Shirley Ren

ENG101-11
6 November 2014
Annotated Bibliography with Notes
Hatton, Celia. "A Side-effect of China's One-child Policy." BBC News. British
Broadcasting Corporation, 21 Nov. 2013. Web. 2 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-25035280>.
Before 1979, Chinese family will have an average of four children; however, policy was
enacted in 1979. Children did not have siblings, instead they forge a close relationship with their
cousins, as Chinese would use brother and sister to describe cousins. Couples who violated
the policy would have faced a variety of punishments, from fines and loss of employment to
forced abortions. Over time, the policy is slowly starting to relax in some provinces, allowing
couples who both came from one-child family to have more than one child. Also, it describes
that the single child would have to take care of their parents when their parents are old and
cannot work anymore. This leads to lots of responsibility for the only-child as he/she would have
no one to share it with. Also, the child would have Little Emperor Syndrome-spoiled and selfcentered. Also, the article talks about the relaxation of the rules.
I will use this source to talk about the experience that Chinese only-child face when their
parents become old. This will be a secondary source as it has interviews with people. Also, I will
use this source to describe how the relaxation of the policy will be good for the future and the
impact that one-child policy have on future generations as people that qualify for second child,
would not want another child anymore due to the psychological and financial problem that they
think they will have to face.

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use in the introduction paragraph and talk about how China is slowly relaxing its rule.
Will use this to describe how China should totally relax its policy at every region and to
everyone.

describe how the relaxation of the policy will be good for the future and the impact that
one-child policy have on future generations as people that qualify for second child, would
not want another child anymore due to the psychological and financial problem that they
think they will have to face.

McLoughlin, Caven S. "The Coming-Of-Age Of China's Single-Child Policy." Psychology In

The Schools 42.3 (2005): 305-313. Academic Search Complete. Web. 2 Nov. 2014.
China's one-child policy has been enacted for over 35 years. The original single-child policy
proposed in 1979 and instituted by 1982 incorporated bonuses for those who limited their family
to one child and penalties for those who thwarted the national level. It describes the history of the
one-child policy, and how today it appear to sustain its widespread acceptance by the Chinese
peoples. Also, it describes the implementation of the single-child policy, the development of
incentives for compliance and penalties for noncompliance, information reflecting representative
data-based analyses of outcomes from the policy, and the present situation and scenarios that
might lead others to also adopt this policy.
I would use this article to describe the incentive that was provided for families to have
only one-child. However, that incentive will lead to bad ideals in the future as thus a time when
there are fewer offspring to care for elderly family members, there is a parallel increase in the
absolute number of seniors not succumbing to those ailments that caused the early deaths of their
parents. This will be one of my points to focus on, in which, this article provides in-depth
information about the cons of the policy.

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describes the incentives for family with only one child and punishments for family that
have more than one child.

Describe the responsibility aspect of how later in time, there are fewer offspring to care
for the elderly family responsibility.

Also, describe the one-son family

Nakra, Prema. "China's "One-Child" Policy: The Time For Change Is Now." World Future
Review (World Future Society) 4.2 (2012): 134-140. Academic Search Complete. Web.
31 Oct. 2014.
More than 35 years ago, the Chinese government (Communist Party) announced its one child per
family population control policy. The policy was suppose to be a short-term measure, however,
the policy has continued for over 35 years. The article describes negative economic and political
consequences of the policy such as urbanization woes, skilled labor shortage, emergence of a
two-class society, future leadership at stake, and pension system in jeopardy. It also describes the
demographic and social consequences such as subreplacement fertility rate, aging society, gender
imbalances, and increase in divorce rate. Also, it describes the pro of China to change the policy
and focus on building skills and capabilities, investing in infrastructure, and pension and healthcare reforms.
With this article, I will describe the unintended consequences of the policy discussed in
the article that suggest that maintaining the policy is no longer helpful in the development of
China in an economic, political, and social standpoint. I will use the key points that the article
pointed out to describe the ideas that other article pointed out. I will devote a paragraph on

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economic and political consequences, and another paragraph on demographic and social
consequences.

Use factual details to support other paragraph

use to describe the economic and political consequences: urbanization woes, skilled labor
shortages, emergence of a two-class society, future leadership at stake, pension system in
jeopardy

Also, use this paragraph to describe the demographic and social consequences:
subreplacement fertility rate, aging society, gender imbalances, increase in divorce rate.

Pascu, Mihai Lucian. "China's "One-Child Family" Demographic Policy - Analyzing The
Consequences Of The Measures Taken To Confine The Demographic Growth Of
China." Bulletin Of The Transilvania University Of Brasov. Series VII: Social
Sciences. Law 53 (2011): 103-110. Academic Search Complete. Web. 1 Nov. 2014.
The one-child policy will bring a series of disadvantages with consequences in the future. As the
increase of the dependency ratio in China with aging population phenomenon and the vast
difference in the sex ratio that will lead to social problems. Many believe that the simplistic
reasoning behind the one-child policy might be responsible for the next demographic crisis. This
article described the pre-1970s programs/interests that China had developed. The Chinese have
shown an interest towards social programs designed to support birth control since the 1920s 1930s. In the mid 1950s, the Chinese government had gradually incorporated family planning
and birth control measures.
I will use this article to write about the gender imbalance in China. In Chinese culture, the
girl leaves behind her family after marriage, and to continue her life in her husbands family.

