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Formula Matematikoak Plus
Formula Matematikoak Plus
Formula Matematikoak Plus
Geometria laua
TRIANGELUA
LAUKIZUZENA
Espazioko geometria
PARALELEPIPEDO
ANGELUZUZENA
b
2
PARALELOGRAMOA
a
V = 1 Ah
S = 2(ab + bc + ac )
TRAPEZIOA
V = abc
P = 2a + 2b
P = a+b+c
A = ab
A = 1 bh = 1 ab sin( )
PIRAMIDEA
ESFERA
TXAPEL ESFERIKOA
h
b
A = bh = ab sin( )
A = 1 h(a + b)
2
P = 2a + 2b
P = a+b+
h
+ h
sin( )
sin()
V = 4 r 3
V = 1 h2 (3r h)
S = 4 r 2
SL = 2rh
ZILINDROA
b h
r
= 2
n
(n )
A = 1 nbh = 1 nb2cot
2
A = r 2
L = 2r
P = nb
r
V = r2h
SL = 2rh
ZIRKULU-SEKTOREA
KONOA
KONO-ENBORRA
A = 1 r2
2
L = r
V = 1 r2h
V = 1 h a2 + ab + b2
SL = rg = r r2 + h2
SL = (a + b)g = (a + b) (b a)2 + h2
d(P,P' ) = (x 2 x1 ) 2 + ( y 2 y1 ) 2
bi
punturen
d(P,P' ) = (x 2 x1 ) 2 + ( y 2 y1 ) 2 + (z 2 z1 ) 2
(x 2 x1 )( y y1 ) = ( y 2 y1 )(x x1 )
(x 2 x1 )( y y1 ) = ( y 2 y1 )(x x1 )
(x 2 x1 )(z z1 ) = (z 2 z1 )(x x1 )
x = x1 + (x 2 x1 )t
y = y1 + ( y 2 y1 )t
x = x1 + (x 2 x1 )t
y = y1 + ( y 2 y 1 ) t
z = z + (z z )t
1
2
1
y y1 = m(x x1 )
v = (x 3 x 1 , y 3 y 1 , z 3 z 1 ) ):
x = x1 + t
y = y1 + mt
x x1
x 2 x1
x 3 x1
y y1
z z1
y 2 y1 z 2 z1 = 0
y 3 y1 z 3 z1
x = x1 + (x 2 x1 )t + (x 3 x1 )s
y = y1 + ( y 2 y1 )t + ( y 3 y1 )s
z = z + (z z )t + (z z )s
1
2
1
3
1
Koordenatu polarrak (
,
):
x = cos()
y = sin()
()
= arctan y
= x 2 + y 2
P(,)
Koordenatu zilindrikoak (
,
,z):
x = cos()
y = sin()
z = z
()
= arctan y
x
2
2
= x + y
z = z
Koordenatu esferikoak (
,
,
):
x = sin() cos()
y = sin() sin()
z = cos()
P(,,z)
y
X
Z
()
= arctan y
x
z
= arccos 2 2 2
x
y +z
+
2
2
2
= x + y + z
O
x
X
P(,,)
y
Y
KONIKEN SAILKAPENA
KONIKAREN EKUAZIO OROKORRA: Ax 2 + By 2 + Cxy + Dx + Ey + F = 0
ZIRKUNFERENTZIA: A = B , C = 0 .
