S| BS 476: Part 20: 1987 j eeenieoy aacmen © Briveh Standards tnetruton No part ofthis publieation may ba photocopied or omerwse raprediced without the po perrucsion in writing of BSI British Standard Fire tests on building materials and structures Part 20. Method for determination of the fire resistance of elements of construction (general principles) Essais au feu des matériaux et structures du bétiment Partie 20. Méthode de détermination de la résistance au feu des éléments de construction (principes généraux) Brandschutatechnische Prifungon an Bauctoffan und Bauten Teil 20. Verfahren zur Bestimmung des Feuerwiderstandes von Bauteilen (Allgemeines) British Standards InstitutionBS 476; Part 20; 1987 Foreword ‘This Part of BS 476 has been prepared uncer the direction. of the Fire Standerds Committee and doseribes the general Procedures anc equipment required to datermine the fire resistance of elements of construction. This Part should be road togother vith ES 476 Parts 21, 22 and 23 as appropriate which describe the detailed procedure for the tasting of individual elements of construction The four Ports taken togather constitute a comploto revision of BS 476 . Part 8, which is withdrawn However. the latier vill still be made available on request, since tis refarrad, ‘ton bullding regulations and other legislative documents, Parts 20 to 23 have been prepared in such a way that Part 20 will need to be used with the subsequent Parts deseribed, For the purposes of thase Parts, elamants of construction have been categorized into three main groups: {a} foadbearing elements that have a fire resistance: (b) non-loadbearmng elements that have a fire resistance: [c} 6lomonts that make a contribution to the fire resistance of a structure. ‘The specific requirements for tho testing of these groupe are described in Parts 21 to 23 rospactively. Guidance and background information that mil assist the designer and the testing authority te eolect and evaluate epoeimone that are more representative of situations in practice are gives! 1m appendices to the four Parts ‘The revision of BS 476 Part 9 has been prepared in order ‘to emprove repeatability and rerocuebility of the results obtained by inore closely defining the operating procedures and the equipment ured The mam changes relate to improvements in che teeliaigues for measuring temperature, pressure and loed distribution, Following the pubtication of PD 6406 winich analysed the differences between the requirements of RS.476 . Part A, ISO B24, 1SO 3008 and 10 2009, and Annox 1 of the proliminary draft on an EEC Commission Directive DG 111 (document 1202, September 1977) (now replaced by EUR 8750), this revision has, where possibje, adopted similar requirements to those given in the imternational standards, though in some cases, improvements have been made, There improvernents have tended to tighten up the procedures already spocitted in the other standards and val therafore remain in compliance wath them. (One rigeifizant change in the method Is the Introduction of a Taxed! Senperature/tme heating reaime which assumes a retiergi ambient temperature rather than the use of 9 teenieretaeazrise curve that 1s related to the actual ambient. temperature at the time of the test, The reasons for this change ace described in appendix A. ‘A further change has been the adoption of the minimum, specimen sizes specified in ISO 834. Combined with this sa greater acceptability of smaller furnaces for testing specimens of elements that are, at full size, capable of being tasted in smaller furnaces. Because of the diversity of furnace designs it has not been possible to define the foquipment more tightly, although A.6 dovs give guidance con the points ta be considered in any future furnace Gesigas This Part has, however, eliminated the use of oil based fuels as a mathod of heating a fire resistance testing furnace The differential pressure between the furnace chamber and the laboratory has been changed slightly with respect to the magnitude, the ume of application and the measuring technique, This hes been done in an attempt to rationalize the pressure difference requirements for all elements under tes. Following the decision of the Internatione! Organization for Standardization, Technical Committee ISO/TC 82, Fira taste on building materials, components and structures, to dispense weith the use of the eritenton of stability (alienate integrity) in the fire resistance tasting procedures for fire dears and glazed elements (150 3008 end ISO 3009 respectively) it has been Cecided to adopt a similar principle in thus revision. 111s no longer required, therefore, to evaluate non-losdbearing elements (see BS 476 : Part 22] with respeet to compliance with a stablliy requirement. In order to clarify the use of stability in respect to loadbearing elements a new term, loadbearing capacity, has been introduced in this revision (see clause 2 ane! appendix A), The criterion for integrity has also been shghtly modified and a neve term, impermeability, has been introduced in order to clarify one aspect of integrity falure, Information on the evelustion of residual loadbearing capacity 1s given in appendix 8. Attention is drawn to the Health and Satety at Work ete, ‘Act 1974, and the need to ensure that the method of test described in this standard ts carried out undor suitable environmental conditions to provide adequate protection to personnel against the risk of fire, and/or inhalation of smoke and/or toxic products of combustion, Caution, The mechanical savring of asbestos cernent, ‘components attracts the provision of the Asbestos Regulations 1969. Adequate methods exist to control levels of dust during such operetions and these are deta 1 the Contrat and Satery Guides issued by the Asbestos Research Council” Compliance with a British Standard does not of confer immunity from legal obligations, ‘Avallable fom the Asbestos Inforration Centre, Seckuile House, 40 Piccadilly, London WIV 8AMD 6487 Amendment No. 1 Published and ¢tfective from 30 Aprit 1990 ‘to BS 476 : Part 20: 1987 Fire tests on building materials end structures Part 20. Method for determination of the fire resistance of elements of construction (generat principles} ‘Axo 0887 Foreword : anu {n paragraph 6, after ‘change are described in eppendix A insert the following new matter. “In some cases, it has been requested that tests bo carried out according to a so-alled ‘hydrocerbon curve’. Although the heating regime specified In clause 3 is the exposure condition required by this standard, in order to avoid the poxible confusion which might arise due to nom: 2 availability of a standard for such temperature/time curves, appendix D includes for information a heating regime which hhas been proposed in 1SO/DIS B34 {as a preterred option) 10 represent special risk requirements such as may be ‘encountered in offshore structures, ete.” Pay Conteris Incer tFtving atthe end ot the existing ist of appendices. "Huds curve” AND 6487 Clause 0 Introduction - tn paragraph 2, line 6, after “{see A.1Y, insert ‘and appendix D’, au 107 Clause 2.3 fire resistance Delete the existing clause end substitute the following. "23 fire resistance, The time for which an element of building construction is able to withstand exposure to 2 standard vamperatute/tine and pressure regirne without long ofits fire separating function or loadbesring function or both." .AMD 6487 Clause 6.1.2 Aeritteso Deleta the existing third sentence and substitute the following. ‘Where a reduced size furnace is vzed (1.8. «furnace with an ‘opening not greeter then 1.5 mx 1.5 m), the tures: | ‘perture shall be greater in area then the exposed face of ‘the specimen by a ratio of at least 1.5:1. a aM 6687 Clause 6.1.8 eri 1000 Delete paragraph 1, the note and the first sortence of paragraph 2, Delete 'The' at the beginning of the second sentence of peregraph 2 and substitute ‘In order to dating the start of the test the”, ‘Aun 6487 Clause 6.2.3 Mechanical or hydraulic loading ‘Amel 1900 In bine 5, efter ‘constant’ insert ‘i. t 2 % as specified in 9.1.2 Dette the existing perarash 2 and substitute the folloning. “The loed shal be applied uniformly over the surface so. | ‘that at any single point the loed does not exceed 10 %ef the total load.” amo 0487 Clause 6.4.2.1 Fixed specimen surfece thermocouples coe Inline 2, afer ‘type T* insert * type N AM 6487 Cleuse 6.4.2.2 Roving surface thermocouple ‘Api eon: In ine 2, after ‘type T’ insert *, type N’. A 6487 Clause 6.4.2.5 Deformation measuring device ‘Apr 1890 Delete perooranh 2 end in paragraph 3, line 8, after ‘at Gx sort ‘cisplayed anc ‘ast eas7 Clause 7 Examination of specimen ‘apr 1900 Delete the existing text, retaining the note, and substitute the fellowing. ‘A full and cette specification of the test specimen chal ‘be provided by the test soonsor prior to the installation of the test specimen at the laboratory. This specification shal! bbe to sievel of detall sufficient to allow the laboratory to ‘conduct a detailed examination of the specimen in ‘aecordance with C.3 before the test and to agree with the 4 ‘sponsor she accuracy of the specimen specification.” Amo 6487 Clause 11.4 In line 2, after ‘time’, insert ‘rounded down’.‘Ano oser Clause A.3.0 Conditioning foie: {In the penurtimate paragraph, delete the information given for moisture content of timber and substitute the following. Timber: a internal joinery applications 9% to'12% structural loadbcoring end non- 9% 012% loadbearing timber where the timber will be exposed or partialy exposed to sheeted or unhaated Irtarnal environment ll other applications, including 1642% structural ioadbearing and non oadbearing timber where the timber ‘willbe ineulated from the ambient 5 internal conditions of the building AMD 6487 Clause C.2.2.4 Fixed surface temperature indicator Aart 3900 In the penultimate sentence, deleta “30 and substitute ‘60s. sana 3as7 Clause 6.3.1 fae 1800 Delete the existing elauso and eubstitute the folfowing. ‘C.3.1 Meke a detailed examination of the test specimen, ‘comparing the constructional details against the specification provided by the sponsor. When it is not possible to verity aspects of the sponsors specification, ‘stare this In the test report.” 3 aarp 6887 Clause C.7.1 Timing control thermocouple _——_ Delete the existing text entirely and substitute Text deleted.” amo «a7 Clause C.9 Furnace heating ba illaded {In the first sentence, delete “the timing control thermocaup! furnace control thermocouples’. Clause €.10.3.2 Delete the existing paragraph 8 and substitute the following. “The use of the cotton pad shail be discontinued when the unexposed face of the construction indicates a temperature ‘of 300 °C in the vicinity of the gap being evaluated. This ‘tomperature shall be meesured by placing the centre af the i roving thermocouple, specified in 6.4.2.2, ot a distance of betcen 30 mm and 70 mm to the side of, or below the 2p, OF by tho nearest unexposed foce fixed thermocouple if one is positioned within 30 mm to 70 mm of the gop.’amp e487 Now appendix D ‘April 1000 Insert tha following new eppendix D. “Appendix D. Hydrocarbiri curve ‘While the heeting regime deseribed in clause 3 Is the fire ‘exposure condition required by this stendard end generally ‘employed for building uses It it recognized that it may be Inepproprlare for cerain special risk requirements. Such ‘exposure environmmants will, more spprepriately, be provided for in other standards which cover fire resistance ‘tests oF other than building constructions. Anexample of one heating feglme where the expossira is ‘eonskierad to equate with a large hydrocarbon fire which ‘has revently been propoted in ISO/DIS 634 Is 22 fotlows:. T= 1100 (1 — 0.326 exp (— 0.16572) 0.204 exp (- 1.417 t) 0.471 exp (16.833 fi] where Tis the teenperatura inereaca (in 1s the time at which temperature increase hes ‘occurred (in min}. thas to be recognized that, as well as varying the heaving regime, detailed attention needs to be given 10 other test parameters and certain procedural details wil also require alterations.” ary FSMBS 476: Part 20; 1987 Contents Pane Foreword Inside front cover Committees responsible Back cover Method © Introduction 2 1 Scope 2 2 Defiaitions 2 3 4 Testspecimen 4 5 Selection of support and loading conditions: 5 6 Apparatus 5 7 Examination of specimen. 