Aim: - Study about Professional Responsibilities-Collegiality, Loyalty, Confidentially, Conflict

of Interest, Whistle Blowing.

Apparatus Requirements: -

Theory: By bringing to the fore the concepts of (professional) responsibility and accountability, we
identify a tension between the two concepts and more insight is gained into the different types of
logic and implications of responsibility and accountability regimes.

Collegiality:Collegiality is the relationship between colleagues.

Colleagues are those explicitly united in a common purpose and respecting each other's abilities
to work toward that purpose. A colleague is an associate in a profession or in a civil or
ecclesiastical office.
Collegiality can also be interpreted under the stricter definition as provided by the dictionary. In
this case, collegiality only applies to individuals holding the same rank or power. In this case,
collegiality for a college professor would only be applicable when dealing with other college
professors. Collegiality for a secretary would only apply when dealing with other secretaries.

Loyalty:Employee loyalty is the positive behavior of employees. Employees who are loyal will ensure
that there are no company's tips that are let outside, a factor that can enable their competitors to
outscore them economically.

Confidentiality:Confidentiality is a set of rules or a promise that limits access or places restrictions on certain
types of information.

Aim: - Study About DISASTER MANAGEMENT: Understanding Disasters and Hazards and
related issues social and environmental.

Apparatus Requirements: Theory: A disaster is a natural or man-made (or technological) hazard resulting in an event of substantial
extent causing significant physical damage or destruction, loss of life, or drastic change to the
environment. A disaster can be ostensively defined as any tragic event stemming from events
such as earthquakes, floods, catastrophic accidents, fires, or explosions. It is a phenomenon that
can cause damage to life and property and destroy the economic, social and cultural life of
people.

In contemporary academia, disasters are seen as the consequence of inappropriately managed

risk. These risks are the product of a combination of both hazard/s and vulnerability. Hazards
that strike in areas with low vulnerability will never become disasters, as is the case in
uninhabited regions.
Developing countries suffer the greatest costs when a disaster hits more than 95 percent of all
deaths caused by disasters occur in developing countries, and losses due to natural disasters are
20 times greater (as a percentage of GDP) in developing countries than in industrialized
countries.

Natural disaster:A natural disaster is a consequence when a natural hazard affects humans and/or the built
environment. Human vulnerability, and lack of appropriate emergency management, leads to
financial, environmental, or human impact. The resulting loss depends on the capacity of the
population to support or resist the disaster: their resilience. This understanding is concentrated in

the formulation: "disasters occur when hazards meet vulnerability". A natural hazard will hence
never result in a natural disaster in areas without vulnerability.

Various phenomena like earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, floods and cyclones are all
natural hazards that kill thousands of people and destroy billions of dollars of habitat and
property each year. However, natural hazards can strike in unpopulated areas and never develop
into disasters. However, the rapid growth of the world's population and its increased
concentration often in hazardous environments has escalated both the frequency and severity of
natural disasters. With the tropical climate and unstable land forms, coupled with deforestation,
unplanned growth proliferation, non-engineered constructions which make the disaster-prone
areas more vulnerable, tardy communication, poor or no budgetary allocation for disaster
prevention, developing countries suffer more or less chronically by natural disasters. Asia tops
the list of casualties due to natural disasters

Man-made disasters:Man-made disasters are the consequence of technological or human hazards. Examples include
stampedes,

fires,

transport

accidents,

industrial

accidents,

oil

spills

and

nuclear

explosions/radiation. War and deliberate attacks may also be put in this category. As with natural
hazards, man-made hazards are events that have not happened, for instance terrorism. Man-made
disasters are examples of specific cases where man-made hazards have become reality in an
event.
A natural hazard is a threat of a naturally occurring event that will have a negative effect on
people or the environment. Many natural hazards are interrelated, e.g. earthquakes can cause
tsunamis and drought can lead directly to famine or population displacement. It is possible that
some natural hazards are intertemporally correlated, as well. A concrete example of the division
between a natural hazard and a natural disaster is that the 1906 San Francisco earthquake was a
disaster, whereas living on a fault line is a hazard.

AIM:- to study about conflict of intrest and whistle blower

Conflict Of Interest (COI):A conflict of interest (COI) is a situation occuring when an individual or organization is involved
in multiple interests, one of which could possibly corrupt the motivation.