Ax 2 + Ay 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 (x x 0 ) 2 + ( y y 0 ) 2 = r 2
Y
(x x 0 ) 2 + ( y y 0 ) 2 = r 2
C(x 0 , y 0 ) Zentroa
y0
r Erradioa
Adibidea:
x0
x 2 + y 2 4x + 6y + 8 = 0 x 2 4x + 4 + y 2 + 6 y + 9 5 = 0
(x 2 4x + 4) + ( y 2 + 6y + 9) = 5 (x 2) 2 + ( y + 3) 2 = 5
Ax 2 + By 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
(x x 0 ) 2
a2
(y y 0 )2
b2
=1
(x x 0 ) 2
a2
(y y 0 )2
b2
=1
C(x0,y0) Zentroa
a Ardatzerdi horizontala
b Ardatzerdi bertikala
b
y0
Adibidea:
x0
4x 2 + y 2 8x = 0 4x 2 8x + 4 + y 2 4 = 0
4(x 2 2x + 1) + y 2 = 4 4(x 1) 2 + y 2 = 4 (x 1) 2 +
y2
=1
4
(x x ) 2 ( y y ) 2
0
0
=1
2
2
a
b
Ax 2 + By 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
2
2
( y y 0 ) (x x 0 ) = 1
b2
a2
(x x 0 ) 2
a2
(y y 0 )2
b2
=1
C(x0,y0) Zentroa
a Ardatzerdi horizontala
b/a Asintotaren malda
b
y0
x0
O
Y
(y y 0 )2
b2
(x x 0 ) 2
a2
=1
C(x0,y0) Zentroa
b Ardatzerdi bertikala
b/a Asintotaren malda
b
y0
x0
O
Adibidea:
2x 2 3y 2 + 4x 6y 7 = 0
2x 2 + 4x + 2 3y 2 6y 3 6 = 0 2(x 2 + 2x + 1) 3( y 2 + 2y + 1) = 6
2(x + 1) 2 3( y + 1) 2 = 6
(x + 1) 2 ( y + 1) 2
=1
3
2
PARABOLA BERTIKALA: A 0 , B = C = 0 .
Ax 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 y y 0 = p(x x 0 ) 2
Y
p > 0
y y 0 = p(x x 0 ) 2
p < 0
y0
y0
V ( x 0 , y 0 ) Erpina
Adibidea:
x0
x0
3x 2 12x y + 11 = 0 3x 2 12x + 12 y 1 = 0
3(x 2 4x + 4) y 1 = 0 3(x 2) 2 y 1 = 0 y + 1 = 3(x 2) 2
PARABOLA HORIZONTALA: B 0 , A = C = 0 .
By 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 p( y y 0 ) 2 = x x 0
Y
p < 0
p( y y 0 )2 = x x 0
p > 0
y0
y0
V ( x 0 , y 0 ) Erpina
Adibidea:
x0
x0
2y 2 + x + 8 y + 4 = 0 x 4 + 2y 2 + 8 y + 8 = 0
x 4 + 2( y 2 + 4 y + 4) = 0 x 4 + 2( y + 2) 2 = 0 x 4 = 2( y + 2) 2
C 2 4AB = 0 , tg (2) =
C
A B
: PARABOLA
C
A B
: HIPERBOLA
FORMULA ALJEBRAIKOAK
Berreketa, erroketa eta logaritmoaren
propietateak
Berreketaren propietateak:
x x = x
xa
x
a +b
Biderkadura nabarmengarriak:
= x a b .
x y = (xy) .
a
x
= .
y
y
(x )
ab
(x + y)(x y) = x 2 y 2 .
(x y)(x 2 + xy + y 2 ) = x 3 y 3 .
(x + y)(x 2 xy + y 2 ) = x 3 + y 3 .
(x + y)(x y)(x 2 + y 2 ) = x 4 y 4 .
(x y)(x 4 + x 3 y + x 2 y 2 + xy 3 + y 4 ) = x 5 y 5 .
= xab .
Erroketaren propietateak:
( x )(n y ) = n xy .
Berredura nabarmengarriak:
(x + y) 2 = x 2 + 2xy + y 2 .
(x + y) 3 = x 3 + 3x 2 y + 3xy 2 + y 3 .
(x + y) 4 = x 4 + 4x 3 y + 6x 2 y 2 + 4xy 3 + y 4 .
=n
x
.
y
(n x )m = n xm .
mn
x = mn x .
Logaritmoaren propietateak:
Log a (xy) = Log a (x) + Log a ( y) .
x
Log a = Log a (x) Log a ( y) .
y
n
n
n
n n1 n n
xy
= xn + xn1y + xn2 y2 + ... +
+ y
0
1
2
n 1
n
( ) = yLog (x) .
y
Log a x
Log a (x) =
Logb (x)
.
Logb (a)
n
n!
=
.
k k! (n k)!
n! = n(n 1)(n 2) L (2)(1) .