7 8 Preparation of specimen 7 Q Test procedure 7 40 Performance crtera é 11 Expression of results 8 12 Test report ° Appendices AA Guidance information 10 8 Evaluation of residual oedbearing capacity 18 Operating instructions, specimen presaration and observations 19 Figures 1 Exampies of restraint ry 2 Standard temperature/twme curve 2B 3 Specimen surface thermocouple junction and insulting pac 3 4 Roving thermocouple measuring urction 30 5 Typical fame or supporting the cotion pal 31 6 Steel gouges For determining imperviousness 32 7 Alternative jointing mathocs for walle 2 8 Pressure sensing heed 3 9 Furnace thermacoupieastombly 3 10 Thermocouple weight for resilient materiats 38BS 476: Part 20: 1987 Method 0 Introduction ‘The objective of determining fire resistance, as described in, this Part and the associated Parts of BS 476, is to assess the behaviour of a specimen of an element of building construction when subjected to defined heating end. pressure conditions. The method provides a means of quantifying the ability of en element to withstand exoosure to high temperatures, by setting criteria by which the Joadbearing capacity, the fire containment (integrity) and the thermal transmittance (inulstion} functions can be adjudged However, the standardized temperature/time conditions used in this evaluation are representative of only one Possible fire exposure condition at the fully developed fire stage and the method does nat quantify the behaviour of an element, for a precise period of time, ina real fire situation (see A.1). The prineiple of the method is at follows A representative sample of the element 1s exposed ta a specified regime of heating and the performance of the thst sample Is monitored on the basis of criteria described in the standard. Fire resistence of the test element is expressed as the time for which the appropriate criteria have been satisfied. The times so obtained ere @ measure of the adequaey of the construction in a fire but have no direct relatiorship with the curation of a real fre. ‘The test data can be used directly to show compliance with fire resistance requirements in regulations, byelaws or other safety specifications. The tests can also be used to study the bbeheviour of constructions at high temperatures and obtain guidance on the effect of design features on fire resistance. itis intended to extend the application of test data by agreed procadures for interpolation ans extrapolation. Que to restrictions uf sie anu the absence of survounding construction the laboratory test cannot reproduce the actual behaviour pattern of an element in a fire, However, test data can provide a basis for making engineering evaluations, A Future Part of the standard wall across sett 19 these aspects 1 Scope ‘This Pert of BS 476 describes a procauiure for a laboratery test for the determination of fie resistance of elements of construction, NOTE The tities of the publications refered to 1n his standard ate listed an the mace back cover 2 Definitions For the purpose of this Part of DS 476, the definitions tiven in BS 4422 apply, together with the following 2.1 astociated construction. A form of construction that may be required for the testing of some elements of construction and to which the test specimen is connected, 1.9, the wall into which a glazed element would be fitte: 2.2 collapse, The mochanical failure of the complete specimen that allows it to fall from the position into which has been fixed. 2.3 fire resistance, The ability of an element of building ‘construction to withstand exposure to a standard ‘temperature/tume and pressure regime without loss of its fire separating function or leadbssring funetion or both ‘tor a given time, 2.4 fixity. The conditions et the edges, ends or supports ‘of atest spaciman through which the applied test load it either being applied or reacted {ether drectiy or by induced moments), 25 restraint. The conditions atthe edges, ends or supports of a test specimen through which the movement of the specimen ig constrained. (Exaryples of restraint are shown in figure 1.) 2.6 furnace clonure, A suitable form of construction ttesigned to fill the space between the permanent opening of the furnace end the test construction so that the specified furnace conditions are maintained forthe curstion of the test without interconnection between the test Construction and the furnace closure and wich has no significant effect on the behaviour of the test specimen, 2.7 impormesblity. Tho abilty ofa :pecimen of a separating element to restrict the egress of hot gases from the unexposed face of the peciman causing ignition of the cotton pad. 2.8 insulation, The ability of s specimen ofa soperating tlement to restrict the temperature rise of the unexposed foce to belew specified levels. 2.9 imnegriy, ‘The ability of @ specimen of «separating tlameai to contain afire to specified criteria for collapse, freedom from holes, cracks and fissures and sustained ‘flaming on the unexposed face, 2.10 iousbearing eapacity. The ability of @spocimen of a Toacbesting element t0 support it test load, where anpropr ete, without exceeding specited entera with Fesonct to aither the extent of, or rate of, deformation or both, 2.71 epacimion. An element of building construction proviced for the purpose of determining either its fire resistanze ev its contribution to the fire resistance of another building element 2.12 sustained flaming. Flaming that is visible with the naked eye and that remaine wie for am sinincerrpted period of not less than 10 s. 2.19 test eonstruation. A complete assembly of a specimen and its essoctated constzuetion if incorporated. 2.14 soparating element. An element that 1s required to sausfy the eriteria of integrity and insulation, in addition to loadbearing capacity if applicable, for the purposes ofF ining separation between two adjacent arezs of a building in the event of a fire,3 Test conditions 3.1, Heating conditions 3.4.1 The standard tomporature/time curve 3.1.1.1. The temperature/time conditions (see figure 2, A.2.1 and A.2.2} shel be as given by the equation T= 345 logy (@r +1) +20 where T's the mean furnace temperature (in °C); fis the time (in min) up to a maximum of 380 min, 3.1.1.2 The mean furnace temperature (7) as gven by the furnace thermocouples specified in C.1.2 shell be controlled such that it will comply with 3.1.1.1 within Un tolerances specified in 3. 3.12 olenemes 3.1.2: Fis i purpose of computing the percentage deviation (p), the oreas under the respective temperature! time curves shall be computed (see A.2.3} at a minimum of the following time intervals: Ominto 10min at 1 min intervals 10min to 20min at 2min intervals 90 min te 120 min at S min intervals 120 min to 360 min at 10 min intervals Any deviation calculated in accordance with 3.1.2.2 shall ‘be within the fotlowing limits: (a) less than 16 % to the ond of the first 10 min of the heating pertod or to the end of the test if this is less than 10 min; (b} fess than 10 % from 10 min to the end of the first 30 min of the heating period or to the end of the haating period if this is greater than 10 min but fess than 30 mi (cl less than 5 % from 30 min to the end of the heating period 3.1.2.2 The percentave deviation (o) in area of the mean Furnace tomperstura/tima curve from the standard temperature/time curve is given by: Ane 4-2 x 100 e B where A Is the area under the mean furnace temperature/time curve; 2B is the area under the specified temperature/time 3.1.3 Uniformity of temperature dietribution, At eny time after the first 10 min of the heating period, the temperature tise indicated by any of the thermocouples used to ‘determine the mean furnace temperature shall not differ ‘from the corresponding temperature rise given by the standard temperature/time curve by more than 100°C. With test constructions where either the specimen or any associated construction incorporates combustible materials, thet produce flaming within the furnace which cen be identified to be causing lozalized heating or cooling of one ‘or mors of the furnace thermocouple hat junctions, the aviation of temperaturs rise recorded by that or those BS 476: Part 20: 1987 ‘thermocouples so affected from the standard temperature curve shall not exceed 200 °C. 3.2 Pressure conditions 3.2.1 General, After the first 5 min of the heating period {and for the remainder of its duration, a positive pressure relative to the laboratory shall be established within the ‘furnace. This prescure shall be controlled to satisty the requirements specified in 3.2.2 and 3.2.3 for the respective ‘elements {s00 A.2.4). 3.2.2 Separating elements. The test construction shell be subjected to a pressure condition similar to that which ‘would apply if @ linear pressure gradient of 8.5 Pa per 1000 mm height is assumed to exist together with a neutral pressure axis at a height of approximately 1000 mm above ‘the notional floor level. The pressure at any position on a vertical test construction and on the underside of a horizontal tert construction shall be determined with respect t0 the elements positional height relative to notional flocr level. The pressure concition shall be controlled to within + 2 Pa, Notwithstanding the above, tha pressure at ‘the top of a vertical test construction and at the underside ‘of ahorzontal test construction shalt at no time excped a ‘maximum value of 20 Pa 3.2.2 Non-seporating elements. Non separating elements shall be subjected to similar pressure conditions as appropriate to separeting elements with the same ‘orientation, i.e. beams as per floors, columns as par walls. NOTE Tha neutral preesure axe for vertical non-taparatng laments miay tw ats herght of op t9 2000 mm foes claure B of BS 45381 Pare 2% . 1982). 3.3 Amblvnt conditions within the Inboratory 3.3.1 The ambient ar temperature, as measured by the ambient temperature thermometer specified in C.1.1, in the general vicinity of the test construction shall be within 5 °C to36 °C immediately prior to the heating period (see A.2.5, C.7.3.2 and C.7.3.3). 