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BS DD CENTS 13001 3 2 Cranes General Design Limit States and Proof of Competence of Wire Ropes in Reeving Systems
BS DD CENTS 13001 3 2 Cranes General Design Limit States and Proof of Competence of Wire Ropes in Reeving Systems
DD CEN/TS
13001-3-2:2004
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Incorporating
Corrigendum No. 1
Cranes General
design
Part 3-2: Limit states and proof of
competence of wire ropes in reeving
systems
ICS 53.020.20
12&23<,1*:,7+287%6,3(50,66,21(;&(37$63(50,77('%<&23<5,*+7/$:
DD CEN/TS 13001-3-2:2004
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National foreword
This Draft for Development is the official English language version of
CEN/TS 13001-3-2:2004, including Corrigendum July 2006.
When Parts 1, 2, 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 of this standard are published, BS 2573 Parts
1 and 2 will be withdrawn.
This publication is not to be regarded as a British Standard.
It is being issued in the Draft for Development series of publications and is of
a provisional nature because CEN/TS 13001-3-2:2004 is itself a provisional
standard.
NOTE A CEN/TS is a Technical Specification issued by CEN for an evolving technology, with a
view to it being developed to full EN status within 3 years.
BSI 2006
Date
Comments
15623
9 March 2005
16658
31 October 2006
Corrigendum No. 1
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
CEN/TS 13001-3-2
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SPCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
December 2004
Incorporating Corrigendum July 2006
ICS 53.020.20
English version
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 18 March 2004 for provisional application.
The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their
comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard.
CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available
promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS)
until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
2004 CEN
B-1050 Brussels
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Contents
Page
Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................4
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................5
1
Scope ..............................................................................................................................................................5
3
3.1
3.2
General............................................................................................................................................................8
5
5.1
5.2
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3
5.2.4
5.2.5
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.4
5.3.5
5.4
6
6.1
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4
6.3
6.3.1
6.3.2
6.3.3
6.3.4
6.3.5
6.4
6.4.1
6.4.2
6.4.3
6.4.4
6.4.5
6.4.6
6.4.7
6.4.8
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Figures
Figure 1 Example for the acting parts of hoist mass ..........................................................................................9
Figure 2 Example for Rope Reeving Efficiency ................................................................................................10
Figure 3 Angle max...............................................................................................................................................11
Figure 4 Horizontal force......................................................................................................................................12
Figure 5 Examples for non vertical drive...........................................................................................................13
Figure 6 Example for rope tightening .................................................................................................................13
Figure 7 Lifting positions ....................................................................................................................................18
Figure 8 Fleet angles ...........................................................................................................................................21
Figure 9 Groove radius........................................................................................................................................22
Table 7 Factor ff6 ...................................................................................................................................................22
Figure A.1 Number of relevant bendings...........................................................................................................26
Tables
Table 1 Symbols and abbreviations.....................................................................................................................6
Table 2 Partial safety factors p ..........................................................................................................................14
Table 3 Minimum rope resistance factor rb .....................................................................................................15
Table 4 Classes SR of rope force history parameter sr .....................................................................................19
Table 5 Reference ratio RDd .................................................................................................................................20
Table 6 Factor ff3...................................................................................................................................................22
Table 7 Factor ff6 ...................................................................................................................................................22
Table A.1 Bending counts ...................................................................................................................................24
Table A.2 Examples for the number of relevant bendings w ..........................................................................25
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Foreword
This document (CEN/TS 13001-3.2:2004) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 147 Cranes
Safety, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
The CEN/TC 147/WG 2 "Cranes Design and Principles" is held by DIN.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
This European Technical Specification is one Part of EN 13001. The other parts are as follows:
Part 1:
Part 2:
Load effects;
Part 3.1:
Part 3.3:
Part 3.4:
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Introduction
This Technical Specification has been prepared to be a harmonized standard to provide one means for the
mechanical design and theoretical verification of cranes to conform with the essential health and safety
requirements of the Machinery Directive, as amended. This standard also establishes interfaces between the user
(purchaser) and the designer, as well as between the designer and the component manufacturer, in order to form a
basis for selecting cranes and components.
