lt u r e , i s m a in t a in e d , d e s p it e t h e c h a n g e s ; a n d , t h e c o m p le m e n t a r y
f a c t , w h a t d e g r e e o f A m e r ic a n is m , i. e. A m e r ic a n c u ltu r e , h a s t h e U k r a in ia n
a b so rb ed , a s a r e s u lt o f th e c h a n g e s ?
T h e a n s w e r t o t h i s q u e s t io n m u s t
n e c e s s a r i l y , i n v ie w o f t h e s p a c e a s s ig n e d t o t h i s a r t ic le , b e g iv e n in t e r m s
o f c e r t a in g e n e r a l p r o c e s s e s r a t h e r t h a n in t e r m s o f d e t a ils o f d e g r e e , e tc . o f
c h a n g e in s p e c ific c u lt u r e t r a it s .
1 . D e g r e e o f A m e r ic a n c u lt u r e a b s o r b e d , in d ic a t e d b y p r o c e s s e s o f c h a n g e o f
t y p ic a l c a t e g o r ie s o f c u lt u r e .
F i r s t l y , c e r t a in c u ltu r e t r a it s , o r , f o l k w a y s a n d m o r e s , w ill b e l o s t
a l m o s t i m m e d ia t e ly b y v i r t u e s o f t h e s im p le f a c t t h a t t h e in d iv id u a l h a s b e e n
r e m o v e d f r o m o n e g e o g r a p h ic a r e a , c u l t u r e b a s e , s t a t e , e t c . t o d if f e r e n t c o u n te r
p a r ts o f th e se .
T h u s , t h e U k r a in ia n i n A m e r ic a , a s f a r a s t h e s p e c if ic a lly
A m e r ic a n c u lt u r e i s c o n c e r n e d , c o m e s in t o a r e a d y - m a d e c u lt u r a l o r g a n iz a
t io n , t h e s t a t e , t h e p o lit ic a l p a r t ie s , t h e c o u r t s , t h e s o c ia l a g e n c ie s , t h e e c o
n o m ic s t r u c t u r e o f t h e c o u n t r y , e t c ., e t c . w h ic h h e a c c e p t s f o r t h e in d is
p e n s a b le f u n c t i o n s w h ic h t h e s e h a v e t o p e r f o r m f o r h im . I n a c c e p t in g t h e s e ,
h i s b e h a v io r p a t t e r n s c h a n g e .
S e c o n d ly , i t i s a n im p o r t a n t l a w o f s o c ia l s c ie n c e t h a t m a t e r ia l c u lt u r e
c h a n g e s t h e f a s t e s t , a n d t h i s a p p lie s , o f c o u r s e , t o t h e U k r a in ia n in A m e r ic a .
I n h o u s i n g a n d f u r n i s h i n g s , in c lo t h in g , in fo o d , in t h e t o o l s w h ic h g o w it h
t h e e c o n o m ic lif e , w e h a v e t h e c l e a r e s t e x a m p l e s o f t h e r a p id it y o f t h i s c h a n g e
i n t h e m a t e r i a l c u lt u r e o f t h e U k r a in ia n .
T h ir d ly , a ll t h e c u lt u r e t r a i t s w h ic h a r e b o u n d u p w i t h t h e e c o n o m ic
l i f e t h e s h e e r s t r u g g l e f o r m a in t e n a n c e w ill, t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e t w o c a t
e g o r i e s a b o v e m e n t io n e d c h a n g e q u it e s p e e d ily . T h e r e c a n b e n o s e n t i
m e n t a l iz i n g a b o u t w is h in g , f o r e x a m p le , t o s t i c k t o o ld w o r ld g a r d e n a g r ic u l
t u r e w h e n in t h e g r e a t A m e r ic a n m e t r o p o lis , t h i s w ill n o t e a r n o n e a liv in g .
I n t e r m s o f t h e a b o v e t h r e e m a in c a t e g o r ie s o f c h a n g e s , t h e n , t h e
U k r a in ia n b e c o m e s A m e r ic a n iz e d ; s o m u c h A m e r ic a n is m a t a r a t h e r r a p id
r a t e i s s i m p l y t h e r e s u l t a n t o f c e r t a in im p e r s o n a l f a c t o r s w o r k in g in a s p e c ific
s i t u a t i o n ; s o m u c h A m e r ic a n is m , t h e n , i s in e v it a b le ,
F u r t h e r , w e m a y n o te
t h e f a c t , t h a t c h a n g e s in a n y o n e a s p e c t o f c u lt u r e e f f e c t c h a n g e s in o th e r
a s p e c t s o f c u lt u r e , s o t h a t t h e p r e c e d in g b a s ic p r o c e s s e s l a y a s o r t o f a g e n
e r a l b a s e f o r c h a n g e s in t h o s e a s p e c t s o f c u lt u r e w h ic h d o n o t c h a n g e a s
r a p id ly b e c a u s e t h e y d o n o t r e l a t e a s d i r e c t ly t o t h e m a in t e n a n c e a c t iv it ie s .
2. D e g r e e o f U k r a in ia n c u lt u r e p r e s e r v e d , e x p r e s s e d in t e r m s o f m o r e s
a n d s o c i a l o r g a n iz a t io n .
W e c o m e , t h e n , t o t h a t c u lt u r a l e q u ip m e n t ' o f t h e U k r a in ia n w h ic h i s
m o s t r e s is t a n t to c h a n g e .
( W e m a y , b y w a y o f d ig r e s s io n , r e e m p h a s iz e t h e
f a c t t h a t t h e p r o c e s s e s h e r e s k e t c h e d a r e n o t , in t h e i r g e n e r a l a s p e c t s , p e c u lia r
t o U k r a in ia n s , b u t a r e t r u e , in v a r y in g d e g r e e s d e p e n d e n t o n t h e d if fe r e n c e b e
t w e e n t h e i m m ig r a n t a n d A m e r ic a n c u lt u r e , o f e v e r y n a t i o n a l i t y in t h e s i t u a
t i o n o f t h e i m m ig r a n t .)
A n d a t t h i s p o i n t i t i s w e l l t o r e f r e s h o u r m in d s
a b o u t s o m e q u a l it i e s o f c u lt u r e . C u ltu r e is , a s w e h a v e s a id , a g r o u p a ffa ir ,
b u t i t i s c a r r ie d b y in d iv id u a ls in t e r m s o f t h e i r h a b i t s . L e t u s g e t a v iv id p ic
tu r e o f th is .
H o w e a s y i s i t f o r o n e b o m in t o t h e C a t h o lic c h u r c h , r e a r e d
in i t s t e a c h in g , in i t s r it u a l, t o j o in , f o r e x a m p le , a B u d d h is t o r d e r ?
H ow
digitized by SVOBODA
e a s y i s i t f o r o n e w i t h b u t a p r im a r y s c h o o l e d u c a t io n , t o c h a n g e f r o m t a l k i n g
t h e E n g l i s h la n g u a g e , t o , l e t u s s a y , H e b r e w , a n d e x p r e s s h i m s e l f a s lu c id ly
a n d h e fe e ls , if h e h a s n e v e r e v e n h e a r d th e la tte r till h e h a s r e a c h e d
t h e a g e o f tw e n ty -fiv e ?
H o w e a s y is it f o r o n e b o r n to w e a lth t o a ss u m e
t h e l i f e o f a m e n d ic a n t ? T h e s e t h i n g s a r e n o t e a s y ; e s t a b l i s h e d h a b i t s b e c o m e
t h e v e r y c o r e o f o n e s e x is t e n c e ; t h e y w ill c h a n g e , s u p e r f ic ia lly o r s l o w l y , b u t
n o t in a r e v o l u t i o n a r y m a n n e r w i t h o u t p r a c t ic a ll y k i l li n g t h e in d iv id u a l. L if e ,
i f i t i s t o b e l i v e d a t a l l t o le r a b ly , m u s t b e l a r g e l y a u t o m a t i c ; i f w e h a d t o
r e f l e c t b e f o r e e v e r y a c t w e p e r f o r m e v e r y d a y , e x i s t e n c e w o u ld b e u n e n d u r a b le .
A n d i t i s o u t o f in d iv id u a l h a b i t s w h ic h h a v e b e c o m e .a c c e p t e d b y t h e g r o u p
t h a t w e h a v e c u l t u r e ; h e n c e i t s b e n e fic e n c e t h o u g h a l s o i t s t e n a c i t y / i t s r e
s i s t a n c e t o c h a n g e . I t is , t h e n , t h e s e c u lt u r e t r a i t s t o w h ic h w e c li n g p a s*
s i o n a t e l y * e it h e r b e c a u s e o f t h e i r g e n e r a l f u n c t i o n a n d n a t u r e o r b e c a u s e
in o u r h i s t o r i c a l e x p e r ie n c e t h e y h a v e b e c o m e v a l u e s o r s u p e r - v a l u e s t o u s ,
w h ic h , in t h i s c a s e , in U k r a in ia n s , c h a n g e b u t s l o w l y , v e r y s l o w l y . I t i s o n l y
t h r o u g h t h e p r a c t ic e o f t h e s e , t h r o u g h l i v i n g t h r o u g h t h e m , t h a t o n e cari
s a t i s f y h i s e le m e n t a l, o r g a n ic , a n d s o c ia l im p u ls e s . L a n g u a g e , t h e u s a g e s a h d
m a n n e r s w i t h i n t h e a r e n a o f t h e f a m i ly , t h e p r a c t ic e s s u r r o u n d in g t h e c r is e s
o f l i f e a s in b ir t h , m a r r ia g e , d e a t h , r e lig io n
t h e s e a r e a f e w e x a m p le s o f
i t e m s a r o u n d w h ic h c u lt u r e c h a n g e s v e r y , v e r y s l o w l y .
T h en t h e r e . is a
s t o c k o f c e r e m o n ia l a n d e t iq u e t t e , v iv id m e m o r ie s o f c h ild h o o d d a y s , o f la t e r l i f e s t r u g g l e s a g a i n s t c o m m o n f o r e i g n o p p r e s s o r s , o f U k r a in ia n h e r o e s . T h e r e
i s t h e U k r a i n i a n s o n g , t h e d a n c e w o v e n o n t h e w o o f o f c o m m o n l iv in g , c o m
m o n j o y s a n d s o r r o w s a r t s w h ic h e x p r e s s t h e d e e p e s t s t r i v i n g s a n d e m o
tio n s .
T h e s e , a s t y p i c a l e x a m p le s , t o g e t h e r w i t h a b o d y o f m e m o r ie s a n d
t r a d i t io n s o f l i v i n g in a c o m m o n s e t t i n g t h e s e c u l t u r e t r a it s , p e r h a p s m o r e
a p t l y m o r e s , l i v e o n l o n g a f t e r t h e i m m ig r a n t h a s la n d e d in A m e r ic a . T h e ir
e x p r e s s i o n , o r , in o t h e r w o r d s t h e c u lt u r a l e x p r e s s i o n o f t h e im m ig r a n t , l a r g e l y
o n t h e b a s i s o f t h i s m o d ic u m o f c u lt u r e w h ic h i s s o d e e p l y r o o t e d in h i s
b e in g , d e m a n d s s o m e f o r m o f o r g a n iz a t io n .
A n d h ere w e h a v e th e germ o f
t h e i m m ig r a n t s o c i a l o r g a n iz a t io n w h ic h i s th e, e p it o m e o f t h e d e g r e e o f U k r a in ia n is m w h ic fy i s in e v it a b le .
F a i r s t r a n g e r t o A m e r ic a n c u lt u r e , b u t y e t a s a h u m a n b e in g w h ic h
c a n liv e o n l y a c c o r d in g t o s o m e c u lt u r e , t h e U k r a i n i a n in e v it a b ly d r i f t s t o
o t h e r U k r a i n i a n s a n d s o o n a n u c le u s o f a s s o c i a t i o n f o r m s . O u t o f t h i s g r o w s
t h e c h u r c h o r g a n iz a t io n , t h e m u t u a l b e n e fit s o c i e t i e s , t h e c h o r a l, d r a m a tic , l i t
e r a r y , r e c r e a t i o n a l g r o u p s , t h e p r e s s , t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n s w h ic h a im a t h e lp in g
U k r a i n i a n s a b r o a d , e t c ., e t c .
T h e s e o r g a n i z a t i o n s a r e a s b e n e f ic ia l a s t h e y
a r e i n e v it a b le ; t h e y r e n d e r t o t h e im m ig r a n t t h o s e f u n c t i o n s w h ic h b e c a u s e
o f h i s d iv e r g e n t c u lt u r e A m e r ic a n i n s t i t u t i o n s c a n n o t r e n d e r .
T h ere is so
m u c h m u t u a l h e l p f u l n e s s i n s u c h a s o c i e t y ; h e r e t h e i m m ig r a n t fin d s h i s
r e c r e a t i o n a n d a m u s e m e n t ; h e r e h e d e v e lo p s h i s s e l f - e x p r e s s i o n a n d a r t i s t i c
p r o c li v i t ie s ; h e r e h e le a r n s a s in a s c h o o l; h e r e , i f h e w ill, h e w o r s h ip s G oci
an d p ra y s.
T h r o u g h t h i s s o c i a l o r g a n iz a t io n h e h e l p s h i s k i n a b r o a d , f in a n
c i a l l y a n d o t h e r w i s e ; t o s o m e e x t e n t h e a l s o i n t e r p r e t s h i s c u lt u r e t o t h e
A m e r i c a n ; p r e s e r v e s s o m e o f i t i n h i s c h ild r e n t h u s l e s s e n i n g t h e g a p , a n d
h e n c e t h e c o n flic t, b e t w e e n t h e t w o g e n e r a t i o n s ; t o s o m e d e g r e e p r o m o t e s t h e
p o l i t ic a l p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f U k r a i n i a n s in A m e r ic a n l i f e , a n d f in a lly , t h r o u g h
t h e s e o r g a n i z a t i o n s , p a r t i a ll y p r e s e r v e s t h e m a n i f o l d a r t i s t i c a s p e c t s o f U l r a in ia n c u lt u r e .
N o w w e a r e i n a p o s it i o n t o s u m u p t h e d e g r e e o f U k r a in ia n is m , o r t h e
r e t e n t i o n o f U k r a in ia n c u lt u r e , w h ic h d e s p it e t h e d e g r e e o f c h a n g e t o A m e r i
c a n c u lt u r e a lr e a d y in d ic a t e d , i s in e v it a b le . >I t m a y : b e s u m m e d u p in t h e
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s t a t e m e n t t h a t , g e n e r a l l y s p e a k in g , t h e f o r m a l g r o u p r e la t io n s h ip s w h ic h r e s t
o n p r im a r y - g r o u p ( s u c h a s t h e f a m i ly , t h e n e ig h b o r h o o d , t h e p l a y - g r o u p ) c u l
t u r e w i l l b e l a r g e l y c o n fin e d t o U k r a in ia n s .
T h e im m ig r a n t 's c o n t a c t s w i t h
A m e r ic a n c u lt u r e , a n d t h e c o n s e q u e n t c h a n g e s , w ill b e l a r g e l y in t h e r e a lm o f
t h e s e c o n d a r y t h e n o n - in t im a t e , t o u c h a n d g o a s p e c t s o f c u lt u r e . T h is
d o e s n o t m e a n t h a t t h e s o c i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e im m ig r a n t w h ic h w e h a v e
n o t e d , a n d in w h ic h h e m o v e s a l m o s t e x c l u s iv e l y , i s t h o r o u g h ly U k r a in ia n ; i t
i s n o t , i t i s v e r y t r u l y n o t a U k r a in ia n s o c i e t y b u t a U k r a in ia n - A m e r ic a n s o c i e t y ,
f o r i t i s v a s t l y d if f e r e n t f r o m U k r a in ia n s o c i e t y a b r o a d . T h e U k r a in ia n a m id s t
A m e r ic a n s o c i e t y e v o lv e s a s o c i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n t o s u i t t h e c o n d it io n s h e r e , n o t
in t h e o ld w o r ld . H e n c e t h i s im m ig r a n t s o c i e t y i t s e l f i s in p a r t a m a n i f e s t a t i o n
o f a b s o r p t io n o f A m e r ic a n c u lt u r e . 'F u r t h e r , t h i s U k r a in ia n -A m e r ic a n s o c i e t y ,
w h e t h e r w e v i e w i t a s a w h o le in t h e p e r s p e c t i v e o f o v e r f i f t y y e a r s ' m a s s
i m m ig r a t io n o f U k r a in ia n s i n A m e r ic a , o r w h e t h e r w e s e e i t f r o m t h e p o in t
o f v i e w o f a n y in d iv id u a l U k r a in ia n c o m m u n it y , h a s i t s o w n p r o c e s s o f c h a n g e .
T h i s i s s o e v id e n t t o U k r a in ia n s t h a t i t i s a l m o s t s u p e r flu o u s t o m e n t io n i t ;
a l l o n e h a s t o d o i s t o k e e p in m in d t h e b a s ic o r g a n iz a t io n s e x i s t e n t in the>
e a r l y y e a r s o f a n y U k r a in ia n c o m m u n it y , a n d t h e n w i t n e s s t h o s e t w e n t y y e a r s
la te r .
T h e t r e n d s in o r g a n iz a t io n h a v e c h a n g e d ; a n o t h e r e v id e n c e o f f u n d a
m e n t a l c h a n g e s in t h e c u lt u r e u n d e r l y i n g t h e o r g a n iz a t io n .
IV . E F F E C T IV E R A T IO N A L U K R A IN IA N IZ A T IO N A N D A M E R IC A N IZ A
T IO N T E C H N IQ U E S .
1 . R a n g e w it h in w h ic h m a n c a n r a t io n a ll y e f f e c t n a t u r a l p r o c e s s e s .
T h e p r o c e s s e s in t h e d ir e c t io n o f A m e r ic a n c u lt u r e a n d a w a y f r o m U k r a in ia n c u lt u r e s k e t c h e d a b o v e a r e , t o r e e m p h a s iz e , n a t u r a l, h e n c e im p e r s o n a l
o r a u t o m a t ic , u n p la n n e d o r u n c o n s c io u s , a n d h e n c e a ls o in e v it a b le .
T h e y are
n o t p r o d u c t s o f v o l it i o n ( o n t h e p a r t o f in d iv id u a ls o r g r o u p s ) , o f b e n ig n
k i n d n e s s o r p e r fid io u s i n t e n t .
T h e y a r e s i m p l y t h e r e s u l t a n t s o f a s e r ie s o f
ifa c to r s in a p a r t ic u la r s i t u a t i o n in t h e s a m e m a n n e r , t o u s e a n a n a lo g y , a s
w h e n c e r t a in p r o p o r t io n s o f h y d r o g e n a n d o x y g e n c o m e t o g e t h e r t h e p r o d u c t
w ill b e w a t e r . H e n c e t h e r e i s n o s e n s e in c o m p la in in g a b o u t t h e A m e r ic a n iz a
t io n , o r t h e la c k o f it, o f U k r a i n i a n s ; t h e r e i s a b o u t a s m u c h s e n s e in t h a t
a s s o r r o w in g o v e r t h e f a c t t h a t o x y g e n a n d h y d r o g e n p r o d u c e w a t e r a n d n o t
s a l t , o r in c o m p la in in g a b o u t t h e l a w o f g r a v it y .
T h e p r o c e s s w ill c o n t in u e
i t s o w n g o o d w a y d e s p it e o u r h o p e s o r l a m e n t a t i o n s ; t h e s e a r e a b o u t a s e f
f ic a c io u s a s b a y i n g a t t h e m o o n .
T h i s i s n o t a c a lm b e n e d ic t io n f o r r e s ig n a t io n t o t h e in e v it a b le ; i t is
m e r e ly a s t a t e m e n t o f f a c t w h ic h m u s t b e r e c o g n iz e d in a n y a t t e m p t a t r a
t i o n a l ( i . e. p la n n e d , p e r s o n a l, c o n s c io u s , d e l ib e r a t e ) m a n ip u la t io n o f t h e p r o
cess.
T h e o n l y w a y t h a t m a n h a s a t h i s d is p o s a l in a d j u s t i n g t o n a t u r a l
f o r c e s i s k n o w le d g e , s c ie n t if ic k n o w le d g e . K n o w in g w h a t t h e p r o c e s s i s in a n y
p a r t ic u la r s i t u a t i o n h e m a y , i f h e d e s ir e s a n e w p r o c e s s , r id h i m s e l f o f t h e
f a c t o r s t h e s i t u a t i o n e n t ir e ly , a n d t h u s e lim in a t e t h e p r o c e s s . B u t s o lo n g
a s t h e f a c t o r s a r e t h e r e , t h e p a r t ic u la r p r o c e s s i s i n e v it a b le . I n o t h e r w o r d s ,
m a n c a n n o t e lim in a t e p r o c e s s e s t h a t a r e . B u t h e c a n a f f e c t t h e s p e c if ic n a t u r e
o f t h e p r o c e s s b y a lt e r in g , n o t e lim in a t in g , t h e f a c t o r s o r t h e s it u a t io n . T h a t
is r a t io n a l o r d e lib e r a te , c o n s c io u s m a n ip u la t io n o f t h e p r o c e s s .
To em
p h a s iz e t h i s v i v id ly w e s h a ll u s e a n e x a m p le f r o m t h e p h y s i c a l s c i e n c e s : W h e n
w a t e r ( f a c t o r s ) i s p la c e d in a n e l e c t r o l y s i s m a c h in e a n d a c e r t a in e le c t r ic
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c u r r e n t i s a p p lie d ( t h e t o t a l s it u a t io n , n o w ) w e g e t t w o p r o p o r t io n s o f h y d r o
g e n t o o n e p r o p o r t io n o f O x y g e n . T h is p r o c e s s i s u n c o n s c io u s , a u t o m a t i c , in
e v it a b le ; s o l o n g a s w e s e t w a t e r in t h i s s i t u a t i o n t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s k e t c h e d
w ill a l w a y s m a t e r ia liz e . I n t h a t s i t u a t i o n t h e p r o c e s s c a n n o t b e c h a n g e d , i. e.
w e c a n n e v e r g e t , f o r e x a m p le , s a l t , a s a p r o d u c t o f t h i s e le c t r o l y s i s o f w a t e r .
T o t h i s d e g r e e , t h e n , r a t io n a l o r d e lib e r a t e o r c o n s c io u s m a n ip u la t io n o f t h e
p r o c e s s i s f u t i l e ; t h e r e i s n o p o in t t o i t w e c a n n o t c h a n g e it .
B u t w e can
a f f e c t t h e s p e e d o r t h e r a t e o f t h e p r o c e s s . A s t r o n g e le c t r i c c u r r e n t w ill r e s u l t
in t h e d e c o m p o s it io n o f w a t e r i n t o h y d r o g e n a n d o x y g e n m u c h f a s t e r t h a n a
w ea k er one.
S o , e s s e n t i a l ly , i t i s w i t h s o c ia l p r o c e s s e s .
I n t h e q u e s t io n a t
h a n d : w e h a v e a s i t u a t i o n f u n d a m e n t a l ly a n d s i m p l y t h i s : U k r a in ia n c u lt u r e ,
t h r o u g h im m ig r a n t s , i s s e t in A m e r ic a n c u lt u r e . T h e p r o d u c t o f t h i s s i t u a t i o n
( a p a r t f r o m t h e e f f e c t s o n A m e r ic a n c u l t u r e ) i s c h a n g e o f U k r a in ia n c u l t u r e ;
t h i s , a s a l r e a d y s h o w n , i s a u t o m a t ic , u n c o n s c io u s , u n p la n n e d , n o t d e lib e r a t e
o r r a t io n a l. S o l o n g a s w e h a v e t w o c u l t u r e s c o m in g t o g e t h e r in t h e s i t u a t i o n
o f t h e i m m ig r a n t , b o t h e s p e c ia l l y t h e i m m i g r a n t c u l t u r e s w ill c h a n g e . S o
f a r , r a t io n a l o r d e lib e r a t e o r c o n s c io u s o r p la n n e d m a n ip u la t io n o f t h e p r o c e s s
i s f u t i l e ; w e c ia n n o t c h e c k i t . B u t w e c a n r e t a r d o r h a s t e n t h e r a t e o f t h i s
c h a n g e . O n ly in t h i s s p h e r e c a n r a t io n a l p o l i c y in r e s p e c t t o t h e im m ig r a n t
s i t u a t i o n h a v e a n y p o in t.
T h i s m a n ip u la t io n o f t h e p r o c e s s e s in t h e U k r a in ia n im m ig r a n t s i t u a t i o n
w h i c h , w e h a v e s k e t c h e d m a y h a v e o n e o f t w o e n d s : e it h e r s l o w i n g t h e p r o c e s s
in f a v o r o f g r e a t e r o r lo n g e r r e t e n t i o n o f U k r a in ia n c u lt u r e , o r h a s t e n in g i t in
f a v o r o f g r e a t e r o r f a s t e r a b s o r p t io n o f A m e r ic a n c u lt u r e .
L e t u s i n d ic a t e
b r ie fly t h e m o s t e ffic a c io u s m e a n s o f d o in g e it h e r d is r e g a r d in g w h e t h e r o r
n o t i t i s d e s ir a b le a n d , t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f s u c h r a t io n a l p o lic y p r o v id e d i t
w e r e s u c c e s s fu l.
2 . E f f e c t i v e r a t io n a l t e c h n iq u e s o f p r e s e r v i n g U k r a in ia n c u lt u r e .
C u lt u r e c h a n g e t a k e s p la c e t h r o u g h c o n t a c t s : a s i t u a t i o n w h e r e c o n t a c t s
w o u ld b e a t a m in im u m c a n b e f o u n d w h e r e a s m a l l g r o u p , s u c h a s f o r e x a m p le ,
s o m e p r im it iv e t r ib e o f s e v e r a l h u n d r e d i n d iv id u a ls ( e . g . T a s m a n ia n s , e x t i n c t
s i n c e 1 8 7 6 ) o n a s m a ll is l a n d m a r o o n e d f r o m t h e r e s t o f m a n k in d . I n s u c h a
s i t u a t i o n i s o l a t i o n w o u ld b e c o m p le t e , c u lt u r e w o u ld b e o f t h e p u r e s t in t h e
s e n s e o f b e i n g in d ig e n o u s t o t h a t g r o u p a n d w i t h o u t a n y f o r e i g n e le m e n t s ,
a n d c h a n g e w o u ld b e im p e r c e p t ib le , a l m o s t n e g l ig i b l e ; c e r t a in ly , t o o , s u c h c u l
t u r e w o u ld b e o f t h e s i m p l e s t c h a r a c t e r , t h e c iv i l iz a t io n o f t h e g r o u p t o u s e
a n e v a lu a t iv e , n o t a d e s c r ip t iv e t e r m v e r y l o w V in d e e d . I t i s m a n i f e s t t h a t
s u c h a s i t u a t i o n , in a n y e v e n r e m o t e d e g r e e , c a n n o t b e r e c o n s t r u c t e d a m o n g
t h e U k r a i n i a n s o r a n y o t h e r g r o u p in A m e r ic a . S u c h a b s o lu t e i s o l a t io n i s ,
h e n c e , im p o s s ib le , a n d , n e e d l e s s t o s a y , n o t e v e n t h e m o s t f a n a t i c a l p r o t a g o n i s t
o f c u lt u r e p u r i t y w o u ld e s p o u s e it .
A s i t u a t i o n w h e r e a r e l a t iv e d e g r e e o f i s o l a t io n i s a t t e m p t e d a n d t o s o m e
d e g r e e m a i n t a i n e d i s e x e m p lifie d b y s e c t a r i a n c o lo n ie s s u c h a s t h e M o lo k a n s
i n S a n , F r a n c i s c o , t h e Q u a k e r s o f B u n k e r H ill, o r t h e D o u k h o b o u r s in C a n a d a .
B u t e v e n in s u c h c a s e s t h e p r im a r y f a c t t h a t e c o n o m ic a ll y t h e s e c o lo n ie s
h a v e t o d e p e n d a t l e a s t p a r t i a ll y f o r t h e i r e x i s t e n c e o n t h e o u t e r w o r ld , a n d
s e c o n d l y , t h e f a c t t h a t t h e i r c h ild r e n m u s t p e r f o r c e p a r t i c i p a t e in A m e r ic a n
i n s t i t u t i o n s in w h ic h t h e p a r e n t s d o n o t a b s o lu t e l y h a v e t o , m e a n s t h a t e v e n
t h i s i s o l a t i o n i s o f a v e r y t e m p o r a r y a n d in c o m p le t e c h a r a c t e r . T h e s e c o lo n ie s
a r e f i g h t i n g a g a i n s t t h e tid e , a n d a ll t h e y c a n d o i s t o d e la y , n o t p r e v e n t ,
b e in g su b m e r g e d in it.