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This cultural rule made boys more valuable than girls. Also, girls would get abandon right after
birth. I would devote a paragraph to describing why the one-child policy lead to the gender
imbalance and how this affects society and the life of those unregistered girls and those that were
killed by their parents.

will use this article to describe the history of one-child policy

described the pre-1970s programs/interests that China had developed. The Chinese have
shown an interest towards social programs designed to support birth control since the
1920s - 1930s. In the mid 1950s, the Chinese government had gradually incorporated
family planning and birth control measures.

Talk about the social aspect: gender imbalance. In Chinese culture, the girl leaves behind
her family after marriage, and to continue her life in her husbands family. This cultural
rule made boys more valuable than girls. Also, girls would get abandon right after birth. I
would devote a paragraph to describing why the one-child policy lead to the gender
imbalance and how this affects society and the life of those unregistered girls and those
that were killed by their parents.

Rosenberg, B. G.Jing, Qicheng. "A Revolution In Family Life: The Political And Social
Structural Impact Of China's One Child Policy." Journal Of Social Issues 52.3 (1996):
51-69. Academic Search Complete. Web. 31 Oct. 2014.
The long-term consequences of the one-child policy for China include the economic,
social, and political aspect. Also, China needs to look at the well-being of other nations as other
nations do not have the policy and are successful. The after effects have an enormous impact on
the Chinese people's economic well-being and quality of life. Chinas overpopulation was solved

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with the institution of the one-child policy, however, the government did not think about future
consequences. The psychology of the one-child is the most talked social issue in China as only
child tend to be spoiled. Compare to the traditional society of China, where there was the
presence of a sibling, there would be a better social and emotional development.
The article describes the pro of having a sibling as most of Western literature depicts the
only child as self-centered, limit testing, and impulsive. Also, the children would have siblings to
play with as the older sibling would serve as a role model for the younger child. I will use this
article to describe the pro of having more than one child, in which, children with siblings will be
more likely to get along with others as they are use to sharing. I will compare this to college
lifestyle, in which people would have roommate and have to share space. I could do an interview
to support this article as most of one-child children from China would have prefer to have single
room as they are not use to sharing a room.

talk about the psychological issue of being the one-child as only child tend to be spoiled.
Compare to the traditional society of China, where there was the presence of a sibling,
there would be a better social and emotional development.

pro of having a sibling as most of Western literature depicts the only child as selfcentered, limit testing, and impulsive. Also, the children would have siblings to play with
as the older sibling would serve as a role model for the younger child.

(counterargument): Economically, the one-child family profits with the extravagant

amount of extra benefits they are given due to their obedience to the law. One child
families have become a popular trend these days, as statistics show that many more
developed nations such as the United States tend to have a high number of single- child
households due to the lower cost of having only one child and raising them better.

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Households that decided to only have one child have better living standards. For
example, the Chinese government gives free birth-control pills and devices to couples
that decide to only have one child. Awards are also given to these couples, and, in
addition, monetary awards are given until the child turn fourteen years of age.
(Rosenburg, Qicheng 53) Families with one child also tend to enjoy luxurious benefits
given by the government such as free nursery care, medical care, and primary school
tuition. As the family has less people in the household, the child tend to receive a better
care. The weight and height of single children tend to be greater than those with sibling.
One study showed that 80% of middle school only children received milk in their daily
diet, while only 12% of multisiblinged children consumed milk on a daily basis(
Rosenburg, Qicheng 58).

Wen, Tiffanie. "As Chinas One-Child Policy Relaxes, Girl Children No Longer Stigmatized."
The Daily Beast. Newsweek/Daily Beast, 7 Jan. 2014. Web. 31 Oct. 2014.
<http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/01/07/as-china-s-one-child-policy-relaxesgirl-children-no-longer-stigmatized.html>.
This article is about how if China relaxes the one-child policy, girls would no longer be
viewed as a lower gender compared to boys. Chinas one-child policy is responsible for millions
of lost girls and an unbalanced sex ratio that will leave an estimated 30 million adult Chinese
men unmarried by 2020. The article describes how that as the family only have one-child, they
would start to value girls in the 1990s.
I would use this article to support my article about the gender imbalance during the
1970s. I would describe that more are getting educated, thinking in China have changed. A

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change in the rule occurred in 2013 in which couples in which one parent is an only child are
now permitted to have a second child. This emphasis that China is slowly experiencing change.
Also, the relaxation of Chinas policy will allow the female population to increase even in rural
areas. As newly-invented devices became available being designed to find out the gender of the
babies, the families came to have the option of abortion or either abandoning the baby. When a
child is born and it happens to be a girl, some families choose not to register their child, in which
the baby would have no identify, no rights, no benefits, and no protection by the state. The child
would not exist. In the future of China, we can see the unbalance ratio of grooms to brides. In
addition, there tend to be an increase of crime rates in areas where the one-child policy is strictly
applied and where there are more males adolescents. They cannot see how Chinese girls would
benefit by being born into households with only one-child as they receive more love, affection,
and resources from their parents.