0! = 1 .
cosh( x) =
e x + e x
2
sinh(x) =
tanh(x) =
sech(x) =
cosech(x) =
coth(x) =
argcosh(x ) = Ln x + x 2 1 .
argsinh(x ) = Ln x + x 2 + 1 .
1 + x
argtanh(x ) = 12 Ln
.
1 x
e x
.
2
e x e x
ex + e x
2
ex + e x
2
e x
ex + ex
ex e x
1
argsech(x ) = Ln +
1 .
2
x
1
argcosech(x ) = Ln +
+ 1 .
2
x
x + 1
argcoth(x ) = 12 Ln
.
x 1
Formula hiperbolikoak
Pitagoras-en formulak:
cos ( ) + sin () = 1 .
cosh2 (t ) sinh2 (t ) = 1 .
1 + tan2 ( ) = sec 2 ( ) .
1 tanh2 (t ) = sech2 (t ) .
1 + cot2 () = cosec 2 ( ) .
tan( ) =
tanh(t s) =
tan() tan( )
.
1 m tan( ) tan( )
tanh(t) tanh(s)
.
1 tanh(t) tanh(s)
tan(2 ) =
2 tan( )
1 tan ( )
2
cos
sin 12 =
tan 12 =
1 cos( )
.
2
( )
1 cos( )
.
1 + cos( )
( )
cos ()
(
(
= 12 1 + cos 2
= 12 1 cos 2
Batuketak
biderketa
transformazio formulak:
+
2
+
2
+
2
+
2
tanh(2t) =
2 tanh(t)
1 + tanh2 (t)
cosh 12 t =
sinh 12 t =
tanh 12 t =
bihurtzeko
2
2
.
2
.
2
)
)
cosh(t) + 1
.
2
( )
( )cos(
)sin(
cos( ) cos( ) = 2 sin(
)cos(
sin( ) + sin( ) = 2 sin(
)sin(
sin( ) sin( ) = 2 cos(
cos( ) + cos( ) = 2 cos
( )
cosh(t) 1
.
2
( )
cosh(t ) 1
.
cosh(t) + 1
( )) .
( )) .
sin2 ()
1 cos(2)
tan2 () =
.
1 + cos(2)
2
1 + cos( )
.
2
(12 ) =
cosh2 (t ) =
(cosh(2t) + 1) .
sinh2 (t ) = (cosh(2t ) 1) .
cosh(2t) 1
tanh2 (t ) =
.
cosh(2t ) + 1
1
2
1
2
Batuketak
biderketa
bihurtzeko
transformazio formulak:
cosh(t ) + cosh(s ) = 2 cosh t +2s cosh t 2s .
cosh(t ) cosh(s ) = 2 sinh t +2s sinh t 2s .
).
).
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
sinh(t ) + sinh(s ) = 2 sinh(t +2s )cosh(t 2s ) .
sinh(t ) sinh(s ) = 2 cosh(t +2s )sinh(t 2s ) .
Biderketak
batuketa
bihurtzeko
transformazio formulak:
(cos( + ) + cos( )) .
cos( ) cos( ) = 1
2
sin( ) sin( ) =
Biderketak
batuketa
bihurtzeko
transformazio formulak:
cosh(t )cosh(s ) = 12 (cosh(t + s ) + cosh(t s )) .
sinh(t)sinh(s ) =
sin( ) cos( )
sinh(t )cosh(s )
1
2
= 12
(cos( ) cos( + )) .
(sin( + ) + sin( )) .
1
2
= 12
1.
2.
( )
Infinitesimo baliokideak
0
1.
~ Ln(1 + ) .
8.
~ arctan() .
2.
9.
2
~ 1 cos() .
2
3.
~ e 1 .
10.
~ sinh() .
4.
Ln(b) ~ b 1 .
11.
~ tanh() .
5.
~ sin() .
12.
~ argsinh() .
6.
~ tan() .
13.
~ argtanh() .
7.
~ arcsin() .
14.
()2
2
~ ch() 1 .
