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Iqra Huffaz Secondary School

Important Definitions
Matrix:
The collection of real numbers in rectangular form is called as matrix (plural of matrix is matrices).
Row Matrix:
A matrix is called row matrix if it has only one row.
e.g [ 1 2 3]
Column Matrix:
A matrix is called column matrix if it has only one column.
2
3
4
Rectangular Matrix:
A matrix is called rectangular matrix if the number of rows and number of column are not equal.
1
4

2 3
9 5

Square Matrix:
A matrix is called square matrix if the number of rows and number of column are equal.
1 2
4 3
Null or Zero Matrix:
A matrix is called null matrix if all the elements of matrix is zero (0).
[0 0 0]
Transpose of a Matrix:
A matrix obtained by changing the rows into columns or columns into rows of a matrix is called
transpose of the matrix.
1 2 3
2 3 0

A =

1 2
2 3
3 0

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Negative of a Matrix:
The negative of a matrix is obtained by changing the sign of the entries of the matrix.
A= [ 4 5 8] A=-[-4 -5 -8]
Symmetric Matrix:
A square matrix is symmetric if it is equal to its transpose.
A= 2
0

At =

0
2

2
0

0
2

Skew-Symmetric Matrix:
A square matrix is called skew symmetric matrix if its transpose is equal to its negative.

Diagonal Matrix:
A square matrix is called a diagonal matrix it at least any one of their diagonal entries are not zero.
0 1 4
8 0 9
1 1 1
Scalar Matrix:
A diagonal matrix is called scalar matrix if all its diagonal entries are same.
0
9

8
0

Identity Matrix:
A diagonal matrix is called identity matrix if all the diagonal entries are one (1).
1
0

0
1

Rational Number:
The number which can be written in p/q form is called as rational number.
Irrational Number:

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The number which can not be written in p/q form is called as irrational number.
Terminating Decimal Fraction:
The decimal fraction in which there are finite number of digits in its decimal part is called a terminating
decimal fraction.
e.g 2/5=0.4
Recurring Decimal Fraction:
The decimal fraction in which some digits are repeated again and again in same order in its decimal part
is called recurring decimal fraction.
e.g 2/9=0.2222
Complex Number:
The number whose square is negative is called as complex.
Scientific Notation:
The precise and convenient method to write very small or very large number that is called scientific
notation.
e.g 600000=6.ox105
Common logarithm:
In numerical calculations the base of logarithm is always taken as 10.The logarithm are called as
common logarithm.
Antilogarithm:
The number whose logarithm is given is called antilogarithm.
Characteristic:
The integral part of a common logarithm of a number is called characteristics.
e.g the logarithm of any number 9.87666 the under line number is characteristic.
Mantissa:
The decimal part of a common logarithm of a number is called mantissa.
e.g the logarithm of any number is 9.87666 the under line number is mantissa
Surd:

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An irrational radical with rational radicand is called a surd.

Monomial Surd:
A surd which contain a single term is called monomial surd.

Binomial Surd:
A surd which contains sum of two monomial surds is called binomial surd.

Rationalizing Factor:
If the product of surds is rational number then each surd is called the rationalizing factor.
Conjugate Surds:
Two binomial surds of second order differing only in sign connecting their terms are called conjugate
surds.
H.C.F:
If two or more algebraic expression are given then their common factor of highest power is called H.C.F.
L.C.M:
If an algebraic expression is exactly divisible by two or more expressions then is called L.C.M.
Radical Equation:
When the variable in an equation occur under a radical then the equation is called radical equation.
Order Pair:
An order pair of the real numbers is a pair in which elements are written specific order.
X-axis:
The horizontal line is called x-axis.
Y-axis:

y-axis

The vertical line is called y-axis.

Origin:

x-axis

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The point where x-axis and y-axis are meet is called origin.
Collinear Point:
Two or more than two points which are lie on the same straight line are called collinear point.
NON-Collinear Point:
Two or more than two points which are not lie on the same straight line are called as non collinear
point.
Plane Geometry:
The study of geometrical shapes in a plane is called plane geometry.
Co-ordinate Geometry:
Co-ordinate geometry is the study of geometrical shapes in the Cartesian plane,
Equilateral Triangle:
A triangle which have all three sides equal is called equilateral triangle.

Isosceles Triangle:
A triangle which have 2 sides equal and third side different is called isosceles triangle.

Right angle triangle:

A triangle which have one angle equal to 900is called as right angle triangle.

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Scalene Triangle:
A triangle which have all three sides different is called scalene triangle.

Square:
A square is close figure in plane formed by four non collinear points such that the length of all 3 sides
are equal and measure angle equal to 900is called a square.

Rectangle:
A rectangle is figure formed by four non collinear points is called rectangle if its opposite sides are equal
in length and the angle of each vertex is 900.

Parallelogram:
A figure formed by four non collinear points in plane is called parallelogram if its opposite sides are
equal in length , its opposite sides are parallel and measure angle are not equal to 900.

Rectangular Region:
A rectangular region is the union of a rectangle and its interior.
Area of figure:
The region enclosed by bounding lines of a close figure is called area of figure.

Altitude:
Altitude of a triangle means perpendicular distance to base from its opposite vertex.

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Incentre:
The internal bisector of angles of a triangle meet at a point is called Incentre.
Circum centre:
The point of concurrency of any three perpendicular bisectors of side of the triangle is called circum
centre.
Orthocentre:
The point of concurrency of any three altitudes of a triangle is called orthocentre.
Centroid:
The point where the three medians of a triangle are meet is called Centroid.
Congruent Triangle:
In any correspondence of two triangles if two sides and their including angle of one triangle are
congruent to the corresponding two sides and their included angles of the other then triangles are
congruent.
A.S.A:
In any correspondence of two triangles if one side and any two angles of and triangle are congruent to
corresponding side and angles of the other then triangle are congruent.(A.S.A)
S.A.A:
In any correspondence of two triangles if one side and any two angles of one triangle are congruent to
the corresponding side and angles of the other then the triangle are congruent.(S.A.A)
S.S.S:
In a correspondence of two triangles if three sides of one triangle are congruent to corresponding three
of the other then two triangles are congruent.(S.S.S)
H.S:
If in correspondence of the two right angled triangles the hypotenuse and one side of one triangle are
congruent to hypotenuse and the corresponding side of the other the triangle are congruent.(H.S)

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