This Technical Specification is a type C standard as stated in EN ISO 12100-1:2003.
The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards are covered are indicated in the scope of this standard.
Scope
This Part 3-2 of the Technical Specification EN 13001 is to be used together with Part 1 and Part 2 and as such
they specify general conditions, requirements and methods to prevent mechanical hazards of wire ropes in reeving
systems of cranes by design and theoretical verification.
NOTE 1
Specific requirements for particular types of crane are given in the appropriate Technical Specification for the
particular crane type.
The following is a list of significant hazardous situations and hazardous events that could result in risks to persons
during normal use and foreseeable misuse. Clauses 5 to 6 of this standard are necessary to reduce or eliminate
the risks associated with the following hazard:
Exceeding the limits of strength.
This Technical Specification is applicable to cranes which are manufactured after the date of approval by CEN of
this standard and serves as reference base for the Technical Specifications for particular crane types.
NOTE 2
CEN/TS 13001-3-2 deals only with limit state method according to EN 13001-1.
Normative references
This Technical Specification incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These
normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For
dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this Technical
Specification only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of
the publication referred to applies (including amendments).
EN 1990:2002, Eurocode Basis of structural design.
EN 12385-4, Steel wire ropes Safety Part 4: Stranded ropes for general lifting applications.
EN 13001-1, Cranes General Design Part 1: General principles and requirements.
EN 13001-2, Cranes General Design Part 2: Load effects.
CEN/TS 13001-3-1, Cranes General design Part 3-1: Limit states and proof of competence of steel structures.
EN 13411-1, Terminations for steel wire ropes Safety Part 1: Thimbles for steel wire rope slings.
EN 13411-2, Terminations for steel wire ropes Safety Part 2: Splicing of eyes for wire rope slings.
5
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EN 13411-3, Terminations for steel wire ropes Safety Part 3: Ferrules and ferrule-securing.
EN 13411-4, Terminations for steel wire ropes Safety Part 4: Metal and resin socketing.
EN 13411-6, Terminations for steel wire ropes Safety Part 6: Asymmetric wedge sockets.
EN ISO 12100-1:2003, Safety of machinery Basic concepts, general principles for design Part 1:Basic
terminology, methodology (ISO 12100-1:2003).
ISO 4306-1:1990, Cranes vocabulary.
ISO 4309, Cranes Wire ropes Code of practice for examination and discard.
3
3.1
For the purposes of this Technical Specification, the terms and definitions given in EN ISO 12100-1:2003,
EN 1990:2002 and clause 6 of ISO 4306-1:1990 apply.
3.2
For the purposes of this Technical Specification, the symbols and abbreviations given in Table 1 apply.
Table 1 Symbols and abbreviations
Symbols,
abbreviations
a
C
D
Ddrum
Dsheave
Dcomp
d
dbearing
Fequ
Fgd
Fgl
Fo
FRd,s
FRd,f
FSd,s
Fr
FSd,f
Ft
Fu
Fw
ff
ff1
ff2
ff3
ff4
ff5
ff6
ff7
Description
Acceleration
Total number of working cycles (see EN 13001-1) during useful life of crane
Relevant diameter
Minimum pitch diameter of drum
Minimum pitch diameter of sheave
Minimum pitch diameter of compensating sheave
Rope diameter
Diameter of bearing or shaft
Equivalent force
Part of Fequ induced by gravity, exclusive mass of payload, amplified by p
Part of Fequ induced by gravity forces of mass of payload, amplified by p
Part of Fequ induced by any other forces, amplified by p
Limit design rope force for the proof of static strength
Limit design rope force for the proof of fatigue strength
Design rope force for the proof of static strength
Part of Fequ induced by resistances, amplified by p
Design rope force for the proof of fatigue strength
Part of Fequ induced by rope tightening forces, amplified by p
Minimum rope breaking force
Part of Fequ induced by wind forces, amplified by p
Factor of further influences