3.3.2 For tests on separating elements where measurements Of the unexpored face temperature rise are made in order ‘to determine compliance with 10.4, the following additional requirements shall apply: (2) 30 min prior to the commencement of the test, the mean unexposed face temperature as Indicated by the thermocouples specified 19 6.4.2.1 shall be within 5°C of the ambient temperature, but shali be not less than an actual temperature of 5 °C; {9} during the course of the heating periad the ambient temperature shall not inerease above its initial value by more than 5 °C up to tha time of insulation faiture; {(c) measurements shall be made In essentially draught free conditions, 3.3.3 For tests on separating elements whore the unexposed face temperatura is only being determined for other roasons, ¢.g, for daterenicang the time at which to discontinue the use of the cotton pad (s2e 10.3.2), the conditions (a) arxt {ch szecified 1n 3.3.2 shall be compliee vith but the temperature rise m (b) is permitted to increase by 18°C.BS 476: Part 20: 1987 B.A Loss of accuracy Where the mean furnace temperature, prossure conditions and ambient conditions in the laboratory create more severe conditions than those specified in 3.1, 3.2 end/or 3.3, ‘the actual test result echieved may stl! be accepted as valid {see items [a), (k) and (mm) of clause 12 and A.2.7). 4 Test specimen 4.1 General ‘The test specimen and any associated construction forming 2 test construction shall be identical to, or repratentative of, the element of building construction that is to be evaluated. ‘The specimen and any asucrated consituetion shat! not be im such a state at the start of the test that the specimen ‘would fail the permecbility criteria o¢ defined by the use of ‘the gep gauges (see 10.3.2(b)) NOTE ‘The choice of the as 85.476 Poets 71 te 25 relevent to the element under test The test construction only represents the element of construction when the conditions of load, restraint and ‘ovity used during the test are identical to, or typical of, ‘those used in practice. If information is required t0 determine the behaviour of the construction under differant end or edge conditions or to determine the effect of specfal aspects of the construction, which are not an ‘essential or integral part of the element, then additional ‘est(s) shall be carried out 4.2 Design consideration ‘The test construction shall be designed so that the critical aspects of the clement are incorporated in the specimen {ee A.3.1), In designing a specimen and its associated construction the Influence of joints, incorporated services, ‘inishes, openings for access and vision, etc. shall be considered. Unies evidenco exists indicating that these ‘features will not have a deleterious effect, they shall be Incorporated in the construction to be teste. ‘The influence and intaractions betwoon the element of construction and its adjacent supporting constr bbe carefully considered such that any associated construction used in conjunction with the test specimen shall have similar influences as in precties 4.3 Manufacture of the test construction Alt materials and constructional methods used in the ‘manufacture of the test construction shall be representative of the intended use of the element, and shall be described! in the report (see A321. It itis necessary to modify an element in order to produce ‘a construction that will fit into the furnace or to facilitate an eviluation of a particular design feature, then full details lf the design of the specimen and details of the ‘modifications made that! aiso be included in the report. The properties of any material component used in the test construction rat have 2 significant effect on the fire resistence of the specimen shall be reported. The report shall include either the tource of the information, or if particular properties are measured details of the method used (see A3.3). 4 Number of specimens For non-separating elements, separating elements that only required to resist fire from one side in use, and for vertical symmetrical separating elements, one specimen shall be tested (s08 A.3.4). For verticel asymmetrical separating elements that are required to resist fire from erther side, the element shall be tested from each side using a separate specimen, However, if itis postible to ascertain the direction of exposure thet will give the lesser fire resistance, one test ‘may be carried out exposing the specimen to the furnace in its anticipated weaker direction, in which cese the reasons for this shall be clearly stated in the report. 45 Size of specimen Whenever possible, the test specimen and where appropriate ‘any aszociated construction shall be a full sized element of building construction. Untes itis impossible, the individual components making up a test specimen shail be full size (:02 A.35). When the elernent exceeds the size that can be accommodated by the furnace, the minimum size of celament expored to the heating conditions in the furnace shall be: on-separating elements. vertical 3m high horizontal 4m snen separating elements: vertical 9. m high by 3 mwice horizontal. 4 m span by 3mwide When the element, and hence the specimen, is smallor than ‘the aperture available in the appropriate furnace, either an assoctated construction shall be provided with the specimen ‘of such dimensions to give a test construction of the necessary size ar furnace closures of the requisite size shall be used, 48 Condition of the test construction When a test construction incorporates meterials that ere cither time or moisture teneitive, thata mataricie shall, at the time of test, be at a condition approximating to the state of strength and moisture contont that would be ‘expected in normal service. NOTE. tmere this isnot know oF cannot ve achieved, the roistute content levels ven in 8.3.6 should be used. ‘The moisture content of lrygroscopic materials and the state of time sensitive materials shalt, where accessible, bbe determined prior to test and shall be quoted in the test report together with the method used for thoir determination. \Whon it is not practicable to accertain the condition of ‘component material(s} of a test specimen, e.g, fully ‘encapsulated materials, the report shall state that the ‘condition has not been determined.BE 476; Part 20: 1987 mid-span or mid-height in the case of beams or columns. “Tie temperatura shall be continuously indicated and the isplay shall be cla‘ly ible «0 the furnace aperato: for “the purpose of starting the timing device, ‘A tuming device compiying with C.2.3 shall be evalable for the fursace operator. 6.1.9 The furnace shall be located in a room of adequete size to allow eaty access to the furnace and its astociated ‘equipment and safe handling of specimen constructions G2 Loading equipment 6.2.1 General, The method of applying the test loading to. the specimen shall be either by dead weights or by a hydraulic or mechanical jacking systern, er by a combin: ation of dead weights and a jacking system. The choice shall normally be dietated by practical convenience, considering the type of element and the type and magnitude of the loading required. Irrespective of the methed chosen, the method of loading shall not significantly affect the natural thermal behaviour of the specimen. Stmnilarly, the ‘mathod of loading shail not limit the movement of the specimen nor in any other way influence the natural ‘mechanical behaviour of the element, 6.2.2 Deadweight foacting, The uniformly distibiinid {oading shall be simulated by at least four nominuily: aval Point loads on every square metre of the specimen. Tie accuracy of the individuat weights shel be within + 2.5 % of their nominal value and they shall contact the surface Of the specimen via legs that will not unduly impair the performing of such monttoring checks as are appropriate, 29, the use of the cotton pad or the roving thermocouple. ‘The total area of the contact points between the deed weights ond the test specimen surface shall not excood 10 %6 of the total area of the surface of the test specimen. The individual contect arees shall not be so small that they causa excetsive localized strostes, The distribution of dead weights over the surface of a specimen shall be es uniform as possible. For beams, the maximum value of any single dead weight {in kt) used to simulate a uniformly cistributed fond shall not exceed 25 % of the required uniformly distributed loading {in kN/m). The loading of vertical eparating elements shail not be applied by means of dead weight unless the value of the applied load is 30 low that the uso of mechanical or hydraulic loading systems 'simpracncable 62.3 Mechanica! or hydraulie loading. The loading system shall be designed such that the loads are applied gradually to evoid shock loads and the direction and the magnituda ff the force exerted by each individual loavting um remaies ‘constant throughout the duration of the test and 1s not, changed by the deformation of the specimen. For horizontal elements, articulation and/or freedom for movement of the contact position shall be provided, either at the point of applieation of the leading or within the loading distribution system. The uniformly distributed load applied to the surface of horizontal separating elements shall be simulated by at least two nominally equal point loads on every square meite of the specimen, For beams that are hydraulically or mechanically loaded to simulate the uniformly distributed load, the toad! shall bbe applied by at least four nominally equal points. NOTE. When verucal separating elements are careying é uniformly istnbuted f0ed, the recuved total load may be eppled through 2 ‘unable soreader beam, When the element contains discrete Icedbearing members, the loading system shall be designed so as to ensure that signitieant load sharing does not occur. For horizontal elements, the mechanical or hydraulic toading system shall be capaite of following a maximum rate of deformation of the test specimen of 50 mm/min with 2 maximum deformation of 250 mm. Far verticel elements, the system shall be capable of following @ maximurn rate of deformation of 26 mm/min with @ maximurn deformation of 120 mm. 6.3 Specimen support systems 6.3.1 Provision of restraint. Any framework used to apply restraint at the edges or the ends of the test specimen shall have suffi ity and stiffness to resist the forces exerted by any thermal mavement induced during the test. It shell have provision for allowing the specimen edgas or ends to be fixed In amanner representative of that used in practice. 6.3.2 Loading and fixity. Where the loading system requires the apphed test loading to be reacted back to the specimen, support positions, the furnace and/or the support/reaction frame shall have sufficient strength and stiffness to resist any distortion thet may affect the performance of the test specimen or thet may modify the applied loading. 