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51 Pao cvs-1
51 Pao cvs-1
51 Pao cvs-1
CIRCULATION
CARDIOVASCULAR
PHYSIOLOGY
SYSTEMIC
CIRCULATION
CLOSED CIRCUIT
CVP
MAP
Ohm
Ohms Law
V=IR
Pressure
difference
P=QR
Pressure
difference
mmHg
V.R.
Venous return
Flow
l/min, ml/s
Flow (vol/time)
In a closed circuit,
flow must be the
same at all levels
.
. . C.O. = V.R.
= MAP - CVP
Resistance
mmHg.min/l
Central venous
pressure
Mean arterial
pressure
C.O.
Flow = Velocity x Area
m3/s =
m/s
m2
Cardiac output
Electrical circuit :
Ohm
Ohms Law
Hydraulic circuit :
Resistance
=
V=IR
P=QR
P/Q
~ 0 mmHg
.
. . MAP = C.O. x TPR
Resistance
CARDIAC
OUTPUT
=
STROKE
VOLUME
1 1
(l/min, ml/min)
HEART
RATE
1
1
(l, ml)
1
(min-1)
Viscosity
Poiseuille Law
R = 8nL
r4 . ll
.
..R
n, R
1
r4
P=QR
MAP
C.O.
Stroke
volume
Heart
rate
TPR
Arteriolar
radius
compliance
Viscosity
P=QR
Blood
70-75 ml/kg bw
= + plasma
Hematocrit (Hct.)
= % rbc volume / total bl. vol.
= 42% 38%
Arial systole
Isovolumic
relaxation
Isovolumic
contraction
Ventricular
filling
Semilunar valves
Atrium
Atria
Systole
Diastole
Aortic v.
Atrioventricular
valves
Mitral v.
Tricuspid v.
Ventricles
Ejection
Cardiac cycle
Pulmonic v.
End-diastolic
volume (EDV)
End-systolic
volume (ESV)
Stroke volume
SV = EDV - ESV
Ejection fraction (EF)
= (EDV-ESV)/ EDV
= SV/EDV
Systolic BP
Diastolic BP
Heart sound
S1 - AV valve
S2 - semilunar
valve
Murmurs
Pacemaker
SA node
atrial m.
AV node
common bundle
bundle branch
Purkinje fiber
ventricular m.
conducting system
fast vs slow
response AP
ectopic focus
Plateau phase
Plateau phase
SA & AV node
7.21
340
SA & AV node
diastolic depolarization
= pacemaker
symp
intrinsic parasymp
Phase 4 in SA
-> HR
Symp & Parasymp
modify
Heart rate
apex beat
Left 5th intercostal space, midclavicular line
Radial pulse
Carotid pulse
Chronotropic effects: +ve =
HR, -ve = HR
ECG
P=QR
>
>
HR
HR
HR
MAP
C.O.
Stroke
volume
Heart
rate
Parasymp.
Vagal tone
TPR
Arteriolar
radius
Symp.
& Adr.
stroke volume
FRANKFRANK-STARLING
MECHANISM
or Starling
Starlings law
of the heart
Venous return
Preload
Frank-Starling Mechanism
stroke volume
Contractility
Viscosity
PRELOAD
END-DIASTOLIC VOLUME (ml)
End-diastolic
volume (EDV)
Length-tension
relation
Sliding filament
mechanism
Stroke volume
SV = EDV - ESV
End-systolic
volume (ESV)
Preload
Venous return
Sympathetic venomotor tone
Some
indices of
ventricular
performance
e.g. SV, SW,
C.O., etc.
Pericardium
Diastolic filling time
Some indices of initial length
e.g. LVEDV, LVEDP, etc.
CONTRACTILITY
Inotropic state
initial length (preload)
[Ca++]i,
++
Ca sensitivity, &
, myosin ATPase activity
(SV/EDV)
contractility
shift upward
& left
Contractility
= Inotropic effect
Positive inotropic effects
contractility
shift downward
& right
sympathetic, adrenaline
thyroid H.
increased [Ca++]ECF
P=QR
Coronary a.
MAP
C.O.
Stroke
volume
Preload
(EDV)
Contractility
Heart
rate
Parasymp.
Vagal tone
V.R.
TPR
Arteriolar
radius
Viscosity
Symp.
& Adr.
coronary a.
Metabolism
Metabolite
-> Coronary a.
Ischemia
Angina pectoris