Factor of diameter ratio influence
Factor tensile strength of wire influence
Factor of fleet angle influence
Factor of lubrication influence
Factor of multilayer drum influence
Factor of groove radius influence
Factor of rope type influence
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Table 1 (concluded)
Symbols,
abbreviations
fS1
fS2
fS3
f*Si
g
i
kr
lr
q
mH
mHr
mred
mtrans
n
nf
nfs
nm
R0
RDd
rg
SR
sr
t
w
wc
wD
wtot
z, zi, zmin, zmax
, max
n
p
rb
rf
s
tot
r
*
2
5
6
Description
Rope force increasing factor from rope reeving efficiency
Rope force increasing factor from non parallel falls
Rope force increasing factor from horizontal acceleration
Rope force increasing factors in fatigue
Gravity constant
Index for cycles of lifting and lowering
Rope force spectrum factor
Number of ropes used during useful life of the crane
Height distribution
Mass of hoist load (see EN13001-2)
Mass of hoist load that is acting on the rope falls under consideration
Rotatory rope driven mass
Translational rope driven mass
Number of contact points passed by rope
Number of falls or reeving lines
Number of fixed sheave between drum and moving part
Mechanical advantage
Minimum tensile strength of the wire used in the rope
Reference ratio of rope bending diameter to rope diameter
Groove radius
Class of rope force history
Rope force history parameter
Rope type factor
Number of relevant bendings per lifting movement
Bending count
Number of bendings at reference point
Total number of bendings
Height coordinates
Angle of slope
Angles between falls and line of acting force
Angle between gravity and projected rope in plane of Fh and g
Risk coefficient
Partial safety factor
Minimum rope resistance factor (static)
Minimum rope resistance factor (fatigue)
Design fleet angle
Angle between sheave planes
Efficiency of single sheave
Total efficiency of rope drive
Relative total number of bendings
Dynamic factor for inertial or gravity effects
Dynamic factor for inertial or gravity effects in fatigue
Dynamic factor for hoisting an unrestrained grounded load
Dynamic factor for loads caused by acceleration
Dynamic factor for testload
Angle between the sheave groove sides
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General
In all cranes running wire ropes are stressed by loads (described by a load spectrum) and by bendings. Both
constitute the rope force history, classified in classes SR (see 6.3.2). Classes SR are used for the selection of the
wire rope and diameters of drums and/or sheaves. They are independent of time.
The proof of competence for static strength and the proof of competence for fatigue strength shall be fulfilled for the
selection of ropes and components. This standard is for design purposes only and should not be seen as a
guarantee of actual performance.
To ensure safe use of the rope the discard criteria according to ISO 4309 shall be applied.
The wire rope should be in accordance with EN 12385-4. Rope terminations shall meet the requirements of
EN 13411-1, EN 13411-2, EN 13411-3, EN 13411-4 and EN 13411-6.
5.1
General
For the proof of static strength it shall be proven that for all relevant load combinations of EN 13001-2
FSd , s FRd , s
(1)
where:
FSd,s
FRd,s
5.2
Vertical hoisting
5.2.1
The design rope force FSd,s in vertical hoisting shall be calculated as follows:
FSd , s =
m Hr g
f S1 f S 2 f S 3 p n
nf
(2)
where:
mHr
is the mass of the hoist load (mH) or that part of the mass of the hoist load that is acting on the rope
falls under consideration (see Figure 1). The mass of the hoist load includes the masses of the
payload, lifting attachments and a portion of the suspended hoist ropes. In statically undetermined
systems, the unequal load distribution between ropes depends on elasticities and shall be taken into
account.
nf
is the dynamic factor for inertial and gravity effects as shown in 5.2.2
fS1 to fS3 are the rope force increasing factors as shown in 5.2.3 to 5.2.5
p
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For vertical hoisting the maximum inertial effects from either hoisting an unrestrained grounded load or from
acceleration or deceleration shall be taken into account by the dynamic factor .
