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Wlasnosci Ito
Wlasnosci Ito
Wlasnosci Ito
Rwnanie Langevina
dx
= a[x(t ), t ] + b[x(t ), t ] (t ),
dt
(t ) (t ) = (t t )
caka stochastyczna
t0
K x, y, t (t , t0 )
K x, t (t , t0 )
a ( x, t ) a( y, t ) + b( x, t ) b( y, t ) K x y Lipschitza
2
2
2
a ( x, t ) + b ( x , t ) K 1 + x
warunek
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
lim
G
t
dW
t
ms
G
t
W
t
W
t
=
]
i 1
i
i 1
t
n
i =1
0
Definicja ta jest rwnowana nastpujcej granicy cigu sum czstkowych
t0
n
W powyszych definicjach
=0
1 2 2
p
b ( x, t ) p
dx = a[x(t ), t ]dt + b[x(t ), t ]dW (t )
= [a( x, t ) p ] +
2
t
x
2 x
W przypadku wielowymiarowym
r r
r
r r r
dx = A[x (t ), t ]dt + B[x (t ), t ] dW (t )
{[
r r r r T
r
r
p
2
1
[Ai (x , t ) p(x , t )] +
B( x , t )B( x , t )
=
t
2 i , j xi x j
i xi
] p(xr, t )}
ij
dx
=v
dx = vdt
dt
2 k BT
dW
dv = V (x ) v + 2 k BT (t ) dv = m [V ( x ) + v ]dt +
m
dt
m
m
m
p
k BT 2 p
1
{[V (x ) + v] p}+ 2 2 , p = p(x, v, t )
= (vp ) +
t
x
m v
m v
p
1
=
vi +
t i =1 xi
m vi
p = p (x, y, z , v x , v y , v z , t )
3
r
V ( x )
k BT
+ v +
m
x
i
2
p,
j =1 vi v j
, m 0
dv
0 v const
dt
1
dv
= 0 v = V ( x ) 2 k BT (t )
dt
2 k BT
2 k BT
dx
dx
V ( x )
V ( x )
dt +
dW
=v
=
+
(t ) dx =
dt
dt
1
2 k BT
1 2 p
2
= [kxp] + D 2
V (x ) = k x , D =
t
x
2
2 x
zwizek Einsteina
W (t )dW (t ) =
t0
1
2
2
W (t ) W (t0 ) (t t0 )
2
t0
1 n
1 n
1 n
1 n
2
2
2
2
2
S n = Wi 1Wi = (Wi 1 + Wi ) Wi 1 Wi = W (t ) W (t0 ) (Wi )
2 i =1
2 i =1
2 i =1
2 i =1
i =1
n
2
(
)
W
t
t
i
0
i =1
(W W )
i 1
i =1
2
= (Wi Wi 1 ) (t t0 )
i =1
i> j
i =1
i> j
i, j
= 2 (ti ti 1 )
2
+ (ti ti 1 ) (t t0 ) (t j t j 1 ) (t t0 ) = 2 (ti ) 0
n
i
i
j
n
n
1 n
2
2
2
ms lim (Wi ) = t t0 ms lim Wi 1Wi = W (t ) W (t0 ) (t t0 )
n
n
i =1
i =1
2 i =1
Wany wynik:
t
[dW (t )]
t0
2
(
)
G
W
t
i 1
i
i
i
= G
2
i 1
[(W ) t ]
i
t0
][
+ 2 Gi 1G j 1 (W j ) t j (Wi ) ti =
i> j
= Gi21
[(W ) t ]
+ 2 Gi 1G j 1 (W j ) t j
2
] [(W ) t ] =
2
i> j
d [W (t )] = [W (t ) + dW (t )] W (t )
n
nW (t )
n 1
[dW (t )]n+ 2 = 0, n 1;
dW (t )dt = 0
n
nr
r
= W (t ) (dW (t )) =
r =1 r
n
n(n 1)
1
n2
n
n +1
n +1 n
n 1
(
)
dW (t ) +
W (t ) dt W (t ) dW (t ) =
W (t ) W (t0 )
W
t
dt
n +1
2
2 t0
t0
t
G(t )dW (t )
= 0, bo
i 1
t0
Wi = Gi 1 Wi = 0
i
Funkcja autokorelacji
t
t0
t0
t0
i 1
Wi H j 1W j =
j
Gi1H i1 (Wi )
= Gi 1 H i 1
i
(Wi )2
+2
i 1
H i 1W j Wi =
i> j
+ 2 Gi 1 H i 1W j Wi = Gi 1 H i 1 ti
i> j
Wzr Ito
1
2
f [x(t )][dx(t )] =
2
1
2
= f [x(t )][a ( x, t )dt + b( x, t )dW ] + b 2 (x, t ) f [x(t )](dW )
2
1
df [x(t )] = a ( x, t ) f ( x ) + b 2 ( x, t ) f ( x ) dt + b( x, t ) f ( x )dW
2
1
d
df
f [x(t )] =
= a( x, t ) f (x ) + b 2 ( x, t ) f ( x ) + b( x, t ) f ( x ) (t ) =
2
dt
dt
1 2
f 1 2
2 f
= a ( x, t ) f ( x ) + b (x, t ) f ( x ) = dx a( x, t ) + b (x, t ) 2
2
x 2
x
p ( x, t ) =
1 2 2
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
,
,
b
x
t
p
x
t
f
x
dxf
x
p ( x, t )
= dx [a ( x, t ) p( x, t )] +
=
2 x
t
x
dx = kxdt + D dW
y xe kt dy = D e kt dW
t
y = y (0 ) + D e kt dW (t ) x = x(0 )e kt + D e k (t t )dW (t )
x(t ) = x(0 ) e kt
t>s
t
s
kt
k (t t )
ks
k ( s s )
x(t )x(s ) = x(0 )e + D e
dW (t ) x(0 )e + D e
dW (s) =
0
0
= x 2 (0 ) e k (t + s ) + D
k (t t )
dW (t ) e k ( s s )dW (s) =
0
D
D 2 k (t s )
e
= x 2 (0 ) e k (t + s ) + De k (t + s ) e 2 kt dt = var{x(0 )} e k (t + s ) +
2k
2k
0
D
D
x 2 (t ) = var{x(0 )} e 2 kt +
2k
2k
i =1
t0
t
Waciwoci
t
S W (t )dW (t ) =
t0
1
2
2
W (t ) W (t0 )
2
1 b
40
1
dx = dt + dW dx = +
dt + dW
2 x
Rwnanie stochastyczne w
formie Ito (po lewej) jest
rwnowane rwnaniu
stochastycznemu w formie
Stratonowicza (po prawej)
Rwnanie stochastyczne w
formie Stratonowicza (po lewej)
jest rwnowane rwnaniu
stochastycznemu w formie Ito
(po prawej)