The presence of a conflict of interest is independent of the occurrence of impropriety. Therefore,

a conflict of interest can be discovered and voluntarily defused before any corruption occurs. A
widely used definition is: "A conflict of interest is a set of circumstances that creates a risk that
professional judgement or actions regarding a primary interest will be unduly influenced by a
secondary interest." Primary interest refers to the principal goals of the profession or activity,
such as the protection of clients, the health of patients, the integrity of research, and the duties of
public office. Secondary interest includes not only financial gain but also such motives as the
desire for professional advancement and the wish to do favours for family and friends, but
conflict of interest rules usually focus on financial relationships because they are relatively more
objective, fungible, and quantifiable. The secondary interests are not treated as wrong in
themselves, but become objectionable when they are believed to have greater weight than the
primary interests. The conflict in a conflict of interest exists whether or not a particular
individual is actually influenced by the secondary interest. It exists if the circumstances are
reasonably believed (on the basis of past experience and objective evidence) to create a risk that
decisions may be unduly influenced by secondary interests.

Whistle Blower:A whistleblower (whistle-blower or whistle blower)[1] is a person who exposes misconduct,
alleged dishonest or illegal activity occurring in an organization. The alleged misconduct may be
classified in many ways; for example, a violation of a law, rule, regulation and/or a direct threat
to public interest, such as fraud, health and safety violations, and corruption. Whistleblowers
may make their allegations internally (for example, to other people within the accused
organization) or externally (to regulators, law enforcement agencies, to the media or to groups
concerned with the issues).

Positive effect:
i. Migration of rural people to urban areas.
ii. Employment opportunities in urban centres.
iii. Transport and communication facilities.
iv. Educational facilities.
v. Increase in the standard of living.
Urbanization can yield positive effects if it takes place up to a desirable limit. Extensive
urbanisation or indiscriminate growth of cities may result in adverse effects. They may be as
follows:
i. Problem of over population:
Concentration of population is a major problem of cities. It has resulted in accommodation
problem, growth of slums etc.
ii. Disintegration of Joint family:
Joint family cant be maintained in cities on account of high cost of living: People prefer to live
in the nuclear type of families.
iii. Cost of living:
High cost of living is a major problem of cities. In Metro cities like Mumbai, Bangalore etc. it is
very difficult for lower income groups to maintain a decent standard of living.
iv. Increase in Crime rates:
Urban centres are known for high rate of crimes. Theft, Dacoity, Murder, Cheating, Pick
pocketing, rape etc. are common in urban centres.
v. Impersonal relations:
Urban centres are characterised by highly secondary relations. The concept of neighbourhood,
community life are almost absent in cities. Urban life is highly monotonous. This may have an
adverse psychological effect on individuals. People are often self centred and they have no
concern for the fellow human beings.
vi. Problem of Pollution:

In industrialized cities pollution is a major problems. It may be caused by industries or by

excessive movement of vehicles.
viii. Stress:
Urban life is characterised by stress which may even strain family relations. In cities
employment of women is almost inevitable to meet the increasing cost of living. Changing role
of women in the family creates stress in the family which may result in divorce or strained
relations.
Thus urbanisation has its own merits and de-merits. Urbanization cant be avoided. But the
negative effect of urbanization can be minimised.

Indian economy on the eve of independence

1) The solo purpose of British colonial rule was to reduce India into a feeder economy for Britains
rapidly growing industrial sector. as a result Indian economy at the time of independence was in a very
bad shape.
(1)Low level of income and economic development during british rule
1) The Indian economy of the 18th century was primarily an agricultural economy. Agriculture was in a
good shape and looking up. India was also know for its handicraft industries in the whole world.
2) The prominent handicraft industries which gave prime place to India in the world market were cotton
and silk textile; metal industries; precious stone works; gold and silver jewellery; perfumery etc.
3) British government perused economic policies for the protection and promotion of economic
interests of Britains rather than the development of the Indian economy
4) British government changed the whole structure of the Indian economy and transformed it into a
supplier of raw materials and consumer of finished product of British industries
5) The growth of the aggregate real output (GDP) was less than 2% during the first half of the 20th
century and growth of per capita income was just 0.5%
(2)Agricultural Sector
1) The main cause of the stagnation of agricultural sector were as follows:i) The new land tenure that was introduced by British rulers in India. This land tenure system had three
forms: Zamindari, Mahalwari and Ryotwari system. This gave birth to two classes the landlords and the
landless cultivators. Especially under the zamindari system the zamindars used to exploit the cultivators
to the maximum. They used to charge a very high rate of land revenue from the agriculturalists as a
result the surplus left with the cultivators was insufficient even for their barest minimum sustenance.
ii) The British rulers did not give much of attention to increase irrigation facilities and technological up
gradation in India.
iii) British rulers initiated commercialisation of agriculture in which they encouraged the production of
cash crops. As a result Britisher transformed Indian agriculture into a raw material activity to England .As
a result of reduction in the production of food crops and lack of proper policies the country had to suffer
from frequent occurrence of famines.
iv) The partition of the country had also adversely affected the Indias agricultural production. It created
a serious problem of shortage of raw material for jute mills of Calcutta and textile mills of Bombay and
Ahmedabad.Also, rich food producing areas of the west Punjab and Sindh went to Pakistan which
created food crises in the country.