5.2.2.2
= 2
(3)
where:
2
5.2.2.3
is the dynamic factor for inertial and gravity effects when hoisting an unrestrained grounded load (see
EN 13001-2)
Acceleration or deceleration of the hoistload
= 1 + 5
a
g
(4)
where:
9
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5.2.2.4
Testload
= 6
(5)
where:
6
5.2.3
The increase of the design rope force by the rope reeving efficiency is given by
f S1 =
(6)
tot
The total efficiency of the rope drive tot shall be calculated as follows:
tot =
( S )
nm
n fs
1 ( S ) nm
1 S
(7)
where:
nm
nfs
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5.2.4
When the rope falls are not parallel the rope force is increased. The rope force increasing factor fS2 shall be
determined for the most unfavourable position. For simplification fS2 may be calculated by
fS2 =
1
cos max
(8)
where:
max
is the maximum angle between the falls and the direction of load (see Figure 3)
The rope force increasing effect of the horizontal forces (e. g. by crab or crane accelerations, wind) may be
neglected in applications with free swinging loads.
However in applications with several non parallel ropes (rope pyramid, see Figure 4) the horizontal forces increase
the rope force considerably. This effect shall be taken into account. For simplification the rope force increasing
factor fS3 may be calculated by
f S3 = 1 +
Fh
2
m H g tan
(9)
where:
Fh
mH
is the angle between gravity and the rope projected in the plane of Fh and g
11
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5.3
5.3.1
The design rope force FSd,s in non vertical drives (see examples in Figure 5 and Figure 6) shall be calculated as
follows:
FSd,s =
Fequ
nf
f S1 f S 2 n
(10)
where:
12
Fequ
is the equivalent force acting on the rope falls under consideration as shown in 5.3.2. In statically
undetermined systems, the unequal load distribution between ropes depends on elasticities and shall
be taken into account.
nf
fS1 , fS2
are the rope force increasing factors as shown in 5.3.4 and 5.3.5
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Equivalent force
In general the load actions of gravity forces, resistances (e. g. rolling or gliding, wheels, bearings), rope tightening
forces, wind forces and any other forces (e. g. buffer forces, forces from climatic effects) contribute to the
equivalent force Fequ as illustrated in equation 11. Those load actions shall be amplified by partial safety factors p
(see EN 13001-2) for the load combination under consideration, as given in Table 2.
(11)
where:
Fgd
is that part of Fequ that is induced by gravity forces of the rope driven masses, exclusive the mass of
the payload, amplified by the relevant partial safety factor.
Fgl
is that part of Fequ that is induced by gravity forces of the rope driven mass of the payload, amplified by
the relevant partial safety factor.
Fr
is that part of Fequ that is induced by resistances, amplified by the relevant partial safety factor.
Fw
is that part of Fequ that is induced by wind forces, amplified by the relevant partial safety factor.
Ft
is that part of Fequ that is induced by rope tightening forces (see example in Figure 6), amplified by the
relevant partial safety factor.
Fo
is that part of Fequ that is induced by any other forces, amplified by the relevant partial safety factor.
13
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Occasional loads
Exceptional loads
Load combinations A
Load combinations B
Load combinations C
1,22
1,16
1,1
Fgl
Gravitation on payload
1,34
1,22
1,1
Inertia
1,34
1,22
1,1
Fr
Resistances
1,34
1,22
1,1
Ft
Rope tightening
1,22
1,16
1,1
Fw
1,22
1,16
1,1
1,22
1,1
Temperature
1,16
1,05
Buffer forces
1,1
Description
Gravitation on masses,
Fgd
Fo
5.3.3
Inertial effects
In non vertical drives the inertial effects from accelerations shall be taken into account by the dynamic factor
calculated as follows:
= 1+
( m
trans
+ mred ) a 5 p
Fequ
(12)
where:
mtrans
is the sum of translational rope driven masses, referred to the coordinate of acceleration
mred
is the sum of rotatory rope driven masses (see examples in Figure 5 and Figure 6), referred to the
coordinate of acceleration
Fequ
5.3.4
The increase of the design rope force by the rope reeving efficiency is given by the rope force increasing factor fS1,
calculated as shown in 5.2.3, equations 6 and 7.
5.3.5
The increase of the design rope force by non parallel falls is given by the rope force increasing factor fS2, calculated
as shown in 5.2.4 and equation 8.
5.4
14
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FRd,s =
Fu
rb
(13)
where:
Fu
rb
The minimum rope resistance factor rb is dependent on the geometry of the reeving system and is given by
rb = 1,34 +
5,0
D
d
(14)
0 ,8
where:
D
Table 3 gives minimum rope resistance factors for selected ratios of D/d.