84 instrumentation 6.4.1 Measuring and control equioment, to monitor the ‘est construction, the laboratory and the furnace environ- ment and the behaviour of the test sample during the test. NOTE Details of tne rasirumentation needed for the messurement ‘of temperature, pressure and lows ate wen mn anperOix C. 64.2 Monitoring equipment 6.4.2.1 Fixed specimen surface thermocauples, constructed ‘as shown in figure 3, and conststing of either type T or type K thermocouple wires complying with BS 4937 Part or 5, with a maximum diameter of 0.5 mm, brezed 0.912 mm diameter, 0.2 mm thick copper die. Each thermocouple shall be provided with @ 30 mm square, 2 £ 0,5 mm thiek pad of insulstion material. This insulation material shall have 2 dry densizy of 900 4 90 kg/m”, 4 thermal conductiuty of 0,13 W/(rn-K) £ 10 % at 100 °C, and chall ba of a material eapable of withstanding temperatures of 400 °C without any change in mechanical ‘or physical propertiss, The insulation pads shall be slotted, ‘or provided with holes to accommodate the thermocouple wires. ‘The wires from the thermocouples shall be connected either directly or via compensating leads to an appropriate temperature indicator (see C.2.2.4).64.2.2 Roving surtace thermocouple, with a measurement Jenetion consisting of erther type T or type K thermocouple ‘wires complying with BS 4837 : Part 4 oF 5, with a diameter of 1.0 mm, brazed to a 12 mm diameter, 0.5 mm thick ‘copper disc (a copper/constantan wire Uermioeouple with a diameter of 0.5 mun may also be used), The wires of the ‘thermocouple chali be bent normal to the rear face of the ‘copper disc to aire tien to be inserted into separate holes in 2 porcelain issifgity-ss shown in figure 4, The porcel insulator shall fee 2 sizmeter of 6 mm to 10 mm and shall ‘contain two holée 3 azezroximate 2 mm diameter. The distance between the rear face of the copper disc and the ‘end of the intulator thall be 6 + 1 mm. ‘The wires from the thermocouple shall be connected to’an appropciate temperature indicator (eve €.2.2.8). 6.4.2.3 Cotton pad, used for monitoring of permeabslity and consisting of new, undyed and soft cotton fibres, without any admixtures of man-made fibres, and shall be 100 mm square by 20 mm thick and shell have @ mass of between 3 gand 4 g. It shall be dried in an oven at 105+ § °C for at least 30 min and then stored ina desiccator to cool and until ready for use. It shall be placed, immediately prior to use, in the wire holder shown in figure 5. 6.4.2.4 Gap geuges (as shown In figure 6), used for monitoring of impermeability. They shall be made of steel rod of the diameter specified to an accuracy of + 0.5 mm. ‘They shall be provided with handles that are of sufficient length to ensure operatcr safety without detracting from the accuracy and care which may ke needed in deter ‘the point of any failure, 6.4.25 Deformation measuring devices, for measuring deformation of the test specimen having a range suffictent to take account of any deformation dus to tho initia! application of the test load, any teep experienced under the test load prior to the heating period, and any deformation that occurs during the heating period, The ‘measurement shall be accurate to + f mm. The fixing and focation of such deformation measurement dovioss shali be such that no part of such devices chall have any interference with the mechanical or thermal behaviour of the test specimen and they shalt not be subjected to temperature effects which would produce loss of accuracy. Provision shall ncrmally be made for the meatured deformation to be indicated and recorded remote from the ‘test specimen. The deformation indicated by the devices shall be displayed continuously or updated at intervals not ‘exceeding 15s. The deformation shal! be fogged at 1 min intervals from the commencement of the heating peried, (on the minute, for calculation of the rate of daformation of the specimen. 6.4.2.6 Radiometer. The radiometer shall be capabye of ‘measuring irradiance within tho range O to 100 kW/m? ‘The time constant shall be not more than 3 § (corresponding toa time to roach 06 % of final output in not more then 103). The instrument shall normally be calibrated with the ‘target vertical in which cese the sensitivity shall not change ‘by more than 1 % when the instrument is used with the targel hictizacsil, Phe target recawing radiation shall bs emrzitior, Fat, nat ort than 10 mm diameter, end coated writ 2 disse erizerbtaek finish, The target shell be vrthin 4 waiet Gr air eudled body whose from faze shall be flat and coineidemt withthe plane ofthe receiving face of the target. Radiation shall not pass through any window before reaching the target. The instrument shall be robuty, simple ‘to s2t up ond use, sensitive to draughts and stable in calibration, The instrument shall have an accuracy of wothin £3 % end arepeatability within #05 %. The output from the radiometer shall be messured on an appropriete millivelt measuring device (see €.2.2.6) 6.4.2.7 Specimen internal thermocouples, for measuring ternal temperatures. NOTE Determination of internal zemperatures isnot requires When those ae tobe deemed for nformeton Purpeto, the (uidance given i A.6.2.5, RB eno C.A.1.3 should be Follone’t 6.4.28 Recording and encillery equiament, required tor the following purposes: la) furnace temperature; (bl furrace pressure: |e} specimen interior temperature, (dl fixed and roving furnace temperature devices, (e) radiation measuring devices; (4) timing devices NOTE The type of equioment rutable for such purposes is doserbed in 2 7 Examination of specimen A detailed examination of the specimen shall be carried aut in accordance with C.3 before the test and details presided by the sponsors shall be checked’ and fully recareed, NOTE A.7 provides andence on ne important cnarantoichie e be nowed 8 Preparation of specimen ‘The procedure for fuxing thermocouples, installing the specimen, applying restraint, measurament of radiation ‘and other essential steps to be taken before a test ean be undertaken shall be as given in C.4, 9 Test procedure 2.1 Genera NOTE The procedure for cancuct ng the test and meaturantents and observations ta be made curing the cout if the vest ore efined in 8.1.1 10.813 and eetais are cerned in CO ta C1, 2.1.1 Ambrant temperature measurements. Measure the ambient temperature, using the ambient temperature thermometer or thermocouple. Do not commence heating Until the amfient tomparature te within the epoeified hnmits 9.1.2 Application of the test loading For loadbearirg elements, apply the test loading m such a way as to obtain stable conciitrons not tags then 18 min before the‘Temperatures measured by the roving thermocouple pleced on a flat surface that has a minimum 12 mm diameter flat surface to which the disc can be applied shall be included in the evaluation of maximum temperature eriterion, ‘Tamporature: meesured by the roving thermocouple, laced on small features that havo a minimum 6 mm. diameter flat surface, shall only be used in the evaluation ‘of the maximum temperature criterion if the aggregate area cof this or these features exceeds 0.1 % of the specimen surface area within any 1 m* of surface area, 11 Expression of results 11.4. The test results shall be stated 1n terms of the elapsed ‘time, t0 the neerest minute, between the commencement ‘of heating anc! failure under one or all of the eriteria given in clause 10, If no integrity or insulation failure occurred Jina separating element during the heatung period, then the times stated for these crizeria shall ba the clapead time between the commencement and the termination of the heating. 11.2 With respect to the loadbearing capacity of a loadbeating specitmen, the time stated shall be the elapsed time botweon the commencement of heating and the termination of heating or failure to meet the loadbearing capacity eriterion whichever is the cooner. 11.3 In no cese shall the period taken for insulation failure to occur exceed the petiod given for integrity failure to NOTE. An exarnnie of the method of expressing the ruts 1s en mast 11.4 The results of the tect shall be contained in a test report as specified in clause 12, NOTE, Inthe event of the test bens Letiormed to determine the residual leadbeering tapaciy of a tort construction, 2 Supplamantary report snoutd be preparee 34 sates n sppondin & 12 Test report ‘The test report shall include the following information, {2) The name of the testing laboratory. {b) The name of the sponsor. (c} The date of the test. {¢) The name of the manufacturer and the trade name, if any, of the specimen and any of its component parts, tf known. If unknown, this shall be stated. (©) The construction details, materials used, dimensions ‘and condition of the assembly as tested, with detailed drawings noting, where appropricte, any modifications made to the element in order to manufacture a tert construction (see 4.2). (f) The umportant physical properties of materials or Components, including the condition and the means by which this was achieved, together with each source of BS 476: Part 20: 1987 information. Where it proved impracticable to meature any of these properties, this shall be renorted (see 4.6). (o) The ambient temperature of the test area at the commencement of the test. th) For esymmetricsl separating elements, the direction In which the specimen was tested and the reason for this chowe. (i) The test loading, f any, and its relation to the dvign conditions. NOTE This should include the mevid of lotding (i) The tocity end restraint conditions that applied to the test construction during the tast. (k) The overpressure conditions within the furnace ‘elated to Ue position of the test construction, (0). The reasons validating the test in the evant of the tolerances on the temperature/time curve, pressure conditions or ambient laboratory eondktione being inadvertentiy exceeded (see 3.4). (mm) Tempereture/time graphs of the furnace heaung conditions (soe A.2.3). (n) The fire resistance when adjudged by the appropriate criteria ae given in clause 10, and expressed as specified clause 11, including: (1) the rate of deflection when this Is the criterion ‘used to ossess loadbearing capacity, including the value of o used in caloulating the limiting rate: (2) the maximum deflection end the time and position at which it occurred, supported by adequate graphical data, (3) the mode of fatlure wath respect to all erteria, but especially in respect to loss of loadbearing capacity; (4) temperature/time graphs of unexposed face temperatures; (6) the position(s) at which the maximum ‘temperature rise wes measured should this be the ‘cause of failure with respect to Insulation; (6) the time at which the cotton fibre ped was discontinued in favour of gap gauges; (7) if recorded, the radiance with respact to time with details of positioning/screening of radiometers (22 0.9.4), (8) if recorded, the temperature of any internal components or cevities; When a test is terminated before the occurrence of failure undor any of the relevant criteria, this shall be stated, (0} The follswing statement. "The resulis oniy relate to the behaviour of tha specimen of the element of construction under the particular Conditions oF teat; they are not intended to be the sole cnterta for assessing the potential fire performance of the element in use nor do they reflect the actwal berovioxr an fires.”BS 476: Part20: 1987 Appendices Appendix A. Guidance information 1 Application of method The rate at which a fire develops and the temperatures reached zre highly dependent upon the site and nature of the fire foad {the matorials within the fire compartment), the oxygen supply avaliable to feed the fie and the shape and sie of the compartment. From this it ean be on that itis impossible for any method to simulate a real fire situation Experience has shown, hawever. that elements that have not failed the appropriate performance criteria ‘aiven for an appropriate period of fire resistance are rarely the cause of catastrophe failure in the rel fre environment. In certain industrial processes where the nature af the fuel load is different, e.g, petrachemicals, the standard method isless applicable ard, as a cesutt, different termperature/time relotionships are used for evaluating the structure, ‘These test conditions should, however, ony. be used fs the content of evslusting buildings that are-knicwn to ba housing processes or materials for which the mocifled heating regime was designed. If one considers the limitations that the furnaes imposes fon the size of the element that can be evaluated it will ba recognized that many elements can only be tested at a fraction of their desin size, The designer shoule therefore ‘consider the result obtained from a fire resistance te ‘the context of the total building design Whilst every effort ts made during the test to reproduce the ractrzint canditiont that epply to the element n use, this often has to be simplified when compared with the complex nature of such forces in a building It is amportant that the desian of the specimen takes secount of these considerations and re may be necessary That move than ane test will be required to sufficiently characterize the fire performance of an element of building ‘construction. 