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I n t h e t y p ic a l s i t u a t i o n o f t h e U k r a in ia n im m ig r a n t in A m e r ic a t h e t w o
t y p e s o f i s o l a t io n s k e t c h e d a b o v e d o n o t a n d c a n n o t e x is t , a n d h e n c e d o n o t
f u n c t i o n t o r e t a r d c u lt u r e c h a n g e .
O n e r a t io n a l p o lic y w h ic h i s p r a c t ic a b le w o u ld b e t h e d e lib e r a t e o r g a n
iz e d a t t e m p t t o c h a n n e l t h e s a t i s f a c t i o n o f a s m a n y a s a t a ll p o s s ib le U k r a in
ia n w a n t s a n d d e s ir e s in U k r a i n i a n o r g a n i z a t i o n s t h i s o v e r a n d a b o v e w h a t
i s a u t o m a t i c a ll y a n d n e c e s s a r i l y s o a s e x p la in e d e ls e w h e r e .
In o th e r w ord s,
t h e a d v o c a c y a n d p r a c t ic e o f a s m u c h p a r t ic ip a t io n o f U k r a in ia n s in U k r a in ia n
i n s t i t u t i o n s a s i s p o s s ib le .
A n e x t r e m e e x a m p le o f t h a t w o u ld b e a n o r g a n
iz e d a t t e m p t t o m a k e a ll p u r c h a s e in n o n e b u t U k r a in ia n s t o r e s e s t a b l i s h e d
s p e c if ic a lly f o r t h a t p u r p o s e r a t h e r t h a n o n g e n e r a l in d iv id u a l b u s i n e s s g r o u n d s .
A n o t h e r p o s s ib le r a t io n a l p o l i c y t o e f f e c t a f a i r d e g r e e o f i s o l a t io n a n d h e n c e
r e t a r d c u lt u r e c h a n g e b e y o n d i t s a u t o m a t i c r a t e i s t o d e v e lo p a n e x t r e m e ,
a n d h e n c e m is g u id e d , c o n s c ie n c e o n t h e p a r t o f U k r a in ia n s in A m e r ic a a s t o
t h e i r o b lig a t io n s , s a c r e d a n d o t h e r w i s e , t o t h e U k r a in ia n s a b r o a d s u f f e r in g
u n d e r f o r e i g n o p p r e s s io n .
T h e t h e o r y b e h in d s u c h a p o lic y i s b r ie f ly t h i s :
t h a t s o m e h o w , i f t h e U k r a in ia n s h e r e r e m a in p u r e U k r a in ia n s , t h e y a r e g o
i n g t o b e a t r e m e n d o u s a n d i n d is p e n s a b le a s s e t in t h e s t r u g g l e f o r in d e p e n d e n c e
abroad.
T h e m a in t e c h n iq u e o f t h i s p r o p a g a n d a i s t o i n s t i l l in t h e p e o p le
t h a t s o - c a l le d n a t io n a lis m i s a n e n d i n i t s e l f , t h a t c u lt u r a l p u r it y i s s o m e
t h i n g t o b e s a c r e d ly c h e r is h e d a n d d e v o u t l y w is h e d f o r . I n t h e p r a c t ic a l a p
p l i c a t i o n o f t h i s p o l i c y t h e v i t a l i n t e r e s t s o f U k r a in ia n s h e r e , a r e t r a n s f e r r e d
t o t h e w o r ld b e y o n d , t h a t is , m u c h o f t h e i r e x t r a - in a in t e n a n c e a n d o t h e r a c t iv
i t y i s c h a n n e le d in t o t h e m ir a g e o f t h e s t r u g g l e a b r o a d , r a t h e r t h a n t o t h e
v i t a l i n t e r e s t s j u s t a s r e a l o f U k r a i n i a n s h e r e , n o t t o m e n t io n o f A m e r i
c a n s h e r e . T h a t i s t h e m a in c o n s e q u e n c e o f t h i s r a t io n a l p o lic y ; t h e o t h e r is
t h e d e lu s io n t h a t b y r e m a in in g p u r e U k r a in ia n s h e r e t h e l o t o f t h o s e a b r o a d
w i l l b e m a t e r ia lly h e lp e d a n d t h a t s o m e h o w in t h e d i s t a n t f u t u r e t h e U k r a in
i a n s h e r e w ill s h a r e v i t a l f e l i c i t i e s in t h e k in g d o m t o c o m e b e y o n d .
The
g e n u in e f a c t t h a t t h e r e a l t a n g i b l e h e lp t h a t U k r a in ia n s h e r e c a n r e n d e r
t h o s e a b r o a d i f t h a t i s t h e d e s i r e i s b y a d o p t in g t h o s e p o lic ie s w h ic h w ill
m a k e t h e m s u c c e s s f u l h e r e a n d t h i s m e a n s c o n t a c t s , id e n t if ic a t io n o f t h e ir
i n t e r e s t s w i t h t h e i n t e r e s t s o f A m e r ic a n s , a n d h e n c e c u ltu r e c h a n g e i s ig n o r e d .
3 . E f f e c t i v e r a t io n a l t e c h n i q u e s
of
a c c e le r a t in g
A m e r ic a n iz a t io n .
N o w , o n t h e s u b j e c t o f r a t io n a l p r o c e d u r e t o h a s t e n t h e p r o g r e s s o f
c u lt u r e c h a n g e , o f A m e r ic a n iz a t io n . W e s h a ll p r e s e n t l y s c r u t in iz e a f e w o f
t h e t y p i c a l s o - c a lle d A m e r ic a n iz a t io n p r o g r a m s ; h e r e w e a r e c o n c e r n e d w i t h
t h a t w h ic h w o u ld r e a l l y b e e f fic a c io u s in a c h i e v i n g i t s o b j e c t .
T here can be
o n l y o n e s i i c h p o lic y : e it h e r a n o r g a n iz e d a t t e m p t t o i n c r e a s e t h e o c c u p a t io n a l
o p p o r t u n it ie s , t h e e c o n o m ic m e a n s o f liv e lih o o d , o f t h e im m ig r a n t ; o r , a s o c i e t a l
o r d e r w h ic h w o u ld a d m it g e n e r a l l y o f m o r e e q u it a b le e c o n o m ic o p p o r t u n it y .
T h e e c o n o m ic f a c t o r , b e i t a g a i n r e c a lle d , i s t h e e n t e r in g w e d g e t o a l l s o c ia l
change.
O n e v e r y p o t e n t r e a s o n w h y U k r a in ia n -A m e r ic a n s o c i e t y f lo u r is h e s
a s i t d o e s , t o th in k o n ly , f o r e x a m p le , o f t h e m u t u a l b e n e fit s o c i e t i e s , i s b e
c a u s e o f t h e p e r p e t u a l e c o n o m ic i n s e c u r it y o f t h e im m ig r a n t m u c h g r e a t e r
t h a n in t h e n a t iv e b e c a u s e t h e l a t t e r d o e s n o t f a c e t h e d iffic u ltie s o f a d j u s t i n g
t o a n o v e l e c o n o m ic c u lt u r e , a n d a l s o b e c a u s e , t a k i n g n a t i v e A m e r ic a n s a s a
w h o le , t h e p r o p o r tio n o f t h o s e in t h e r a n k s o f u n s k ille d a n d lo w - p a id la b o r
i s m u c h lo w e r t h a n i t i s t a k i n g t h e U k r a in ia n im m ig r a n t a s a w h o le , s in c e
t h e l a t t e r c o m e s f r o m a p r e d o m in a n t ly p e a s a n t s o c i e t y , w h ile t h e f o r m e r f r o m
a h i g h ly in d u s t r ia liz e d a n d s p e c ia liz e d s o c i e t y .
S u c h a n a d v a n c e i n e c o n o m ic
s t a t u s o f t h e U k r a in ia n w o u ld a u t o m a t i c a ll y d is t r ib u t e h im , i n s o m e w h a t t h e
digitized by SVOBODA
s a m e p r o p o r t io n , a s i s t h e c a s e w i t h n a t i v e s , in t h e d if f e r e n t e c o n o m ic a n d
p r o f e s s i o n a l s t r a t a . H is i n t e r e s t s w o u ld , t h e n , l a r g e l y b e c o m e t h e i n t e r e s t s o f
a p a r t i c u la r c l a s s r a t h e r t h a n h i s p a r t ic u la r c u lt u r e g r o u p ; i n t e r e s t s m e a n
c o n ta c ts, c o n ta c ts m ea n c h a n g e .
S u c h a p o l i c y w o u ld , in d e e d , m a t e r i a li z e in
t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s d e s ir e d i f t h e y a r e d e s ir e d . I t i s o f g r e a t im p o r t a n c e , h o w
e v e r , t o k n o w t h a t t h i s p o lic y , d e s p it e a ll t h e g lib t a l k a b o u t A m e r i c a n i z a t i o n
a n d d e s p it e a l l t h e c o n c o c t io n s p r e s u m a b ly t o e f f e c t t h e l a t t e r , h a s n e v e r b e e n
p r o p o s e d s e r i o u s l y b y a n y o n e n o r i s l ik e l y t o b e . B u n g l in g w ill c o n t i n u e a n d
m i r a c le s w ill b e f e r v e n t l y a s s u a g e d ; w h e r e v e r t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s n o t e d h a v e
o c c u r r e d t h e y h a v e n o t b e e n t h e r e s u l t o f r a t io n a l p o lic y .
V . A P P R A IS A L O F R A T IO N A L A M E R IC A N IZ A T IO N A N D U K R A IN IA N IZ A T IO N P O L IC IE S P R A C T IC E D O R A D V O C A T E D .
W e a r e n o w in a p o s it i o n t o e v a lu a t e i n t e r m s o f t h e c o r r e la t io n , o r l a c k
o f i t , b e t w e e n t h e t y p i c a l p o p u la r p o l i c i e s ( r e a l l y n o t p o lip ie s i n a s m u c h a s
t h e y h a v e s e ld o m b e e n t r ie d b u t r a t h e r a r e s u s p e n d e d in t h e e p h e m e r a l p e r i
p h e r y o f s e n s e g r o s s l y c a lle d p u b lic o p in io n ) a n d t h e d e s ir e d e n d s .
Put
i n a n o t h e r w a y , w e s h a ll d i s c u s s t h e r e l a t io n w h ic h a c t u a l l y i s b e t w e e n p u r p o s e s
a n d c o n s e q u e n c e s i n w h a t w e s h a l l t e r m d e lib e r a t e o r n a t io n a l a t t e m p t s a t
A m e r i c a n i z a t i o n o r U k r i n i a n iz a t io n w h ic h a c t u a l l y h a v e b e e n t r ie d o r a t
le a s t w e r e o r h a v e b e e n a d v o c a te d .
A n d th is su b je c t, a s th e o th e r s, w e a re
b y r e a s o n o f s p a c e f o r c e d t o t r e a t b u t in g e n e r a l o u t lin e .
1. A m e r ic a n iz a tio n
P ro g ra m s.
T h e U k r a in ia n a s w a s u s u a l l y t h e c a s e w i t h o t h e r i m m ig r a n t n a t i o n
a l i t i e s f i r s t c a m e t o t h e a t t e n t i o n o f t h a t p a r t o f t h e A m e r ic a n p u b lic k n o w n
a s t h e s o c i a l w o r k e r s .
T h i s w a s n a t u r a l i n a s m u c h a s t h e U k r a in ia n w a s
g e n e r a l l y f o u n d i n t h a t e c o n o m ic c l a s s w h ic h , b y v i r t u e o f t h e c o n d it io n o f
l i v i n g im p o s e d o n i t b y t h e A m e r i c a n e c o n o m ic s t r u c t u r e c o u p le d w i t h i t s o c
c u p a t io n a l b a c k g r o u n d , w a s a l w a y s f a c i n g p r o b le m s w h ic h t h e b a r e in c o m e i t
g o t c o u ld n o t s o l v e . T h e s o c i a l w o r k e r c a m e in , i n p e r io d s o f d e p r e s s io n , o r
s o m e p e r s o n a l c r i s i s a n d , a s m u c h a s h e o r s h e c o u ld , a p p lie d s o m e p a l l ia t i v e
t p t h e im m e d ia t e s i t u a t i o n .
T h e r e w a s l i t t l e p h i lo s o p h y b e h in d t h i s , e x c e p t
t h e d e s ir e t o h e lp a n d t h e r e a l i z a t i o n t h a t i f a t l e a s t t h i s p a l l ia t i v e r e m e d y w a s
n o t a d m in is te r e d , m u c h m o r e a c u t e p r o b le m s w o u ld b e c r e a t e d f o r A m e r ic a n
a n d U k r a in ia n - A m e r ic a n s o c i e t y . T h e r e w a s , t h e n , n o a l t r u is m in t h i s , e x c e p t
p e r h a p s in t h e in d iv id u a l s o c i a l w o r k e r . T h e w e a l t h y c o n t r ib u t o r s o f t h e s e
a g e n c i e s w h ic h h ir e d a n d fin a n c e d t h e s o c ia l w o r k e r w e r e g e n e r o u s o u t o f
t h e r e a liz a t io n t h a t t h i s g e n e r o s i t y w a s a c h e a p e r p r ic e f o r t h e m t o p a y
t h a n t o a l lo w t h e s e p r o b le m s t o b e c o m e a g g r a v a t e d .
I t i s n o t u n t il r e c e n t ly
w h e n t h e U k r a in ia n h a s e n tir e ly a b a n d o n ed th e s o c ia l a g e n c y t h a t t h e
s o c i a l w o r k e r h a d a n y s o r t o f p r o f e s s i o n a l t r a in in g t o d o a n y t h i n g m o r e t h a n
p a y t h e r o u t in e c a ll t o a p r o b le m f a m i ly .
T h e p u r p o s e , a t t h e s a m e tim e ;
w a s t o h e lp t h e f a m i ly , t o t i d e i t o v e r a n e m e r g e n c y , t o k e e p i t f r o m b e i n g
e n t i r e l y s u b m e r g e d . I n t h i s s e n s e , t h e s o c ia l w o r k e r w a s a s m a l l h e lp i n t h e
im m ig r a n t 's a d j u s t m e n t p r o b le m , b u t o n ly a s m a l l h e lp .
T h e so c ia l w o r k e r
u n d e r s t o o d n e i t h e r s c ie n t if ic s o c i a l p r a c t ic e b a s e d o n s c ie n t if ic s o c i a l t h e o r y ,
n o r d id h e u n d e r s t a n d t h e s p e c if ic p r o b le m o f t h e im m ig r a n t . T h i s a id in g t h e
e c o n o m ic s t a t u s o f t h e im m ig r a n t , i n s o f a r a s t h a t w a s t h e c a s e , t h r o u g h s o c i a l
w o r k , w a s , h o w e v e r , a s t e p i n t h e r i g h t d ir e c t io n , i n a s m u c h a s t h i s w a s t a c k
l i n g t h e p r o b le m o f c u l t u r e c h a n g e a t t h e r o o t .
A n i m p o r t a n t , n o t in t e n d e d , e f f e c t o f s o c i a l w o r k w a s t h a t i t d e m o n
s t r a t e d t o o t h e r s t h a t s o c i a l w o r k w a s a f a i r l y e f f e c t iv e m o d e o f g a i n i n g t h e
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im m ig r a n t 's f r ie n d s h ip a n d g o o d - w ill. T h e r e l i g io u s p r o s e ly t iz e r , t h e n , a d o p te d
t h i s t e c h n iq u e o f g a i n i n g c o n v e r t s ; t h e y w e r e g o i n g t o t e a c h t h e i m m ig r a n t
p r a c t ic a l C h r is tia n ity " b y p r a c t ic in g i t t h e m s e l v e s , M o s t d e n o m in a t io n s f o u n d
i t e a s y t o b e c o m e g lo r ifie d s o c ia l w o r k e r s in a n y c a s e ; h a v i n g b e c o m e b a n k r u p t
in t h e i r o ld t h e o l o g y a n d r e a liz in g t h a t i t c o u ld n o t b e r e s u r r e c t e d , t h e p r e a c h
e r s a d a p t e d t h e m s e l v e s t o t h e s t r u g g l e f o r e x is t e n c e b y t u r n i n g s o c i a l w o r k e r s
o f a s o r t , t h o u g h s t i l l w i t h t h e o s t e n s ib le i n t e n t o f s a v i n g s o u ls . T h i s c o t e r ie
o f w e ll- m e a n in g g e n t le m e n e v e n b e c a m e c o n v in c e d t h a t a g o o d A m e r ic a n "
m u s t b e o f t h e ir d e n o m in a t io n , a n d h e n c e t o th e m , A m e r ic a n iz a t io n b e c a m e
s y n o n y m o u s w it h c o n v e r s io n t o t h e i r p a r t ic u la r c r e e d , im p lic it ly i f n o t e x p l ic i t ly .
T h e c o n s e q u e n c e o f t h i s p o lic y h a s b e e n a h a n d f u l o f c o n v e r t s " ; t h e p r o c e s s
o f c o n v e r s io n t o t h e in d iv id u a l h a s u s u a l l y e n t a ile d h e a r t - a c h e s a n d s e r io u s
d is o r g a n iz a t io n t o t h e f a m i ly .
I t w a s t h e s i t u a t i o n c r e a t e d b y t h e W o r ld W a r w h ic h l e d t o t h e fir s t
o r g a n iz e d r a t io n a l a t t e m p t a t m a s s A m e r ic a n iz a t io n ." N o w A m e r ic a n iz a t io n "
b e c a m e s y n o n y m o u s w i t h n a t u r a liz a t io n . T h e o b j e c t o f t h e g o v e r n m e n t w h ic h
s p o n s o r e d t h i s p r o g r a m lim it e d a s i t w a s , w a s s t i l l q u ite t o t h e p o in t a n d
r e a lis t ic . A m e r ic a s u d d e n ly f o u n d h e r s e l f a t W ar w i t h E u r o p e a n s t a t e s m a n y o f
w h o s e c it iz e n s a n d n a t i o n a l s h a d liv e d h e r e f o r d e c a d e s b u t w h o h a d n e v e r
c h a n g e d t h e ir f o r m a l p o lit ic a l a l l e g i a n c e ; in t h e i r s y m p a t h i e s w i t h t h e s t a t e s
w h ic h A m e r ic a f o u g h t , t h e s e p e o p le b e c a m e a n in t e r n a l p o t e n t ia l, i f n o t a c t u a l,
s o u r c e o f d a n g e r t o , o r a t l e a s t w e a k n e s s in , A m e r ic a 's w a r e f f o r t s .
It w as
t o f o r e s t a l l a n y s u c h p o s s i b i l it y in t h e f u t u r e t h a t t h e A m e r ic a n g o v e r n m e n t
s p o n s o r e d a n e x t e n s i v e c a m p a ig n f o r n a t u r a liz a t io n . T h is d id h a v e i t s e f f e c t s
in t h e im m ig r a n t s b e c o m in g n a t u r a liz e d in g r e a t e r n u m b e r s , b u t s im p le m in d s
i n t e r p r e t e d t h i s p u r e ly f o r m a l p r o c e d u r e in r e la t io n t o l a w a s t h e b e g in n in g
a n d e n d o f A m e r ic a n iz a t io n .
M o s t s u r v i v i n g A m e r ic a n iz a tio n " p r o g r a m s "
h a v e t h i s a s t h e c o r e , i f n o t t h e w h o le s u b s t a n c e , o f b o t h t h e i r p u r p o s e a n d
t h e i r a c t io n . T h e im m ig r a n t , o f c o u r s e , w i t h v e r y f e w e x c e p t i o n s , h a s n e v e r
h a d a n y o b j e c tio n in p r in c ip le o r t h e o r y o r d u e t o s o m e v a g u e n o t i o n o f l o y a l
t y " to b e c o m in g a n A m e r ic a n c it iz e n b y n a t u r a liz a t io n . I f h e d id n o t b e c o m e
a c it iz e n b y la w i t w a s s i m p l y b e c a u s e h e w a s u n s e t t le d a s t o h i s s t a y in A m e r
ic a , o r h e w a s n e v e r f a c e d ' w i t h a s i t u a t i o n w h ic h w o u ld i m p r e s s u p o n h im
t h e p r a c t ic a l a d v a n t a g e s in b e c o m in g n a t u r a liz e d . A s f a r a s t h i s c u lt u r e w a s
c o n c e r n e d , t h e m e r e f a c t o f n a t u r a liz a t io n h a d n o s ig n if ic a n t b e a r in g o n t h e
p r o c e s s e s in v o lv e d t h e r e . A l l t h e s e A m e r ic a n iz a t io n " p r o g r a m s h a v e a c h ie v e d
in s i g n if i c a n t ly l i t t l e e it h e r in t e r m s o f t h e i r sp e c ifie d p u r p o s e o r in t e r m s o f
c o n s e q u e n c e s in t h e d ir e c t io n o f c u lt u r e c h a n g e , d e s p it e t h e i r p u r p o s e .
2. U k r a in ia n iz a t io n a c t iv i t i e s .
A s t h e A m e r ic a n iz a t io n p r o g r a m s " h a v e b e e n s p o n s o r e d b y A m e r ic a n s ,
s o t h e U k r a in ia n iz a tio n " a c t iv i t i e s h a v e b e e n u n d e r t h e t u t e l a g e o f U k r a in ia n s .
I n t h e U k r a in ia n iz a t io n s p h e r e , h o w e v e r , t h e r e h a v e b e e n n o s p e c if ic p r o g r a m s
d e lib e r a t e ly d e s ir in g o r a im in g a t U k r a in ia n iz a t io n t h a t is , t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n
- o f U k r a in ia n c u lt u r e a s s u c h . W h a t w e fin d is a f e w t y p i c a l a c t i v i t i e s o r
t r e n d s in a c t iv i t i e s d e s ig n e d f o r s o m e q u ite d if f e r e n t a c t u a l p u r p o s e , b u t w i t h
a v o w e d p u r p o s e s a n d a c t iv i t i e s i n v o l v in g s o m e p a r t ic u la r is t ic c o n c e p t io n o f
U k r a in ia n is m , a s w e ll a s w i t h a c t u a l c o n s e q u e n c e s o f t h e ir a c t i v i t y q u it e d i f
f e r e n t f r o m in t e n t o r a v o w e d p u r p o s e .
T h e r e is , in t h e f ir s t p la c e , t h e a c t u a l p u r p o s e o f e v e r y o r g a n i z a t i o n
a n d t h e i r n u m b e r s a s w e ll a s t y p e s a r e m u lt ip le t o e n r o ll a s l a r g e a n u m b e r
o f U k r a in ia n s w it h in i t s f o l d a s p o s s ib le .
T h e se a tte m p ts g o o n la r g e ly
t h r o u g h t h e m e d iu m o f a c r im o n io u s d e b a te ,, s i l e n t w a r , n d r e c r i m i n a t i o n s in
p e r s o n a l t e r m s . T h e a v o w e d p u r p o s e in a t t e m p t in g to s e c u r e a m o n o p o ly o f
digitized by SVOBODA
m e m b e r s h ip i s t h a t o n l y t h o s e U k r a in ia n s r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e p a r t ic u la r o r g a n
iz a t i o n in q u e s t io n a r e g o o d U k r a i n i a n s i t i s f o r t h e i r b e n e f it t h a t w e
w a n t t h e m . T h e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f t h i s a c t i v i t y a r e s e v e r a l . U k r a in ia n e n e r g i e s
a r e d is s ip a t e d ; t h e g e n u i n e a n d v i t a l p r o b le m s a n d d iff ic u ltie s w h ic h e x i s t i n
r e l a t io n t o t h e i r A m e r ic a n l i f e a r e n e g l e c t e d in t h e p u r s u i t o f a l le g e d o r g a n
iz a t i o n a l id e a ls .
T h e p r o c e s s o f a d j u s t m e n t o r l i v i n g i n A m e r ic a i s t h u s
r e n d e r e d d o u b ly d iffic u lt, i n s t e a d o f a lle v ia t e d . S e c o n d ly , i n t e r e s t a n d a c t i v
i t y in A m e r ic a n s o c i e t y i s r e d u c e d t o a s m a ll d e g r e e ; t h u s U k r a in ia n s b e c o m e
l a r g e l y i m p o t e n t in in f lu e n c in g t h e t r e n d o f A m e r ic a n a f f a ir s ; t h e i r p o l i t i c s
a r e t h e i n t e r - o r g a n i z a t i o n a l p o lit ic s . T h ir d ly , a s a n e p it o m e o f a ll t h e p r e c e d
i n g t h e r e i n v a r ia b ly r e s u l t s a g e n e r a l s e n s e o f d is illu s io n m e n t , o n t h e p a r t o f
in d iv id u a ls a n d e v e n o r g a n iz a t io n s , a b o u t U k r a in ia n is m in g e n e r a l .
W hen
t h i s s t a g e i s r e a c h e d i t i n d ic a t e s t h a t t h e p illa r s b e n e a t h m a n y , i f n o t m o s t o f
t h e o r g a n iz a t io n s , h a v e b e g u n t o g i v e w a y , a n d u s u a l l y a n e w m o v e m e n t a r is e s
to rep ea t th e p ro cess.
S e c o n d ly , t h e i m m ig r a n t g e n e r a t i o n fin d in g i t d iffic u lt t o m a in t a in t h e
v ig o r , s o m e t im e s t h e v e r y e x i s t e n c e o f i t s o w n o r g a n iz a t io n a l s t r u c t u r e , a t
t e m p t s t o p r o p u p t h i s t o t t e r i n g f a c a d e t h r o u g h t h e s u p p o r t o f t h e A m e r ic a n b o r n g e n e r a t io n .
T h e l a t t e r i s g i v e n s e r io u s a d m o n it io n o n i t s o b l i g a t io n s
t o U k r a in ia n is m ; a n d t h r o u g h b i t t e r t o n g u e o r o t h e r w i s e t h e a t t e m p t i s m a d e
t o m a r s h a l i t in t o t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e s e o r g a n iz a t io n s , o r a t l e a s t in t o t h e
a c t iv i t i e s u n d e r t h e i r p a t r o n a g e .
T h e s t a t e m e n t s o f b e n e f it s t o b e a c c r u e d
b y t h e A m e r ic a n - b o r n g e n e r a t i o n b y f o l lo w in g t h e a d m o n it io n s o f t h e e ld e r s
a r e m u lt ip le . T h e c o n s e q u e n c e s , h o w e v e r , in lin e w i t h t h e p u r p o s e s a r e n e g l i
g ib le . T h e y a r e o f a n o t h e r s o r t . F ir s t , t h e A m e r ic a n - b o r n g e n e r a t i o n i n s t e a d
o f c o m in g t o a c lo s e r r a p p r o c h m e n t w i t h t h e o ld e r i f t h e l a t t e r a p p r e c ia t e d
o r u n d e r s t o o d t h a t t h e p r o b le m s o f t h e fo r m e r a r e v e r y d i f f e r e n t f r o m i t s o w n
i s f u r t h e r e s t r a n g e d f r o m it .
C o n flic t m u c h o f i t b o u n d t o c o m e i s
e x c e e d in g l y a g g r a v a t e d , a n d t h i s in a v e r y r e a l s e n s e . T h e f a m i ly , a s a b a t t l e
g r o u n d b e t w e e n t h e o ld a n d t h e n e w c u lt u r e s , c o m e s u n d e r a d d it io n a l s t r e s s e s .
S e c o n d ly , t h e e n e r g y a n d t h e t i m e c o n s u m e d b y t h e s e c o n d g e n e r a t i o n in
n u m e r o u s U k r a in ia n a c t iv i t i e s , m e a n s c e r t a in ly t h a t s o m u c h l e s s i s c o n s u m e d
in A m e r ic a n a c t i v i t i e s w h ic h , r a t h e r t h a n t h e f o r m e r , i s o f im p o r t a n c e t o
t h e s e c o n d g e n e r a t i o n i f i t i s t o c o m m a n d a fir m f o o t h o l d in A m e r ic a n l if e .
A n d f in a lly , in t h e t h i r d p la c e , t h e r e i s t h e m o v e m e n t o f m a s s p r e s e n t a
t i o n s o f v a r io u s a r t i s t i c a s p e c t s o f U k r a in ia n c u lt u r e b e f o r e t h e A m e r ic a n p u b
lic ; w i t h t h i s w e in c lu d e f o l k - s o n g f e s t i v a l s , f o l k - d a n c e s , d r a m a , a s w e l l a s
s u c h a r t if ic ia l o r g a n iz e d a t t e m p t s a t p u b lic it y a s U k r a i n i a n b a s e b a ll t e a m s ,
fo o tb a ll le a g u e s , e tc .
