Mc lc

Trang

CHNG 1: CC QU TRNH V H THNG IU KHIN ....................................2

1.1.
T ng ho v tm quan trng ca n.........................................................2
1.1.1. Cc ng dng ca t ng ho.......................................................................3
1.1.2. Cc hng sn xut trong lnh vc TH trn th gii .....................................4
1.1.3. Tm quan trng ca t ng ho....................................................................5
1.1.4. Nhng mong i t ng ho .....................................................................6
1.1.5. S lng d liu trong cc nh my...............................................................7
1.2.
Cc v d v cc qu trnh t ng ho.........................................................8
1.3.
Phn loi thit b v quy trnh iu khin ...................................................11
1.3.1. Vng h - vng kn ......................................................................................11
1.3.2. Qu trnh lin tc, qu trnh ri rc v qu trnh hn hp............................12
1.4.
Phn cp h thng t ng ho ...................................................................12
1.5.

Cu trc h thng iu khin ......................................................................19

1.5.1. Nguyn tc chung.........................................................................................19

1.5.2. Cu trc vo ra .............................................................................................20
1.5.3. Cu trc iu khin.......................................................................................23
1.6.
Giao din ngi - my ................................................................................27
1.6.1. Cu trc phn cng v phn mm ................................................................27
1.6.2. Cc cng c ..................................................................................................27
1.7.
Cu trc h con ...........................................................................................27
1.8.
m bo thng tin trong h ........................................................................30
1.8.1. S cu trc qu trnh x l thng tin trong h k TH QTCN .............30
1.8.2. Cu trc m bo thng tin ..........................................................................31
1.8.3. M hnh thng tin .........................................................................................32
1.9.
Cu trc m bo ton hc..........................................................................33
1.9.1. M hnh ton hc..........................................................................................34
1.9.2. Thut ton.....................................................................................................34
1.9.3. Chng trnh tnh ton .................................................................................35
1.10.
m bo k thut ........................................................................................35
1.10.1. Cu trc m bo k thut............................................................................35
1.10.2. Terminal .......................................................................................................35
1.10.3. H thng truyn tin.......................................................................................36

Mc tiu ca mn hc
-

Hiu v cc h thng iu khin cng nghip, mc ch v cu trc ca chng t quan

im thc t;

Hiu cc thut ng c s dng trong cc ti liu v cc chun cng nghip;

C th phn tch mt k hoch v ngh cc gii php t ng ho;

So snh cc gii php s dng trong t ng ho vi cc lnh vc khc;

Tr ln c ch nhanh chng trong mt nh my hoc x nghip cng nghip v dch v.

T chc ca mn hc
Sau phn gii thiu chung, mn hc s a ra phng php tip cn cc ni dung sau:
-

Phn cng cc thit b: cc cm bin v cc thit b chp hnh;

Cc thit b iu khin logic lp trnh c: cu trc v lp trnh;

Cc mng truyn thng cng nghip: cc trng bus;

Truy cp t xa n cc thit b: L MMS;

Giao din phn mm vi cc ng dng: OPC;

Giao din hot ng v SCADA

Khi nim ca cu hnh my mc thit b v iu hnh h thng;

nh hng ca li trong h thng iu khin v lm th no gii quyt chng;

Phn tch gi tr v s an ton ca h thng.

CHNG 1: CC QU TRNH V H THNG IU KHIN

1.1.

T ng ho v tm quan trng ca n
T ng ho l mt lnh vc rng ln c p dng v tt c cc lnh vc hot ng ca

con ngi, c bit l lnh vc sn xut. Ngy nay nh tha hng nhng thnh tu to ln ca
cng ngh in t, cng ngh my tnh c cng ngh thng tin, cng ngh t ng ho c
bc pht trin nhy vt.
T ng ho l bc pht trin tip theo sau c kh ho v in kh ho. T ng ho l
qu trnh s dng thit b thay th chc nng kim tra v iu khin ca con ngi trong mt
quy trnh sn xut. H thng t ng ho bt u xut hin vi vic s dng cc thit b o lng
kim tra cc thng s cng ngh v cht lng ca sn phm. Cc h thng ny thng bo kh
chnh xc cc thng tin v trng thi ca thit b, cc thng s quy trnh cng ngh,...Cc thng
tin ny trc y ch c nhng ngi dy dn kinh nghim mi chun on c, nhng cng ch
m bo mc chnh xc tng i. Cc thng tin ca h thng o phc v c lc cho qu
trnh hon thin quy trnh cng ngh.
Bc pht trin tip theo ca qu trnh t ng ho l s dng h thng iu chnh t
ng cc thng s cng ngh. y l bc pht trin kh mnh ca h thng t ng ho cng