(3) Industrial Sector

1)the prime motive behind the de-industrialisation by the colonial government in India was done
i) To get raw material from India at cheap rate and thus to reduce India into a mere exporter of raw
material to the British industries
ii) To sell British manufactured goods in India at higher prices

2) Decline of the handicraft industries made the following impacts:

i) It created large scale unemployment in the country
ii) Unemployed craftsmen migrated from cities to villages. This increased the burden of population on
villages and agriculture.
iii) Consumer demand in the Indian market could not be met by the supply of locally made goods. This
encouraged the imports of goods made in Britain.
3) the credit of beginning of iron and steel industries in India during the British rule goes to Jamshedji
Tata. Tata iron and steel company known as TISCO was incorporated in august 1907 and it established
its first plant in Jamshedpur in Bihar. The plant started producing iron in 1912.
4) Two main drawbacks of the industrial sector during colonial rule were:i) The growth rate of the industrial sector and its contribution towards the GDP was very small.
ii) There was very limited area of operation of the public sector in the new industrial sector of the
country Public sectors in those days remained confined to railways, power generation, communication,
ports, and some other departmental undertaking.

4) Foreign Trade
1) Before the advent of British rule in India, India used to get gold , silver , and other precious stones.
2) A very significant feature of Indias foreign trade during colonial rule was the generation of a large
surpluse. Export surplus implies that the countries total exports were greater than the imports. But this
export surplus was disadvantageous to the countrys economy on the following bases:i) Because of more exports several commodities were not available in the domestic market to the
comman consumer.
ii) This export surplus did not bring in gold or silver in the country. Rather this surplus was use to make
payments for the expenses war fought by the Britain and to finance the deficit in invisible items like
tourism, transport, insurance and banking services.
5) Demographic Condition
1) India was in the first stage of demographic transition till 1921. The first stage implies that there was
high birth rate and high death rate in pre 1921 India. Since in this stage both birth rate and death rate
were high, the growth of population remained slow. Because of very slow growth in population this
period was termed as the period of stragnant population
2) The main reason for the slow rate of growth of population during the British rule were poverty,
malnutrition, famines, epidemics and poor health facilities.
3) After 1921 India entered the second stage of demographic transaction. The average literacy rate was
16 % and woman literacy rate was only 7%. Infant morality rate was as high as 218 and life expectancy
was as low as 32 years.
6) Occupational Structure

1)there are two important features of Indias occupational structure during the British period:i) 70% to 75% of Indias working population was involved with agricultural sector.10% were engaged
with manufacturing sector and 15% to 20% were with service sector.
ii)Growing regional variation.

7) Infrastructure
1) The state of infrastructure facilities especially in the field of transport, communication and energy
was very poor in India during the British rule in India. However some efforts were made to develop basic
infrastructure like roads, railways, ports, water transport, and post by the Britishers
2) The British rulers introduced railways in 1850 and Indian railways begun operations in 1853.
3)The development and the construction of railways by the British rulers had affected the Indian
economy in the following ways:i)It provided cheap and rapid transport system especially for distant travel.
ii)It broke geographical barriers and thus promoted national unity and understanding
iii)It created new employment opportunities
iv)It helped in controlling famines
v)It promoted foreign trade but benefited British more than Indians
vi)It encouraged the process of industrialisation
4) The main reason of British rulers behind the beginning of railways in India were as following:i) To have effective control and administration over the vast country. In view of this Britisher tried to link
important administrative and military centres through railway.
ii) Earning profit