T h e p u r p u s e h e r e , i f w e o m it f r o m c o n s id e r a t io n t h a t
o f t h e s p o n s o r s , is , o n t h e p a r t o f U k r a in ia n s t o a c q u a in t t h e A m e r ic a n
p e o p le w i t h U k r a in ia n c u lt u r e . I n s o f a r a s i t i s a n a s p e c t o f U k r a in ia n c u lt u r e
t h a t i s p r e s e n t e d , i t d o e s a c h ie v e i t s p u r p o s e b u t in a lim it e d d e g r e e o n ly . T h e
p e o p le w h o w i t n e s s t h e s e p r e s e n t a t i o n s k n o w t h a t t h e y a r e p e r f o r m a n c e s ; t h e
A m e r ic a n a u d ie n c e o b t a i n s a c e r t a in a e s t h e t i c s a t i s f a c t i o n f r o m t h e m ; i t , t h e r e
f o r e , d o e s a p p r e c ia t e t h e m , a n d , in t u r n , U k r a in ia n s , b u t t h i s in a s u p e r f ic ia l
s e n s e o n ly . T h is h a s a c o n s e q u e n c e a l t o g e t h e r u n s u s p e c t e d b y b o t h U k r a i n i a n s
a n d A m e r ic a n s : T h e p a t r o n a g e o f , o r i n v i t a t io n b y , A m e r ic a n s o f t h e s e p u b lic
p r e s e n t a t i o n s i s a m o d e o f r e c o g n it io n b y t h e A m e r ic a n p u b lic o f t h e U k r a i n
ia n s a s a g r o u p . T h e s e a c t iv i t i e s , t h e r e f o r e , c r e a t e in t h e U k r a in ia n a g r e a t e r
n a t io n a l s e l f - c o n s c i o u s n e s s , a g r e a t e r s o lid a r it y , f o r i t i s l a r g e l y t h r o u g h t h e s e
p u b lic a p p e a r a n c e s u n d e r t h e a u s p ic e s o f t h e g r o u p t h a t t h e U k r a in ia n in d i
v id u a l f e e l s h e c a n g e t t h e r e c o g n i t io n h e d e s ir e s . T h is t h e n , c o n t r a r y t o t h e
a v o w e d d e s i r e s o f A m e r ic a n s , b u t in a c c o r d w i t h t h e im p lic it b u t n o t s u s p e c t e d ,
digitized by SVOBODA
d e s ir e s o f U k r a in ia n s , s e r v e s t o r e t a r d c u lt u r e c h a n g e o f U k r a i n i a n s , e x c e p t
a s in d iv id u a l c o n t a c t s e v e n t u a t e a s a c o n s e q u e n c e o f a c q u a in t a n c e t h r o u g h
th e s e g r o u p p r e se n ta tio n s.
A m o r e im p o r t a n t c o n s e q u e n c e o f a n u n d u e s t r e s s o n t h i s m e d iu m o f
b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d in g b e t w e e n A m e r ic a n s a n d U k r a in ia n s a r i s e s f r o m t h e a s
s u m p t io n , o n t h e p a r t o f s o m a n y U k r a in ia n s , t h a t t h i s i s t h e o n ly , o r a t
l e a s t t h e m o s t e f f e c t iv e m e a n s o f c o n t a c t, a n d h e n c e o f b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d in g ,
b e t w e e n t h e t w o . W h a t i s e n t i r e ly o v e r lo o k e d i s t h e im p o r t a n c e o f p r im a r y
c o n t a c t s , t h o s e c o n t a c t s w h ic h a r is e o u t o f in d iv id u a l p e r s o n a l r e l a t io n s h ip s
i n c o n t in u o u s f a c e - t o - f a c e a s s o c i a t i o n , a s i t w e r e . I t i s t h e s e in f o r m a l a s s o c i a
t io n s , r a t h e r t h a n m a s s s h o w s w h ic h e v e n t u a t e in a k n o w l e d g e a n d a n a p
p r e c ia t io n o f t h e U k r a i n i a n b y A m e r ic a n s , a n d v i c e - v e r s a , an<J w h ic h t h e r e f o r e
r e d u c e o r e r a d ic a t e w h a t e v e r a n t i p a t h y b a s e d o n s t r a n g e n e s s t h e r e m a y e x i s t
b e tw e e n th e tw o .
O le s
W HAT
CHARM A
N A T I O N 'S
R E S U R R E C T IO N
W h a t c h a r m l i e s in a n a t io n 's r e s u r r e c t io n !
A y e a r , a d a y a g o w a s h e a r d t h e s l a v e 's l a m e n t ;
T h e s a i n t s o f p a s t w e r e s i l e n t in in a c t io n
A n d w o e f u l l y t h e a g e d b e ll t h e a ir d id r e n t.
W h e n a ll a t o n c e a w a v e o f m i g h t s w e p t o v e r
J u s t lik e a s t o r m i t g r i p t a n d t h e n e m b r a c e d a ll l if e ,
A n d lo !
T h e b a n d s a r e h o ld in g o n t o b a n n e r s
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In m y h e a r t m y s o r r o w s l e e p s s o l i g h t l y
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Y o u d o n 't k n o w r i g h t n o w w h a t I'm t h i n k i n g
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T h e w o r ld h a s b e e n c o n v in c e d t h a t U k r a in ia n i s d i s t i n c t f r o m a n y
o t h e r S la v ic l a n g u a g e . I n m a n y w o r k s o f h i s t o r y t h e s t u d e n t m a y r e a d t h a t
U k r a in ia n i s t h e s a m e a s , o r a d ia le c t o f, t h e R u s s i a n o r t h e P o li s h la n g u a g e ,
o r t h a t t h e U k r a in ia n la n g u a g e h a d b r a n c h e d o f f f r o m t h e R u s s ia n .
T h e
c u lt u r a l v o c a b u la r y o f t h e in d iv id u a l ( S l a v ) la n g u a g e s i s e n t i r e ly d iv e r g e n t,
f o r i t h a s b e e n p r o d u c e d b y s u c h d if f e r e n t in f lu e n c e s , t h a t t h o u g h t h e S la v s
m a y s t i l l p r e t e n d t o a c e r t a in l in g u i s t i c u n ity , t h i s is p u r e l y f o r m a l a n d in
n o w a y c u lt u r a l. 6
I f t h e U k r a in ia n la n g u a g e h a d b e e n s im ila r t o R u s s ia n , t h e U k a s e o f
E m s ( 1 8 7 6 ) w o u ld n o t h a v e b e e n s ig n e d b y A l e x a n d e r II, p r o h ib it in g : f ir s t ,
t h e im p o r t t o R u s s i a f r o m a b r o a d o f b o o k s p u b lis h e d in t h e L i t t le R u s s i a n
l a n g u a g e ; s e c o n d , t h e p u b lis h in g in R u s s ia o f a n y b o o k s in t h e L i t t l e R u s s ia n
l a n g u a g e e x c e p t h i s t o r i c a l d o c u m e n t s a n d b e l l e s - l e t t r e s ; th ir d , t h e u s e o f t h e
U k r a in ia n la n g u a g e o n t h e s t a g e . 6 R u s s i a a n d P o la n d h a v e m a d e r e p e a te d
a t t e m p t s t o d e s t r o y o u r la n g u a g e , k n o w in g w e ll t h a t t h e y c o u ld t h u s w in
h a l f t h e i r b a t t l e o f R u s s i f i c a t i o n o r P o lo n iz a t io n .7
T h e r e a r e s t i l l s o m e w h o i n s i s t o n q u o t in g s u c h s o u r c e s a s C o u n t
V a lu y e v , R u s s ia n M in is t e r o f t h e I n t e r io r in 1 8 6 3 , w h o d e c la r e d t h a t t h e r e
n e v e r h a s e x is t e d , t h e r e d o e s n o t e x is t , a n d t h e r e n e v e r c a n e x is t , a L i t t le
R u s s ia n la n g u a g e a n d n a t i o n a l i t y . 8 S la v ic p h ilo lo g y , h o w e v e r , i s d e f in it e ly
o p p o s e d t o s u c h a v ie w , h a v i n g p r o v e n c o n c lu s iv e ly , w i t h f e w e x c e p t io n s ,
t h a t t h e U k r a in ia n l a n g u a g e i s m o r e c lo s e l y r e la t e d t o S e r b ia n t h a n to
R u s s ia n o r P o lis h , a n d t h a t i t i s a r e c o g n iz e d l a n g u a g e .9
A c c o r d in g to
P r o f e s s o r S m a l - S t o t s k y , t h e U k r a in ia n l a n g u a g e , d u r in g m a n y c e n t u r ie s , h a s
c r e a t e d i t s o w n s y s t e m o f p h o n o lo g y , m o r p h o lo g y , l e x i c o l o g y a n d s y n t a x ,
a n d i t s n o r m s s h o w i t s o w n in d iv id u a l c h a r a c t e r a n d d i f f e r e n t i a t e i t a s t h e
s p e c if ic w o r k o f p s y c h o p h y s i c a l f o r c e s o f t h e U k r a in ia n n a t i o n a s c o m p a r e d
w i t h o t h e r S la v ic l a n g u a g e s . 10 I n f a c t , e v e n t h e P o le , B a n d t k e , w r o t e t h a t
t h e U k r a in ia n la n g u a g e , w h o s e s e a t i s K ie v , i s a t l e a s t a s o ld a s R u s s ia n ,
a n d t h e r e f o r e i t c a n n o t p o s s i b l y b e a R u s s ia n d ia le c t . . .
K ie v f lo u r is h e d
l o n g b e f o r e M o sc o w , a n d t h e S la v ic P o ly a n i,11 b e f o r e R u r ik , s p o k e n o n e b u t
t h e i r o w n S la v ic l a n g u a g e . 12 T h e h i s t o r y o f R u s s i a d o e s n o t b e g in w it h
t h e h i s t o r y o f t h e G r e a t R u s s ia n s , b u t w i t h t h e L i t t le R u s s i a n s . 13
A m o n g t h o s e w h o h a v e g iv e n e v id e n c e o f t h e e x is t e n c e o f U k r a in ia n
a s a d i s t i n c t la n g u a g e i s B a n t is h - K a m e n s k y , w h o s a y s t h a t t h e U k r a in ia n
la n g u a g e c o n t a in s a g r e a t m a n y S la v ic w o r d s w h ic h c a n n o t e v e n b e fo u n d
in t h e p r e s e n t R u s s i a n l a n g u a g e . 14
U k r a in ia n h a s p r e s e r v e d t h e o ld
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S la v o n ic n a m e s o f t h e m o n t h s , w h ile G r e a t R u s s ia n k n o w s o n l y t h e R o m a n
n a m es.
U k r a in ia n f o lk lo r e p r e s e r v e s in i t s p o e t r y a n d f o l k - r it u a l m u c h t h a t
c a n b e a s s ig n e d a p r e - R u s s ia n o r ig i n .,,15
S rezn ev sk y sa y s th a t a t th e
p r e s e n t t im e i t i s n o t n e c e s s a r y t o p r o v e t h a t U k r a in ia n is a l a n g u a g e a n d
n o t a d ia le c t o f R u s s ia n o r P o li s h a s s o m e h a v e c o n t e n d e d , a n d m a n y h a v e
b e e n c o n v in c e d t h a t t h e U k r a in ia n l a n g u a g e i s o n e o f t h e r ic h e s t o f S la v ic
l a n g u a g e s , t h a t i t d o e s n o t g i v e w a y t o C z e c h in a b u n d a n c e o f w o r d s a n d
e x p r e s s i o n s , t o P o li s h in p ic t u r e s q u e d e s c r ip t io n , o r t o S e r b ia n in p l e a s a n t n e s s ;
t h a t a lt h o u g h i t i s a la n g u a g e n o t a s y e t d e v e lo p e d , i t c a n a lr e a d y b e c o m p a r e d
w i t h t h e r e f in e d l a n g u a g e s a s t o f l e x i b i l i t y a n d w e a l t h o f s y n t a x , a la n g u a g e
w h ic h i s p o e t ic a l, m u s ic a l, p i c t u r e s q u e . 16
R u d n it s k y
sta te s th a t
th e
i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f M ik lo s ic h , M a lin o v s k y , D a h l, M a k s im o v ic h , P o t e b n ia , Z h i t e t s k y ,
O h o n o v s k y , S h a k h m a t o v , B r o c h , B a u d o u in d e C o u r te n a y , F o r t u n a t o v , K o r s h ,
K r im s k y , S a t o t s k y , a n d o t h e r s , h a v e p r o v e d b e y o n d a d o u b t t h a t t h e U k r a in
i a n l a n g u a g e i s n o t a d ia le c t o f t h e R u s s i a n la n g u a g e , b u t a n in d e p e n d e n t
l a n g u a g e o f e q u a l r a n k w it h t h e R u s s i a n . 17
A l m o s t a c e n t u r y a g o i t w a s e x p r e s s e d t h a t t h e e le m e n t o f U k r a in ia n
p o e t r y h a s s in c e b e e n t r a n s f u s e d in t o m o d e r n P o li s h lit e r a t u r e , t o t h e v e r y
g r e a t a d v a n ta g e o f th e la tte r .
F o u r P o li s h p o e t s o f n o o r d in a r y g e n i u s
h a v e d iv id e d a m o n g s t t h e m t h e s p ir i t u a l d o m a in o f U k r a i n e : Z a le s k i a n d
O liz a r o s k i a r e s i n g i n g h e r b e a u t y a n d a n c ie n t f r e e d o m ; G o s z c z y s k i h a s
p ic t u r e d h e r h o r r o r s , w h i l s t M a lc z e w s k i c h o s e t h e w i d e s t f i e l d f o r h i m s e l f
t h a t o f h e r s o r r o w . 18
T h o s e o n l y w h o u n d e r s t a n d t h e l a n g u a g e o f t h e p e o p le o f U k r a in e
c a n a p p r e c ia t e t h e r ic h n e s s o f i t s g r a m m a t ic a l c o n s t r u c t io n , a n d t h e a l m o s t
c o u n t l e s s a n d d e lic a t e g r a d a t io n s o f m e a n in g , o f w h ic h t h e s a m e w o r d i s
m a d e s u s c e p t ib le b y a s l i g h t c h a n g e in i t s t e r m in a t io n . T h e s o n o r o u s s t r a i n s
o f t h e s e s o n g s ( d u m i) c a n p e r h a p s b e s t b e c o n c e iv e d o f, b y im a g in in g t h e
a n c i e n t G r e e k c o m b in e d w i t h t h e m o d e r n I t a l i a n . 19
O f a ll t h e S la v ic
l a n g u a g e s , U k r a in ia n i s s a id t o b e t h e m o s t m e lo d io u s a n d a f t e r t h e I t a l i a n
l a n g u a g e t h e U k r a in ia n i s b e s t a d a p t e d f o r s i n g i n g . 20
II.
T h e m a j o r i t y o f o u r A m e r ic a n s o f U k r a in ia n d e s c e n t a r e f a m i li a r w i t h
t h e U k r a in ia n l a n g u a g e a t l e a s t t o t h e e x t e n t o f u n d e r s t a n d in g t h e s p o k e n
w o r d , a n d m a n y m a k e a s e r io u s e f f o r t a t b e c o m in g p r o f ic ie n t in i t t o t h e
e x t e n t o f w r i t in g in U k r a in ia n f o r p u b lic a t io n .
N e v e r th e le s s , o n e s o m e tim e s
h e a r s o u r y o u t h p o s e s u c h q u e s t io n s a s , W h y s h o u ld I le a r n t h e U k r a in ia n
la n g u a g e ?
I d o n t n e e d i t in A m e r ic a , s o w h y s h o u ld I w a s t e t im e in
le a r n in g i t ?
W h a t s t h e u s e o f le a r n i n g t h e U k r a in ia n l a n g u a g e w h e n
U k r a in e i s n t e v e n r e c o g n iz e d a s a n a t i o n ? W h e r e c a n I le a r n t h e U k r a in ia n
l a n g u a g e a n d h o w m u c h w ill i t c o s t ?
T h e f i r s t t w o q u e r ie s a r e m a d e
w i t h o u t t h o u g h t , f o r in e a c h c a s e t h e p e r s o n s o o n c o m e s t o t h e r e a liz a t io n
t h a t i t i s n e v e r a w a s t e o f t im e t o le a r n s u c h a c u lt u r a l s u b j e c t a s t h e
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la n g u a g e o f a p e o p le , e s p e c ia lly o f a p e o p le f r o m w h o m h e h a s d e s c e n d e d .
B e s id e s , t h e r e is n o c u lt u r a l u n d e r t a k in g in t h e w o r ld w h ic h d e s e r v e s
c o n d e m n a t io n .
I t is r a t h e r u n f o r t u n a t e t h a t in t h e s e t im e s a p e r s o n g i f t e d a lo n g
c e r t a in lin e s , s u c h a s p o e t r y , m u s ic , e t c ., i s s o m e t im e s f o r c e d , in o r d e r
t o m a k e a liv in g , t o a b a n d o n t h a t f i e l d in w h ic h h e c o u ld w o r k w it h h e a r t
a n d s o u l, f o r c e d b y a s o c ia l o r e c o n o m ic s y s t e m in w h ic h h e f i n d s h im s e lf
t o b u r y t h e in h e r it e d t a l e n t i n s t e a d o f a l lo w in g i t t o f o l l o w i t s n a t u r a l
co u rse.
O u r y o u t h i s le d t o lo o k u p o n h is e d u c a t io n p r im a r ily f r o m t h e
p r a c t ic a l p o in t o f v ie w .
I t is t r u e t h a t s u c h a s t a t e is d e p lo r a b le , f o r w e r e
t h i s t r u e t h r o u g h o u t U k r a in ia n h is t o r y , w o u ld w e h a v e o u r S h e v c h e n k o o r
o u r F r a n k o ? W o u ld o u r lit e r a t u r e , o u r f o l k l o r e a n d s o n g s b e a c c e p t e d
t h r o u g h o u t t h e w o r ld w e r e t h e y o n ly t h e p r o d u c t s o f t h e u t i l it a r i a n m in d ?
M a n y a r e t h e t r e a s u r e s w h ic h h a v e b e e n h a n d e d d o w n t h r o u g h o u t t h e a g e s
b y m e a n s f o r w h ic h n o c o m p e n s a t io n w a s d e m a n d e d o r e x p e c t e d .
O u r y o u t h , b e in g o f U k r a in ia n d e s c e n t , h a v e , w i t h a k n o w le d g e o f
U k r a in ia n , t h e o p p o r t u n it y o f a llo w in g t h e i r n a t u r a l a n d in h e r e n t t a l e n t s
r u n in a w id e r c h a n n e l, a p o s it io n e n v ie d b y m a n y w h o h a v e c o m m a n d o f
b u t o n e la n g u a g e .
T h e f a c t t h a t U k r a in e is n o t r e c o g n iz e d a s a n a t io n i s n o r e a s o n f o r
s a y i n g t h a t t h e r e is n o a d v a n t a g e in l e a r n i n g t h e U k r a in ia n l a n g u a g e s in c e ,
o n t h e o n e h a n d , s u c h a la n g u a g e a s L a t i n i s t a u g h t a l t h o u g h n o L a t in
n a t io n e x is t s , a n d , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , s u c h la n g u a g e s a s W h it e R u s s ia n ,
G e o r g ia n , a n d A r m e n ia n a r e a m o n g t h e o f f i c i a l l a n g u a g e s u s e d a n d r e c o g n iz e d
t o d a y , w h e r e a s in n e it h e r c a s e h a v e t h e s e p e o p le b e e n r e c o g n iz e d a s a
s e p a r a t e n a t io n .
N e g l e c t i n g t o le a r n U k r a in ia n c e r t a in ly i s n o t g o i n g t o a id
in o u r s t r u g g l e f o r r e c o g n it io n a s a s e p a r a t e n a tio n , a n a t io n a t p r e s e n t
d iv id e d t e r r it o r i a ll y a m o n g o p p r e s s o r s , t h o u g h in d e s t r u c t i b l y u n it e d c u lt u r a lly
a n d l in g u i s t i c a l l y .
I n m o s t c a s e s t h e t r u e r e a s o n f o r f a i l i n g t o le a r n t h e
U k r a in ia n la n g u a g e i s s h e e r h u m a n in e r t ia , w h ic h i s o f t e n c o v e r e d b y t h e
a g e - o ld e x c u s e o f la c k o f t im e o r f a c il i t ie s .
T o so m e o f o u r y o u th , h o w ev er,
t h e a d v a n t a g e s o f k n o w in g U k r a in ia n h a v e n o t b e e n m a d e a p p a r e n t, a n d
t h u s w e c a n n o t s a y t h a t o u r y o u t h is b lin d t o t h e o p p o r t u n it ie s o f f e r e d t h e m
w h en w e k n o w th e y h a v e n ev er been sh ow n .
T h e f a c il i t ie s f o r le a r n in g o u r la n g u a g e a r e m u c h g r e a t e r a t p r e s e n t
t h a n a t a n y p r e v io u s t im e . I n s e v e r a l A m e r ic a n c it ie s t h e U k r a in ia n la n g u a g e
i s t a u g h t in t h e h i g h s c h o o l, a n d C o lu m b ia U n iv e r s i t y in t h e C ity o f N e w
Y o r k i s t h e f i r s t h ig h e r a c a d e m ic i n s t i t u t i o n in A m e r ic a t o o f f e r U k r a in ia n
a s a la n g u a g e .
B e s i d e s t h e s e A m e r ic a n i n s t i t u t i o n s , U k r a in ia n i s t a u g h t in
p a r o c h ia l o r c o m m u n it y s c h o o ls a n d p r iv a t e ly .
In a n y c a s e , t h e c o s t o f
s u c h e d u c a t io n i s o n ly a f r a c t io n o f t h e r e t u r n s w h ic h c a n b e r e a liz e d b y
b o t h t h e in d iv id u a l a n d t h e U k r a in ia n n a t io n .
T h e U k r a in ia n - A m e r ic a n w h o f a i l s t o p r o f i t b y a n y o p p o r t u n it y o f
le a r n in g t h e U k r a in ia n la n g u a g e n o w , w ill p r o b a b ly r e g r e t h is s h o r t
s ig h te d n e s s a t a la te r d a te .
In t h e c a s e o f a d u l t s i t is o n ly t h e m s e l v e s t h e y
c a n b la m e , b u t in t h e c a s e o f o u r y o u t h , t h e p a r t p la y e d b y t h e p a r e n t s is
o f p r im e s ig n if ic a n c e .
T h o s e w h o s e p a r e n t s h a v e c o m e f r o m t h e o t h e r s id e
a r e in t h e m o s t f a v o r a b le p o s it io n a s r e g a r d s o p p o r t u n it ie s f o r le a r n i n g t h e
l a n g u a g e . T h e y o u t h i s t a u g h t t h e E n g l i s h l a n g u a g e in t h e A m e r ic a n s c h o o ls ,
a n d t h e h o m e s h o u ld s e r v e a s a s c h o o l f o r t h e m o t h e r t o n g u e , e s p e c ia l l y in
l o c a t io n s w h e r e t h e r e is n o p a r is h s c h o o l.
T o a l m o s t a ll y o u t h t h e p r o c e s s o f a c q u ir in g a n e d u c a t io n s e e m s
te d io u s , a n d t h e g o v e r n m e n t , w it h t h e c o o p e r a t io n o f t h e p a r e n t s , r e q u ir e s
digitized by SVOBODA
t h e y o u t h to a t t e n d p u b lic s c h o o l.
W h e n i t c o m e s t o le a r n in g t h e U k r a in ia n
l a n g u a g e o u t s id e o f p u b lic s c h o o l h o u r s , t h e g o v e r n m e n t h a s n o h a n d .
I n t h i s c a s e i t is t h e d u t y o f t h e p a r e n t s o n ly , t o u r g e t h e y o u n g s t e r s
t o a t t e n d t h e U k r a in ia n c la s s e s a t t h e i r c o m m u n it y s c h o o l.
T h e c h ild r e n
c a n n o t s e e t h e i m m e d ia t e b e n e f it o f a ll t h i s e d u c a t io n , b u t t h e p a r e n t s s h o u ld
b e a b le t o u n d e r s t a n d i t s im p o r t a n c e t o t h e c h ild in l a t e r y e a r s .
In m o s t
c a s e s , u p o n t h e y o u t h s r e a c h in g t h e a g e o f s e lf - s u p p o r t , t h e p a r e n t s a r e
s i n c e r e ly t h a n k e d a n d t h e y o u t h b e g i n s to a p p r e c ia t e w h a t t h e p a r e n t s h a v e
d o n e f o r t h e m w h e n t h e e d u c a t io n i s u s e d t o t h e i r a d v a n t a g e , e it h e r in
m a k i n g a liv i n g o r in t h e a b ilit y t o m a k e b e t t e r a c q u a in t a n c e s .
T h e h ig h s c h o o l s t u d e n t is in a b e t t e r p o s it io n t o d e c id e f o r h i m s e l f
w h e t h e r o r n o t a k n o w le d g e o f U k r a in ia n c a n s e r v e h im in h is f u t u r e y e a r s .
I n m a n y in s t a n c e s w h e r e a f o r e i g n l a n g u a g e i s t a u g h t in a h ig h s c h o o l, t h e
s t u d e n t r e g i s t e r s f o r i t m e r e ly b e c a u s e i t is a r e q u ir e m e n t f o r e n t r a n c e t o a
c o lle g e .
W it h s u c h a n a t t i t u d e t h e s t u d e n t le a r n s t h e la n g u a g e j u s t w e ll
e n o u g h to g e t b y .
F o r o n e o f U k r a in ia n d e s c e n t , h o w e v e r , t h e s t u d y o f
t h e U k r a in ia n l a n g u a g e , in a d d itio n t o b e in g a p le a s u r e , l e a d s t o a b e t t e r
u n d e r s t a n d in g o f h is p e o p le , a s w e ll a s t o a n i n t e ll i g e n t e x p la n a t io n t o
A m e r ic a n s o f t o p i c s r e l a t in g to a n y t h in g U k r a in ia n .
T h e r e i s n o d o u b t t h a t t h e c o ll e g e a n d u n i v e r s i t y s t u d e n t i s in t h e
b e s t p o s it io n t o a p p r e c ia t e a k n o w le d g e o f U k r a in ia n .
I t is in te r e s tin g to
n o t e t h a t e v e n a m o n g A m e r ic a n s t h e r e is a g r o w in g i n t e r e s t in U k r a in ia n .
T h is is e s p e c ia lly t r u e in t h e s c i e n c e s a n d h i s t o r y : in t h e fo r m e r , b e c a u s e
m a n y s c i e n t if i c p u b lic a t io n s n o w a p p e a r in t h e U k r a in ia n l a n g u a g e ; in t h e
l a t t e r , b e c a u s e t h e s t u d e n t o f h i s t o r y h a s c o m e t o r e a liz e t h e im p o r t a n c e
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U k r a in ia n s o u r c e s , s o u r c e s u n b ia s e d b y R u s s ia n , P o li s h o r o t h e r n a t io n a l
p o lic ie s , s o u r c e s w h ic h a r e t h e t r u e o p in io n s o f t h e p e o p le in q u e s t io n .
T h e U k r a in ia n c o lle g e s t u d e n t i s c e r t a in ly b e t t e r e q u ip p e d t o le a r n t h e
U k r a in ia n la n g u a g e t h a n t h e A m e r ic a n s t u d e n t a n d h a s t h e a d v a n t a g e o v e r
t h e A m e r ic a n in t h a t h e c a n a p p ly h i s k n o w le d g e o f t h e l a n g u a g e in m a n y
m o r e f ie ld s .
I f t h o s e o f o u r y o u t h w h o h e s i t a t e t o a d m it t h e i r U k r a in ia n d e s c e n t
f o r f e a r o f h a v i n g t o e n t e r in t o a l o n g d is c u s s io n a s t o t h e m e a n in g a n d
s ig n i f i c a n c e o f t h e t e r m U k r a in ia n w e r e t o b e c o m e f a m i li a r w i t h t h e f a c t s
o f U k r a in ia n h i s t o r y a n d a u g m e n t t h e i r a r g u m e n t s w i t h a s p e a k in g k n o w le d g e
o f t h e l a n g u a g e w h ic h i s s o w e ll w r i t t e n o f b y e v e n R u s s i a n s a n d P o le s , o u r
c a u s e w o u ld b e g r e a t l y b e n e f it t e d .
O u r l a n g u a g e is a p o w e r f u l w e a p o n f o r
h im w h o c a n w ie ld it .