Table 3 Minimum rope resistance factor rb
6
6.1
D/d
11,2
12,5
14,0
16,0
18,0
20,0
rb
3,06
2,75
2,52
2,30
2,16
2,05
According to test results the fatigue strength of ropes in terms of number of bendings is approximately inversely
proportional to the second power of the applied rope tension force. With the additional requirement that the ratio of
the rope bending diameter D to the rope diameter d increases with the number of bendings wtot according to
D
~ 1,125 log 2 (wtot )
d
(15)
(i. e. D/d increases by 1,125 for increasing wtot by 2), the rope force to number of bendings relationship follows
closely the power -3. Therefore this additional requirement is used in the classification of the rope force history.
When calculating the number of bendings, one lifting movement is considered to comprise both a lifting and
lowering action. In non vertical drives to and from movements are treated respectively.
For the proof of fatigue strength it shall be proven that
FSd,f FRd,f
(16)
where:
FSd,f
FRd,f
15
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6.2
6.2.1
Principle conditions
The design rope force FSd,f shall be calculated for regular loads (load combinations A) only, with partial safety
factors p, risk coefficient n and rope efficiency set to 1.
For vertical hoisting:
FSd ,f =
m Hr g * *
f S 2 f S*3
nf
(17)
where:
mHr
is the mass of the hoist load (mH) or that part of the mass of the hoist load that is acting on the
rope (see Figure 1).
nf
is the dynamic factor for inertial and gravity effects as shown in 6.2.2
f S*2 , f S*3
FSd,f =
Fequ
nf
* f S*2
(18)
where:
Fequ
is the equivalent force acting on the rope according to the principles of 5.3.2.
nf
f S*2
Instead of the rope force increasing factors f*si the factors fsi as given in clause 5 may be used.
Instead of the dynamic factor * the factor as given in clause 5 may be used.
6.2.2
Inertial effects
As the inertial effects act for short time only, they do not affect all bendings. Therefore the dynamic factors * may
be calculated by
* =
* = 3
for w = 1 or
(w 1) + 3
w
for w 2
where:
w
16
is the relevant number of bendings per lifting movement (see annex A).
(19)
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6.2.3
For the proof of fatigue strength the distribution of height and angle within the working range can be taken into
account by
*
S2
=3
zmax
min
q( z )
dz
cos 3 ( z )
(20)
where:
z
(z)
q(z)
Z max
q( z )dz = 1
zmin
(21)
When the crane operates approximately equal on all heights of the most frequent working range, the density
function is constant
q( z ) =
1
z 2 z1
(22)
*
S2
z ref z 2
1
= 1+
1
cos ( z 2 ) z ref z1
0,9
(23)
17
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If horizontal acceleration and lifting acceleration act together regularly, f*S3 shall be calculated by
f S*3 = f S 3
(24)
where:
is the rope force increasing factor calculated from an average angle (see 5.2.5)
fS3
When horizontal forces and lifting acceleration do not act together regularly, f*S3 may be set to 1.
6.3
6.3.1
Basic formula
FRd,f =
Fu
3
s r rf
ff
(25)
where:
Fu
sr
rf
ff
6.3.2
In analogy to stress history parameter (see EN 13001-1), the rope force history parameter is given by
sr = k r r
18
(26)
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where:
kr
The rope force history parameter shall be determined either by direct use of equations (26), (27), (28) and (29) or
simplified by selection of a class SR from Table 4.