2 Furnace temporature and pressure conditions A2A General ‘The fire environment simulated in the furnace 1s a simplification of the real conditions that exist in a fire vyathin an enclosed room. In this standard, the temperature and pressure conditions ere specitied but no requirements have been givan for oxygen content in the furnace environment. In real fires, the ectuel magnitude and ‘vertation of thase parameters will be dependent upon several intarrelated factors, some of which ar {a) the amount and type of combustible materials in the room (the fire loed! (b) the distribution of the fire losd in the room: {¢) the configuration of the fire loads (a) the amount of alr supplied to the room; (e} the goometry of the room, 10 {f| the thermal characteristics of the structures which enclose the fire chamber or are contained within it. A.2.2 Heating regime “The heating of the furnace is specified in terms of a temperature/tume relationship which is given by the following equati T= 345 loge 8t+ 1) + 20 ‘This equation is slightly cifferent from the equation given in BS 476 : Part B, end ISO 834, in that it gives the turnace temperature in terms of actual temperature and not temperature rise. It has bean assumed thet the furnace ‘yemperature at commencemant of the fire test is 20°C, irrespective of its actual value, eo that ail furnaces will operate to the sane actual tempereture/ttme progremms, ‘The actual initiel furnace temperature 's required to be within the limits of 5°C to 35°C. “The change to the use of actual temperature as a basis of the temperaniran/na programme is to enable closer correlations it peever¢nanee to ba achieved on elements ‘whose parfai/miesises very much temperature sensitive (2.9, glass), Aiso, with the use of critical temperatures as ¢ tbetis for assessment and calculation of fire resistance. itis fogieal to have both the temperature of the clement ond ‘the temperature of the heating environment expressed in ‘the same terms. With the previous basis of operating to a ‘temperature rise, a possible 30 °C difference in the intial furnace temperature between tests is maintained ‘throughout the test duration, A2.3 Temperature/time tolerances ‘A more precise definition of the application and method of calculation of the tolerances on the furnace temperature/ ‘ume progremme has been given in 3.1.1.1 than in the previous edition of the standard. A recuirement has been tneluded on the distribution of temperature within the furnace, and adviee is givon about the course of action to be taken if the test conditions do not comply with the required tolerances. ‘The area under the time/temperature curve Ayo can be estimeted by using @ mechanioa! intagrating device such at a planimeter. If such a device is not available approxim: ations can be obtained by ‘counting squares’ or bY numerical approximations. ‘One such method of approximation 1s known as the ‘Trapezeidal Rule which Is given by: wie TeE gry Ts Ac where ft isthe time (un min) at which the temperature T is measure To Is the initial temperature (in °C) Tr is the temperature at ¢ (1. at the end of the test] finch; Tr Is the temperature at a given time (in min}. Amore accurate and widely used approximation is given by Simpson's RulAgo = ts (To #22 Toag +42 Teven + Ted where To Teas 's the initial temperature (mm °C}; re tha tempersture moaturements at alternate ime incramants {in min); is the temperature at ¢ (1.2. at the end of the test} fin*o), ‘On both of these examples itis assumed that tho ‘temperatures used are sampled at 1 min Intervals. If a wider ‘ume interval is used, for Instance to céloulate the area in the lator stages of the tect, it is important to note that the result has to be multiplied by the number of time units in ‘the interval, and that all the intervals within a summation have to be of equal width. A2A Prosture conditions Gonorally, tho distribution of pressure over the height of ¢ vertical furnace is @ function of the furnace design and is. dominated by the natural buayancy effect of the hot gases, In a simple closed box type design the pressure gradient will be approximately 8.5 Pa (0.85 mm of water-gaugel per metre height of the furnace, and although control of the furnace damper allows the zctual value of pressure to be changed, there is little that can be dove to alter the gradient. Tho proscure exparionced by an clement in a real fire will depand upon its height relative to the normal floor evel. If for example, a panel of glazing is normally installed in a wall such that the head of the panel is 2.8 m above floor level, then it vould be anticipated that the top of the element would be subjected to an overpressure of 15.3 Pa, ‘assuming that the neutral prossure axis oxists approximately 11m above floor level. A specimen of such an element should therefore be installed in the vertical face of & furnace such that 2 Forinve pressure of 18 Pa exists at Tne head of the element. This would not necesszrily coincide with a height of 2.8 m above furnace floor level but it would comcide with a “The overpressure requirements have been extended to apply to non-separating elements on tha basis that gas circulation within @ hollow box type protection system and other specimens which incorporate air spaces may ke affected by ‘this condition A25 Ambient conditions A.28.1 Because of the large variation in ambient conditions experienced within a fire laboratory and also between fire laboratories, wide tomperature tolerances on the ambient temperature have been allowed. Itis important that reasonable equilibrium is established between te surface temperatures of the specimen and rhe ambient temperature of the laboratory, end that there is no significant change in the surrounding ambient conditions Which might affect the heat loss from the unexposed face of a specimen. A.25.2 The standard requires that the sensing element be protected from localized environmental effects. Two " eoncentne lengths of plastics pine provide adaquate screening of the sensing element, nominally 100 mm and 150 mm in diameter. A.2.6 Oxygen content No requirement has been placed on the oxygen concontration within the furnace during the test, but itis acknowledged that this could be an important factor on the performance of combustible specimens and is known +30 be a significant factor in the cotton wool pad test for integrity, Whilst nothing is specified, ris recommended ‘that laboratories should investigate the measurement of ‘oxygen concentrations during a test and should ensure that, ‘hese are maintained at between 6 % and 10 5 A.2.7 Acceptability of the tast When the accuracy of control of the furnace temperature, pressure conditions and ambient conditions in the laboratory recuire an assessment of acceptability (500 3.4) ‘the conduct of the tast and conditions pertaining during the test may be such that the test result 1s acceptable to bath the laboratory and test sponsor. If this is the case the the basis of such a decision should be reported in the test report. A3 Specimen construction and preparation 3.1 Design of spacimen “The design of the test epacimen ik ef paramount importance if the fire resistance rating of the specimen 1s to be widely applicable, An analysis of elmost any element ‘will reveal features that are more critical to the fire performance than the other features. Joints between individual components making up an element are an ‘obvious weakness in the fire behaviour. Such joints may be designed into the element in order to facilitate such functions as expansion movements, whereas other joints may only occur in protective claddings and linings that are manufsctured from sheet materials ematler than tha Structure to be protected. When considering the inc'usfon, ‘of joints in a protective lining, the posttion and the number ‘of Joints {s also critical. As an example, figura 7 shows two alternative ways that joints may be included in the eveluction of e single storey partition. Iti ikoly that the ‘wa arrangements shawn would give different parformances under test and it should be decided, during the specimen design stage, which method is most appropriate to the element uncer test. ‘The jointing arrengement shown in figure 7(a) is likely to have e wider applicability than that shown in figure 7(b) as, ‘the conditions apalying to the cantral board are closer to those that would be found in practice in a longer run of partitioning. Less obvious features that may be critical to the performance of an element include changes in the depth of ‘concrete cover to the steel reinforeement in a beam or floor slab, changes in the thermal inertia of protection 10 steelwork and the disturbance of built-in insulating ‘materials by fittings or services. All possible variationsBS 476 : Part 20: 1987 ‘should be considered during the design of the specimen and the worst casa srtuations should be included in the test cconsisuctron. It may of course be necessary to test more ‘then one specimen as the inearporation of too many ‘critical fsetures in a single specimen may lead to e totally vunreprasentative construction. A232. Constiuetion of specimen All aspects of tha conetrvction af the element should be considered 1s. the construction of a specimen. For example ‘the number of fremge usad in sseuring components and/or materials shoutd be identicst in both the specimen and the olorortt and where the method of making such fixings 1s, kely to: Influence the behaviour, 2g. the use af power tools againethand tools, norms! site techniques should be used during the canstrucbon of the specimen. Where operations are performed that are covered by recommendations given in codes of practice, these should be used in the construct: ion of the specimen. ‘When a specimen is built under laboratory conditions. access is often easier than It is during the construction of @ building, This is particularly true in the fitting of protective claddings or linings to the fixed structure of a building. During the construction of the specimen it may be possible ‘to carry out certain fixing operotions from the opposite side to that normally available on site. Advantage should not be taken of this abnormal situation and all operations should be carried out as they would be in