I n d i s c u s s i n g t h e a d v a n t a g e s o f h a v in g o u r y o u t h k n o w t h e U k r a in ia n
l a n g u a g e , w e c a n n o t h e lp b u t a s s u m e a n o p t im is t ic a t t it u d e .
T he a d v a n ta g es
a r e s o n u m e r o u s t h a t v o lu m e s m i g h t b e w r i t t e n d e s c r ib in g t h e m , a n d t h e
b e n e f i t s d e r iv e d b y t h e in d iv id u a l y o u t h a n d b y t h e U k r a in ia n n a t io n a s a
w h o le m u s t b e b r o u g h t b e f o r e t h e y o u t h .
T h e U k r a in ia n n a t io n h a s p r o d u c e d f a m o u s lit e r a r y f i g u r e s o f w o r ld
r e n o w n , s u c h a s S h e v c h e n k o , F r a n k o , L e s y a U k r a in k a , M a r k o V o v c h o k a n d
o th e r s.
In a d d itio n t o t h e s e , U k r a in e h a s p r o d u c e d m a n y m o r e , b u t t h e y
a r e u n k n o w n t o t h e w o r ld b e c a u s e t h e i r w o r k s h a v e r e m a in e d in t h e U k r a i n
ia n la n g u a g e .
In A m e r ic a , m o r e s o t h a n in E u r o p e a n c o u n t r ie s , e v e n
S h e v c h e n k o a n d F r a n k o h a v e n o t r e c e iv e d t h e i r d u e r e c o g n it io n .
W hy?
B e c a u s e t h e ir w o r k s h a v e n o t b e e n t r a n s l a t e d in t o t h e E n g l i s h la n g u a g e .
T h o s e o f A m e r ic a n o r E n g l i s h e x t r a c t io n w h o h a v e m a s t e r e d t h e U k r a in ia n
digitized by SVOBODA
l a n g u a g e e x p r e s s d e e p a p p r e c ia t io n a n d a d m ir a t io n f o r t h e w e a lt h o f b e a u t y
f o u n d in t h e w o r k s o f t h e g r e a t U k r a in ia n w r it e r s , a n d t h e y t r y t o in s t i l l
a s im ila r a p p r e c ia t io n in o t h e r s .
S h e v c h e n k o a n d F r a n k o a r e w e ll k n o w n
a m o n g t h e G e r m a n a n d F r e n c h p e o p le b e c a u s e t h e r e a r e m a n y U k r a in ia n s
w h o h a v e c o m m a n d o f b o t h U k r a in ia n a n d e it h e r G e r m a n o r F r e n c h d u e,
in m o s t p a r t, t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e s e la n g u a g e s a r e t a u g h t in t h e s c h o o l s o f
U k r a in e , w h e r e a s E n g l i s h i s j u s t b e in g in t r o d u c e d in t o t h e c u r r ic u la .
T h u s,
t h e r e a r e c o m p a r a t iv e ly f e w w h o h a v e a t t h e i r c o m m a n d b o t h t h e E n g l i s h
a n d t h e U k r a in ia n la n g u a g e t o p r o d u c e a w o r t h y t r a n s la t io n .
In fa c t,
P r o f e s s o r K ir k c o n n e ll, w r it in g a b o u t t h e U k r a in ia n s in C a n a d a , p r e d ic t s
t h a t u n l e s s t h e r e a r e c o n t in u a l r e in f o r c e m e n t s o f n e w im m ig r a n t s t o c k , i t
i s o v e r w h e lm in g ly p r o b a b le t h a t U k r a in ia n w ill h a v e c e a s e d to b e w r it t e n
a n d s p o k e n in C a n a d a b e f o r e a n o t h e r f i f t y y e a r s h a v e g o n e b y . 21
O ur
y o u t h in A m e r ic a a n d C a n a d a c a n , h o w e v e r , b r in g a b o u t t h e r e c o g n it io n d u e
o u r w r i t e r s b y e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e m s e l v e s in t h e f i e l d o f U k r a in ia n -E n g lis h
tr a n sla tio n s.
S c ie n c e is a n o t h e r im p o r t a n t f i e l d in w h ic h a k n o w le d g e o f t h e
U k r a in ia n
la n g u a g e
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i n s t i t u t i o n s a s t h e U k r a in ia n
A c a d e m y o f S c ie n c e s a t K ie v , a n d t h e T a r a s S h e v c h e n k o S o c ie t y o f S c ie n c e
a t L v iw a r e c o n t i n u a l l y i n c r e a s in g t h e i r v o lu m e s o f p u b lic a t io n s in t h e
v a r io u s b r a n c h e s o f s c ie n c e .
T h e w r it e r h a s h a d s e v e r a l o c c a s io n s t o r e f e r
t o U k r a in ia n c h e m ic a l j o u r n a ls , t h e in f o r m a t io n p u b lis h e d t h e r e in h a v in g
p r o v e n o f t h e g r e a t e s t im p o r t a n c e in h i s p a r t ic u la r fie ld , o b t a in in g i n f o r m a t io n
w h ic h w a s a v a ila b le t h r o u g h n o o t h e r s o u r c e .
T h e in f o r m a t io n p u b lis h e d in t h e s e U k r a in ia n t e c h n ic a l j o u r n a ls is
i n v a lu a b le t o t h e r e s e a r c h w o r k e r .
M a n y A m e r ic a n s s im p ly ig n o r e t h i s
s o u r c e o f in f o r m a t io n , in m o s t c a s e s t h e r e a s o n b e in g a l a c k o f t r a n s l a t o r s .
T h u s , t h e A m e r ic a n y o u t h w h o h a s e v e n a f a i r k n o w le d g e o f t h e U k r a in ia n
l a n g u a g e c a n e a r n a t i d y s u m in t h e f i e l d o f t e c h n ic a l t r a n s la t io n s , t h e
d e m a n d f o r s u c h b e in g r a t h e r h e a v y a t t h e p r e s e n t tim e , a n d e v e r o n t h e
in c r e a s e .
T h e v a r io u s U k r a in ia n in s t i t u t i o n s w h ic h w e r e s o s o u n d ly e s t a b lis h e d
in A m e r ic a b y o u r f a t h e r s , s u c h a s t h e U k r a in ia n N a t i o n a l A s s o c ia t io n ,
n a t io n a l h o m e s , o u r s c h o o ls a n d c h u r c h e s , n e w s p a p e r s , s o c ie t ie s , e t c ., m u s t
e v e n t u a l ly p a s s in t o t h e h a n d s o f o u r p r e s e n t - d a y y o u t h .
T h e t r a n s it io n
c a n t a k e p la c e o n l y i f o u r y o u t h is f a m i li a r w i t h t h e U k r a in ia n la n g u a g e .
O t h e r a r g u m e n t s in f a v o r o f l e a r n in g t h e U k r a in ia n la n g u a g e c a n b e
m a d e b y t h e r e a d e r w h e n h e a t t e m p t s t o a n s w e r s u c h q u e s t io n s a s C a n
U k r a in ia n c u lt u r e e x i s t w it h o u t t h e U k r a in ia n l a n g u a g e ? , I s i t p o s s ib le
t o le a r n U k r a in ia n h i s t o r y f a i r l y a n d t r a c e t h e c u lt u r e w i t h o u t a k n o w le d g e
o f U k r a i n i a n ? , C a n U k r a in e 's f i g h t f o r f r e e d o m b e w o n i f o u r y o u t h f a i l s
to carry o n ? ,
I s i t p o s s ib le t o e x p la in e v e r y t h i n g U k r a in ia n w i t h o u t a
k n o w le d g e o f t h e l a n g u a g e ?
M a n y s u c h q u e s t io n s m i g h t b e p o s e d b e f o r e
o u r y o u t h a n d t h e i r o w n a n s w e r s in e v it a b ly le a d t o t h e c o n c lu s io n t h a t
f o r U k r a in e to liv e i t s la n g u a g e m u s t liv e .
O u r y o u t h i s b o r n w it h a lo v e f o r e v e r y t h i n g U k r a in ia n .
W hen
c h a lle n g e d b y a n o u t s id e r t h e y w ill f i g h t , e v e n p h y s i c a l l y , in m a in t a in in g
t h a t t h e y a r e r ig h t , t h a t U k r a in e i s a n d h a s a ll t h a t i s c la im e d f o r it .
W it h a c o m m a n d o f U k r a in ia n o u r y o u t h w ill m e e t t h e s e c h a lle n g e s w i t h
digitized by SVOBODA
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W h e n i t c o m e s t o s p e a k in g a n d c o n v e r s in g in U k r a in ia n , h o w e v e r , o u r
y o u th is sh y .
P r o b a b ly t h e . o u t s t a n d in g r e a s o n f o r s u c h a s t a t e i s t h e
r id ic u le w h ic h m e e t s t h e m f r o m t h e i r e ld e r s .
S u c h r id ic u le i s m o s t d i s
c o u r a g in g , a n d i t c o u ld b e r e d u c e d m a t e r i a ll y i f t h o s e w h o r id ic u le w e r e
s h o w n t h e i r o w n la c k o f f a m i li a r it y w i t h t h e n e w , r e f o r m e d U k r a in ia n
la n g u a g e w h ic h i s b e in g in t r o d u c e d a n d s t a n d a r d iz e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e w o r ld .
O u r y o u t h , h o w e v e r , h a s a n e x c e ll e n t o p p o r t u n it y o f o v e r c o m in g s u c h r id ic u le
b y s p e a k in g U k r a in ia n a t t h e i r lo c a l c lu b s a n d s o c i e t i e s , t h u s g a i n i n g a c t u a l
e x p e r ie n c e in t h e l a n g u a g e .
I t i s o n l y w i t h s u c h a s p ir it o f d e t e r m in a t io n t h a t o u r y o u t h c a n
s u c c e e d in b e c o m in g f a m i li a r w i t h t h e U k r a in ia n l a n g u a g e . I t i s n o t e n o u g h
t o m e r e ly h e a r U k r a in ia n s p o k e n b y o t h e r s .
I t i s a b s o lu t e l y n e c e s s a r y t h a t
w e j o in w i t h th e m , t h a t w e t r y t o e x p la in e v e r y d a y m a t t e r s t o o u r f e ll o w
y o u t h in t h e U k r a in ia n la n g u a g e .
T h e l a n g u a g e t a u g h t in s c h o o ls c o r r e c t s
t h e f a u l t s in t h e s p o k e n a n d w r i t t e n l a n g u a g e a n d p r e s e n t s r u le s o f g r a m m a r
a n d w o r k s o f f a m o u s U k r a in ia n w r i t e r s in t h e o r ig in a l w h ile a s p e a k in g
k n o w le d g e o f U k r a in ia n c a n o n ly b e o b t a in e d b y i t s e v e r y d a y u s e .
T h e w r i t e r a d m it s t h a t t h i s i s m e r e ly a s t a r t in t h e d is c u s s io n o f t h e
r o le t h e U k r a in ia n la n g u a g e w ill p la y in t h e f u t u r e o f o u r n a tio n . T h e r e a d e r
i s l e f t t o c o n t in u e in h i s o w n lin e o f t h o u g h t , a n d f r o m t im e t o t i m e a d d
n e w a r g u m e n t s . I t m u s t b e r e m e m b e r e d t h a t a p e r s o n w h o k n o w s U k r a in ia n
c a n a ls o u n d e r s t a n d R u s s ia n , P o lis h , C z e c h , S e r b ia n a n d s o m e B u lg a r ia n .
T h u s , m a n y o t h e r f i e l d s o f o p p o r t u n it y a r e im m e d ia t e ly t h r o w n o p e n t o t h e
A m e r ic a n y o u t h o f U k r a in ia n d e s c e n t .
B e s i d e s t h e p e r s o n a l a d v a n t a g e s d e r iv e d , w e c a n b e n e f i t n a t i o n a l l y
a n d i n t e r n a t io n a ll y , b o t h b e in g i m p o r t a n t t o t h e U k r a in ia n n a t io n a s a
w h o le .
T h e r e i s a v i t a l n e e d f o r u n i t y a m o n g t h e U k r a in ia n s s c a t t e r e d
t h r o u g h o u t t h e w o r ld . O p p r e s s io n h a s f o r c e d o u r n a t i o n a l h e r o e s a n d le a d e r s
t o t a k e r e f u g e in f o r e i g n la n d s . M a n y o f o u r n a t i o n a l s e m ig r a t e d f r o m t h e i r
m o t h e r c o u n t r y , a w a i t i n g t h e t im e w h e n U k r a in e s h a ll b e f r e e , t o r e t u r n t o
t h e i r n a t i v e c o u n t r y a n d t h e r e f i n d s e c u r it y a n d f r e e d o m o f s p e e c h a n d
o p in io n .
I f t h e U k r a in ia n s t h u s s c a t t e r e d a r e a llo w e d t o f o r g e t t h e i r
l a n g u a g e , t h e i r u n i t y i s je o p a r d iz e d , f o r w h a t b o n d c a n b e s t r o n g e r t h a n
a c o m m o n la n g u a g e ?
S u r e ly o u r y o u t h , n o t o n l y in A m e r ic a , b u t t h r o u g h o u t
t h e w o r ld , f u l l y r e a liz e s t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h i s a r g u m e n t .
W h e n a t t e m p t in g
t o le a r n t h e U k r a in ia n l a n g u a g e o u r y o u t h , in s p it e o f h a r d s h ip s , m u s t b e a r
i n m in d t h e f a c t t h a t n o f o r c e in t h e w o r ld c a n d e s t r o y a n a t io n w h ic h i s
s t r o n g e n o u g h t o m a in t a in i t s u n i t y b y a c o m m o n la n g u a g e a n d c u lt u r e ,
c u lt u r a l r e c o g n it io n in e v it a b ly l e a d in g t o p o l i t ic a l r e c o g n it io n .
O ur y o u th ,
b y s t r e n g t h e n i n g t h e s e t i e s c a n f u r t h e r n o t o n ly t h e i r o w n p e r s o n a l g a i n s
b u t a l s o e s t a b l i s h t h e m s e l v e s a s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e f r e e a n d u n it e d U k r a in e
w h ic h h a s b e e n a n d a l w a y s w ill b e t h e a im o f a ll t h e U k r a in ia n s s c a t t e r e d
t h r o u g h o u t t h e w o r ld a n d o f t h o s e w h o s e v e in s c a r r y e v e n a t r a c e o f U k r a i n
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W h e n w e w e r e c h ild r e n , w e w e r e fo n d o f l is t e n in g t o s t o r i e s o u r f o l k s
w o u ld t e ll u s .
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I s la n d , o r H u c k le b e r r y F in n w i t h w h ic h s t o r ie s o t h e r c h ild r e n g r e w u p .
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h e a r d , in s t e a d , t h e t a l e s o f t h e K o z a k s o f U k r a in e a n d t h e ir f ig h t f o r t h e
f r e e d o m o f t h e p e o p le .
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A d v e n t u r e a n d t h a t w a s t h e s t o r y o f h o w o u r p a r e n t s c a m e t o A m e r ic a .
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l e a d in g r o le s in i t s p lo t. A n y w a y , w e g r e w q u ite f a m ilia r w it h t h e w a y t h e y
liv e d in U k r a in e , o f t h e l i t t l e o p p o r t u n it y t h e y h a d f o r e d u c a t io n a n d h o w
t h e y t o i le d a s s e r f s . W e le a r n e d o f t h e p e r s e c u t io n a n d o p p r e s s io n t h e y u n
d e r w e n t u n d e r r u lin g p o w e r s t h a t g o v e r n e d d iv id e d U k r a in e .
W h e n r u m o r s o f a c o u n t r y o f g o ld e n o p p o r t u n it y c a lle d A m e r ic a r e a c h e d
t h e m , t h e y d e c id e d t o m i g r a t e t o t h e U n it e d S t a t e s , w h e r e t h e y e v e n t u a l ly
f o u n d t h e m s e l v e s s t r a n d e d in in d u s t r ia l, m a n u f a c t u r in g a n d m in in g c it ie s . B e
i n g p e n n ile s s t h e y w e r e u n a b le t o p u r c h a s e la n d t o c o n t in u e in t h e o n ly lin e
o f w o r k t h e y k n e w a n d lo v e t o d o . . . f a r m in g .
S o th e y to o k jo b s th a t w e re
o f f e r e d in t h e c it ie s .
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s a m e s t o r y w it h v a r ia t io n s .
A l t h o u g h o u r p a r e n t s a n d t h e ir f r ie n d s w o u ld
c o m p la in o f t h e t e d io u s a n d d iffic u lt w o r k t h e y h a d a t t h e m o s t m e a g e r o f
s a la r ie s , t h e y f e l t b e t t e r o ff h e r e t h a n t h e y d id in t h e o ld c o u n t r y f o r h e r e
t h e y f e l t f r e e . T h e y c o u ld s p e a k in t h e i r o w n la n g u a g e , U k r a in ia n , w o r s h ip
G o d in t h e ir o w n w a y , s i n g t h e i r n a t i v e f o lk s o n g s a n d t e a c h t h e i r c h ild r e n
t o do lik e w is e .
A n d h a v in g t a s t e d t h i s fr e e d o m , t h e y t h o u g h t o f t h e i r l e s s
f o r t u n a t e b r o t h e r s in t h e o ld c o u n t r y . H o w c o u ld t h e y b r in g t o t h e m f r e e d o m
to o ?
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fu r th e r su c h a p u rp o se.
T h e y m is s e d to o , t h e s im p le c o m m u n it y l i f e o f t h e i r n a t i v e v i ll a g e s .
T h e y w a n t e d to g e t t o g e t h e r w i t h f r ie n d s a n d t a lk , s in g , s h a r e t h e i r j o y s a n d
s o r r o w s a s t h e y d id in t h e o ld c o u n t r y .
T h e n t h e f ir s t o f t h e i r f r ie n d s d ie d l e a v i n g t h e i r w i v e s a n d c h ild r e n
d e s titu te .
H o ld in g h a z a r d o u s p o s it io n s , in j u r ie s a n d d e a t h s c a m e w i t h o u t
w a r n in g o r t im e t o p r e p a r e .
S p ir it u a l a n d fin a n c ia l a s s is t a n c e b e c a m e o n e
o f t h e o u t s t a n d in g n e e d s .
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w h ic h p r o v id e d d e a t h a n d s ic k b e n e f it s to i t s m e m b e r s t h r o u g h a m o n t h ly
d u e s s y s t e m , r e a c h e d t h e ir c o m m u n it y . T h r o u g h in q u ir y t h e y d is c o v e r e d t h e y
c o u ld j o in a n d f o r m a lo c a l b r a n c h .
N o t o n ly w e r e o u r f o l k s s a t is f ie d t o r e c e iv e t h e fin a n c ia l b e n e f it s o f t h e
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t r a n s f o r m t h e ir b r a n c h in t o a r e p lic a o f t h e i r v i ll a g e in t h e o ld c o u n t r y . T h e y
p o o le d w h a t m o n e y t h e y h a d a n d b u i lt o r p u r c h a s e d a m e e t i n g p la c e w h ic h
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t h e y c a lle d a U k r a in ia n N a t i o n a l H o m e .
T h e y d is c o v e r e d t h a t t h e r e w e r e
m a n y su c h b r a n c h e s sc a tte r e d th r o u g h o u t th e c o u n tr y a n d e a ch b ra n ch h a d
r e a c t e d in t h e s a m e m a n n e r .
O ften th e v e r y n a m e o f th e b r a n c h w a s ta k e n
f r o m t h e v i l l a g e f r o m w h ic h m o s t o f t h e m e m b e r s c a m e , s u c h a s T o v a r is t v o
Z b a r a z h c h a n ( m e a n in g t h e c lu b o f t h e f e llo w m e n o f t h e v i ll a g e o f Z b a r a z h )
o r T o v a r is t v o D a r a k h iw s h c h in a , e tc .
A t f ir s t t h e y m e r e ly g a t h e r e d t o p a y t h e i r d u e s , c h a t t e r , s i n g a f e w
s o n g s , d r in k a f e w b e e r s a n d g o h o m e .
T h e n e w s p a p e r S v o b o d a , o r g a n o f
t h e A s s o c ia t i o n , b r o u g h t t o t h e m n e w s o f A m e r ic a , o r t h e i r h o m e c o u n t r y
a n d t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f o t h e r U k r a in ia n c o m m u n it ie s in t h e U n it e d S t a t e s .
The
p a p e r p r o v id e d f o o d f o r d is c u s s io n .
W e c h ild r e n r e m e m b e r t h e S v o b o d a
q u ite w e ll, f o r a U k r a in ia n s c h o o l h a d n o t a s y e t b e e n f o r m e d in o u r c o m
m u n it y a n d o u r p a r e n t s w o u ld t e a c h u s t o r e a d a n d w r i t e u s i n g t h e h e a d
l in e s in S v o b o d a a s a B u k v a r . W e h e a r d q u ite a b i t o f t a l k a b o u t f u n d s f o r
v a r io u s c a u s e s in E u r o p e a n d w e r e o f t e n c a lle d o n t o h e lp in t h e i r d r iv e s . A s
w e g r e w , o u r b r a n c h g r e w a n d a s c h o o l w a s o r g a n iz e d , a c h o r a l g r o u p a n d
d r a m a t ic c ir c le w e r e a d d e d . O u r p a r e n t s w o u ld r e c e iv e a ll k in d s o f e d u c a t io n a l
p a m p h l e t s f r o m t h e A s s o c ia t i o n o n s u b j e c t s r a n g i n g f r o m c it iz e n s h ip a n d
t h e E n g l i s h l a n g u a g e t o b r in g in g u p c h ild r e n , g o o d h e a lt h , e t c .
A s w e g r e w o ld e r a n d w e n t o u t t o s c h o o l a n d b u s in e s s , w e c a m e in
c o n t a c t w i t h o t h e r p e o p le s , w h o w e r e n o t f a m i li a r w i t h U k r a in ia n h i s t o r y . O n
q u e s t io n i n g t h e o ld e r g e n e r a t io n a b o u t U k r a in e , w e f o u n d t o o u r s u r p r is e t h a t
t h e y w e r e u n a b le t o g iv e a n y t h in g b u t v a g u e a n s w e r s , f o r t h e i r e d u c a t io n a l
o p p o r t u n it ie s d id n o t p r o v id e t h e m w i t h a t h o r o u g h k n o w le d g e o f t h e i r b a c k
ground.
A l w a y s , t h o u g h , t h e S v o b o d a , o r t h e A lm a n a c o r s o m e o t h e r
U N A p u b lic a t io n w o u ld b e t h r u s t in t o o u r h a n d s w h ic h p r o v id e d t h e i n f o r
m a t io n w e n e e d e d .
I t s e e m s t h a t w i t h t h e la c k , o f k n o w le d g e o f t h e ir b a c k
g r o u n d , a n d w i t h t h e s t r o n g R u s s ia n , P o lis h a n d M u s c o p h ile i n f l u e n c e s t r y in g
t o a b s o r b t h e m w i t h p r o p a g a n d a , i t s h o u ld h a v e b e e n e a s y t o o b lit e r a t e t h e
U k r a in ia n im m ig r a n t . T h e r e i s n o d o u b t in o u r m in d s t h o u g h , t h a t t h e A s
s o c i a t io n h a s m a d e o u r p e o p le U k r a in ia n - c o n s c io u s b y p r e s e n t i n g t o t h e m h i s
t o r ic a l f a c t s .
O n e o f t h e g r e a t e s t c o n t r ib u t io n s to h i s t o r y h a s b e e n m a d e
b y t h e A s s o c ia t i o n in i t s p r e s e r v a t io n o f t h e . U k r a in ia n i d e n t i t y in A m e r ic a .
O n l o o k in g b a c k a t t h e f o r t y y e a r s o f i t s e x is t e n c e , i t c a n b e s e e n t h a t
t h i s p e r io d h a s b e e n a n e r a o f b u ild in g , o f r e a d j u s t m e n t , o f e d u c a t io n . T h e
A s s o c ia t i o n i s t h e s p in e o f t h e b o d y o f t h e U k r a in ia n s h e r e , w i t h i t s b r a n c h e s
a c t in g a s n e r v e c e n t e r s t h r o u g h w h ic h t h e n e e d s o f t h e p e o p le a r e s e n s e d a n d
t h e n p r o v id e d f o r . I t h a s a n d is p l a y i n g t h e r o le o f a n a t io n a l f a t h e r , o f f e r
i n g p r o t e c t io n , a d v ic e , s u g g e s t i n g r e f o r m s , p r a is in g o r r e b u k in g i t s f a m i ly
m em b ers.
I t i s a n a t io n a l m o t h e r , o f f e r in g s o la c e , s y m p a t h y , u n d e r s t a n d in g
t o i t s n e e d y . I t i s a n a t io n a l t e a c h e r p r o v id in g f o r s c h o o ls , p u b lic a t io n s , c u l
t u r a l d e v e lo p m e n t . I t i s a n a t io n a l le a d e r , g u id in g t h e p e o p le t o h ig h id e a ls ,
p r id e a n d a p p r e c ia t io n o f t h e i r b a c k g r o u n d a n d c u lt u r e , l e a d in g t h e m t o a
h i g h e r s t a n d a r d o f liv in g .
I t h a s b e c o m e a s y m b o l f o r u n i t y a n d s e c u r it y .
A n d n o w t h e A s s o c ia t i o n s t a n d s o n t h e t h r e s h o l d o f a n e w e r a a n d
t u r n s t o i t s y o u t h f o r p la n s f o r t h e f u t u r e . W h a t w ill w e t h e y o u t h d o w i t h
it?
W it h t h e o p t im is m o f y o u t h , w e c a n s e e in t h e A s s o c ia t i o n a c h a n c e
t o d e v e lo p le a d e r s h ip , t o e x p a n d i t s b u s i n e s s a n d m e m b e r s h ip , e v e n t o c r e a t e
o p p o r t u n it ie s f o r e m p lo y m e n t .
W e s e e v i s i o n s o f U k r a in ia n c e n t e r s in e v e r y
c i t y a c t i n g a s c o n s u la t e s , w i t h a ll t h e f a c i l i t i e s t h a t a c e n t e r s h o u ld h a v e ,
a u d ito r iu m , s c h o o l, lib r a r y , i n f o r m a t io n b u r e a u , c o u n s e l i n g s e r v ic e . P e r h a p s
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e v e n t u a l ly t h e A s s o c ia t i o n w o u ld b e c o m e a s s im ila t e d in to A m e r ic a n l if e , b u t
i t w o u ld s t i l l r e t a in a ll t h e i d e a ls a n d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s u p o n w h ic h i t w a s fo u n d r
e d a n d t h i s w o u ld t h e n b e c o m e in t h e w a y o f a U k r a in ia n c o n t r ib u t io n t o
A m e r i c a n c u lt u r e a n d l if e . T h e A s s o c ia t i o n h a s a l w a y s b e e n c lo s e l y r e l a t e d t o
t h e U k r a in ia n p e o p le a n d i t s l i f e h a s b e e n b u t t h e lif e o f t h e U k r a in ia n im
m ig r a n t h ere.
W h a t w e m a k e o f o u r f u t u r e l iv e s w ill a ls o d e t e r m in e t h e
f u t u r e o f t h e U k r a in ia n N a t i o n a l A s s o c ia t i o n .
O u r p e o p le s e t f o r t h o n t h e i r b i g a d v e n t u r e f o r t y y e a r s a g o .
N ow
w e a r e o n t h e v e r g e o f o u r b i g a d v e n t u r e . L e t 's m a k e i t a p r o g r e s s i v e a n d
c o n s t r u c t i v e o n e , s o t h a t w e t o o c a n s o m e d a y t e l l o u r c h ild r e n o f t h e d e e d s
o f t h e s e c o n d g e n e r a t io n U k r a in ia n s in A m e r ic a .
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O n a p le a s a n t , S p r in g e v e n in g in M a y , m y f a t h e r a n d I w e r e s e a t e d in
o u r d e n . H e w a s r e a d in g t h e S v o b o d a w h il e I w a s a b s o r b e d in t h e U k r a in ia n W e e k ly .
T h e s i l e n c e o f t h e r o o m w a s b r o k e n b y m y q u e s t io n .
D a d , w h a t d o y o u th in k o f t h is f o r a n e s s a y c o n t e s t ? I a sk e d , p a s s
i n g m y p a p e r o v e r t o h im .
H e la id h i s p a p e r a s id e , a n d r e a d a lo u d f r o m w h e r e I h a d in d ic a t e d :
W h y w e s h o u ld b e l o n g t o t h e U k r a in ia n N a t i o n a l A s s o c ia t i o n .
I t ' s a t i m e l y t o p i c , h e r e p lie d , a n d s i n c e y o u a n d I a r e m e m b e r s o f
t h e A s s o c ia t i o n , w h a t d o y o u s a y t o a l i t t l e c h a t o n t h e s u b j e c t ?