A) MONETARY POLICY OF RBI :The Monetary Policy of RBI is not merely one of credit restriction, but it has also the duty to see that
legitimate credit requirements are met and at the same time credit is not used for unproductive and
speculative purposes RBI has various weapons of monetary control and by using them, it hopes to achieve
its monetary policy.
I) General I Quantitative Credit Control Methods :In India, the legal framework of RBIs control over the credit structure has been provided
Under Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 and the Banking RegulationAct, 1949. Quantitative credit
controls are used to maintain proper quantity of credit o money supply in market. Some of the important
general credit control methods are:1. Bank Rate Policy :Bank rate is the rate at which the Central bank lends money to the commercial banks for their liquidity
requirements. Bank rate is also called discount rate. In other words bank rate is the rate at which the
central bank rediscounts eligible papers (like approved securities, bills of exchange, commercial papers
etc) held by commercial banks.
Bank rate is important because its is the pace setter to other marketrates of
interest. Bank rates have been changed several times by RBI to control inflation
and recession. By 2003, the bank rate has been reduced to 6% p.a.
2. Open market operations :It refers to buying and selling of government securities in open market in order to expand or contract
the amount of money in the banking system.This technique is superior to bank rate policy. Purchases
inject money into the banking system while sale of securities do the opposite. During last two decades the
RBI has been undertaking switch operations. These involve the purchase of one loan against the sale of
another or, vice-versa. This policy aims at preventing unrestricted increase in liquidity.
3. Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)
The Gash Reserve Ratio (CRR) is an effective instrument of credit control. Under the RBl Act of,
l934 every commercial bank has to keep certain minimum cash reserves with RBI. The RBI is
empowered to vary the CRR between 3% and 15%. A high CRR reduces the cash for lending and a low
CRR increases the cash for lending. The CRR has been brought down from 15% in 1991 to 7.5% in May
2001. It further reduced to 5.5% in December 2001. It stood at 5% on January 2009. In January 2010, RBI
increased the CRR from 5% to 5.75%. It further increased in April 2010 to 6% as inflationary pressures
had started building up in the economy. As of March 2011, CRR is 6%.
4. Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)
Under SLR, the government has imposed an obligation on the banks to ,maintain a certain ratio to its
total deposits with RBI in the form of liquid assets like cash, gold and other securities. The RBI has
power to fix SLR in the range of 25% and 40% between 1990 and 1992 SLR was as high as 38.5%.
Narasimham Committee did not favour maintenance of high SLR. The SLR was lowered down to 25%
from 10thOctober 1997.It was further reduced to 24% on November 2008. At present it is 25%.

5. Repo And Reverse Repo Rates

In determining interest rate trends, the repo and reverse repo rates are becoming important. Repo
means Sale and Repurchase Agreement. Repo is a swap deal involving the immediate Sale of Securities
and simultaneous purchase of those securities at a future date, at a predetermined price. Repo rate helps
commercial banks to acquire funds from RBI by selling securities and also agreeing to repurchase at a
later date.
Reverse repo rate is the rate that banks get from RBI for parking their short term excess funds with
RBI. Repo and reverse repo operations are used by RBI in its Liquidity Adjustment Facility. RBI
contracts credit by increasing the repo and reverse repo rates and by decreasing them it expands credit.
Repo rate was 6.75% in March 2011 and Reverse repo rate was 5.75% for the same period. On May 2011
RBI announced Monetary Policy for 2011-12. To reduce inflation it hiked repo rate to,7.25% and Reverse
repo to 6.25%

II)

SELECTIVE / QUALITATIVE CREDIT CONTROL METHODS :Under Selective Credit Control, credit is provided to selected borrowersfor selected purpose,
depending upon the use to which the control try to regulate the quality of credit - the direction towards
thecredit flows. The Selective Controls are :1. Ceiling On Credit
The Ceilingon level of credit restricts the lending capacity of a bank to grant advances against certain
controlled securities.
2. MarginRequirements :A loan is sanctioned against Collateral Security. Margin means that proportion of the value of security
against which loan is not given. Margin against a particular security is reduced or increased in order to
encourageor to discourage the flow of credit to a particular sector. It varies from 20% to 80%. For
agricultural commodities it is as high as 75%. Higher the margin lesser will be the loan sanctioned.
3. Discriminatory Interest Rate (DIR)
Through DIR, RBI makes credit flow to certain priority or weaker sectors by charging concessional rates
of interest. RBI issues supplementary instructions regarding granting of additional credit against sensitive
commodities, issue of guarantees, making advances etc. .
4.

Directives:The RBI issues directives to banks regarding advances. Directives are regarding the purpose for which
loans may or may not be given.

5.

Direct Action
It is too severe and is therefore rarely followed. It may involve refusal by RBI to rediscount bills or
cancellation of license, if the bank has failed to comply with the directives of RBI.

6.

Moral Suasion
Under Moral Suasion, RBI issues periodical letters to bank to exercise control over credit in general or
advances against particular commodities. Periodic discussions are held with authorities of commercial
banks in this respect.