SERIE NABARMENGARRIAK
Batura partziala
Serie aritmetikoa
Batura partziala
(a + (n 1)d) :
(a + (k 1)d) = an +
k =1
Serie
(a + (k 1)d)rk 1 =
k =1
Serie teleskopikoa
n(n 1)d
2
ar n 1 :
ark1 = a
k =1
(a + (n 1)d)r n 1 :
n
Serie geometrikoa
a+d
r rn
(a + (n 1)d)rn
1r
1r
xk =
k =1
(xn xn +1 ) :
(xk xk +1 ) = x1 xn+1
k =1
1 rn
1r
xn ,
x n +1 an + b
:
=
xn
an + c
FUNTSEZKO DERIBAZIO-FORMULAK
Funtsezko deribatuak:
Funtzioa
Deribatua
Funtzioa
y = xa
y = ax a 1
y =nx
y = ax
y = Log a (x )
y = axLn(a)
y=
Deribatua
y =
ex
n xn 1
n
y =
y = Ln(x)
ex
y = cos(x)
1
x Ln(a)
y = sin(x)
y = cosh(x)
1
x
y = sinh( x)
y = sin(x)
y = cos(x)
y = sinh(x)
y = cosh(x)
y = tan(x)
y = sec(x)
y = cosec(x)
y = cot(x)
y = arccos(x)
y = arcsin(x)
y =
y =
y =
y = arcsec(x)
y = arccosec(x)
cos (x)
cos (x)
y = cosech(x)
cos(x)
y =
sin (x)
y = coth(x)
y =
sin (x)
y = argcosh(x)
y = argsinh(x)
1
1 x
1+ x
1
y = argtanh(x)
y = argsech(x)
y =
x x2 1
y = argcosech(x)
y =
x x2 1
y =
y = argcoth(x)
1
1+ x
sinh( x)
cosh2 (x)
cosh(x)
sinh2 (x)
1
sinh2 (x)
1
x2 1
1
1 + x2
y =
cosh2 (x)
y =
y =
1 x2
y =
y = arccot(x)
y =
y =
y =
y = sech(x)
sin(x)
y =
y =
y =
y =
y = arctan(x)
y = tanh( x)
y =
y =
1 x2
1
x 1 x2
1
x x2 + 1
y =
1
1 x2
N-garren deribatua
Funtzioa
y = xa
y = mx
y = ax
y = Log a (x )
y = cos(x)
y = cosh(x)
y (n) =
xnLn(a)
n
2
y = sin(x)
y = sinh( x)
ex + (1)n ex
2
y (n) =
mn
ex
y = Ln(x)
(1)n 1 (n 1)!
y (n) = cos x +
y (n) =
y=
N-garren deribatua
y (n) = ex
y (n) =
( 1)n 1 (n 1)!
xn
n
2
n+1
y (n) = sin x +
y (n) =
ex + (1)
e x
Pn (x) =
f (k) (a)
f(a)
f(a)
f (n) (a)
(x a) k = f(a) +
(x a) +
(x a) 2 + ... +
(x a) n
k
!
1
!
2
!
n
!
k =0
n
f(x) = f(a) +
f(a)
f(a)
f (n) (a)
f (n +1) (c)
(x a) +
(x a) 2 + ... +
(x a) n +
(x a) n +1
1!
2!
n!
(n + 1)!