A g r e e d , I a n s w e r e d .
M y f a t h e r f o ld e d t h e p a p e r a n d p la c e d i t o n a t a b l e . A s h e s t r u c k a
m a t c h t o l i g h t h i s p ip e , t h e fla m e r e v e a le d h i s g r a y i n g t e m p l e s a n d t h e l in e s
o n h is fa c e .
W e r e p r e s e n t e d t w o g e n e r a t i o n s . H e w a s w e l l in t h e a u t u m n a l y e a r o f
l i f e ; I, in t h e s p r i n g t i m e o f y o u t h .
P u ffin g c o n t e n t e d l y o n h i s p ip e , D a d c lo s e d h i s e y e s , a s i f t o r e c a ll t h e
m e m o r ie s o f t h e p a s t .
I t w a s in t h e y e a r 1 8 9 4 , in t h e t o w n o f S h a m o k in , P e n n s y l v a n i a . . .
H e w a s s p e a k in g s lo w ly , r e f l e c t i v e l y . . .
. . . A h a n d f u l o f c o u r a g e o u s m e n u n d e r t o o k t h e t a s k o f o r g a n iz in g a
b e n e fit s o c i e t y w h ic h w o u ld p r o v id e f o r a m a n s f a m i l y in t h e e v e n t o f h is
d e a th .
I r e m e m b e r t h o s e p io n e e r o r g a n iz e r s w e ll.
T h e y w e r e fa ith fu l, u n
s e lfis h , v i s i o n a r y m e n w h o h a d t h e u n c o n q u e r a b le s p ir i t o f S h e v c h e n k o .
A t t i m e s t h e i r t a s k w a s d i s h e a r t e n i n g a n d d is a p p o in t in g .
It seem ed
t h a t o b s t a c le s a r o s e n o m a t t e r w h ic h p a t h t h e y t o o k .
O r d in a r y m e n w o u ld h a v e t h r o w n u p t h e i r h a n d s a n d q u it in d i s g u s t .
B u t t h e s e w e r e n o t o r d in a r y m e n .
T h e y w e r e m e n w h o h a d v is io n v is io n t h a t
s a w b e y o n d t h e p a r t i s a n s h i p s a n d p e t t y q u a r r e ls w h ic h t h r e a t e n e d U k r a in ia n
u n it y .
T h a t t h e y h a v e s u c c e e d e d , w e k n o w w e ll. T h a n k s t o t h e i r u n t ir in g w o r k ,
w e h a v e t h e l a r g e s t , f in e s t , n o n - p a r t is a n U k r a in ia n i n s t i t u t i o n in A m e r ic a . I t
h a s a m e m b e r s h ip o f t h i r t y t h o u s a n d a n d p o s s e s s e s o v e r f o u r m illio n d o lla r s
in a s s e t s .
A t fir s t , t h e b e n e f it s r a n g e d f r o m o n e h u n d r e d t o t w o h u n d r e d d o lla r s .
W h e n t h e m o m e n t u m o f t h e A s s o c ia t i o n ' s p r o g r e s s in c r e a s e d , t h e b e n e f it s a ls o
in c r e a s e d .
D o y o u k n o w w h a t t h e y a r e n o w ? D a d a sk ed .
T h e y r a n g e f r o m $ 5 0 0 t o $ 3 ,0 0 0 , w a s m y r e p ly .
C o r r e c t, D a d s a id , n o d d in g h i s h e a d .
A t f i r s t t h e i m m ig r a n t s m a in
p u r p o s e w a s t o r a is e a c e r t a in s u m o f m o n e y a n d t h e n g o b a c k t o h i s n a t i v e
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c o u n t r y . B u t a id e d b y t h e A s s o c ia t io n , h is s t a n d a r d o f liv in g w a s r a is e d .
As
a r e s u lt , h e a b a n d o n e d h is p la n s t o r e t u r n w h e n h e r o s e to a m o r e c o m fo r t a b le
p o s it io n o f fin a n c ia l in d e p e n d e n c e .
I n s t e a d , h e s e n t f o r h is f a m i ly , in t e n d in g
t o m a k e A m e r ic a h is p e r m a n e n t h o m e . I o n c e t h o u g h t o f g o i n g b a c k , t o o , b u t
I s e e w h e r e t h e A s s o c ia t i o n s a v e d m e . J u s t t h in k , i f . . . a n d h is w o r d s t r a ile d
o f f in to s ile n c e .
I k n e w w h a t h e w a s t h i n k i n g o f a n d I b r e a t h e d a p r a y e r o f t h a n k f u ln e s s
t h a t h e h a d n o t g o n e b a c k t o U k r a in e , n o w f a m in e - s t r ic k e n , t o r a is e o u r f a m i ly
th e r e .
A w in d o w s h a d e s t i r r e d r e s t l e s s l y a n d m y f a t h e r a w o k e f r o m h is r e v e r ie .
P ic k in g u p t h e S v o b o d a , h e c o n tin u e d .
T h is p a p e r w a s f ir s t is s u e d in t h e y e a r 1 8 9 3 .
Its p u rp o se w a s to a c
q u a in t o u r p e o p le w i t h t h e id e a ls o f t h e U k r a in ia n n a t io n a n d a ls o w i t h t h e
n e e d o f t h e ir o r g a n iz in g t h e m s e l v e s h e r e in A m e r ic a . A n d t h r o u g h t h e y e a r s ,
i t h a s b e e n m o r e t h a n a n o r d in a r y n e w s p a p e r .
I t h a s a id e d u s , t h e o ld e r g e n e r a t io n , t o b e c o m e b e t t e r a c q u a in te d w it h
o u r f e ll o w U k r a in ia n s in A m e r ic a . A ls o , i t h a s e n a b le d u s to u n d e r s t a n d b e t t e r
t h e c u ltu r e , t h e la w s , a n d t h e id e a ls o f o u r a d o p t e d c o u n t r y .
In th is w a y
i t h a s m a d e b e t t e r A m e r ic a n c it iz e n s o f u s .
T o t h o s e w h o lo n g e d f o r n e w s o f t h e o ld c o u n tr y , t h e S v o b o d a w a s
t h e a n s w e r t o m a n y a p r a y e r .
I t c e r t a in ly a w o k e o u r p e o p le , I c o m m e n te d .
I n d e e d i t d id , f a t h e r e n t h u s i a s t i c a l l y a g r e e d .
U p t o t h i s tim e , o u r p r o g r e s s w a s r a t h e r s l u g g i s h .
B u t, w h en th e
S v o b o d a w a s is s u e d , i t s t im u la t e d t h e t h o u g h t s a n d a c t io n s o f o u r p e o p le .
T h e y b e g a n t o f e e l c o n s c io u s o f t h e ir s t r e n g t h . T h e y s h o o k o f f o ld d o u b t s a n d
f e a r s . T h e y b e g a n t o h o ld le c t u r e s , e x h ib it io n s , m e e t i n g s a n d s o f o r t h .
And
t h e y b e g a n t o d e m a n d m o r e l it e r a t u r e a n d k n o w le d g e .
A c c o r d in g ly , t h e A s s o c ia t i o n b e g a n t o i s s u e p a m p h le t s a n d b o o k le t s
d e a lin g w it h a v a r ie t y o f t o p ic s .
H e r e s o n e I v e k e p t , D a d s a id a s h e p a s s e d i t t o m e .
I g la n c e d a t t h e c o n t e n t s :
H o w t o E s t a b li s h L ib r a r ie s , H o w t o O r g a n iz e D r a m a t ic C ir c le s ,
A lc o h o lis m a n d C h ild r e n , S h e v c h e n k o t h e A r t i s t , P la y s in U k r a in ia n
t h e s u b j e c t s w e r e m a n y a n d v a r ie d .
T h e s e p a m p h le t s a n d b o o k le t s w e r e s im ila r t o t h e 'c a le n d a r s w h ic h
t h e A s s o c ia t io n i s s u e s a t t h e e n d o f e a c h y e a r .
E a c h c a le n d a r i s a s o r t o f
r e v ie w o f t h e p a s t y e a r s w o r k o f t h e A s s o c ia t io n . A ls o , in i t s c o n t e n t s , t h e r e
is v a lu a b le i n f o r m a t io n o n g o v e r n m e n t, h e a lt h , h is t o r y , s c ie n c e , lit e r a t u r e , a n d
s o on .
I v e g o t q u ite a c o lle c t io n o f t h e s e c a le n d a r s a n d t h e y a r e i n v a lu a b le ,
D a d s a id , p o in tin g t o a n e a t s t a c k o n t h e d e sk .
T h e n t h e r e w e r e b o o k s w h ic h t h e A s s o c ia t i o n p u b lis h e d in t h e U k r a in
ia n a n d E n g l i s h l a n g u a g e s , D a d c o n tin u e d .
T h e A s s o c ia t i o n a ls o b a c k e d
m a n y o t h e r p u b lic a t io n s fin a n c ia lly , s u c h a s t h e m o s t r e c e n t b o o k S p ir it o f
U k r a in e .
B o o k s lik e t h e s e w e r e im p o r t a n t in t h a t t h e y m a d e t h e A m e r ic a n p e o p le
a w a r e o f t h e U k r a in ia n e le m e n t in A m e r ic a .
W e ll, D a d , j u d g in g b y a ll t h e s e p u b lic a t io n s , t h e A s s o c ia t i o n c e r t a in ly
w a s a le r t to t h e n e e d s o f o u r p e o p le , I r e m a r k e d .
I t c e r t a in ly w a s , D a d a g r e e d . T h r o u g h t h e s e p u b lic a t io n s , a n d m a in
l y t h e S v o b o d a , t h e A s s o c ia t i o n h a s d o n e m o r e t o b u ild a n d u p h o ld o u r n a
t i o n a l c u ltu r e , t h a n a n y o t h e r s i n g l e f a c t o r .
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B y a id in g o u r p e o p le t o b u ild N a t i o n a l H o m e s , b u s in e s s c o r p o r a t io n s ,
s c h o o ls , lib r a r ie s , a n d b u ild in g a n d lo a n a s s o c ia t io n s , i t h a s b e c o m e t h e k e y
s t o n e in t h e b u ild in g o f o u r c u ltu r e .
A s t o t h e f in a n c ia l s id e c h a n g e s a n d r e f o r m s h a v e b e e n m a d e w i t h t h e
r e s u l t t h a t t h e A s s o c ia t i o n p o s s e s s e s o v e r f o u r m illio n d o lla r s in a s s e t s , h a s
p a id o u t o v e r t h r e e m illio n d o lla r s t o i t s m e m b e r s a n d b e n e fic ia r ie s , a n d i s s u e s
f o u r d if f e r e n t t y p e s o f p o lic ie s t o a d u lt s , a n d t h r e e c la s s e s f o r i t s j u v e n i l e s .
N o w I t h i n k y o u h a v e a f a i r l y g o o d id e a o f w h a t t h e A s s o c ia t i o n h a s
d o n e f o r u s , t h e o ld e r g e n e r a t io n .
S u p p o s e y o u t e l l m e w h a t t h e A s s o c ia t i o n h a s d o n e f o r t h e U k r a in ia n
y o u t h / D a d a s k e d w i t h a s m ile .
T h a t s a r a t h e r b ig o r d e r , I r e m a r k e d , b u t I ll d o m y b e s t .
F r o m a d e s k d r a w e r , I b r o u g h t o u t a c o p y o f T h e U k r a in ia n J u v e n ile
M a g a z in e , n e a t in s iz e , w i t h a t t r a c t i v e g r e e n c o v e r s .
M y f i r s t r e c o lle c t io n o f t h e w o r k t h a t t h e A s s o c ia t i o n w a s d o in g f o r
t h e y o u n g p e o p le w a s t h e i s s u i n g o f t h i s m a g a z in e .
S in c e i t w a s t h e f ir s t
E n g l i s h p e r io d ic a l f o r U k r a in ia n c h ild r e n , i t r e c e iv e d a s in c e r e a n d e n t h u s i a s t i c
w e lc o m e b y t h e y o u n g f o l k s .
I t s c o n t e n t s w e r e c o m p o s e d o f p o e t r y , p r e s s r e p o r t s o n U k r a in ia n s ,
c u s t o m s o f U k r a in ia n p e o p le , h i s t o r y , g e o g r a p h y , m o s t e v e r y t h i n g t h a t y o u r
'c a le n d a r c o n t a in e d , D a d .
T h e n s e c t i o n s o f t h e S v o b o d a w e r e p u b lis h e d in E n g l i s h f o r w h ic h
t h e y o u th w a s g r a te fu l.
I n 1 9 3 1 , t h e A s s o c ia t i o n s f u r t h e r i n t e r e s t in t h e y o u t h b e c a m e e v id e n t
w h e n i t p u b lis h e d in t h e S v o b o d a a n d t h e J u v e n ile M a g a z in e c o n t e s t s d e a l
in g w ith s c o u tin g .
T h e p u r p o s e w a s t o fin d a f a r m u p o n w h ic h f u t u r e s c o u t le a d e r s a n d
o r g a n iz e r s w o u ld b e in s t r u c t e d .
T h e s e , in t u r n , w o u ld t a k e u p o n t h e m s e l v e s
t h e r e s p o n s ib i li t y f o r o r g a n iz in g s c o u t t r o o p s in t h e i r r e s p e c t iv e l o c a l i t ie s .
I t h in k t h a t a s p e c ia l f u n d h a s b e e n s e t a s id e f o r s c o u t i n g p u r p o s e s ,
b u t I am n o t su re.
T h e n , t h e A s s o c ia t i o n g a v e u s a p a p e r o f o u r o w n : t h e U k r a in ia n
W e e k ly , w h ic h i s t h e v o ic e o f t h e U k r a in ia n y o u t h .
U p to t h i s tim e , i t c a n b e t r u t h f u l l y s a id , t h a t w e , t h e y o u t h , h a d f a l le n
in t o a r u t o f in d if f e r e n c e a n d a p a t h y .
I t w a s n o t e n t i r e ly o u r f a u l t . P e r h a p s t h e m e th o d o f a p p r o a c h b y t h e
o ld e r g e n e r a t i o n w a s n o t t h e p r o p e r o n e .
W h a te v e r th e c a u se w a s th e U k r a in ia n W e e k ly r e m e d ie d it.
O n i t s p a g e s , t h e y o u n g p e o p le b e g a n a n e x c h a n g e o f id e a s a n d s u g
g e stio n s.
Y o u t h c lu b s , s o c ia l a n d a t h l e t ic , s p r a n g in t o e x is t e n c e . Y o u t h b r a n c h e s
o f t h e U k r a in ia n N a t i o n a l A s s o c ia t i o n b e g a n t o s p r in g o v e r t h e c o u n t r y .
I n t h i s w a y , t h e U k r a in ia n y o u t h t o o k a n e w l e a s e o n l if e .
T h e U k r a in ia n W e e k ly m a d e u s , t h e y o u t h , c o n s c io u s o f o u r s e l v e s n a t i o n a l l y a n d
m a d e u s s t a r t t o t h in k a n d a c t e f f e c t iv e l y in a s o lid b o d y .
T h e U k r a in ia n W e e k ly d id f o r u s w h a t t h e S v o b o d a d id f o r
y o u , D a d .
E x a c t l y , a n d y o u m u s t n t f o r g e t t h e g i f t w h ic h t h e A s s o c ia t i o n o f f e r e d
to i t s J u v e n ile m e m b e r s in 1 9 3 3 , D a d s a id .
I w o n t , I r e p lie d .
I t w a s p r o o f o f t h e s o u n d f in a n c ia l s t a t u s o f t h e
A s s o c ia t i o n .
D u r i n g t h e w o r s t d e p r e s s io n A m e r ic a h a s k n o w n , t h e U k r a in ia n
N a t i o n a l A s s o c ia t i o n o f fe r e d a w h o le y e a r s m e m b e r s h ip a b s o lu t e l y f r e e t o
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t h o s e w h o w e r e p a s s i n g f r o m t h e J u v e n ile D e p a r t m e n t t o t h e A d u l t D e p a r t
m e n t.
S t ill a n o t h e r g e n e r o u s g i f t w a s t h e o f f e r o f t h e n e w b o o k S p ir it o f
U k r a in e t o t h o s e y o u n g m e m b e r s o f t h e A s s o c ia t i o n w h o s e a g e s r a n g e d b e
t w e e n 1 4 a n d 1 9 y e a r s , I c o n c lu d e d .
Y e s , s o n , t h e U k r a in ia n N a t i o n a l A s s o c ia t i o n h a s d o n e m u c h f o r y o u
a n d m e . A b o v e a ll, i t h a s m a d e a b e t t e r A m e r ic a n o f m e a n d a b e t t e r U k r a in
ia n o f y o u , D a d s m ile d . B u t , t h e i r w o r k d o e s n 't s t o p h e r e .
P e r h a p s in t h e
f u t u r e , p r o v id in g t h a t a g r e a t e r n u m b e r o f U k r a in ia n s j o in , t h e A s s o c ia t i o n
w i l l r e a c h o u t in t o m o r e a c t iv i t i e s . M a y b e y o u h a v e s o m e p l a n s a s t o . .
I d id n 't l e t D a d fin is h .
I n t e r r u p t i n g h im , I b e g a n :
I 'v e g o t t h r e e p la n s , D a d .
T h e f ir s t i s r a d io b r o a d c a s t s .
Y o u k n o w h o w p o w e r f u l a w e a p o n t h e r a d io w o u ld b e t o f ig h t o u r
m a n y e n e m ie s . I t w o u ld b e a v i t a l f a c t o r in e x p o s in g f a l s e h o o d , in c o r r e c t in g
w r o n g im p r e s s io n s a n d m is r e p r e s e n t a t io n s . T h e n , t o o , o u r m u s ic , o u r lit e r a t u r e ,
a n d o u r h i s t o r y c o u ld b e b r o u g h t b e f o r e t h e p e o p le a n d r e c e iv e a n ic h e in t h e
H a ll o f F a m e .
N a t io n w id e a t h l e t ic s i s t h e s e c o n d o n e .
B r a n c h e s , a id e d b y t h e A s
s o c ia t io n , c o u ld s p o n s o r v a r io u s t e a m s s u c h a s b a s e b a ll, b a s k e t b a ll, a n d a n y
o t h e r s f o r w h ic h t h e r e w o u ld b e a d e m a n d .
T h is w o u ld b u ild h e a l t h y U k r a in ia n s a n d p r o m o t e g o o d s p o r t s m a n s h ip .
T h e l a s t i s s c o u t in g . T h e s c o u t m o v e m e n t i s o n e o f u t m o s t im p o r t a n c e
t o a n y c iv iliz e d n a t io n . U k r a in ia n s c o u t i n g w o u ld a s s u r e a b e t t e r t y p e o f c itiz e n ,
a n d lik e w is e , a b e t t e r t y p e o f U k r a in ia n m a n h o o d a n d w o m a n h o o d .
T h a t 's n o t h o p in g f o r t o o m u c h , i s it , D a d ?
I ask ed .
C e r t a in ly n o t , w a s h is a n s w e r . P e r h a p s , s o m e d a y , t h o s e t h i n g s w ill
b e a c c o m p lis h e d .
J u s t t h e n t h e c lo c k b e g a n t o c h im e s o f t l y .
I t w a s t e n o 'c lo c k .
D a d r o s e t o h is f e e t .
I t 's tim e f o r m e t o b e g o i n g t o b e d . H o w a b o u t y o u , s o n ?
I ll s i t u p a w h ile y e t , D a d , I r e p lie d .
A ll r ig h t .
G ood n ig h t.
G o o d n ig h t, D a d .
A s o f t w in d b e g a n t o s t i r t h e l e a v e s o u t s id e a s I e x t in g u i s h e d a ll t h e
l i g h t s e x c e p t t h e s h a d e d d e s k la m p .
A s I le a n e d b a c k in t h e r o c k e r a r e fle c tiv e m o o d s e e m e d t o p o s s e s s m y
m in d .
I t h o u g h t o f a s p e e c h I h a d h e a r d a t a g r a d u a t io n a y e a r a g o :
Y o u h a v e s t e p p e d a c r o s s t h e b o u n d a r y b e t w e e n c h ild h o o d a n d y o u t h
to y o u n g m an h ood a n d w om an h ood .
F o r m e r ly , y o u w e r e u n d e r t h e c o n s t a n t
v i g il a n c e o f y o u r f a t h e r a n d m o t h e r . T h e y g u a r d e d y o u , k e p t y o u , a n d m a d e
y o u r d e c is io n s f o r y o u w i t h j e a lo u s c a r e .
B u t n o w , t h e m a t t e r is l a r g e l y in y o u r h a n d s . . .
S u d d e n ly , a r e a liz a t io n d a w n e d u p o n m y m in d .
I t w a s s o m e t h i n g t o w h ic h I g a v e b u t l i t t l e t h o u g h t p r e v io u s ly .
It
c o u ld a p p ly t o t h e m a j o r i t y o f o u r y o u t h .
O u r p a r e n t s c a n n o t g o o n p a y i n g f o r e v e r f o r o u r p r o t e c t i o n in t h e
f o r m o f l if e in s u r a n c e .
T h e y c a n n o t l iv e f o r e v e r . A n d w h o i s g o i n g t o c a r r y o n t h e w o r k t h e y
h a v e advan ced so fa r ?
H e r e w a s a r e s p o n s ib ilit y t h a t c o u ld n o t b e e v a d e d .
O n e p h r a s e k e p t t u r n i n g o v e r in m y m in d :
B u t n o w , t h e m a t t e r i s l a r g e l y in y o u r h a n d s . . .
I t h o u g h t o f D a d 's w o r d s :
T h e U k r a in ia n N a t i o n a l A s s o c ia t i o n h a s d o n e m u c h f o r y o u a n d m e . . .
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I t s e e m e d t o m e t h a t i t w a s t i m e t h a t w e , U k r a in ia n -A m e r ic a n s , b e
g a n t o s h o w a g r e a t e r a p p r e c ia t io n o f w h a t t h e A s s o c ia t i o n h a s d o n e f o r u s
a n d o u r p a r e n ts.
A n d , c o u ld t h e r e b e a b e t t e r w a y o f s h o w in g o u r a p p r e c ia t io n a n d
g r a t e f u l n e s s t h a n b y j o i n i n g t h e U k r a in ia n N a t i o n a l A s s o c ia t i o n e n m a s s e ?
T h a t w a s it!
B y j o i n i n g e n m a s s a n d im m e d ia t e ly !
S o m e h o w , I f a n c i e d I c o u ld s e e t h o s e l o n g - s in c e g o n e p io n e e r o r g a n iz e r s .
I f t h e y c o u ld c o m e b a c k t o l if e , h o w p le a s e d t h e y w o u ld b e ! H o w t h e y w o u ld
n o d t h e i r h e a d s in a p p r o v a l a n d s a y :
O ur y o u th h a s aw ak en ed .
W e a r e w i t n e s s in g t h e k i n d l in g o f s p ir i t
a n d a c t io n a m o n g t h e y o u n g e r g e n e r a t i o n .
T h e s o f t w in d c h a n g e d t o a b r e e z e . A s h u t t e r b a n g e d a n d s t a r t e d m e
o u t o f m y d r e a m in e s s .
A s I r o se to le a v e th e ro o m , I th o u g h t o f th e m a n y y o u th b r a n c h e s
b e in g fo r m e d e v e r y w h e r e .
I f e l t s t r a n g e l y c o n fid e n t.
S o m e h o w , I h a d a f e e l i n g t h a t t h e U k r a in ia n y o u t h w a s n o t g o i n g t o
d is a p p o in t t h e f a i t h f u l , p io n e e r o r g a n iz e r s n o r t h e p r e s e n t l o y a l a n d g e n e r o u s
o ffic e r s o f t h e U k r a in ia n N a t i o n a l A s s o c ia t i o n .
T aras Sh evchenk o
THE
T aras Sh evchenk o
TESTAM ENT
E V E N IN G
D i g m y g r a v e a n d r a is e m y b a r r o w
B y t h e D n ie p e r - s id e
I n U k r a in a , m y o w n la n d ,
A f a i r l a n d a n d w id e .
I w i l l l ie a n d w a t c h t h e c o r n f ie ld s ,
L is te n th r o u g h th e y e a r s
T o t h e r iv e r v o i c e s r o a r in g ,
R o a r in g in m y e r r s .
W h e n I h e a r t h e c a ll
O f t h e r a c i n g flo o d ,
L o u d w i t h h a t e d b lo o d ,
I w ill l e a v e t h e m a ll,
F ie l d s a n d h i l ls ; a n d f o r c e m y
R ig h t u p to th e T h r o n e
W h e r e G o d s i t s a lo n e ;
C la s p H is f e e t a n d p r a y .
B u t t ill t h a t d a y
W h a t is G od to m e ?
A l i t t l e o r c h a r d b y t h e d w e llin g ,
The
June
bugs
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above
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R i s e a n d b r e a k y o u r c h a in ,
W a t e r y o u r n e w l ib e r t y
W it h b lo o d f o r r a in .
T h e n , in t h e m ig h ty fa m ily
O f a ll m e n t h a t a r e f r e e ,
M a y b e s o m e t im e s , v e r y s o f t l y
Y o u w ill s p e a k o f m e ?
( T r a n s l a t e d b y E . L . V o y n ic h )
are
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to p ;
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d w e llin g ;
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A
d a u g h te r s e r v e s w ith k n itte d b r o w
W h ile
how
to
serve
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B u t n ig h t i n g a le j u s t w o n t a llo w .
B e s id e t h e d w e llin g p la c e d t h e m o t h e r
H e r l i t t l e c h ild r e n in t h e i r n e s t ,
A n d w ith a d r e a m
A l l s
s t i l l. T h e
h e r s e l f i s b le s t .
g ir ls
and
w a r b le r s ,
[o n ly ,
S e e m t o f o r g e t i t ' s t im e o f r e s t.
T r a n s la t e d b y W a ld im ir S e m e n y n a
digitized by SVOBODA
By JOHN ROSOLOWICZ,
digitized by SVOBODA
( ROSOL )
5*29
*)
CONNECTICUT
: ANSONIA.
200 50 , , .
-. 1,500 .
. 1898. . , 25.
1903 ., . , .
, 1642. . , 1889. . : .
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.
1886. . ;
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. . . 1892.
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11. 1894. . . 23
. ,
10, 1894.
nok. . . - . . 1895.
, 1898 .
. . , ,
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. , ,
. 1902. p., 26. , $25 ,
31. 1904. . $10 .
1% , $10 . ,
( ) $30,000.
24. 1908. .
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1909. , , .
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,
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. ,
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.
1905. , ,
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1912. . . 13 ,
. . 0. 1913. . . .
67. . .
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. $150
is . . ,
. . 1914 . $100 ,
$50 12 . 1914. .
.
21- 1915. .
,
8 23 1- 1916. .
.
, , , , ,
8 , : $50 . 67 ,
$25 . 23. . , .
1927 . . . , . 67 . . , 8
.
$1,100. 1928. . ,
$635. $400, $135 .
, , 5
.
: . , . , . , . . .
1929 . -
. $500
$200 $200 .
1933. . . 67 . .
, .
. , . 262-
. . , , 1932. , .
1917 . . . : , , , , .
. , , $85,000.
. , 1903. . .
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3. 4, .
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ian Cemetery , Ukrainian .
1933 . , . (
, 67 . . . 23 . . . . ,
).
10 . . . . 11 1895 .
: , , . :
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67 . . .: . . 1907 .
22 : , , ,
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$6,985.22, $19.50, $855.41
. , $8,167.34, $105.50, $125.
,
. . ,
. : , .; , .; ,
. 20 19, 18, 23, 67 262.
. 10.
262 . . .: 1909. .
. . . 15 . . .
1920. , .
$10 , $12. .
: , .; , .; , .
, 10.
: BRIDGEPORT.
100 . 1907. . . ,
, . 1910. 2 . . . 1 . P. . 1920. .
. . , . . 1929. ,
. 1935 . . .
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25-
2. 1934. . 6
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digitized by SVOBODA
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).
59 . . .: 6
16 1916 . , ,
. $4,500, . . . $100,
$400 .
$800, $100, $100.
. . : , .; , .; , .
28 1934.
: BRISTOL.
75 . 158 . , ,
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).
390 . . .: . 8 14.
1930, . : , .
: , .; , .; , .
$81, $5,
$90 . $168.78.
. : , .; , .; , .
: DANBURY.
381 . ^ .: . .19 8.
1914 . , ,
: , .; , .
$1,078, $32.12, , $50. $395.34.
. :
, .; , .; , .
: DERBY.
. . 4
. , , , .
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, 2 , 10 , , ,
.