practice. A.3.3 Materials used in the construction of the specimen The quality of the materials used in the construction of @ ‘test specimen is obviously very important wrth respect to the fie resistance as determined by these methods. Its important therefore to know how the materials used in the construction of the test specimen relate to those used on site, Whilst itis umportent that the material ia representative of that used on site, 1t 1s of greater importance to know how the material relates to the materials likely to be used in practice. The main properties of the materials should ‘therefore be determined and the method used should be stated, The values should then be compered with those known for the materials in use and the relationship should be reported, 12. whether the material properties represent the average values or the worst case situstion, ete, The critical properties will depend upon the nature of the ‘element being evaluated. For a simple loacbearing element athe strength of the materials 1s obviously of primary importance whilst for a non-loadbearing separating element ‘the density and the thermal conductivity of the matertals may be more significant. With composite constructions or fire protected clements a full understanding of both of ‘there basie propartias is necessary. For a full analysis of the strength of a speciman only a complete proof loading procedure wit! provide exact figures. This nill often not be practicable and the strength ‘will need to be determined by analysis of samples. When samples are used, the report should state the relations! between the specimen and the sampled msterial. When the properties of a material have not been determined ‘or when nominal propertias (taken from appropriate codes, 12 ‘or ttandards) are used, this should be clearly stared in the test report. A.3.4 Number of specimens ‘When performing a fire resistance test itis often possible ‘to include more than one specimen in the furnace opening, ‘This 1s particularly true in the case of fire resisting doors where the basic construction of a single-acting doorset is ‘asymmetric. It is possible to evaluate two units simult- neously, one door opening towards the fire and one doar opening out, thus satisfying the roed to evaluate the ‘construction with respect to fire exposure on either side by the performance of a single test. A.35 Size of specimen ‘The need to determine fire resistance with full specimens is dictated by the difficulties in reproducing in detail a functionally correct fire behaviour, in model scale, of a loadbearing or separating element of building construction. For ordinary reinforced or prestressed. concrete structures, the determination of fire resistance by model seala tests us complicated by the considerabie influence of, for instance, the interior thermal stresses, the short term shrinkage and internal craep from heating land the disintagration of the material at certain temperature conditions. For timber structures the problem of deter- ‘mining the firo resistance by a model scale testis just a6, difficult dua to the effects that growth rings, knots and other non-homogeneous features have on the overall behsviour of the materi ‘The protection of rteel structurns ux equally difficult to ‘model although in the ease of unprotected stzel work the use of model scale tests for @ fire resistance investigation is comparatively favourable. The use of anything other thar full sized elements and components is, however, not reeommenied. The sizes givan for the various elements in this method are based upon the limitations imposed by the facilities currently available. There is evidencs to show that the minimum dimensions specified for beams and floors which span in two directions (as given in 4.6) are inadequate to provide a proper analysis of such elements. For biexial floors 1 fs desable, and it may eventually become essential, to introduea a minimum dimension of 4 m X 4 m although this cannot be advanced until the facilities are available for testing the larger specimens, Simulerly, most beams are used at sizes greater than those that can be tested and whilst advice 1 given in the anpropriate section af this method as to how to design a specimen which 1s smaller than the clement, this is not a substitute for testing at full size. When elements are smaller than the minimum dimensions. given in 4,5, the specimen should be mounted in a test franstruction which shauld be constructed such that it hes a fire resietanoe at least a¢ great as that anticipated from the specimen and should have thermally similar behaviour in terms of strength, restraint, conductivity or thermal inertia, if relevant, as the construction in which the element would normally be built. A368 Conditioning The condition of the specimen should, at the time of the ‘evaluation, be similar with respect to its state of strengthand its moisture content 2s the element would be in normal service, When It Is known thet the element is going to be exposed to extreme conditions of temperature or humidity, itis unlikely that the tasting authority will have the ‘factities ¢ reproduce these conditions. In such cases the specimen should be tested in a condition that i 35 ofgs6 10 those expected within the conszraints imposed by the laboratory and the type cf element, It 1s more feasible for example, to condition small joinery items under norrstandard concions Uren IL is 19 condition 2 concrete floor slab where the local environment cannot be as closely comtrolied. ‘The moistura content of any hygroscopic matorials used in 4 construction has an influence when the specimen is ‘exposed to fire conditions. High moisture contents can lead 10 the devalonment of steam pockets which may cause delamination of board materials end spelling of concrete ‘as well 2¢ procueing unnaturally high moisture gradionts, and hence distortions, in materials such as timber. Similarly, specimens with uneapretentatively low moisture contents ‘can be affected by zbnormal hest flow effects and in the case of jointed constructions there would be smaller shrinkege gaps than would be expoted at higher moisture contents, Under normal use ennditions it would he antiepstad that the moisture contents by mass of the common materials ‘would be as follows and it is recommondad that theso moisture levels should exist in specimens being evaluated for internal use, Morsturs content (oy mass) Timber: 9% to 12% Concrete and masonry: 3% to % Gypsum based plasters: Up to 2% ‘Whiltt these recommandations apply to the materials in the construction of the test specimen, the condition of the materials used in the construction of any associated ‘construction or furnace closure may alsa influence the fice behaviour and hence some control should be exercised with respect ta these compenents.. A4 Selection of specimen support and loading conditions A.4.1 Support conditions for the specimen ‘The edge or end conditions require careful consideration uring the design of the test specimen in that the restriction 10 freedom and/or fuaty conditions may be significant to the overall pertormence of the specimen during the test. A loadbearing spacimen will nave a touty condition at the ends or edges which take the foading or load reaction and will have a variety of restraints at the ends or edges that do ‘not resolve the loading. The ends or edges of a non- loadtearing specimen will only be considered with respect, to the restraint to movernent that should apply, For example, the ends of a simply supported bear will have some restraint at the support posttion tn resisting ‘movernent in the direction of the applied loed, but may bbe free from restraint against elongation, lateral movement 13 BS 476: Part 20: 1987 4nd rotation about the support the beam should have freedom of movement alorg its long edges to enable bonding to take place in the direction of load. A non- loadbearing partition may be fixed at its head and base restricting any ineresses in the height of the assembly and porhaps restricting rotatfon of the fixing in @ direction ‘normal to the face of the partition; the vertical edges may be similarly restricted or may have comblete freedom. ‘With specimens that represent the element of construction st full sizo, the fixity conditions in practice can perhaps be achieved by utilizing the same fixing methods es employed onsite, However, with specimens that are smeller than the lomont in practien, tha end or edgo conditions will bo artificial in relation to the specimen size. Iti imporvant thet when fixity of rentrictions to freedom are introduced into atest specimen, the degree of fixity can be quantified ‘or measured. ‘Where the fixity conditions in practice cannot be precisely ensure that the protection does not significantly affect the behaviour of the speelmen curing the test, and al hhotes used for egress of the wires are suitably sealed against the flow of hot gases. AQ Test procedure A9.1 Integrity failure ‘The collapse of eny part of an element will cause failure of integtity by means of a gross failure with respect to imperviousness and should be eveluated by means of the ‘cotton pad tezt or tho gap eriterion. Wharo the whele of ‘the specimen falls from the frame, leaving no part of the specimen to be evaluated with respect to imperviousness, ‘then this is deemed to be an integrity loss. 92 Cotton pad test ‘A cotton pad placed in a stream of hot gases issuing from {an opening in @ specimen may fail to icnite because of lack of oxygen in the emitted gases when it would normally do so should sutficient oxygen be present. As the oxygen content of the furnace gasas has not been specified (see A.2.61, the ability of the cotton pad to igrute may epend on the possibility of air from outside the furnace mixing with the hot gases issuing from within, ‘The operator should thorafore use his/hor experience to move the pad within reasonable limits to that tha pad i¢ subjact to a mixture of hot gsses and cold air which would ‘not inhibit the ignition, A8.3 Observations A.2.1 When oveluating loedbearing constructions the deformation of the construction is used as a basis for the criterion of loadbearing capscity. In non-loadbearing constructions the deformation can be of almost as much value in subsequent assessment work even though there is ro criterion impoted upon the performanes of tha specimen. & knowledge of the deformation characteristics can assist a system designor to choose essociated components. Of particular value ara records of the. distortion of a fire resisting door within its frame or the ‘maximum distortion observed on @ non-loachearing Partition. In the case of the door such a knowledge can be used in assessing changes in the sealing specification and the lattor the meatured distortion can assist in the choice of ¢ glazing system of a door assembly that to be used {in conjunction with the partition. The data can also be of ‘sistance in the assessment of oversize door assemplies, A932 The lateral deflection of the centre of a loadbearing wall can sometimes be a usoful guide to the ‘onset of structural fallura, The extent of deformation of maconry type of construction, taken in conjunction with ‘observations of cracking, or changes in the rate ot deformation may both be of significance. Similarly, even ‘wath respect to non-lordbearing specimens, the lateral deflection can bs of value to the