Table 4 Classes SR of rope force history parameter sr
6.3.3
Class
SR0
SR1
SR2
SR3
SR4
SR5
SR6
SR7
SR8
SR9
sr
0,008
0,016
0,032
0,063
0,125
0,25
0,5
1,0
2,0
4,0
FSd,f,i
kr =
i =1 FSd,f
imax
wi
w
tot
(27)
where:
i
imax
is the total number of lifting movements per rope, considering all the working cycles, numbers of
which per rope equals to C/lr
FSd,f,i
FSd,f
wi
is the relevant number of bendings in one lifting movement i (see annex A).
wtot
is the total number of working cycles during the useful life of the crane (see EN 13001-1)
lr
is the design number of ropes used during the useful crane life
(Guidance for lr is given in the annex B)
wtot = wi
(28)
i =1
where:
wi
is the relevant number of bendings per lifting movement (see annex A).
imax
6.3.4
r =
wtot
wD
(29)
19
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where:
is the total number of bendings during the useful life of a rope
wtot
wD
6.3.5
rf = 7
6.4
(30)
6.4.1
Basic formula
The factor ff takes into account further influences on the limit design rope force:
ff = f f 1 f f 2 f f 3 f f 4 f f 5 f f 6 f f 7
(31)
where:
are the factors of influences as given in 6.4.2 to 6.4.7.
ff1 to ff7
6.4.2
As explained in 6.1 the additional requirement that the ratio D/d of the rope bending diameter D to the rope
diameter d increases with the number of bendings wtot according to equation 15 is incorporated in equation 24. D is
the minimum relevant diameter
D = Min ( Dsheave ;
1,125 Ddrum ;
1,125 Dcomp )
(32)
RDd = 10 1,125
s
log 2 r
0,004
(33)
SR0
SR1
SR2
SR3
SR4
SR5
SR6
SR7
SR8
SR9
RDd
11,2
12,5
14,0
16,0
18,0
20,0
22,4
25,0
28,0
31,5
f f1 =
d
R Dd
The chosen ratio D/d shall not be less than 11.2 and shall be selected such that ff1 becomes greater than 0,75.
20
(34)
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6.4.3
A non-linear relationship between the tensile strength level Rr of the wire and the limit design rope force shall be
taken into account by
ff2
1770
=
Rr
0, 4
(35)
for Rr 1770
ff2 = 1,
where:
is the level of requirement of breaking force (tensile strength) which is designated by a number (e. g.
1770, 1960 etc.), see EN 12385-4.
Rr
6.4.4
Fleet angle
Fleet angles at sheaves or drums are illustrated in Figure 8. Fleet angles shall always be counted positive. For a
selected point of the rope, the design fleet angle being associated with the most frequent working range shall be
taken into account by factor ff3 according to Table 6. The design fleet angle is calculated by
n
j =1
3
j
(36)
where:
j
is the fleet angle at the tangential contact point j of rope at drum or sheave (see Figure 8)
is the number of contact points passed by the most bent part of the rope (See Figure 8 for an example
with n = 6)
21
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non rotation
rotation
resistant rope
resistant rope
0,5
1,0
1,0
1,0
0,9
0,9
2,0
0,75
0,7
3,0
0,7
4,0
0,67
not covered
6.4.5
Rope lubrication
For lubricated ropes the factor ff4 is set to one. For ropes without lubrication (e. g. clean room) the factor ff4 shall be
ff4 = 0,5.
6.4.6
Multilayer drum
Multilayer drums reduce the limit design rope force. A factor ff5 < 0,8 shall be applied.
6.4.7
Groove radius
The ratio of groove radius rg to rope diameter d and the requirements for angle between the sides of a sheave
(see Figure 9) shall be taken into account by ff6 according to Table 7.
60
0,6
0,7
0,8
1,0
ff6
1
0,84
0,75
No requirement
0,63
0,58
0,54
22
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6.4.8
Rope types
Differing bending fatigue performance of the various rope types shall be taken into account by the factor f f 7 , given
by
ff7 =
1
t
(38)
where
t
In general for non-rotation resistant ropes with 6 to 10 outer strands, t = 1 is valid. For other rope types values of t
in the range of 0,95 to 1,25 may be specified by the rope manufacturer.
23
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Annex A
(normative)
Number of Relevant Bendings
One lifting movement comprises both a lifting and lowering action. The number of relevant bendings w of a rope
during one lifting movement shall be established for the most unfavourable part of the rope by counting the sum of
bending counts wc according to Table A.1 and A.2.
When the loads in lifting and lowering are different (e. g. when loads are deposited at upper level), w/2 for the lifted
load and w/2 for the lowered load shall be used. In these cases, both lifting and lowering are each considered as
one lifting movement for the calculation of the rope force spectrum factor.