. ( ).
23 . . .: 12 21.
1915 p.: , , ,
: , .; , .; , .
$3,276, , : , , ,
$596.09, $243; .
$3,348.97, 50 , $28.
$25, $80. .
. . ....
: . , .; , .; , .
20 , 10.
: GLASTONBURY.
. 28 : ,
, , , , , .
. 1926. . (.
. . .) ( ).
138 . . .: . 15
22. 1914. . : ,
, .
$939.19, $100.63, $31.16
50 . . $740.66.
. . .
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
, . 23
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9. 1934. . 24. .
. . , . - . ;
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.
: HARTFORD.
1,300. . 1900. . . .
, . . , 1908. . . ,
. : 4 , 3 , 2 .
.
, . . . . 1910. . ( ).
277 . . .: . 15 10.
1910. . . ,
, ., , . $1,678.50,
$145.50, $345.25.
. $995.19 , $40.
. : , .; , .;
, . 28. 1934,
24. 1934. . , . .
, ,
. $14.30
.
: NEW BRITAIN.
2,000 . 1889. . , 1895. .
8 ( ). .
9, ( , - .-., . .).
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6 , 2 . (3 ,
. . ).
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1889 . 8 , ,
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. . .
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.
1910. . : , , 1915. .
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3. 1919. . .
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19< 1919. . , , .
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The Hartford Daily Courant, August 20, 1 9 1 9 ) . ,
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1926. . $70,000,
, 4 10 . .
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254 . . . 3. 1907. .
17 . : , .
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. $2,975,
; $504 ( 1917. . $350),
$277.50. . $250,
, $1,350. . :
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: NEW HAVEN.
1,000. . 1903.
. 9; . .
1910. ., . . . . . .
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370 . . .: 16 , 2.
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: . $6,698.06,
$449.75, $295.80.
. $3,100, $100.
....
. . . , 127 .
. 1924, 30- . . ., 370 .
: ,
. . : , .; ,
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10. 1934 . . 3. . ,
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: NORWICH.
20 . , , . 1905.,
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, , ,
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1935. . ( ).
: SEYMOUR.
600 . , . , .
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. , . . .
7 , . ( ).
18 . . .: . 8 9.
1898. . : , , . :
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$200, . ^ . :
, .; , . : .,
. .
20 1934, . 10.
: SOUTHPORT.
35 . 38 , ,
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( ).
84 . . .: . 29. 1916. .
8 14 . : , . . :
, .; , .; , . $560.42,
$128, $31 .
$660.07, $200.
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
370
. . .,
, .
, ., . . : ,
.; , .; . , . 3.
1934. ,
: STAMFORD,
G 100 .- ; . 1900 . . 1912. . ,
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350 . . G.: . , |, . 1913. .
^ , . . ,
: , .; , .; , . 18 .
$1,985.50, $351,
$225. , , , .
$2,158.34, $130. , . .
: , .; , .; , .
. .
: TERRYVILLE.
1910 p., . . . 110.
: WALLINGFORD,
54 .
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. , , .
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T^HMH.
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. . . 14.
1935. . . , 54 . . . :
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------'-
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D L A W A B E
,
: WILMINGTON.
200 (1,000 ). , .,
1896. .
; . : 2 . . . G., 2 , .
, 1 . . . . 6 2 : , . .
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. . 12,
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).
173 . . .: . 8 28
1928 . , .
: , .; ,. .; , .
$75, $280. . . .
: , .; , .; , .
247 . . .: . 27
26. 1909. : . , .; ,
.; , . $2,755, $1,445,
1 $325 , , . $2,750.
, $30,000; .
: , .; ., .; , .
: '
-------------^---------
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
370
. . ., , .
ILLINOIS
: CALUMET CITY.
9 . 24 : , ,
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80 . II. .: . .
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.
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1892. . , . . , . . ,
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.
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- . 1903.
. - . .
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49 . . 1904 .
,
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. 3. 1905. . ,
602 . .
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. ,
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. . 1913. .
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. . . . 1903 .
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
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, 4 , 26,176
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/ . , ,
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, 1930 26,176 . ,
- .
61 , , , ;
.
, , ,
121/fc%.
, -
22,904 29,448. , 1930
29,448 ,, 22,904.
1930. 36,000 , .
, ,
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1. 1930. 32,724 . 6%
,
42,551. , 1.
1935. 40,849 .
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1933.
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digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
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221 . . ., , .
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. 4950 . ., $8,000.
: , .; , .; , . .;
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301 . . .: . 17
5. 1911. . . ,
.; , .; , . $3,000,
$200, $800.
8 . $150.
. : , .; , . .; . , . .; , .
800 .
379 . . .: . 21 1. 1914. .
. : , .; ,
.; , . $400,
$10, $50. $350, $50.
. . . . . .
. : , .; , .;
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. . .
40- . . ., 28- 1934. p.,
13 20. .
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. . 3. ,
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. 1,500 .
. 2408 . , - .
.
: JOLIET.
40. , .
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; ; , .
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digitized by SVOBODA
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: PEORIA,
7 20 . 20 .
8 : , , , , .
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190 . . .: 9 2.
1919. . , , .;
, .; , . $534,
$37.50, $154 , .
$370.41. . :
, .; , .; , .
: PHOENIX.
9 . 22 , .
. , ,
. ( ).
: HARVEY.
33 . 20 : , , ,. , , , , .
. 6 . . . .
2 , 2 , , ,
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: WEST HARVEY.
35 . , 1915. p.,
. 6 . . . , ,
5 , : 2 , 2 , .
( ).
335 . . .: . 12
2. 1925. . : , ,
, . : , .;
, .; , . $215.50.
$235. . : ,
.; , .; , . .; , , .
.
: WEST PULLMAN.
250. - . pp.
1903 1904. , . (
), . . G 4 ,
. , . G 8 : , , ,
. ( . ).
216 . .: . 10
14. 1919. . , , .
^ : , .; , . .; , .
.; , . $600,
$25, $100 . $1,100.
, - . . 243,
. : . , .;
, . .; , . .; , .
8 .
243 . . .: . 1909 .
. : , .; .
, .; , .
: ZEIGLER.
377\ . . .: . 2. 1928. .
9 . .
, , . .
$55, $23, $19. $36.23.
377 ^ 166. . .
: , .; , .; . , .
8 179 . , ., 19. 1934. .
digitized by SVOBODA
I N D I A N A
: EAST CHICAGO.
68 . . .: . .
: GARY.
50 . 1911. . , , .
. G ,
.
100,-* . : . . 12 15.
1912. . : , .; ,
.; . , . $2,097, $133.98,
$266 , .
$1,069.84, $75. - . ; 100 . 322, 389.
. : , .; . , .;
, .
: HAMMOND.
60. , 1901. p.;
. 6 , .-.
, : , ,
, , , . G
. ( : , lean , . ).
107 . . .: . 15
1. 1909. . : , .
: , .; . , .; , .
$1,300, $135, $10
. $280. :
, .; , .; , .
KANSAS
: KANSAS CITY.
16 . .
28 . . ( ).
323 . . .: . 21 26.
1912. . , .
, , .
$1,500.30, $169.45, $115.45.
. $575.
. : , .; , .; , .
.
L O U I S I A N A
: NEW ORLEANS.
12. . 1910 6 6 .
: 2 , , . 1934. .
.
. ( ).
M A R Y L A N D
: BALTIMORE.
500 . 8 .
88 , 6 3 , . .
, , , 13 , : 8
( ), 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 . 8 20
. . ( 1918. p.),
4- . 28. 1935. . 8
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148 . . .: Up. 6
. 1919. . ,
.
$91, $50, $55 .
$202. . :
, .; , .; , .
320 . . .: . 12.
1912. . 24 . : , .;
, .; , . $955,
$105, $12 .
$200, $200. .
. . :
, .; , .; , .
337 . . . 6
8. 1926. . . : , .; , .; , . $85,
$42.70, $15 .
$111.04. ,
. : , .; , .;
, .
: CURTIS BAY.
300 . 8 1890. .
. * 3 , . . ,
, .
. ( 0. ).
55 . . .: . 4. 1918. .
6 .
., . $867,
$49.50, $210 .
$75. .
. . : , .;
, ; , .
.
81 . . .: .
1903. . 17 . : , .; ,
.; . , . $6,350.20,
$850.25 , . ! $980.
. ,
. . $1,200.
: , .; , .; , .
290 . . .: .
8 20 13. 1913. . . , . 81.
. . . . : , .; , .;
, . $965.50,
$75, $313. $50.
. $700. 8 . . .
. : ,
.; , .; , .
M A S S A C H U S E T T S
: AMHERST.
199 . . .: . 1935 .
: BOSTON.
4,000 . 1880. .
. : , , ,
: , , 6
. 15: , ,
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. ; .
1898. ,
1905. , .
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555
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1926
. 1929. . , , . :
Office of the Director. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washing
ton. November 16, 1929.
Mr. ^Nicholas Dawyskiba, President, Ukrainian Orthodox Sacred Heart of Jesus
Church, 163 Arlington St., Boston, Mass.
*
Dear Sir: I am glad to advise you, in reply to your recent letter, that all
persons who return their mother tongue as Ukrainian at the 1930 census will be shown
as Ukrainian in the report of that census.
It was at first thought that it would not be possible to include the mother
tongue inquiry at the coming census because of the great difficulty in finding space
on the population schedule; but we have finally worked out a solution that will enable
us to include the mother tongue question, so that the Ukrainians so far as reported
will be separately shown.
Very truly yours, W. M. STEUART, Director.
1929. p. . . , ,
. 22. 1930 .
. 1980. .
.
. , , . ,
, , .
, .
.
1933.
.
. .
( , 12. ) , 0.
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digitized by SVOBODA
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-------------------
1930 ,
238. . . . .
,
. , ,
. ,
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. .
, : .
:
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.
.
.
( ) ,
:
The Boston Globe, Nov. 9, 1933. A protest was made to Gov. Ely yesterday
afternoon by a delegation representing the United Ukrainian Societies of Massachusets
against the treatment of the Ukrainian population of Russia by the Soviet Government.
The delegation sought the Governors aid in urging the United States and Mass. to
assist in relieving oppression in the Ukraine.
:
The Boston Globe, Tuesday, June 18, 1935. Attired in old native peasant
costum es, in most cases handsomely and elaborately hand embroidered, the Ukra
inian Societies of Boston marched, bearing sign, 160 Years Ago America Fought For
Freedom, Ukraine Fights For Freedom Today. When the group came to the reviewing
stand on High St., it stopped and faced the reviewing party etc.
,
(....), . ( .
).
238 . . .: 9 . 1921.
. : , , , . : , , , , , . .
$1,954 , , .
$50. ,
, , , . ,
. . :
, ; , ; , .
238 374.
374 . . .: . 16 1927.
. 8 8 . : , .; , .; , . . . . $15,
$50. $45. . , .,
- .
. : >, .; , .;
, . 238. . . . 2. 1934. .
20. . , . , , . . ,
. , . . , ,
. .
- 1932 .
. , .
: HOLYOKE.
40 . . 1895 , 8 ,
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, . , ,
65. , .
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digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
. , 52 . . ., , .
52 . . .: . 15
28. 1905. . ,
, . $1,600,
$150, $200, .
$100. . . : , .;
, .; , . . . ., 30-
, 19. 1984. 28. 1934 .
. 171 253 . 207. ,
. .
52 1935 . 171 . . .:
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.
$630, $60, $85 .
: LUDLOW,
45 . 1909. .
. 6 . . , 5 (2
, ,. , ). , 48, , 32 . ( . ).
25 . * .: . 13
10. 1923. . . : ,
.; , .; , ., .
$657.88, $600
8 , . $538.35. -
. . : ,
.; , ; , . 5.
1934. $., , . .
, . -;
. , . :
. ,
.
: PITTSFIELD.
48 ., , ,
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134, 10 , .
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150 . . .: . 1.
1908. . 12 . : . ,
, . $3,365,
$935 .
$1,356.58, 300 $300.
. : ,
.; , .; , .
: SALEM.
224 () . . .: 1936.
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
, 253 . . ., , .
: TAUNTON.
14 . . 1904 : , , , 8 . . 8 , . .
., , , . 1922. .
80 , ', . (
).
122 . . .: . . 15 16.
1917. . . : , .;
, .; , . $405.21,
$60, $201.65. .
$100, $2,275, , $125, .
, 14 , , . : , ; , ; , .
M I C H I G A N
: DEARBORN.
2,000 . 14 . ,
. . .
15 20: , , , , .
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: ,
. ( - . . ).
141 . . . 6 15. 1984. . :
, . 175, , . 292.
: ., . $2.50. , . : ,
.; , .; , .
: DETROIT.
25.000 .
, , . , 20- 1882. .
, 1895 . . ,
, . .
, (). 7
: . 1905. . 8
8 . .
1907. . . . ,
, .
1911. . . . . 1917.
. . ,
.
.
25,000 . : 1933. .
. 5,000 ,
6,000 . 95% .
8 , 25 .
2,800, 330,000 ,
630 . , ,
, . . ,
.
25 , .
. , . . . . 4
. . ., 4 . . ., . . ., 1 , 6 , 4
, . , , . ...., 7 , 3
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8 ,
. 1912. .
. . 1916. p.,
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. . . . .
digitized by SVOBODA
.
: , ,
, , , , ,
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2 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 3
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. 3 : 2
. . , 1 . . . .
1928. . , 1933. .
, 1935. .
. 1935. .
.
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, 5
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, 7 . . .: . 1916. . 22
. : , , , .
: . , .; , .; , .
$3,380, $465.45, $1,262.65
, . $896.57.
, . 175 292 . . .
. : , .;
, .; , . . 75, 175 292
(1933 p.).
' .
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
. , 146 . . ., , .
. ,
digitized by SVOBODA
: HAMTRAMCK.
10 15 . . , , , . 1930. . -
, 1,400 .
12,000, , , , 10%
10 15 .
. . . 1910. .
. 2376 ., : 1917. . .
1928. . . , .
. . . 1912. p.,
1916 . . . . .
, . 1919. . ,
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2 . . , 1 . , 1 . . , 1 . ....,
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20 . .: 61 21 1918. . .
: , .; , .;
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$3,000. . $1,785.23,
,
. . : , .; , .;
, . 94 146 .
, . .
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. . : o'. . , . . , - . .
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94 . . .: . 15 31.
1916. . : .
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$4,209.29, $927.89,
$1,768.60 . , 25 .
. . $2,964,
$25, $300. .
, 2240 . : , , , . /
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: , , ,
. , . . ., $15
. : , .; , . .; ,
., .; , . . 20 146 .
. 20.
. MUSKEGON HEIGHTS.
55. 25 , . . 6
. .
( ).
131 . . G.: 10 20. 1918. .
: . , ., , . . . .,
. ., . , . . $263,
$65, $62 .
$7.50. .
. : , ; , .;
, .
: SAGINAW.
18 . -. 12 15 . , ,
, , . . .
. ( ).
309 . . .: 7 24.
1924 . , .
, 8 . $300,
$15, $10 ./ $160.
. : , , .
M I N N E S O T A
: MINNEAPOLIS.
2,000. 1905. . , 1910.
. 6 -. , , . 13, : . G
. , . 7
, 2 , 2 , 1 , 1 , 1
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80 . 1
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345 . . .: . 20.
1925. . 38 . : .
, 8 . . . .
$2,000 , .
$3,800 , , . $50,
$100, $25. ,
.... .
. : , .;
, .; , . 22- 1934. .
. . . .
digitized by SVOBODA
385 . . .: 22 18.
1914. . : . , 0. , . . .
, . , . . $2,170,
$473.80, $740 ,
, . $4,397.01, $90,
$18, $120.
, . . . . ,
. , . 385.
. : ,
.; 0. , .; . , . 20-
,,. . . ,
. . . ,
. , . . 0.
.
: SAINT PAUL.
6 , .
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. 5. : 1 , 2 ,
1 . 1929 . .
( . ).
M I S S O U R I
: DESLOGE.
13 . 28 . ,
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. 225 . . .: . 3. 1909. . 24
. : . .> .
digitized by SVOBODA
; 8 , .
$1,885, $55 .
$360. . , . 181 . .
., . . , . 50 , . .
. : , .; , .; ,
. .
: SAINT LOUIS.
350 , 1,000 . 50 ,
. , . 6
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. ,
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15 ; ,
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.
, .
850,000 .
, ,
, .
, , , , ,
, .
, ,
, , . , , , 1830- , . 50-
. . 70- -
. ,
digitized by SVOBODA
. , . ; 5 .
, . 70- 80- pp.
, 80- pp. .
, .
, , , ,
, .
,
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. 90-
. .-. ;
. : 31. 1901. .
G 220 67 - , $1,154.
, .
,
. 1903 . . .
1907 . $10,000
. , 1871.
p., 1872. . . .
,
, .
.
179 . . ., , .
digitized by SVOBODA
;
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25 . . .
175 ,
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8 . . . 117. .
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digitized by SVOBODA
-,
.
. 1917. .
, ,
, .
. , . , , ,
. ,
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.
G .
,
.
. , - , , Young Ladies Sodality .
; ,
. .
.
.
. ( . ).
17 . . . 6 25. 1938. . . . : . , , * , ,
. $40, -
, . . . .
: . , .; , .; . , .
179 225.
179 . . .: ^ . 12. 1908. .
. .
. ( , . 18 . $8,288.77,
$1,685.45, $10,092;
, , ' .
$2,548.77.
.
. . :
, .; , .; . , .
. 17, 179 373 19. 1934.
. , . ,
. , : - . . .
373 . . .: 8 , 8.
1927. . : , , .
, , .
$168.82, $498,
$85 , . $291.36,
. : , .; , .;
, . 17 179.
: SAINT JOSEPH.
20 . 1910. .
. G , . . . ., . . , . G . .
150 , , .
( ).
355 . . 16 20.
1913. . : . , 10. , : . , .; , .; , .
$1,450, $175, $150
, , . $2,500,
$100. . : , .;
, .; , .
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
. ,
178 . . ., , . .
NEW
HAMPSHIRE
: MANCHESTER.
70. 40 , ,
25 .
. G . . , 3 -
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178 . . .: . 8 17
13. 1908. . , 8
, . .
: , .; , .; , .
11. 1934. . . ,
, . .
NEW
JER SE Y
: BAYONNE.
160 . 1899. .
, , .
(, , , , ), , ,
, , , , . . 1918. .
, ,
300 . 5. 4 ,
4 , 1 , 1 . 2 . . . ., 2
, 2 . P. . 1905 . .
, . 213. . . . 1931. . . . . ,
. G - , ,
. 1918. . .-.
$23,000.
. .
,
6 7. 1935. . 1936. p.,
. . .
, . (
).
213 . . .: . 17 15.
1908. . .
.
$5,835, $650, $400.
. $5,000,
$325. . : , .;
, . .; , . .; , .
. 281 3. 1934. 8 13. 1934.
, .
. . ,
. . .
. , , - ,
, .
281 . . .: . 8
29. 1923. . ,
, . $264,
$125, $118. .
.
: , .; , .; , .
213 281.
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
. ,
213
. . ., , . .
digitized by SVOBODA
. , 281 . . ., , . .
: BOUND BROOK.
40 . , .
. : 2 , 2 , 1
. 1 . . . ., 1 . . . ., , ,
. .
( ).
344 . . .: . 16. 1912. . 18
. : .
, , .
$883.75, $25, $55
, . $858.95, $175.
. : . , .; , .;
, . , . ., : 349 , 344
, 332 24. 1934. . 27. 1935.
. ,
. . . . . . .
8 . . . .
: BRIDGETON.
20 . 1907. . , . , .
. G 1 . 1
2 . ( . ).
: CARTERET.
2,000 . 1,467,
, - .-. .
1896. . : , , , , , .
, , , ,
, . : 2 . . . ., 2 . , 1 . .
., - , , ( ), ( ),
, .
1910 . . . .
1929. .
. - , 23. 1934. . , .
, . .
, . .
. , 1932. .
, . . . ,
. : 7 , 1 , 8 . : 1 , 1 .
1 .
. . ( , .
).
209 . . .: . 28 24.
1908. . : , .; , .; , . $965,
. $400.
. .
: , .; , .; , .
342 28. 1934. . .
342 . . .: 29. 1912. . 20
, , .
, . .
$2,483.60, $981,
$133.25 .
$835.79, 8 . $200.
, . .
: , .; , .; , .
209 28. 1934. . .
, .
, . ,
, .
.
/
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
. ,
344 . . .,
, . .
: CLIFTON.
182 . . .: 16 4.
1919. . .
: , . .; , .
$2,624, $568.26, $1,004.89
. $3,638.04, $72.05,
$554.99. .... . 18,
. : ,
.; , . .; , .
42, 97 182 6. 1934. 10. 1934. p.,
. 42 .
: ELIZABETH.
2,000. , 500.
1895. p., : , , , .
, , , .
10, 5 . . ., . . . ., 2 , ,
. .-. .
10, 7 , 3 . 1
, 1 , 1 . 6 150 .
. , , ,
: 1901. . 10
. 6 . .
, . . .
1902. . . , . 65 . . . 1903. .
. ; . , 1906. .
3,000 . ,
, , .
, , .
. ,
. ,
1926. . , 1925. p.,
$16,000, $3.000.
,
15 1930. .
.
. . .: 1. 1915.
, . . . . : , .; .
, .; , . 11.
$2,246, $245, $94.
. $2,826.35, $86.
, . : .
, .; . , .; . , .
, : 37, 65, 142, 234, 306 . 21.
1934. , 19. , : , 20. ,
. , 21. ,
, . . . . 2. ,
. . . .
.
37 . . .: , ,
15 31. 1916. .
: , .; , ; ,
. $899.25, $154.71,
$85; $1,348.06.
. ; , .;
, .; , . .; , . .
65 . . .: . 1. 1902. 8
: , , . , . .
: , .; , .; . , . $11,250, $875, $598.41.
50 . . $5,064.61
, $200.
. .
: , , . . -
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
. ,
65 . . ., , . .
8 .
.
, , ,
. . . .
, 37, 142 234.
142 . .
.
10. 1907. . ,
, . $7,836,
$500, $250. ,
, . $3,873.26,
$300.
. : , .; . , .;
, . .; , . .
.
234 . . .: 33
7. 1909. . : , .;
, .; , .,
. $9,570,
$638.92, $687.15. -
, . . (214-216 . ).
digitized by SVOBODA
. $3,836.12,
$473. , 214
., . . . .
1930. . 1931. p., , 55
. : , .; , .;
, . 3, 37, 65, 142, 234 306.
: GREAT MEADOWS.
80 . 1906. . , 8 , ,
, . . . . . , 1923. p.,
. . . . , 3 , 1 . G .
( ).
143 . . .: 10 ,
27. 1926. . , 8
. $156.50,
$26.25, $500. .
: , .; , .; , .
: ISELIN.
40 . 10 , , . : , , , ,
. , . 366 . . ., . .
2 , , ,
. ( . ).
366 . . .: 1927. . 18
: , .; , .
. $236,
$15, $36. $650.
. : , .; , .;
, .
: JERSEY CITY.
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
, 70 . . ., , . .
(
, ),
8 , ;
. 1897. .
, . 70 . .
. 72 . , 1933. .
.
1911. . , , .
1892 p., ( )
. 1893 ( 15. ) . ,
12. 1889. . . , ,
. .
1890. . . 102 .
.
, . , 1900. . ()
. 38 ., , 1894. . . , 245 .,
- .
. . . . . 4.
. . . . . ,
.
. . ,
, 1903. .
. 2 , ,
, , 4.
, () .
9 . . ., , 1 . . . ., 2
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, , ,
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( ) - .
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, , 1 .
2
, 4 , 5, 1 , 2 , 1 (), .1 ,
1 , 1 , 2 , 1 ;
: 4, 2, 3, 7, 2, 23,
, 1 , .
, .
( : pp. 1896 1900,
, * , .
- ).
4 . . .: . . . . ,
26. 1906 . 1918 . $1,195,
$46, . . . $65.10,
$10, $194.50 . $309.53.
. 72 . : , .;
, .; . , . .
. 170.
25 . . .: 25. 1915 .
: . , .; . , .; . , .
, . ,
.
.
, . 32 13 4
. : 0. , .; - . , .;
0. , .
70 . . .: 26 22.
1902 . : , . , . , . .
. 28 1919
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
. , . 171 . . ., , . .
digitized by SVOBODA
. , 270 . . ., , . .
. : , , .
$10,682.50, $351, $646.75,
- . $6,176.63,
$319.50, $100.
, 8 . . .
. : , .; , .
.; . , . .; , .
.
170 . . .: 17
12. 1912 . : .
, ; ,
. $8,923,
$814, $1,310 ,
. $2,113 ( 8 ), $23.
.
: , .; , .; , .
: 4, 54, 70, 170, 196, 257, 270, 275 286
, . 1934, . 16, .
. 238 8 11. 1934. .
, ,' . . , . . , , .
. . . :
. . .
.
171 . . .: . . . ,
26. 1936 . .
10 .
, , $48
. 87 , 51 36 .
. : , ;
, ; , .
196 . . .: 42
20. 1919 . , .
, .
$1,180, $123, $900.
8 , . $340, $100.
- ,, :
, .; , .; , .
.
257 . . .: . .
270 . . .: . . 23 14.
1910 . , ,
. .
$6,690, ( . . ) $1,125,
. $4,345.50, $500, $5,970.50.
$2,220.
. $4,515.75. .
: , ; , .; , . .;
, . . .
275 . . .: 6 25.
1923 . .
: , , .
$1,890, $259, $314
. $1,439.92. . : , .; , .
.; , .; , . ,
.
286 . . G.: . 12. 1914 . 15
. $1,650,
$115, $40, $1,146.
. : , .;
, .; , .
.
287 . . . 31. 1936.
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
, 275 . . ., , . .
digitized by SVOBODA
. II. .
: LINDEN ROSELLE.
50 , 280 . 1906 .
, . G 2 1 .
6: 2 , 2 , 1 , 1 .
( ).
306 . . .: .
11. 1924 . : . :
, .; , .; , .
$334.92, $35, $40. $753,
$200.
. : , .; , .; ,
. 21. 1934,
3.
: MANVILLE.
120 . 1912 p., .
. G 1 . 5: , 2 ,
1 , 1 . , .
( ).
349 . . .: . 16 20. 1926 . : .
, , . .
$930, $205.75,
$177 , . $836,
$340. .
. : , .; , .;
, .
3 , : 349 , 344 322
8 24. 1934. 22. 1935.
. . . . .
, . .
. . . . .:
. . .
: MAPLEWOOD.
272 . . .: 31. 1935 .
! : MILLVILLE.
100 . 1910 .
. ,
. 347 . . . :
,
, , , .
.
, . . . (331) . . .,
1917 p., , . G
. ( . .)
: , , , , ,
. . 1 , 1
, 1 . ,
.
331 . . .: . . 18
1925 . . ,
.
$455, $100, $25.
$455.
. . . :
, .; , .; , .
307, 331, 347 348 2. 1934 .
13. 1934. , . , .
. . . . : .
, . . . . . , . . , . .
.
347 . . .: 20
9. 1912 . ;
? . $1,105.75,
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
. , 349 . . .. , . .
digitized by SVOBODA
, 347 . EL ., , . .
$385.90, $325.05
. $2,010.51 ,
$173. . : ,
.; , .; , .
.
: NEWARK.
, , .
31. 1899 . ,
140 , , ,
.
. ,
. 5. 1900 . .
. . . ,
.
26- 1903 .
. 76, . .
- 1905 .
3. 1906 . ,
. . . .
. , . . 5 .
14. 1907 .
( , , . , .. ),
8 . 249 Court Street sa $17,500.
17 1907 . , . 249
Court Street. . . .
1927 p., , .
, , . 37 Morton Street.
, , . . .
19 1908 .
.
, $28.75.
. . . . . .
2. 1908 . .
12. 1909 . .
.
, . 1911 . .
: . , ; . , ; .
, .
. 180 114 . .
80 , $5,985.35.
. .
(L abor.D ay) 6. 1910 .
, .
4. 1910 . ,
.
6. . 1910 . .
$27. .
18. 1910 . ,
.
1911
, . . 53 Beacon Street.
. . 15- 1911 .
. . . $86.
19. 1911 ,
. .
( , , ) (,
) . . . . . .
. . .
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
* , 27 . . ., , . .
7. 1907 p., .
. : . ,
. , . , . , . , . , . , .
, . , . , . , . , . . .
. .
21. 1912 p., .
.
. , . . , .
( ) , :
ff .
, $60.
23. 1913 .
,
. 400 , $350 (.
$200). .
19. 1913 . ,
. . , . .