designer whan consideringBS 476: Part 20: 1987 the overall fire behaviour. This 1s particularly relevant in the case of fire resisting doorsets as the lateral deftections ‘can often dictate the choice of door furniture or edge sealing system. A933 For vertical seperating elements the chenge in doformation recorded by the two displacement measuring evices at any one time should be checked periodically to ersure that the specimen is being loaded symmetncally, ‘Any excessive difference in readings should be reported as supplementary information relevant to the interpretation of the test results AQ Padiation The fecorcing of the irradiance at a certain distance from ‘the unexposed face of the specimen can be of vetue when, calculating safe storage distances for goods and materials. For example, from the measurement of irradiance at a known distanca from 2 radiator of known shape and size, the irraciances at cther distunees, or the distances required for any given irisdixnes, rey fv calculated. The use of ‘these irradianesé is, however, a matter for the specialists as there Ie ttle guidiance in existing fire codes as to limiting irvedianees applicable to thu «torege of goods. Care should also be taken 25 v Few the ealtios are presented. If a radiometer is slaoad in frsntof a sohd, non-translucent specimen, the measured irradiance is @ function of the ‘temperature and the emissivity of the specimen under test, When the meter is placed in front of a translucent etemont, the meatured irradiance 1s dependent upon the radiation characteristics of the flame and the emissivity of the furnace walls, the latter of which is modified by the absorption and emissivity characteristics of the translucent membrane. Until the thermal charactersties of all furnaces are standardized, it Is uniikely that similar irraciances will bbe measured for identical specierens in different laboratories, The use of Irradienee measuromants, taken in Conjunction with translucent specimens, should therefore be used with d'seretion. 11 The heating period for a construction is often governed by the regulatory requirements of the element evaluated, The aims of e test have often bean met once the uration of exposure has reached the level required by the regulation governing the elements use. Itis permessible, ‘therafore, to terminate the heating, and hence the test, at this stage, even if the element has not failed any of the relevant criteria. There are adventaces, however, in ‘extending the period of exposure for experimental use. Subsequent assessment of the performance can be aided by 2 areater knowledge of the mode of callapte, the ultimate duration of the specimen or even just a study of the thermal behaviour beyond that required. In order to provide further Knowiedge with respact to the first two parameters, the test would be extended under full loed: however. for studying the thermal behaviour it may be necessary to remove or reduce the test loading in order toextend the test duration, The testis terminated for ccortsfication purposes at the time at which the load is reduced. 18 95.2 If the heating period is terminated at the end of the regulatory period for the element under test, n order to demonstrate its ability to carry the load after a period of at least 16 h, in accordance with appendix B, this will inhibit the finding of additional information. A.GS.3 If an element is made from @ matertal that is ‘combustible or otherwise dearaded by heat, assessments of ‘the amount of material consumed during the test should be ‘made by measurements of the remaining good material in the specimen after the test. A.10 Loadbearing vertical elements It has not been ponsible to detine the point ot which specimens of vertical clements are deemed to be incapable ‘of supporting the test loading. However, for the purpose ‘of the test, this end point can be indicated by a repid change in the rate of deformation tonding toward: infinity. Ie le recommended that laboratoria: monitor the rate of deformation in order to be able to predict the onset of ‘ailure to support the test load. Since laboratories are required only to provide for maximum eeformations of 120 mm, deformations greater then this will not be able to be accommodated and the test would need to be ‘terminated at this point. Laboratories should monitor the extent and rato of deformation to assist in the future quantification of the mechanism of fallure, 11 Expression of results ‘An example of the method of expressing the results of the test is given below: loadbearing capecity 123 min integrity 104 min insulation 63 min Appendix B. Evaluation of residual loadbearing capacity B.1 Additional test procedure ‘The residual stronath of a test construction in a fire resistance test is dependent on a number of factors, for example materials of construction, and fixity and continuity. Because of the simplified end conditions usually adopted in a fire resistance test these may be significantly different from those present in a building. ‘Therefore the rosidual strength of a test construction may be significantly different from that which would be ‘obtained in practice. Members likely to be used simply supported in a building are those likely to require an evaluation of residual strength, Where a structure can be shown to have adequate redundancy or where the form of construction is known to have sufficient residual loadbearing capacity, the residual strength test would not normally be required.‘A test construction may be considered to have adequate residual strongrh if, Following the test procedure described in clause 9, 1t 12 capable of supporting the full test load 1Gh after termination of the heating period as defined Jn 9.5 and extingurshing flarning and cooling the specimen as necessary. Ifa test construction eollapses during the port-heating period, or if a residual strength test is not carried out, a reduction in the time for compliance with the loadbearing Gapacity crite'fon my be considersc necessary, The lovol of reduction may be varied for example depending on the mode of failure but should not be greater than 20 % B2 Supplementary report Where the residual loadbearing capacity is evaluated {see B.1) a supplementary report should be iesuad, The report should contain all of the information required in clause 12 with the results exprossed as recommended in A.11, An additional statement should be made, however, advising whether the construction supported or felled to support the test load after 16 h. The report should alse ‘contain: (a) details of the post-heating loading conditions b) as many pertinent details of the cooling behaviour es can be quantified, including the use of any ‘extinguishing agents, B3 Guidance notes on additional rast procedure If the heating period is terminated before failure has ‘occurred with respect to loadbearing capacity, in order to evaluate the residual loadbear ig capacity, the subsequent ‘treatment of the test construction can have ¢ large Influence on the result of the load maintenance perform. ance. The rate of cooling of the furnace will depend upon many features, including (2) the cooling eHect of eontinusd foreed ventilation; (©) the cooling effect of natural furnace vontilation; (c] the thermal inartia of the furnace construction; (d) the use of extinguishing agents; (e] the volume and duration of application of any such extinguishing agers. “These factors are not controlled under the specified mathod Of test and itis probable that there is insufficTent data to define « cooling regime, Without the use of an extinguishing agent, the cooling cycles in the various furnaces evailable will not be standardized and a lack of reproducibility of resuits will occur due to the influence of the first three factors, ‘The use of an extinguishing agent such as water will give & degree of uniformity to the cooling cycle but due to ‘Furnace design 1€ Is not elways possibie to oxtinguish a specimen in situ and maintain the loading conditions. The delay between the termination of the hesting and the start of extinguishing will also introduce differenest, net only. 19 BS 476: Part 20: 1987 between laboratories but even between elements of cifferent construction within a single laboretory. As itwill be extremely difficult to control the cooling eyele, especially with respect to the thermal inertia of the furnace and its natural ventilation, it is recommended that the test report should contain as many pertinent details of the ‘cooling behaviour as con be quentified. All constructions that contain combustible components ‘but are of a form of construction that needs to demonstrate adequate residual loadbearing capacity wall have to be extinguished at the end of the heating eycle for safety reasons. Where this calls for temporary removal of the load in order to facilitate extinguishing, the toar! should be reapptiod as soon as possible after extinguishing has been Ccompleced and the tIme taken should be acded to the oad maintenance period. Appendix C. Operating instructions, specimen preparation and observations C.1 Control instrumentation C.1.1 Ambient temperature thermometer This thermometer shall be a mercury-inglass thermometer ‘or a thermocouple with a similar hot-junction detail to that specified for the furnace thermocouples (see 8.4.2.2) to Indicate the ambient temperature within the lzhorarory both prior to and during the test period (see 3.3). The bulb ‘of the tharmamatar or tha hat junetian of the thermocouple shall be protected from the influence of raciated heat and draughts by suitable screening, NOTE. A rscommended method w described m A25.2 ‘The ambient temperature thermometer shall be capable of Indirating temperatures to within 1°C and be accurats 10 within # 0.5 °C. C.1.2 Furnace thermocouples ‘The furnace thermocouples shall have measunng junctions ‘that consist of either (al ar (b). (a) Bare nicke! chromium/nickel aluminium wires (see BS 4937 : Part 4), 0.75 mm to 1.60 mm in diameter, ‘welded or crimped together at their ends and supported and insulated trom each other in a twin bore porcelain insulator except that the wires for 25 mm approximately from the weld or the crimp shall be exposed and ‘saparatad from each other by at leart 6 mm (500 figure 0) ‘Such thermocouples shall be replaced after 6 h exposure or be recslibrated after every 6 h of use. {b) Nickel chromium/nickel sluminium wire conteined within a mineral insulation and in a heat resisting steet sheath of diameter 1.5 mm, the hot junctions electrically insulated from the sheath. The thermocouple hot junction shall project 25 mm from a porcelain insulator. The assembly shall have a response time on cooling n alr of nox greater than 30. Each thermocoupte hot junction shai! be supported so that 100 £ 10 mm from the nearest point of the test specimen at the start of the test. Provision shall ke-made toBS 476 - Part 20: 1987 maintain the thermocouple hot junction between 50 mm ‘and 150 mm from the face of the specimen during the test should any deflection or distortion of the test specimen take place. ‘The number of thermocouples shall be es required by particular elements and they shall be arranged symmetric ally within the furnace, The furnace temperature shall be deemed to be the average of the temperatures given by ‘these thermocouples. €.1.3 Pressure sensing probe The pressure sensing probe shall be