Table A.1 Bending counts
Type of bending
Any bending with a deflection
angle less than 5
Illustration
Bending count
wc = 0
Rope termination
wc = 0
Compensating sheave/whip
wc = 0
Drum
wc = 1
wc = 2
24
wc = 4
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Table A2 shows examples assuming movements where the most unfavourable part of the rope runs from the drum
over all sheaves.
Table A.2 Examples for the number of relevant bendings w
w=1
w=7
w=3
w=5
w=7
w=5
w=7
If during the cycle the rope runs only over a part of the sheaves, w depends on the length of the stroke. Figure A.1
gives an example:
25
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Key
length between sheaves
a1, a2, a3
c1, c2, c3
circumferential length
1 rope travel distance w = 11
2 rope travel distance w = 10
3 rope travel distance w = 6
26
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Annex B
(informative)
Guidance for selection of design number of hoist ropes used during the
useful crane life
Operation method
S-class (see
EN 13001-3-1)
Number of
ropes lr
Hand-operated cranes
S0 S2
1-2
Assembly cranes
S0 S2
1-2
Powerhouse cranes
S1 S3
1-3
Warehouse cranes
Intermittent operation
S4 S5
3-6
Continuous operation
S6 S8
6-14
Workshop cranes
S3 S5
2-6
S6 S8
6-14
Ladle cranes
S6 S8
6-14
Pit cranes
S7 S9
8-20
10
S8 S9
10-20
11
Forging cranes
S6 S8
6-14
12
Hook service
S4 S6
3-8
S6 S9
6-20
S3 S5
2-6
Hook service
S3 S5
2-6
Hook service
S4 S6
3-8
S6 S8
6-14
S1 S3
1-3
Hook service
S3 S5
2-6
S4 S6
3-8
S1 S4
1-4
Hook service
S1 S3
1-3
Hook service
S3 S5
2-6
S4 S6
3-8
S4 S5
3-6
Hook service
S2 S5
2-6
S4 S6
3-8
S1 S3
1-3
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
27
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Annex C
(informative)
Selection of suitable set of crane standards for a given application
Is there a product standard in the following list that suits the application?
EN 13000: 2004
prEN 14439:20002
PrEN14985:2004
WI 00147032
EN 13852-1:2004
EN 13852-2:2004
prEN 14492-1:2004
Cranes Power driven winches and hoists Part 1: Power driven winches
prEN 14492-2:2002
Cranes Power driven winches and hoists Part 2: Power driven hoists
EN 12999:2002
EN 13157:2002
prEN 13155:1998
EN 14238:2004
NO
EN 13001-2:2004
CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2003
Cranes General design Part 3.1: Limit states and proof of competence of steel structures
CEN/TS 13001-3-2:2003
Cranes General design Part 3.2: Limit states and proof of competence of wire ropes
WI 00147 050
Cranes General design Part 3.3: Limit states and proof of competence of wheel / rail contacts
EN 13135-1:2003
prEN 13135-2:2000
EN 13557:2003
EN 12077-2:1998
Cranes safety Requirements for health and safety Part 2: Limiting and indicating devices
EN 13586:2003
Cranes Access
prEN 14502-1:2002
prEN 14502-2:2002
EN 12644-1:2001
EN 12644-2:2000
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Licensed copy: Kit Lum, Franklin Offshore International Pte Ltd, Version correct as of 01/06/2012 09:54, (c) The British Standards Institution 2012
Bibliography
[1]
Feyrer, Klaus: Drahtseile Bemessung, Betrieb, Sicherheit. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag 2000.
ISBN 3-540-67829-8
[2]
[3]
Feyrer, Klaus: Biegewechselzahl und Ablegereife von Spiral-Rundlitzenseilen. Frdern und Heben 5/1997
Vereinigte Fachverlage GmbH. ISDN 0441-2636
[4]
EN ISO 12100-2:2003, Safety of machinery Basic concepts, general principles for design Part 2:
Technical principles and specifications (ISO 12100-2:2003).
29
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DD CEN/TS
13001-3-2:2004
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