, 55 .
, 1914,
( ) .
1914 p. . . , ,
, , .
23. 1914 . ,
: 100 .
: .
800 , 1,000 .
. . ; . . . .
. , , $70.
, .
1. 1914 .
. . : . . .
$86.43. , ,
, .
1915 . . . 1917 .
$40,000. .
11. 1915 . Y. . . .
. . , . .
8. 1915 . , ,
.
12. 1915 . ,
$265.77 (. $200) .
1916 . 1924
. . , . ,
.
23. 1916 . ,
. , .
21. 1917 175
, .
, $3,630 (. .
$500).
(4 ) 1918 .
, ,
. 3,000 .
8 ,
. , .
.
1918 ,
. 179 Court St.
1919 .
. ( ),
. 1,000 . $141.39 .
1920 . .
$664.10.
digitized by SVOBODA
4. 1920 . * .
, .
1920 . ,
. .
. 1921
. $170.35.
12. 1921 . .
$227.28; $85,
$76.04. , . .
16. 1921 . $1,424.78.
(4 ) 1921 .
. 2,000.
. , .
.
25. 1921 . ,
$1,000. - . .
1921 . , -
(American-Ukiainian Building & Loan A ssociation),
28. 1923 .
. . . . 1932 ,
$750,000. 1934 . 148
matured shares ( ) $126,000
. ,
. $4,000. (14) $552,090.79
. ( ) :
, .; , . .; , ; ,, .
digitized by SVOBODA
1922 . ()
.
24. 1922 .
, , $3,335 ( 7- ).
, 25. 1922 p.,
$200.
1922 .
, $1,000.
, 17- 1922 p., ,
$155.90.
.
1922 . $102.50 .
1922 . .
$679.64
( 7- ).
25. 1923 .
.
2. 1924 . .
$106.18.
, 1924 , ,
1923 . $1,100.
.
$200 1925 ,
.
1925 .-. 150 .
19. 1925 . ,
$511.82.
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(1928) , ,
$800, (1931) $700.
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$3,000.
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$300. $450.
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76 . . . 13 26.
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. $2,700,
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- 1906 .
. 37 . : , ;
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133 . . .: . 24
12. 1908 . : . . . :
. . , . , . , . . $5,036,
$518. $2,000,
$200. .
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152 . . 10 10.
1918 p.: , , . , ,
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$862, $190,
$275 , .
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. . . . 39 .
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219 . . G.: . 2.
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$1,091, $179.25, $210
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240: - 31. 1936 .
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322 . . G.: . 8 11.
1924 . : , , .
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$223, $250, $150.
. $300.
$200, 8 .
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359 . . G.: . 12 1926 .
8 12 . ,
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$55. . 67, 219 . .
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371 . . G.: 16
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. $33.50, $76.20,
$96. $59. . , ^
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50 . 35 . : ,
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353 . . .: 8 9 1.
1926 . : , .; , .; , . $64, $40,
$15. $413.75, .
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digitized by SVOBODA
: OXFORD.
20 . , , ,
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174 . . . 45
19. 1907 . : ,
. $1,104.50,
$129, $285 . $45,
27 $5. 8 , .
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: PASSAIC
digitized by SVOBODA
97 . . .: . 22 15.
1921 ., . , , .
. $1,110,
$35, $120.75. $650, $225.
. , . : , .; , .;
, . . 42 182.
: PATERSON.
100 . 1913 . ,
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. 9, : 3 , 2 , 2
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64 . . .: . 36 3.
1916 . : , . , , . , . . : . , .; , .; . ,
. $2,200, $75, $125,
$45, $200.75 .
$2,034.57, $94.
. . : , .;
, .; , . .; , . .
26. 1934 . 8 16
1934: . .-. ,
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, . . 0. . .
: PERTH AMBOY.
460, 3,000. 1884 p.,
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15. , :
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8 . . .
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21, : 4 , 6 , 2 ,
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104 . . .: . 6. 1903 . 8 16 .
: , , . .
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$3,600, $1,600
. $2,940.55, $250.
. . .
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8 . 155 168 . . .
155 . . .: 20. 1907 .
3 20 . : , , .
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$6,800, $972, $630,
. $5,536.46, $500.
,
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. . . . 104 168.
. : , .; , .;
, . . 104 168.
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
. , 64 . . ., , . .
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, ; 7- , ; 8- , . ; 9- , . .
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372 . . .: .
6 15. 1927 .
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$337.50, $165, $75.
8 . $1,656.43 $450. -
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; RAHWAY.
8 . 15 , .
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( . ).
294 . . .:
8 6 21. 1923 . : , .;
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$638.86. . : , .;
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155, 168 29. 1934 p.; . 168.
: RARITAN.
100 . , , 1905 .
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332 . . .: . 14 1.
1912 . : , , , .
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$81 8 $130. .
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$700. ,
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8 344 349. . 349.
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151 , 20 ,
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312 . . 15
20. 1924 . : , .;
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$74.25, $220.
, , , , . $5,000. ,
1934 . .
. . . :
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: TRENTON.
350 , 2,000 . ^
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1919 . ,
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1915 .
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1918 .
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245 . . . . (. . ).
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116 . . 16 23.
1922 p.: , . :
, . $595,
$100.25, $275. 8
. $150. , 149 .
. . 116 . , . 245 . . ., 1935 .
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, .; , .
116 245 362 , ., 27.
1934. 8 29. 1934 . ,
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.
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245 . . .: .
8 4. 1909 . 12 ,
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$2,180. $75, $360
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. 1914 p., : ,
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8 . 116 362.
: WILLIAMSTOWN.
40 . 22 . .
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307 . . .: . 7 28.
1924 . . :
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$329, $15, $20 ^
. $375. . ^
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: 307, 331 347 , . ., 7. 1934 .
: WHIPPANY.
60 . , , 1908 .
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2 , 2 , 2 . . ( ).
digitized by SVOBODA
172 . . .: . 13.
1927 . 7 . : , ,
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. $235, $30,
$257 . $275.13.
. : , .; , .; , .
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10 . , .
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378 . . .: . 12. 1927 .
, , .
: . 576, , : 328 . . .:
. .
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NEW
YORK
: AMSTERDAM.
60 , 12, 210.
1895 p., } , .
, 1907 . . ,
2 '
1911 . ,
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(Ukrainian Junior League). ,
1930 ., . 1 ,
1 , 1 , 1 . 6 1 .
16 , . ( ).
266 . . .: . 6 15. 1923 p.,
: , , .
: , .; , .; ,
. $179, $551.43,
$115 .
$572.62, $205.01.
$950. . : , .;
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200 . 1900 . : , ,
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1 , 1 1 . : 2 ,
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5- 1915 .
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349. $2,087.12,
$205.25, $929.60 . : $2,672.24,
$150. , ..., ,
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digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
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300 . 1894 p., .
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38 . . .: . 6. 1900 .
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$50, . : ,
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20. 1934.
3 26. : . ,
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202 . . .: . :
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: , .; , .; , .
$1,551.04, $247,
$237 . $2,000.
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283 . . .: 13 15.
1909 . : , ,
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; , ; , . .
$7,144.94, $879.75,
$1,084.94.
. $30,450, $30,000, $115,
$105, $230.
, 135 ., , . . : , ;
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38, 202 283.
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20 , 100 . , , ,
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150 . 25 . : ,
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.
12- 1934 p., ,
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digitized by SVOBODA
. , 38 . . ., , . .
21 . . .: 23 2.
1915 , . : , .;
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$890, $260, $135
8 . $530.
, ,
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: . , .; , .; , .
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60 . 25 .
8 : , , . .
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31. 1931 7 . : ,
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$15 . $232.99.
. : . , .; ,
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: BROOKLYN.
400 .
1900 . ,
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1902
. . ,
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-. . , 203 . . ,
1907 8
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1908 . 5. . ,
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.
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1 . ,
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400 ,
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158 . . ; , . 325 . . .; . . , ;
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203 291. .
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digitized by SVOBODA
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1907, 1930 . 1918 . $28,000.
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127 . . .: . 13. 1905 . , . 1914 . $1,969,
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299 . . .: . 8 15.
1923 . : . , .; 10. , .:
, . . . $233.40,
$97.68, $715.40.
, , , . $247.95.
. 127. .
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30- . . .: 1924 . 13
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$209, $117.13
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. .; . , . .
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600. 1885 .
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57 . . .: .
12 1. 1896 . ,
, . , . $3,466,
. . . $168.80, $45, $150
. $2,000, $2,500,
$1,600. .
. : , .;
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15 1934 . . . ,
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: DURHAMVILLE.
20 . 1920 . .
1 . . . . 1
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188 . . .: . 1920 . 6 .
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188 17. 1934 . . . .
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700. 1887 .
. 4 , . . , 1. 1895 p.,
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12 . .
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. ).
271 . . .: . 25. 1923 .
, .
, . $493.11
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, . $488,91,
$200, $16. .
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digitized by SVOBODA
. , 57 . . ., , . .
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10 . . , .
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261 . . .: . .
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44 14 . 1909 .
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263 . . .: 7 11.
1911 . .
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$950, $175, $450
. $9001
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: , .; , .; , .
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45 . 25 , : , ,
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6, 3 , 1 , 2 , .
( ).
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6 . . .: . - 25. 1915 .
. : . , ; , .;
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$245, $135 . $6,000,
, $230, 2 $700. . .
. , . . . 410
Warburton Ave., Hastings on Hudson, N. Y. : , .;
. , .; , . . 8 12 .
: HEMPSTEAD.
327 . . .: 8 9
18. 1924 . : , , .
$596, $118,
$324. . $1,400.
. , . :
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1934 . : . . ,
- . , . .
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150. 1900 . : , , , ,
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).
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192 . . .: ., 24 12.
1910 . , ,
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$80, $25, $26.25
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digitized by SVOBODA
192 . . ., , . .
. $100.
. : , .; , .; , . 26. 1934 . 15 .
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.
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: HUDSON.
200 . 1909 p.,
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273 . . .: . 9 15. 1915 .
: .
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$365, $75 .
$1,800, $250. : , .; ,
.; , . , 126
. .
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25 . , , .
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160 . . .: . 23 18.
1907 . : .
$3,146.05, $654.79
. $2,493.36. . 8
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70 . 35 , .
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149 . . .: . 8 15.
1907 p., 1910 p., 1. 1911 .
: , , .
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$110. , .
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6 .
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50 . . ,
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1905 . . . . 1 . . P. . 1913 . -. ,
1918 . . . . :
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).
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digitized by SVOBODA
. ,
273
. . ., , . .
87 . . .: . 5 1905 . 12 .
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.; , . $3,250, $845,
$1,675 , .
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40 262 . 1904 .
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).
330 . . .:
20 11. 1912 . : , .;
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$453, $110.
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2. 1934 . 10. .
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. 1891 . .
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).
340 . . .: 10 4.
1925 . . ,
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$50, $13, $10.; $400.
. 283 , . . . :
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1934 . . 38.
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50 . 25 , ,
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351 . . .: . 8 18
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$265, $85 , ,
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.
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
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digitized by SVOBODA
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26. 1899 . ,
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24.
1907 . . 27. 1909
1 . 500 73- .
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8.
1918 . .
14. 1924 . .
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1922 . . : - . , - . , . 0. ,
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26. 1900 . .
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17. 1907 .
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17. 1909 . - .
10. 1910 . , 525 72. .
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28. 1914 . ,
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. . , . . .
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19. 1915 . , ,
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5.
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4. 1928 . .
18. 1929 . .
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1931 . . (. . )
.
25. 1931 . .
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; , ; , .
8.
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.
2. 1932 . : . ,
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18. 1932 . - , . .
26. 1933 .
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28. 1933 .
.
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18.
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. .
1935 .
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15. 1913 . 200 . .
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.
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.
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.
31. 1915 . ,
. ,
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8 .
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10. 1916 . .
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5. 1918 . .
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28. 1920 . , - . ,
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29. 1920 . ,
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21. 1920 . .
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9.
1922 .
.
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1929 . . .
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.
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8 .
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digitized by SVOBODA
, 204 . . ., , . .
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8 .; .: . , . , . ,
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. 1. 1935. . . 2,500
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23. 1936 . .
, , , . .
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.
. , . . . 1900
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.
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. .
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.
1904 . , , . 339 20- .
. . . . ,
507 13. . 1906 . .
20. 1906 . . 49. .
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). : . , . , . . 10%
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1.
1908 . , 10. 1908 .
. . .
. . . 339 20. . (
) . .
1909 . . .
.4. 1-908 . .
. 4. 1909 .
1909 . 8.
. ,
, .
19.
1909 . ,
. .
19. 1910 . .
1. 1911 . . .
915 . $10,000 .
. - . .
1919 . . , .
19 7.- .
. '
:
: 13. 1918 . .
. 217 6- .
digitized by SVOBODA
,
. -
1918 Ukraine on the Road to Freedom 1919 p.
, , The Case of New Republics Estonia,
Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine . . .
. 34 7- .
.
Amerus Trading Corporation , American Ukrainian Exchange ,
. 7- ., ,
318 , .
(
), .
1920 . > . , 1921 .
.
, , A Plea for
the Right to Live For Whose Pleasure Shall they Die? , .
2. 1927 . .
1927 1928 . - . ,
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1930 . .
1931 . . . , .
1934 . ...,
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69 . . .: , . . . ,
9. 1901 . 15 108 . : . .
, , , .
: , .; , .; , .
$3,073.40, $473.50, $817.32
, , : $1,500, $500.
. : , .;
, . .; , . .; , .
233 . . ., ,
12. 1910 . 65 . : ,
, , .
$955, $600, $800.
117 . . .: 20. 1903 .
16 . : , , .
: ( . ), .; , .;
, . $15,000,
$1,874.90, $60,754.80 .
$1,800. - .
1905 . $25 ., ,
, .
: , .; , .; , .
.
130 . . .: . 26. 1918 .
: , ; , .
.; , . . , .
67 . $8,397.50,
$3,350, : $1,964.36,
$765; $1,165.58. ,
. $5,673.83.
. 14
, . : , .; ,
. .; , .; , . .
184 . . .: 6
1. 1919 . : . ,
.
$200 . $400. :
, .; , .; , .
194 . . .: 14. 1919 . 12 .
: , , .
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$15, $150, . $159.
, . : , .;
, .; , .
204 . . . 1. 1925 . ,
. . , .
, . 25.
$216.30, $388.36. $300.
. . .
. . :
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, .; , .; , .
37 .
215 . . .: 10. 1910 .
8 13 . , ,
. $1,333.17.
$15, $10 . $355.53.
. : , .;
, .; , .
298 . . .: 10 17. 1923 .
, . . .
, . , . .
$500, $200. . . .
: 0. , .; , .; , .
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
, 361 . . ., , . .
361 . . .: ,
: , . 143 . . ., , . 172
. . ., ,
1926 . , .
, .
21. 1926 p., 23. ,
. : , .; . , . .;
. , . .; .
101, . 47,
. 148. pp. 1927 1935 (
) $17,594, $3,494.
$389.75, , ,
$3,362.46. $1,433.50,
. $493.50.
. . . $351. ,
; ,
, , , . $4,5589
. , , , , . .. - $17,594.
$105,438.72. -; ; ' 1935 . :
$3,652.36, $2,170,: () $4,626.93,
$1,500, $11,949.97.
, .
, , , .
- .
: , ,
(Ukrainian Development Corp.)
$1,830, 183
. . : 217-219 East
6th St.
.
1933 . . , .
144 . . .
.
: , ; , . .; ,
. .; , .
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25 7 , 130. pp. 1905 1910
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363 . . .: 27 10.
1913 . : , ,
. . $1,912.50,
$142.75, $637.57.
, . :
$403, $8,000, 250 $80,
$250. . : .
.; , .; , .
: PEEKSKILL.
. , , .
33 . 1904 . . 1905 .
. , . .
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. ( ).
195 . . .: . 15 1.
1908 . : , . , . , . .
. $600,
$300, $245. , .
$6,004, $100. -
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.
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
. ,
198 . . ., , . .
: PO RT JERVIS.
ii 200. 1901 . : ,
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88 . . .: 23. 1934 .
0. . . , : , ,
. 11. .
198 . . .: . 31 7. 1908 .
. .
, .
$1,290.22, $10, $10
. $499.51.
. : , ; ,
.; , .
: PRATTSBURG.
. . (
).
: RIVERHEAD.
60 , . 50
, , 1907 .
1912 . .
. . , 1924 . ( ).
256 . . .: . 22 14.
1914 . . ,
. $263.33,
$125.40, $258.70. .
$231.75. .
. : , , .
16. 1934 . , ,
, . . ,
.
: ROCHESTER.
3,000. 1900 . , . ,
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.
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1911 p., .
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
. ,
217
. . ., , . .
36 . . .: . 23.
1916 . 28 . : ,
.; , .; , . $2,375,
$2,000, $265 .
$1,100, $100, ,
303 . : , .; , .;
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217 . . .: . 16 15.
1908 . : , ,
, , , , .
$18,228.85, $3,512.10,
$3,326.70. .
$4,862.16. - .
. . .
. : , .;
, .; , .
36, 217, 269, 289, 316 367 ,
12. 1934 . . ,
. . ,
: . , . , .
. , .
.
8 . . . : . , . .
.
226 . . .: . . 31.
1936 .
269 . . .: . 22 25.
1923 . : , , .
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. $380, ,
$900. . . : , .;
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316 . II. .: * 15 8.
1909 . . , ,
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. $1,376.44. , ,
, , , .
$13,155.63. $15,000, 178 $50,
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. . , . .
. . .: 36, 217, 269, 289, 367. . 102
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367 . . .: 36 .
1913 . : , , , ,
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300. : , , , , , ,
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digitized by SVOBODA
II.
0 ..
. .
: SPRING VALLEY.
50 . 5 6 pp. 1895 1896.
. 1899 . 1911 . . 1912 . .
, . . . . $6,000.
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: . ,
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$697.68, $72, $183.35
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287 $53, $118.
.
. : , .; , .;
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: STAPLETON.
300 . 35 .
, . ,
1 . II. ., 1 . , -
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Ukrainian A. . . 6 12-
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1 , 2 , 1 , 4 .
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211 . . . . . 25. 1908 . 14 .
: , .; , .; ,
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. ,
25 . : . , .; , .;
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350 , 1,900 . . . , ,
, . . .
. , 4,000
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. ,
121 . II. ., , . .
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. , .
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1900 . : , .
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, ; , .; , .
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, .
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282 . . .: 3. 1910 .
24 . : , .; , .;
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$65; .
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27. 1934 .
. . ,
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289 . . . 13 10.
1923 . : . :
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282
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250 . , , 1886 .
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100 .
35 . ,
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18. 1934 . ,
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191 . . ., , . .
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1910 . , . ., : ,
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129 . . .: . 1918 .
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$500, . : ,
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12. 1934 .
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
.
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. . ., , . .
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( ) 800 .
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S. . (Greek Catholic Slavish Hungarian) St. Nicholas Church, 189 2
History of Yonkers ; : Philip
OReily, Nas Pohrebnik' ot Svateho Mikoaja Czirkvi .
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25 . : , .;
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20 . 15 , ,
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115 . . .. . . 10 28.,
1917 . . ,
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1902 . - ?. . .
1910 . , .
: . 1934 .
, .
. ( . ).
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
102
. . ., ,
15 . . .: . 15 13 1933 .
: . : , .;
, .; , . 13, $17.45, 4 $8. ,
. , . :
, .; .; , .
102 . . .: . 8 1902 .
: , .; , .;
, . $10,056, $935,
$650. .
$4,064.80, $164.25. .
7 . . . :
, .; , .; , .
112 . . .: . 9
2. 1910 . : , . ,
. , .
. $700,
$200, $400. .
$200, $175. .
. : 0. , .;
, .; , .
251 . . .: 33 12.
1909 . : , , , .
: , .; , .; ,
. $1,260.50, $465,
$250. . $618.17,
$50. , 2274 7. . :
, .; , .; , .
260 . . .: 7. 1929 .
: , , .
, , .
$15, $20 .
$85. -. . :
, .; , .; , .
291 . . .: .
31. 1936 .
334 . . .: . . 10 18.
1925 . : .
, . , , . .
. . $1,875.36, $10
8 . . :
, .; . , . .; , .;
, . .
336 . . .: 24. 1912 . 25 .
: . ,
: , ; , .
$3,535, $500,
$725. : . $1,445.29.
, . . . ., . P. .
. .
: , ; , .; , .
341 . . . . ^ 4.
1912 . 20 . : , .
., ., . .
$1,214.47, $25, $30,
$35. . $1,308.81.
, . . ., . P. . .
1933 393.
. : , .; . , .;
, .
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
. . .
112
. . ., , .
digitized by SVOBODA
251
.,
358 . . .: 1926 .
11 . :
, . $250,
$50, $150. $400.
, . : ,
, .
364^ . . . 26 26.
1913 . , 99 .
: , .; , .; , .
$3,283, $619.72,
$604.82. , . $1,966.67.
, . 15.
.
2280 7- . : , .;
, .; , .
10 : 12, 102, 112, 251, 260, 334, 336,
341, 358 364 27. 1934 . 5. 1934 .
. . .
, . . .
14 ., , .
. . . . , .
. 0. , . . . . ., , . . . . . .
, : , . 336. ,
.
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
., ,
: LAKEWOOD.
108 . . .: . 15
16. 1917 . : . : ,
.; , . .; , .; . , . .
$786.30, $445.67,
$25. , . $118.40, $25,
$96. . : . .
.; . , . .; , .; , . .
: LORAIN.
100 . 1905 . , . ,
. . 6 4 , 2
(. .), .
3: . G . ( . ).
50 . . .: . 19.
1905 . 15 . : , ,
. . .
$680, $300 , $50
. $300, $50. .
, 34 128.
33 . . : , ,
.
18. 1934 . ,
. . , .
. . , ,
. .
: ROSSFORD.
50 . 1900 .
, , .
.
. . ; 1924 .
. , . 100 ,
,, .
, . ,
, . , . 235 . . ., .
. G 2 : 1
, , 1 . ( ).
71 . . .: 14 .
1934 . . , : ,
.; , .; , .
. .
, 235.
235 . . .: . 21. 1909 . 19
. : , .; , .;
, . $3,456.50,
$608.25, $613,65. ,
. $452.45, ^ $180.
, , , . . .,
. , - . 167
. . . , 0. ,
. . . . , ,
. : , .; ,
.; , .
18. . 167 .
14. 1934 . , . ,
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. , .
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
364
. . ., ,
digitized by SVOBODA
3G4 . . ., ,
: TOLEDO.
100 , 350 . 1900 .
, . . G 2 . . ., . .
. . , .
8, : 4 , 1 , 1 , 2 .
. (: lean ).
165 . . .: .
. 13 3. 1934 . : ,
, , , . :
, .; , . .; , .
$5, $80.
, .
. : . , .;
, . .; , . . , .
. 167 21. 1934 p.,
3. 1934 . 29 .
, 500 . . 167 . ,
. . , . . ,
: , . ,
, . .
. II. , .
167 . II. .: . 12 1918 .
. . .
: . , ; , .; , .
$288.46, $77, $132.75
, , , . . $1,388.81, $25.
. .
1928 1931 . : ,
.; , . .; - , .; , . .
: YORKVILLE.
. . , . .
G 3 , . G .
( ).
77 . . .: . . 3. 1903 . 12
. : , , .
, ., .
$4,118, 1920 . ( 1920 . ) $45,
$134.40. .
. : , .;
, .; , .
56 212 , , 11. ,
22 1934 . 56.
: YOUNGSTOWN.
1,000 . 1885 . .
, , , .
, , , , , , .
.
1900 .
.
29- 1906 . . . , . 140 . . .
16 1909 . . .
. . . . 1909 .
. , .
. .
. II. . 1925 . .
.
. : 3 . . ., . . . .,
5 . . . ., 1 . , 1 . 3 .
. 1 , 1 , 5 , 2 ,
1 , .1 . . G 15 .
8 , 3 , 1 .
( ).
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
165 . II. ., , .
digitized by SVOBODA
200
. . .,
, . .
digitized by SVOBODA
, 210 . . ., , . .
digitized by SVOBODA
. ,
167 . . ., , .
140 . . .: . 25 1906 .
: , .; , .
$1,850, : $250, . $125.
. $635.
. 140 17, . : ,
.; , .; , .
218 ( , 0 .) 230 274 13.
1934 . 22. 1934 . . . .
. . . .
. . . , . .
. ,
. 0. . -
. . . .
230 . . .: . 35
4. 1912 . , ,
: , .; , .; , .
$5,893.75, $534.50,
$280. . $2,500,
$300. .
, . :
, .; , .; , .
274 . . .: .
44 27. 1910 . ,
. ,
7
. $188, $110.
. $675.
,
. : , .; , .;
, .
: ZANESVILLE.
11 . 25 . : , , , . .
. ( ).
279 . . .: . 31. 1923 . 12
.
, , .
$58, $44, . :
, ; , .; , .
.
OREGON
: PORTLAND.
15 , 20. 1895 . .
, . 1 , 1 .
. ( . ).
92 . . .: .
7 5. 1916 . ,
., . $960.50,
$333.09, $826.69. .
$672, $15. . :
, .; , .; , . .
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
274
. II.
.,
PE N N SY L V A N IA
: ALDEN STATION.
. . .
: ALLENTOWN.
300 , 1,500 , .
, , .
, 95,000 , , .
, .
, , , , , . .
1890, ()
.
. , , ,
.
1899 . -
, . . 33.
, .
1903;
, , . 1907
, & ., , .
, , .
.
1908 147 . . . 1909
. . .
1910.
, . 1912 .
.
. .
, , . .
1912 1914,
, .
. , 1916 . - 500
, .
1926 , ,
.
, ,
235 , 1,200 , 45 ,
. ,
.
1930 ,
397 , 8 . , .
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, .
.
, , ,
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: 2 . . ., 1 , 1 . . .,
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, . ,
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. , ; 100 .
. 4 6. 120.
.
.
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digitized by SVOBODA
. ,
147
. . ., , .
: 8, 1,
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1, 5, 3, 3, 6,
2.
: 1 , 2 (), 2 .
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:
.
.
.
1919 ,
.
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( ).
147 . . .: . 9 .
1906 . 33 , .
.
$8,395, , : , ,
$508.17, $218.34. ,
, . $1,425.42.
. . 803
. . 151 . . . . :
, .; , . .; , .
, . 151, 3-
1934. 8 17. 1934.
. , . . 147 ,
, ; , .
. , . - . , .
. , .
, .
151 . . .: . 24.
1907 . : . , .
: , .; , .; , .
$1,211, $35, $172
, . $1,348.48.
, .
151 1927 . : , .;
, .; , .
: ALIQUIPPA.
80 . , , .
. G , , 4 , .
1 , 1 . 1
, 1 , 1 , 1 . ( . ).
120 . . .: . 18. 1917 . 20
. : . ,
. $2,837,
$175 ( $150, $25),
$315. $800, $2,100, 2 $225.
. : , , .
. . ., : 24, 53, 96, 118,
120, 132 396 3. 1934 . .
: ALTOONA.
32 . ,
. 1906 . . 145 . . .
1920 . -.
. , . G 2
1 . ( ).
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
. . . 147, , .
145 . . .: . . 61 ,
1. 1906 p. . M. , , ,
, , . ,
. $1,620,
$259, $375 . $573.75,
. : , .; , .;
, . 10. 1934 .
11. 1934. . . . .
. : , . , . ,
. . ,
. : .
: AMBRIDGE.
635 , 3,100. 1903 . .
American Bridge Company,
. , .
, ; : , , , , .
-. .
40 .
.
, : ) . ,
. 276 . . ; ) . , . 161 . . .; ) . , . 121 ;
) . , . 83 ; ) . . , 5 135; )
. . ; ) ,
.
1907 . - , . , 6-
. 235 50 .
, 20 .
, $50.000.
50 . 146 .
( ) . 2-
. 150 .
1922 . -.
. 5- . 150 .
, .
, -. 1925 .,
. 9- .
100 .
, 8- ,
, .
. 276 . . . ,
. 5 . P. . .
, . . 161 . . .
.
, .
: 1 , 10,
4, 1, 1, 2,
1, 2, . 2,
1, 1, 1, - 1, 2, 3, Junior
Senior High School 3, 2 .
: (Association of Ukrainian Alumni and Alumnae),
60 .
: 1. George Washington Ukrainian Citizens Club, 255 .
2. Ukrainian-American Citizens Club, 50 . 3. Ukrainian Republican Citizens
Club, 50 . 4. American-Russian Citizens
Club, 100 . , ,
, The Citizens Federation,
. ( ).