capable of measuring the true statte presture head at 2 glven height within the furnace. It shall consist of a heat resistant steel pipe having an internal diameter of between 5 mm and 10 mm which passat from inside the furnace to outside the furnace in & substantially horizontal orientation and such that the levet ‘at which it exits from the furnace does not differ by more than 25 mm vertically from the level of the sensing head of the probe in the furnece. The open end of the tube inside tho furnace shall be provided with a suitable device to censure that the measured pressure is not influenced by dynamic head effects (see A.6.3). NOTE A susteble detien of prssure reneing probe shown in| fajune 8 -Alinrnnt we denn may be Used. orowded that their performance haa aeen verified ae baing equulent to the device Shown ws figura 8 “The pressure sensing probe shall be connected to a pressur inchcetor ts2 ©.2.2.3) via loaktight tubing with a condensation trap that shall preferably be positioned adjacent to the outside of the furnace. €.1.4 Lood measurement ‘When a test construction is required to be tested under load, and the test loading is applied by hydraulic or mechanical rams, the value of foacing shall be determined by elther the measurement of the hydraulic pressure in the supply lines to the loading rams, or by the use of load celis taking care to avoid excessive side loads. Where the load 1s etermined by measurement of the hydraule pressure, frequont cheeks af the tyctern thall be conductad using oad cells to ascertain that each hydraulic ram is producing the required level of load over its operational stroke to an accuracy of # 2.5 %. Where possible, load cells shall be used ‘on the hydraulic rams during the course of the test to ‘ensure that loading is applied correctly and shafl be ‘positioned such that they are not subjected to excessive temperature change so 2s to affect their accuracy. C2 Recording and ancillary equipment ©.2.1 General ‘This subclause specifies the requirements for recording ‘equipment to be used with various Items of the control and ‘monitoring instrumentation as itis considered that careful description of the item is necessary. Also included are ° « _ | toterat If restrant Transtational | fuxrty.ab {Transiarionat fouty Elevation Section Y-Y 1a) Loadbeanng wall Figure 1, Examples of restraint 24BS 476: Part 20-1987 | [Na enersional restrant de Dinensinal rectront,ab Elevation No lateral Laterat festrant restraint Secton YY (b) Nor-loadbearing wal! Figure 1 (continued) [an he wy vera Ip ‘Gterat straint er Sice elevate eestraiet Trarstehnnat tty i rent fe) Calum pioneeane net Figure 1 (continued) 25BS 476: Part 20: 1987 | No dimensional No dimensional restraint y | restramt jfestrant_| —_— abe if rotational Fruity, No dimensional. Festramt, gh Transtationat fixtty,¢6 s ted imply SUPPOrTeG (4 gefornation | No dimensional restraint ab resteant 1) 7 —_— Rotational Retationat fixity fouty Translational 3 foutyet | Simulated continuity (a) Floors Figure 1 (continued) No lateral restraint Horizontal section wy 26No dimensionel restraint, b No rotational tout ab Tramdational fest y, a1 Bt Simply supported No cimensionct| restraint Roia*ional Dimensionat resteamt, Fixes one end (Beams Figure 1 (concluded) 27 BS 476: Part 20: 1987 No tateral restraint No rorsienal \_testrant_| Io ceformatra | restraint | Honzontat section YYBS 476; Part 20: 1987 Temperature (71°C 1300 200 1100 1060 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 © 30 60 90 120 150 160 210 240 270 300 330 340 Tune (4 90) Figure 2. Standerd temperature/time curve 2805 do_ (a) Copper dsc 30 Guts to tio pad to be positioned over copper disc Insulating pad bonded to surface of specimen. No adhesive between copper disc and specimen surface or between copper disc and insulating pad (©) Copper ause ana nsalaning pas All dimenions seein millimattes Figure 3. Specimen surface thermocouple junction and insulating pad 29 BS 476: Part 20: 1987BS 476: Part 20: 1987 Heat resistant steel holder ral Tuin-bore porcelain insulator {All dimensions ere in eallimences, 12 dio. Er | 0S thick copper dise Figure 4. Roving thermocouple measuring junction 30BS 476: Part 20: 1987 05 da a & g 3 . 10 3 Handle 2 \ Plan 10 da Cotton pad Pian 700 «100, mass 3 to%9 Blevaton Side view fe) Elerton (0) S:de we All dimensions aren eitimerras. Figure &. Typical frame for supporting the cotton pad 31BS 476 : Part 20: 1987 t+ 25 miramum | -——/{\ f+ 25 mnmun ae fio Ni dimentsons arg in rlinsres NOTE. ¢14 the thictneas of she ipaeumen, Figura 6. Stee! gauges for determining imperviousness 32BS 476: Part 20: 1987 Joints: a Jont 7. ie Y y Figure 7. Alternetive jointing methods for walls 33BS 476: Part 20: 1987 Furnece watt Furnace Gas flov Figure 8. Pressure sensing head max on a dia.5 to 10 tube | Furnace wal 4 dia.§ te 10 34BS 476: Pert 20: 1987 Heat resisting steet support tube Porcelain inculetors tuin-bore 6 to 10 diameter Hot junction (crimped or vatded | (a) Bare wire thermocouple severly Heat resssting steel support tube Stainless steel sheathed thermocouple _Hot junction Porcelain insulators single bore 6 1019 diameter (th) Stainlase crea sharthod theemoeoupie stsemby [Alt cimensions are in milemetre. 35BS 476: Part 20: 1987 Sheet steel M3x20. scrous. M3x20 screws ‘Sheet steal All etimenstons are n metlenetes. Figure 10. Thermocouple welght for resilient materials 36Publications referred to 8s 476 es 4372 BS 4937 Pp st0g soa 180 3008" 180 3000" EUR 8760" Testing and camaication of the resistance 10. Fire tots on building materials and riructures Pert 21 Methods for determination of the fire resistance of losdooaring elements of construction Pert 82 Method for determination of th firs resistance of ronoadbeerng elements of corseracton ert 28 Methods for detemination of the contribution of comaonents to te fre resistance of a structure Pert 24 Method for drtermmaton of the fie resitance of venation duct, Giostary of tars associated with fre Interaction thermocouple rofarence tebIoe Port 4 Nieksl chromium nickel aluminium thermocouples Type K Pert S Coopericonper nickel thermaccules Tyae7 ‘A-comparcon betacen the technical requirsments ef 88476. Pert 8 1972 and other rslevent nternational standards ford dosuments on firs renatence tests Fire rosctanco tors ~ Elomanti of building construstion Fire recstenco ters — Dosr and shutter easemblies Fire resistence tests ~ Glazed siemyonts roof structural building components "Rgfareed to 1m the foreword onlyThis Brith Standard, having been prepared ueder thy diracton of the Fue Standards Committoe, was published under the authority ‘of the Board of BSI and comes into effact on 29 May 1987 dete Sianderty Inaction, 187 ISBN 0580 15007 7 Bots Standards Instauton Incorpersted by Royal Charter BSI is the independent national body for the preparation of artsh Standards Its the UK membee ff the Internationa! Orean:zation for Stancars faion anc UK Soonior ofthe Binh Notional Corarutiw ofthe International ‘Bectrorecreveal Comentsion Beyond the production of standart, BS! offers specialist services including the prowisien at vformacoa Thrcugh the BS Library anc Standarcine Dytsbita, Technics! Help to Exporters, nd other servicer Rowe ean be obtured trom the Engury Secnon, BSL, Milton Keynes M44 GLE, Teloohore 0908 320066 Copyraht Usnet of Beth Standards sre reminded that sopyrightsubete im ‘IBS| publications No pert o! thi publiestion mey be reproduced in any form without the prior pevmsyon in waiting of BSI. This des not orecluce the free use, an the course of nplementing the BS 476: Part 20: 1987 sancard, of recessery deta such 28 symbols and 878, ‘ype oF |yede datignations Enquiries should be addressed to the Punitations Manager, Pitan Standards Institution, Linford Wood, Milton Keynes M14 BLE. The number for tewohone endures s fie 27H ant Yar toc RIBTTT Contract requirements [A British Standard dats not purport 10 eicude all he necessary Droubiang ot a contract. Users of British Stancerds ae response Revision of Britin Standards British Standares ae revised, wen necessory, By the sue enter of amendments a of revised editions Ie important that users ot British Standard should secsrton tat they aren posession of the latest amendments or editions lInformtion on all BS! ublestions nun tho BS! Catalogue, supplemonted oach month by DBS Pew which i eveiable 19 subscrisng members of the amendrven's and withdrawn standards Any person wno, when ‘making use of a Brush Standard encounters an mnaccurecy oF ambiguity, ot requested to nowty BSI wabout Gelay n order that the matter may Of rwestgated and apbrourate actien caken ‘The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard Committe reference FSM/T Draft for comment 84/36456 DC Committees responsibte for this British Standard “The preparavon of Us Brith Standard nas enturted by the Fire Standarcs Commuttee (FSM) to Technical Committee FSM, Uupen which the following bodies were representad ‘Association of Brits Roofing Felt Vanufacturers ‘Assoeiation of Buitcing Component Manufacturers Lid. ‘Atsoziation of Structural Fire Protection Contractors and nuh Gost British Fis Sorvens’ Astociaion Bestsh Floor Covering Manufecturers! Assocation Brivsh Plastics Fedrretion itsn Revways Board Britsh Fed Urethane Foam Manufactures’ Association fersh Waod Prererving Association Cement ad Conerete Amociation CChersical inausines association Chiat and Artstant Chit F Corcrate Sociaty DBepertment ef Education and Science Depertinent ef the Environment for Northern Welang Depertment ef the Enwuenment (Hewsing and Construction incustres Department of the Emwonment (Praperty Services Agency) Department ef Transport {Marine Owecterate) Eloewiesty Supoly Incustry in England and Visior Engineering Beciprnemt and Moterala Urs! Au Eursol (UK Associoton of Manufacturers of Mineral inulation Fist Glos: Manufacturer” Association Fiat Roofing Coruractors* Advisory Board ‘Gypsum Products Develonment Assocation Home Office Inatrestion of Fice Encuacers Matus Aiphalt Couneil and Employer” Federation Netional Couned of Building Metsrals reducers National GRP Construction Federation RAPRA Technology Lid Royal Insticute of Brush Architects Steel Construction Institute ‘Tumiaor Reteareh and Oevelopment Arsocistion United Kingdom Antimony Onige Manufacturer” Association United Kingdom Atomic Enarey RUMOR ‘Warringeon Firs Research Centre Wood Wool Siab Menufacturen’ Association Yerslay Technical Centre Ltd ‘The following bodies were also represented in the draftag of the andar through subeommtees and panele Asigetation of Builders Hareware Manufecturers Brith Steet Inds Benartment ofthe Environment (Bulking esearch Establish, Fire Research Station) Door and Shutter Astocation Elects Cable Makers! Confederation Guild of Architectural ronenangers Fibres Hevas Asociuon oD Fibre Buiding Booed Organotion (FIOOR) Inturnescere Fre Seels Associaton oa ote Cement MenvlacturersAssocebion Lunited National arioclation of Lift Makers & Fave Insurers Research ond Testing Organzoton (FIRTO) Suspended Cannas AssocRION a Fire Offices Commit ‘Thonmal Ineulation Manctactivers' and Suppliers Association o Fire Protecuon Association iris) 2 uo ‘ o Amendments issued since publication a Amd. Na, ae ofee | Teatafened 8 @ 2 “I British Standards Institution - 2 Park Street London W1A 235 « Telephone 01-629 9000 - Telex 266933 8705 -8-2.h-8 Fst