Chinas one-child policy is responsible for millions of lost girls and an unbalanced sex
ratio that will leave an estimated 30 million adult Chinese men unmarried by 2020.

describes how that as the family only have one-child, they would start to value girls in the
1990s.

use this article to support my article about the gender imbalance during the 1970s. I
would describe that more are getting educated, thinking in China have changed.

Also, the relaxation of Chinas policy will allow the female population to increase even
in rural areas. As newly-invented devices became available being designed to find out the
gender of the babies, the families came to have the option of abortion or either
abandoning the baby. When a child is born and it happens to be a girl, some families
choose not to register their child, in which the baby would have no identify, no rights, no

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benefits, and no protection by the state. The child would not exist. In the future of China,
we can see the unbalance ratio of grooms to brides. In addition, there tend to be an
increase of crime rates in areas where the one-child policy is strictly applied and where
there are more males adolescents. They cannot see how Chinese girls would benefit by
being born into households with only one-child as they receive more love, affection, and
resources from their parents.

Xiao-Tian, Feng, Dudley L. Poston Jr., and Wang Xiao-Tao. "China's One-Child Policy And The
Changing Family." Journal Of Comparative Family Studies 45.1 (2014):17-29. Academic
Search Complete. Web. 31 Oct. 2014.
China's one-child policy was implemented in the late 1979, and since 150 million single
children have been born in China. It is believed that this generation of only children has
dramatically changed family structure, family relationships, and family lifestyle in China. It has
also resulted in problems and issues not previously present in Chinese families, such as smaller
families, a simplification of family structure, a shift from parented centered families to child
centered families, the child becoming the focus of the family, changes in living patterns, and
changes in family lifestyle.
This article gives me the basis for writing about changing family structure as the
reduction in fertility rate and how the policy is a response to an earlier policy of later marriages,
longer birth intervals, and fewer children. And the empty nests of being the only child can be a
great concern. For this article, I will write a paragraph about the changing lifestyle of the family.
The focus is more on the kid in a one-child family, in which, would make the child develop a

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Little Emperor Syndrome. I would describe the cons of the syndrome and how it affects their
social life.

believed that this generation of only children has dramatically changed family structure,
family relationships, and family lifestyle in China. It has also resulted in problems and
issues not previously present in Chinese families, such as smaller families, a
simplification of family structure, a shift from parented centered families to child
centered families, the child becoming the focus of the family, changes in living patterns,
and changes in family lifestyle.

basis for writing about changing family structure as the reduction in fertility rate and how
the policy is a response to an earlier policy of later marriages, longer birth intervals, and
fewer children.

The empty nests of being the only child can be a great concern. The focus is more on
the kid in a one-child family, in which, would make the child develop a Little Emperor
Syndrome.

Xuefeng, Chen. "The Social Impact Of China's One-Child Policy." Harvard Asia Pacific
Review 7.1 (2003): 74-76. Academic Search Complete. Web. 1 Nov. 2014.
The article examines the social impact of China's one-child policy. It talks about the level
of intimacy between parents and children, the need of an education, and the promotion of
programs and trends to compensate for the absence of siblings in Chinese society. The
socialization of children plays an important role in the development of childrens intellect and
personality. Statistics show that over 90% of urban children and over 60% of rural children have
no siblings. It states there are some in China who believe that the installment of the single-child

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policy could generate discontent and anxiety for families with multiple children. Such discontent,
in turn could lead to negative consequences of the balanced status-quo.
I would use this article to write about how the issue of responsibility and liability is of
great importance when dealing with the physical, physiological, and economic well-being of the
child- since any harm to the child would be a devastating loss to the family. The only-child
would need to provide for the family, which includes parent and even grandparents, in which if
the only child dies the rest of the family would not have mental and economic support in the
future. Also, this article will help present the idea that having more than one-child is not only
good for the child, but also good for the adults (parents and grandparents).

use this article to write about how the issue of responsibility and liability is of great
importance when dealing with the physical, physiological, and economic well-being of
the child- since any harm to the child would be a devastating loss to the family. The onlychild would need to provide for the family, which includes parent and even grandparents,
in which if the only child dies the rest of the family would not have mental and economic
support in the future. Also, this article will help present the idea that having more than
one-child is not only good for the child, but also good for the adults (parents and
grandparents).