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
. ,
120
. . ., , .
: 1. 110 . .
. 47 . . , ;
2. . -. . 1907; 3.
. . 1908; 4.
1908 p., ; 5.
.-. 1918 . . ,
; 6. 1923 24
p.; 7. 1933 . , , . ; 8. ,
8 ; 9.
( )
50- -. , 40- . .
20- ; 10. 1934 .
, 5,000 $200 ,
.
25- . , . (
, . 161 . . ).
34 . . .: . 1936.
161 . . .: . 13 22. 1918 .
: . ,
, . $798,
$124, $40 , , .
$653, $800. .-.
83 121. ,
, . 600 . : ,
.; , .; , .
. . ., 27. 1934 .
. , . - . ,
, . ,
. .
. . . . . . ,
. , , .
276 . . .: . 38 . 1910 .
: , .
, , .
$7,507,50, $1,500, $150.
. $755, $8,858.52,
$500. 1918 . 47 . 276.
. ,
: , 2 2 1 . :
, .; , .; , .
.
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
. . . ,
145
. . ., , .,
1.
1906 .
digitized by SVOBODA
145
.,
, .,
15.
1921
14. 1934 . : . .
. . , . , . .
. , . . . .
, , ,
. . . .
: AVOCA.
7 , 41 . , , .
. G 1 .
(
).
326 . . .: . 18
14. 1912 . , ,
. $3,098,
$410, $455.
. $375, $30. .
: , .; , .; , .
.
: BARNESBORO.
105 . 1895 p.,
, . , 3
. 1 .
125 , .
( ).
249 . . .: . .
297 . . .: . . 31-
1923 . 11 . : , .; , .;
, . $120, $60.
. : , .; , .;
, .
: BATH.
20 . , ,
1 . G 1 . ( ).
95 . . .: . 15 .
1914 . : , ,
. $1,500, $100
. . : ,
, , .
: BELLEFONTE.
12 . .
. . 1 . ( ).
244 . . .: . . 29 22.
1909 . . :
, .; , .;
. $975, $180,
$100 . : , .;
, .; , .
: BENTLEYVILLE.
25 . 40 . : ,
, , , , . . .
3 . , .
( ).
109 . . . 1. 1904 .
, , ., , .,
16 . , ., 1. 1907 .
$6,000, $150, $250.
, , . $315.88, $275. . 338
, ., . : ,
.; , .; . , . 8 . 338
, ., 15. 1934 .
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
. ,
. . ., , .
: BERWICK.
100. . . 1907 .
164 . . .: . 10
22. 1918 . : , ,
, . .
$1,300.90, $50 . $70.
, 706 . : , .;
, .; , ,
, . 333 . . ., 25. 1934.
31. 1934 . . .
. . , .
. , .
. . . .
333 . . .: . 32
25. 1925 . , :
. . . . $25. .
: , . 164.
: BETHLEHEM.
150 . . , ,
4 . G 2 , 4 , 4 ,
1 -, 1 , 1 .
1902 p.;
: , , . 1910 . .
288 . . ., 1914 . . , 1915 . , 1917 .
, 1918 . , ,
. 1929 . . 47 . . .,
1934 . - . ( ).
47 . . .: . 6 25.
1919 . . ,
: , .; , . $179.30,
$11.25, $130. ,
. $337.53, $192.66.
. : , .; ,
.; , .
288 . . . 12 10.
1910 . , , : ,
.; , .; , . $5,203.59,
$206.17, $172,
. $850, $325,
.
. : , .; , .;
, .
: BRESLAU.
350. 1886 . .
, . 2 , .-. ,
- .
, . 20: , , ,
, , , . .
( ).
. . .: . 80
1899 . , , , . :
, .; . , .; , . $1,400,
$15. . :
, . : ,
.; . , .; , . . 29, 48, 99,
169, 223, 278 319 12. 1934 .
20. 1934 . . 99.
: BRISTOL.
25 . 1920 p., , .
. ( 1 . ( ).
362 . . .: 19 9.
1927 . : , ,
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
362
. . ., ,
. , ,
. $545, ^
$20. $669.67.
. : , .; , .; ,
. 27. 1934 . . 45 116.
: BRIDGEPORT.
80 . ^ , . , .
, . 6 1 ^, 1 ,
-. . ( ).
383 . . .: . 1928 .
25 . : , .;
, .; , . $421,
. . $50.75 , . .. .
$25 .
1933 . . . , . 15 . II. .,
15. 1914 . . .
$1,303.50, $203.50,
$50, , . . ., $75 .
383 . . . . 16 10 $429.98.
$790.34. ,
. : , .; , .;
, .
: BUTLER.
1,000. 1902 , .
. G 10 , . 6
. . 10 ( ,
, , ). ,
. 6 . . ( . ).
: ANONSBURG.
10 . , ,
. 6 2 . ( ).
: CARNEGIE.
350 . : , , ,
, ..G .
3 . . ., 1 . . . .,
. 2 , 3 2
. .
1906 . ( ).
134 . . . ; 16 24.
1918 . : . ,
, . $1,495,
$113, $50.93 .
$525.25, $300. . 220
. : , .; , .; , .
7. 1934.
20. ; 1934 . , ,
. ,
. , , , ,
. , . .
. . . , .
136 . . .: 16 1905 .
. ,
, . $4,418,
$614.50, $282.82. , '
8 . $2,796.26, $120.35.
. : , .; , .;
, .
264 . . .: 31. 1936.
384 . . .: . . 16 22.
1914 . : , .
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
. , 90 . . ., , .
. , , .
$3,705, $195,
. $75 -- .
. :; , .; , .; , .
: CENTRALIA.
800. 1884 . .
, . 5, . . ,
, . . . 5 .
. ,
. ( lean , .).
90 . . .: . 12 6. 1903 .
: , .
$8,945, $200, $1,800 8
. $235. .
. . . (.) 17
. , ,
. : , .; , .;
(.), . 16. 1934 .
189 . . .: . 15. 1919 .
. , :
, .; , . 8
$25, $100. $500.
. : , .; , .;
, . . 90.
90 . . ., , .
, .; , ., .
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
. , 156 . . ., , .
: CHESTER.
550. 35 .
. 6, 2 (. .), ,
, , 2. . :
11, 5, 5, 3, 3, 1,
1, 1. ( ).
156 . . .: . 17
9. 1918 . : , ,
, . .
$1,386.50, $125, $325
, . $450, $2,400,
$50. . :
, , .
156, 237 388 25. 1934.
. . , .
, . , ,
.
. , ,
. ' . .
, .
.
222 . II. .: - 22.
1936.
237 . . .: . 15 23.
1909 . : , .; , .;
, . $6,250,
$1,150, $350. $750.
,
388. .
. : , .;
, .; , .
352 . . .: . 1926 . 9 . : , .; , .;
, . $342, $30.
$64. . : , .; , .; , . 4.
1934 . ,
.
388 . . .: 1914 .
. . : , .; , .; , .
$3,000, $500, $220
. $450.
. .
. : , .; , .
, . (156 237).
: CLIFTON HEIGHTS.
. . 1911 . .
: COALDALE.
35 . 8 , , 1910 .
, , - ,
( ). ( ).
201 . . .: . 16 17. 1921 .
, , .
.
$875.92, $26, $18.75 8 . . : ,
.; , .; , .
: COATESVILLE.
200 . . :
, , , (*. . G , , 5
. 1 , 1 , 2 , 1 ,
8 . ( ).
digitized by SVOBODA
248 . . .: .
2. 1909 . 21 , .
. $2,888.75,
$865, $295 .
$307.79. .
: , .; , .; , .
: DERRY.
336. 1901 . .
. 2 , , , . . . .
( ).
113 . . .: . 14
14. 1903 . : , .; ,
.; . $650,
$150. $160, $3,000. 113
. . . : ,
.; , .; , . .
303 . . .: . 14 29.
1924 . . ,
.
$250, $40, $60.
$65. . : , .;
0. , .; . , . .
: DONORA.
232 . . .: . 10. 1921 . 25
. : , .; ,
.; , . $300,
$200, $300. . : ,
, .
: EASTON.
300. 2. 1906 . ,
. 1911 1912 .
, 3 : 1 . . .. ., 1 . . . ., 1 . . 6
. . , , 2 ( ), .
: 6, 1, 1, 1,
1, 1. ( ).
137 . . .: . 17
16. 1913 . , .
, , .
$3,578, $160, $175, 50 . $494.
, .
. : , .; , .;
, .
: EDWARDSVILLE.
. . 1910 . 50.
: EMERALD.
15 . , , 1895 .
. 6 1 . ,
. ( ).
205 . . .: . ,
45 25. 1908 . ,
. $1,540, $50.
. : , ,
.
: ERIE.
20 . . 8
. . 6 1 , 1
, 1 . ( ).
40 . . .: . 15 16.
1916 . , 8
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
137
.,
. $167.60,
$134.20, $15 .
. : , , .
.
: ETNA.
15 . . : ,
, . . 1 .
( ).
89 . II. .: . 10 12. 1916.
: , , .
$470, . $10. . :
, .; , .; , .
: EXPORT.
101 . . .: . 15 28. 1917 .
. , ,
. $1,500.22. ,
, . $130.
. : , .; , .;
, .
: FARREL.
285 . . . 8. 1923 .
13 . , ,
.
$695. . : , .; , .; , .
: FORBES ROAD.
16 . 20 .
. 1 . ( ).
82 . . .: 15. 1917 .
21 .
. $1,785, $12,
$10, $163. : , ,
, .
: FO RD CITY.
600 . 1887 . ,
. : 1 . . . ., 2 . . ., 1 , 1 .
. , , . ( $15,000), .
: 3 , 2 , 2 , 1 .
: 1 , 1 , 1 , 2 .
G 3 . ( : , , . ).
63 . . .: - 38
21. 1902 . : , , ,
, . .
$4,000, $2,000, $600.
-. 80 $50.
, ,
63 . *
, , . 187
. 63 .
: , .; . , .; . , .
29. 1934. 8. 1934 .
. . , , . . . . ,
. , . . .
: FRACKVILLE.
110 10 .
1906 . . 6 4 : 2 . . . ., 1 . . . .,
. G -. , .
. 4. ( ).
242 . . .: . 22.
1921 . 14 . : , .
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
03
. . .,
, .
: , .; , .; , .
$ 1 ,89 9, $106, $2 5 .
. $250.
. : , .; , .; , .
4. 1934.
11. 1934 .
382 . . .: . 9
20. 1928 . . : , .;
, .; , . $10.
$50. . : , .; , .; , .
, .
: GLEN LYON.
75 . 42 : ,
, , , . .
6 , , 3 . 1 , 2
, 1 . ( ).
154 . . .: . 15 25. 1918 . : , .
digitized by SVOBODA
, . $287,
$16. . : ,
.; , .; , .
: HANOVER (R hone).
230 , : (22
), (25 ), (7 ).
1909 . 60 14 .
$600. , . 1912 .
.
$12,000.
$50,000. : , ,
, . .
.
: . 29 . . ., . . . ., , ,
. . : . . . : 3
, 3 , 1 , 5 ,
4 . ,
. 6 2 . . 1935 .
.
, .
( ! ).
: HAZLETON.
160 . 1885 . ,
, 4 : 1 . . . ., . . .,
. . . G . . . : 1 2 . (
) .
85 . . .: . 1903 . :
, , .
. 26. $3,865,
$350, .-.
$1,250, $200. . . . ,
. 349 , ., . 85 1918 . .
: , .; , .; . , .
206 230 .
5 ,
6 . 22 .
.
. 7 186 27. 1934.
8. 1934. 7.
314 . . .: . .
: HOMER.
20 . 1912 : , ,
. . . G 2 .
( . ) .
19 . . .: 11
15. 1911 . . : ,
, . $50. :
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: HOUTZDALE.
258 . . .: . 31. 1936.
: ISELIN.
15 . , '. 1925 .
. G 1 ( . . .). ( ).
400 . . . 22
19. 1914 . : , , .
: , .; , . .; ,
. .; , . $3,979,
$239.75, $337.35 .
. : , .;
. . .
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: JEANETTE.
. . 1910 . 100.
: JOHNSTOW N.
1,500. 45 ' .
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300 . . . 35 1. 1911 . :
. . , , : ,
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$300. 1919 p.,
. . .
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; , . .
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311j . . .: . 7 15.
1924 . , .
: , .; , .
. : , .; ., .; ,
.
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32. . 1900 . ,
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140 . 45 , .
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61 . . .: . 17.
1916 . 16 . ,
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$25 . $6 2
$240. . : ,
. , , .
: LEECHBURG.
. 25 . : , ,
. . . . , . 360 . . .
. 1926 . , .
.
: LINFIELD.
75. 1919 . .
. ( ).
: LYNDORA.
329 . . .: 31. 1925 .
9 , , . :
. , .; , .; , .
. . :
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digitized by SVOBODA
: LUNDYS LANE.
60 . . 0.: 10. 1922 .
. ,
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, . . .
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75 , 400. 1890 .
, , .
305 , , . ,
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305 . . .: 16
1924 . : . , . , . :
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, , . $125.
. : , .; , .;
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300 .
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48 . : , , , ,
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28 . . .: . 20
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365 . . . . 43 1915 .
: , , .
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$250 . $200. 365
.1931 . 71. : , .; , .;
, . , ., . 9, 28, 31, 97, 242, 382, 305,
365 4. 1934 .
: MAIZEVILLE.
. . 1907 . 250.
: MAYFIELD.
185 . . .: . 8
, 15. 1919 . :
, . $2,622,
$40, $50 .
$500, . : , .;
, .; , . . 86
21. 1934 .
: McADOO.
100 , 600 .
. 1890 p., 1891
. , . .
1890 . . .
1891 .
digitized by SVOBODA
. .
.
2,688 .
.
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1894 . . . , .
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1900 .
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1907 . , , -, .
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1909 . .
1927 . , .
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digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
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.,
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1893 p., , , 1895 p., .
1898 p., . ,
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.
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25 . . 1897 . . 1904
1905 . , 1915 1916 . . ,
15 ,
1921 1929 p., .
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3 1 .
, . , . . . 7,
.. . . 186, ,
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7 . . .: . , : . , 4 . . . .,
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1895 . . . . 1898 ; ,
.
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,
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: . , .; . , .; . , . .; . ,
. . $9,761,
$1,758.59. . $1,856.23.
. 7 . 1915 . , 271
, ., 4 , ($50) . 7.
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7 . 186 . 85 27.
1934 . 8. 193 . .
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186 . . .: . .
:
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180 . 50 . .
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4 1 . 2 , 2
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132 . . .: 10. 1905 .
: . , . : , .;
, .; , . $1,765,
$410, $503.50. $300.
. : , ;
, .; , .
3. 1934 .
digitized by SVOBODA
: McKEES ROCKS.
3,000 . 1898 .
. . 12: 2 . . . .,
4 . . . ., 5 . . . ., 1 . . .-.
1906 . 530 . - .-. 300 ,
45 . . 6
.
, . . . ., , ,
. : 2 , 3 , 4 .
: 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 . (
).
91 . . .: . 19. 1910 .
16 . : , .;
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, : , ,
$918.45, $514.60 , . $2,800,
$200.
. 27 1931 . . . ..
: 258 91. : , .; , .;
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. 1934 . 10 1934 .
, , . , . .
. , . , , ,
- . . : . , .
. , . ,
. , - . .
- . , . . .
166 . . .: 10 15.
1934 . : . , , ,
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. : , .; ,
.; , .
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. . 1912 . .
: MINERSVILLE.
^ 325 . 80-
. ,
.
- 1896
.
-
.
( ,
)
1908 1910 . 1912 . - -
. 1915 . -
: . 4 -
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, 1920 ,
.
: 1) -. 232 ; 2) - . 200 ; 3) 80 ; 4) 50 .
(8 10) .
( , . .
8 , . . ),
South Side Citizen Club ( 300 ); .
.
.
,
.
.
. .
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digitized by SVOBODA
: 1 , 2 , 5 , 16 , 2
. ( . ).
78 . . .: . .
265 . . .: . 11
18. 1923 . .
, .
. $620,
$40.50 . $100.
. : , .; , .; , .
: MONESSEN.
600. 40 .
, 4 , , , ,
2 , . 4
, 1 , 2 . 1 ,
1 . 3 , ,
. $83,000.
$85,000, .
pp. 1922 1926,
. .1933 .
. ( . . . ).
128 . . .: 31. 1934.
338 . . .: . 10. 1912 .
3 32 . ,
. . , . .
$3,635, $764.50,
$250. $635, 35 $20.
$1,065.40. . ,
.
. . . . 128 . 1934. : , .;
, .; , .
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1934 . . 338.
. . . . , . .
: . . . . .
.
: MOSCOW.
. . 1924 . 10.
: MOUNT CARMEL.
208 , 1,700 . 1881 .
, , . .
: , , , , , . , , , .
, .
-. ,
, $90,000. 6 ,
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.
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1 , 6 , 1 , 1 .
.
: 1, 1, 4,
2, 2 .
5, ( ) 6,
.
,
2. 1896 p., .
1897 . . . ( ).
2 . . .: . 1895 . : .
, . , . : . , . ,
. $215. $100.
. : , .;
, .; , . .
digitized by SVOBODA
: NANTICOKE.
100 . 1880 . .
, , , 4 ,
. 2 , 3 , 1
, 2 , 1 . ( ).
29 . . . ( ):
1899 . 8 , :
, . 12
$3,203, $119, $225, $35,
. $155,
, . .
: , .; , .; , .
. , 48, 99, 228, 278 319
12. 1934 . . '
. , , 99.
319 . . .: 7
22. 1924 . : , .; ,
.; , . $247,
$40, $10. $256. .... . 7.
. : , .;
, .; , . , .
: NANTY GLQ.
90 . 40 . ,
, , , .
. 6 3 . . 2 . . . G
. G , . G ,
: 2 , 1 1 . . (>\. . ).
: NESQUEHONHNG.
* 17 , 11 . - 1910 . :
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. ( ).
231 . . .: . 9 28.
1920 . : , .; ,
.; , .; , .
. , , .
$970, $10, $135. -
$20. . 57
., . : ., .; ,
.; , .
: NEW ALEXANDRIA.
. . 1906 . 35.
82 . . .: . .
: NEW CASTLE.
74 . . .: . . .
: NORTHAMPTON.
2,900 ,
, : , , , , , . .
1895 , . , .
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, . 2:
. 15: , , , , ,
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( ).
44 . . .: 13.
1916 . 20 . : , .; ,
.; , . $1,869.60,
$146.75, $323.39, $153.75 . $1,413.74, -
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
, 44 . . ., , .
, . ; ;
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. , . , . , . .
318 . . .: . 1. 1912 . 28 . : , .;;
, .; , . $1,499.25,
$116.75, $20
. $935.97. . .
. : ,
.; , .; , .
: NORTHUMBERLAND.
62 124 , 186.
28 . G 1 (. . . .). ( . ).
'
357 . . .: . 18 11. 1913 .
. , *
, . $1,566.50,
$100, $1,350 ,
8 . . : ,
.; , .; , ..
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
cii.
SO
II. ., ,
11.
: OLYPHANT.
800 . ,,
, . 12,000 .
.
. 40
-. .
,
1885.
. . 1888 .
1 : . , , . .
1894 , ,
.
- 80 90
. , . . , , ,
, . 1890 . : ,
, , . , . .
digitized by SVOBODA
: ORMROD.
80 . 40 .
, , . .
, . 6 2 . . . ., 1 . ,
- . 2 1. . (
).
124 . . G.: . 38 17.
1905 . : , , :
, .; , . $2,159.88,
$375, $225 .
$824.26, . : , .;
, .; , .
: PALMERTON.
100 , 300 . 1908 . : , ,
, , , , .
. 6 3 : 1 . . . ., 1 . . . ., 1 . . G .-.
, , , 7 (2 ,
, 2 ). . (
).
369 . . .: . 37 ,
27. 1913 . , .
: , , , . .
$3,460.96, $200, $150
, , . $1,000, $50.
.. : ,
, , , ( ).
: , ; , .; , .
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
. ,
105
. . ., , .
: PARKER FORD.
23. 1919 . .
( !).
: PHILADELPHIA.
( - ).
: 5,000 .
.
.
( ).
() 1902 18-
. ,
. , .
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. , - ,
. , . , .
,
. ,
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. , ,
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Point Breeze.
, , , . . ,
23- . Callowhill. . 8 . ,
.
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.
( . .). 1905-
,, 45 . . . . ,
2- South St., . 3- .
. , ,
, ,
. . . . . , . 1907.
. 1907 . .
. . 1909 -
,
. ' - 1,000 .
.
. :
11; 11 (
); 4; 1;
. 1; ;
. ; ....; -; . .
; . . . .
: - 84 7 N. Franklin
"St.; , '849 N. Franklin "St.; (S. . .
Roman and Clarissa Sts.)~; 23- .;
. 3 322 Lawrence St.; .
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
163 . . ., , .
.
; . 7- .;
; (23
) . ; ;
. . ;
; . Lawrence St.;
8 . ,
: .-. . ;
; Lawrence
St; (23 ).
: ;
.
: Taras Shewchenko Dramatic Circle (23rd and B rown);
Ukrainian-American Youth League; Ukrainian Girls Club in Nicetown; ,, Young
Ukraine Catholic Club; Young Ukrainian Nationlists; , .
: St. Josaphats Ukrainian Athletic Club of Frankford;
Ukrainian Athletic Club (23rd and Brown); Ukrainian-American Soccer Club; Ukrainian
Athletic Association of Nicetown; Ukrainian Girls Athletic Club.
: ;
.
: . . . . ;
. ;
.
: . - -
, 815 N. Franklin St.; .
, 1127 W. W ingohocking St.
. : . ,; 832
N. 7th St.; . ; .
.
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.
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( , . . 42); . ;
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1 , 1 , 6 , 5 , 2
.
: 1909 .
(delicatessen store 822 N. Franklin S t.).
. : 5,
45, 10, 15, 15,
3, 5, 5, 10, 10, 5,
5, 5, 1, 1, 1, 5, 3,
2, 1, 25, ()* 16.
: 1905. , 45 . . . .
. 1907. ; 1909; .- .
; 1912. ; 1922.
Broad Street Theatre (15,000 ); 1922.
0. Academy of Music; 1922. ;
1930. Metropolitan Opera House (20,000
); 1932. Academy of Music:
. , 0. ; 1933. Academy
of Music , . .
. .
II.
23- (, .)
( ).
: Ukrainian League of Phila., Inc., 1916
, . 324 . . . :
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digitized by SVOBODA
: ,
, , , ,
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. 1917
1918 . , ,
. . 2317 Fairmount Ave. 9,000
, 1925 .
8 $26,500, , , ,
. $43,000.
, (
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.
: . , . 324 . . .; . , . 250
. . .; . . ; (Baseball Team)
Besketball Team : Ukrainian Athletic Association; .
. . , .
300 . 150 .
.
. 6 , .
. , , : 2
, 1 , 2 , 1 .
1 1 advertizement artist, , .
. 1934 5 80 , .
. . , ,
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$50,000. , < ,
, . , . 324 . . ., .
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III.
NICETOWN.
( /).
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digitized by SVOBODA
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FRANKFORD, .
450. . 1902 .
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1 . ), . . , , .2
- . (), .
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35 . . .: . 1916 .
28 . ,
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$40, $55.
- . : , .; ,
.; , .
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27. ;
6- 1934. . 45.
45 . . 13. 1903 . 13 .
: . , . , . : . . ,
.; , .; , . $10,765,
$675, $565 , ,
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$75. ,
. .
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27. 1934 . 29. 1934 .
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29. 1934 .
62 . . .: , ,.
8 31 17. 1916 . , , >,
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$1,844.73, $92, $105. $302.72,
$50, $157. . 324 24. 1932 *
. : , .; ,
.; . , .
83 . . .: . 22 15.
1916 . : , .; ,
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, 83 .
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. : , .; ,
.; , .
105 . . .: . 21. 1907 . 14
. : , , ,
. : , .; , .;
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$1,200.90 , , .
$3,171.08, $200.
. . . . ., , . . .
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$20,000. 105
.
. : , ; , .; ,
. : .
27. *
4. 1934 .
. , : ,
. . . ., . , .
. .
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
: PHOENIXVILLE.
100 . 1902 .
. .-. , 1 , 5 (3
2 ), 1 . .
. , -
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).
321 . . .: . 17 20.
1914 . , , . :
, , . $2,055.30,
$375.25, $160.
. $1,600. .
. .
: , , .
).
: PITTSBURGH.
( . ).
1,000 , 5,000 .
60 , - 5 ; , 50 .
, .
1880. 1895.
,2 .3
, ,4
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1887
,
1 1901 . 2 . 3 , 1894
. 4 1903 .
- ,
847-9 N. Franklin St., , .
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
, 96 . . .. , .
.
, , 1888 .
, , . 1890
25 100 . -.
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.
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, 25
. , ,
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. ,
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$50. 1890
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. 7-
$11,500. , ,
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,
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5. 1891 .-.
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. 96 . . . .
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5
6
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200 .
21. . 1870 , 11. 1911 .
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
396
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, 200 . ,
200 , / .
, . , . ,
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20 170, .
.-. . , .
. 1919 , . .
. . . . , . 175
$50,000 . ,
. 108 . -
. , ... 50 .
1926 16-
. . .. , ,
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.
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1915 .
.. , .
$50 ,
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. ,
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1920 ,
.
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,
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$1,200 6,000
( ) .
1,555 .
, . 1935
.. , . .
, ,
, $630.
1915 .
. 3,000 .
- . 1922 ,
.
4,000 . - .
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, , . 1923 . , ,
, . 6,000
. 1931 .
. 8,000
. ,
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.
. 1917 .
. . , 21. ,
,
.
$2,400. 1919 , .
.
, , . .
.
. , , ,
.
1928, ,
.
.
. ,
. , 1931
, 44 $400 ,
.
. . , 350 ;
. . , 150 ; 250
320 . 1,070 ,
.
. 527 ,
.
.
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. 1918
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8 . .
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.
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1920 . 8 , .
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. $800.
, .
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,
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50. , 15 .
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8 , - , .
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, , .
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. 1930 , 13,650 , .
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.
6
. 1893
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, . 1903, . ,
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. , , ,
, , .
.
- . . (Ukrainian Building and Loan Association) p. 1921
, , . 1934
$78,000 .
- (United Ukrainian Building and Loan Associa
tio n ). , 1925 , $60,000.
. ,
, , , . ,
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, .
: , , , . ,
8 , .
, , .
: . 400 ;
. 175 ; .
100 ; 70 ;
255 , 1,000 .
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, . ,
, 25,000 .
5,000 , , , 1,000
, . , 330
. $5,000,
: $1,650,000;
$250,000; $100,000; . . $225,000;
. $50,000; . $45,000; $140,000 $2,460,000.
.
, -, ;
.
53 . . .: . , . ,
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. . ,
. 1892 .
, . . . 1890
. . . 7 . . :
, .; , . , .
24, 96, 118, 120, 132 396
3. 1934 . 5. 1934. . .
. , . , .
. . - , .
. , . . , : .
. . , ; .
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96 . . .: . 38 28.
1904 . : . . , .;
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$6,944, $184.88, $250
. $800. ^ .
. : , .; , . . 30- 28. 1934 .
.
118 . . .: .
. . 1919 .
$795, $647, $150. : . ,
.; . , .; . , .
396 . . .: 26 6.
1914 . . : , .;
, .; , . $1,548,
$150, $480
. $1,768. . :
, .; , .; , .
digitized by SVOBODA
digitized by SVOBODA
24
., ,
: PLYM OUTH,
. . 1898 . 300.
: P L A IN S .
200 . 40 . .
. 6 , .
6 3 : 1 . . . ., 1 . . . ., . G 1 ,
1 , 1 .
: 1 , 1 , 1 .
1 , 2 , 1 , 1 , 1
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: QUAK ERTO W N.
60. . 1914 . . ( ).
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4 .
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45 , , . G
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160 . , .
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: 1 . . . ., 1 . 1 . . . . . . .
, 35 , . . . . , 57
.
. ( ).
227 . . .
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376 . . .: . 15. 1927 .
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40
1933, ,
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, 25, 94, 134, 135, 136,
137, 141, 142, 284, 325 342;
, 328; , 328, 329;
, 157; ,
135, 136, 330.
, 346.
, 2, 46. . 460 496. .
439.
, 177, 411. . 3 8 1 .
, 7, 46, 146, 147, 176, 229,
341.
, 144, 145, 146,
341.
, 202, 203, 215 221, 223,
224, 226, 227, 293295, 335. . 361.
, 46, 227, 373. . 365 380.
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