BEREHALAKO INTEGRALAK
Integral mugagabea
a
x dx =
dx =
Integral mugagabea
x a +1
+ C , (a 1)
a +1
x dx = Ln(| x |) + C
ax
+C
Ln(a)
cos(x)dx = sin(x) + C
sin(x)dx = cos(x) + C
(x) dx = tan(x) + C
(x) dx = cot(x) + C
dx = e x + C
cosh(x)dx = sh(x) + C
sinh(x)dx = ch(x) + C
(x) dx = tanh( x) + C
(x) 1 dx = coth(x) + C
1 + x
1 + x 2 dx = arctan(x) + C
1 x 2 dx = argtanh(x) + C = 12 Ln 1 x + C
x
dx = argsech(x) + C = Ln
2
2
x 1 x
1 + 1 x
+C
dx = argsinh(x) + C = Ln x + 1 + x 2 + C
x
dx = argcosech(x) + C = Ln
2
2
x 1+ x
1 + 1 + x
+C
dx = argcosh(x) + C = Ln x + x 2 1 + C
x 1
dx = arcsin(x) + C
1 x2
1
1+ x
1
x x2 1
dx = arcsec(x) + C
a = t
R a dx :
1
dx =
dt
Ln(a)t
( )
x
R(e
Log a (x) = t
R(Log a (x) )
dx :
x
dx = a tLn(a)dt
Ln(x) = t
R(Ln(x) )
dx :
x
dx = e tdt
e = t
dx :
1
dx = dt
t
10
cos(x) = t
R(sin(x),cos(x) )dx :
2
sin(x) = 1 t
t 2 1
cosh(x) = t
tanh( x) =
t
2
sinh(
x
)
=
t
1
dx
=
dt
t 1
dx =
dt
2
1 t
tan(x) =
1 t2
t
sin(x) = t
R
(
sin(
x
),
cos(
x
)
)
dx
:
cos(x) = 1 t2
sinh(x) = t
R(sinh(x),cosh(x))dx :
cosh(x) = 1 + t 2
2
1 t
1
dx =
dt
1 t2
tan(x) =
tan(x) = t
R(sin(x),cos(x))dx :
1
cos(x) =
1 + t2
tanh(x) = t
R(sinh(x),cosh(x))dx :
1
cosh(x) =
1 t2
2
1+ t
1
dx =
dt
1 + t2
sin(x) =
( )
tan 12 x = t
(
)
R
sin(
x
),
cos(
x
)
dx
:
2
cos(x) = 1 t
1 + t2
( )
p
m
x = tk (k = mkt{n,..., q})
q
motako integralak:
n ,..., (ax + b ) q dx :
R
x
,
(
ax
+
b
)
k k 1
dx = a t dt
p
m
ax + b n
ax + b q
R x, cx + d ,..., cx + d dx motako integralak:
ax + b
= tk (k = mkt{n,..., q})
p
m
cx + d
ax + b n
ax + b q
R x, cx + d ,..., cx + d dx :
k 1
dx = (ad bc)kt
dt
k 2
a ct
11
1 t
dx =
dt
2
1 t
sinh(x) =
1
tanh 2 x = t
(
)
R
sinh(
x
),
cosh(
x
)
dx
:
2
cosh(x) = 1 + t
1 t2
2t
sin(x) =
1 + t2
2
dx =
dt
1 + t2
1+ t
1
dx =
dt
1 + t2
tanh(x) =
2t
1 t2
2
dx =
dt
1 t2
sinh(x) =
t2 c
2
ax + bx + c = a x + t x =
b 2 a t
R x, ax + bx + c dx, a > 0 :
2bt 2 a t 2 2 a c
dx =
dt
2
b2 at
2 c t b
2
ax + bx + c = c + xt x =
a t2
R x, ax + bx + c dx, c > 0 :
2 c t2 2bt + 2a c
dx =
dt
2 2
at
R x,
a t2
a(x )(x ) = (x )t x =
a t2
2
2
R x, ax + bx + c dx,b 4ac 0 :
2a( )t
dx =
dt
2 2
at
R x,
x =
2
R x, ax + c dx, a > 0, c > 0 :
dx =
c
a
x =
=
2
sec (t)dt dx =
x =
2
R x, ax + c dx, a > 0, c < 0 :
dx =
sec(t)
c
sec(t) tan(t)dt
a
x =
2
R x, ax + c dx, a < 0, c > 0 :
dx =
sin( t)
c
cos(t)dt
a
tan(t)
c
a
c
a
cosh(t)dt
sinh( t)
c
a
x =
=
dx =
x =
=
dx =
c
cosh(t)
c
sinh( t)dt
a
tanh( t)
2
c
sech (t)dt
a
Integral binomikoak:
p
m
x n ax q
p
m
n ax q
x
p
m
x n ax q
s
x = tk (k = mkt{n, q} )
+ b dx, sr :
dx = ktk 1dt
s
q
r
ax + b = t
m +1
s
+ b dx, n
:
q p
p
s
p
q
s s 1
dx = q t b
t
dt
p a
m +1
s
+ b dx, n
+
p
r
s
s
+a= t
bx
q p
s
p
s s 1
dx = q t a
t
dt
p b
12