vi s ra i ca cc thit b iu chnh t ng. Cc h thng ny gii phng con ngi thot

khi tnh trng cng thng khi phi bm st i tng, theo di st sao trng thi ca i tng v
lin tc ra nhng quyt nh cn thit tc ng trc tip ln i tng. Cc h thng iu chnh t
ng gp phn nng cao cht lng sn phm, gim chi ph sn xut, nng cao nng sut lao
ng... Cc h thng ny c pht trin qua nhiu giai on c v thit b cng nh quy m h
thng. Giai on u tin l trang b cc h thng iu chnh t ng n s bng thu lc v giai
on cui cng l s dng cc h thng iu chnh tng nhm nng cao cht lng ca qu
trnh iu chnh.
H thng iu khin cc b cc ch ring bit ca qu trnh cng ngh l bc pht
trin tip theo ca h thng t ng ho. y l s kt hp nhiu h thng iu chnh t ng
di s kim sot iu hnh ca mt thit b tnh ton v iu khin bo m ti u mt ch
no ca quy trnh cng ngh. My tnh in t bt u c s dng trong h thng t
ng ho.
T ng ho qu trnh cng ngh l bc pht trin tip theo. Tt c cc h thng iu
chnh t ng cc thng s cng ngh cng nh cc h thng iu khin cc b u c t
di s gim st, iu hnh chung ca mt trung tm tnh ton v iu khin. Trung tm ny bo
m cho qu trnh cng ngh xy ra tt nht. Trong h thng iu khin ny, con ngi l mt
khu quan trong ca h thng, gia ngi v qu trnh cng ngh lun lun c s trao i thng
tin vi nhau.
Trong h thng sn xut, ngoi qu trnh cng ngh cn c cc qu trnh iu hnh sn
xut khc nh: thit k sn phm, lp k hoch sn xut, k hoch vt t, lao ng, k ton ti
chnh, kinh doanh tip th...Ngy nay nh ng dng my tnh m h thng iu hnh sn xut ny
c t ng ho mc cao. Nhng h thng nh vy c gi l h thng t ng ho
iu hnh sn xut (TH HSX). Mt cch n gin ngi ta c th coi h thng iu khin t
ng ho qu trnh sn xut (TH QTSX) l h thng iu khin t ng ho qu trnh cng
ngh (TH QTCN) cng vi h thng t ng ho iu hnh sn xut. Trong thc t ranh gii
gia hai h trn khng hon ton tch bit m c s kt hp hu c vi nhau thnh mt th thng
nht.
Nu nh c kh ho lm gim nh sc lao ng chn tay ca con ngi th TH khng
nhng lm gim nh sc lao ng chn tay m c sc lao ng tr c ca con ngi. iu ny
lm t ng ho tr thnh c trng ca nn sn xut hin i.
1.1.1.

Cc ng dng ca t ng ho
T ng ho c p dng vo tt c cc lnh vc hot ng ca con ngi.

Pht in:

Kh (hydro), than, kh t, du, khong cht, ht nhn, gi, nng lng mt

tri.

S truyn dn:

in, kh t, du.

S phn phi:

in, nc.

Qu trnh:

Giy, thc n, thuc (dc), ch to v gia cng kim loi, gng knh, xi
mng, ho cht, nh my tinh ch (du, ng...), du v kh.

Ch to:

CIM (Computer Intgrated Manufacturing- h thng sn xut tch hp c

s tr gip ca my tnh), ch to phc tp, dng c, my mc t ng,
t, my bay.

Lu gi/ ct gi: Cc xil, thang my/my nng, bn cng, cc nh bn l, ti khon ct gi,

vn chuyn hnh l.
si m, thng gi, iu ho khng kh (HVAC), iu khin truy xut,
cung cp nng lng, cc ng ng, cc l xe ( nh xe), cc ng

Xy dng:

quc l, ng cao tc.

Giao thng vn ti:

kho ln (rolling stock), xe c, tu in ngm, xe bus, xe in

(trolley bus), xe hi, tu thu, my bay, tn la, v tinh.

1.1.2.

Cc hng sn xut trong lnh vc TH trn th gii

Nh sn xut

a im

Chi nhnh chnh

ABB

CH-SE

Brown Boveri, ASEA, CE, Alfa-laval,

Elsag- Bailey

Alstom

FR

Alsthom, GEC, CEGELEC, ABB Power

Ansaldo

IT

Emerson

US

General Electric

US

Hitachi

JP

Honeywell

US

Rockwell Automation

US

Allen Bradley, Rockwell,...

Shneider Electric

FR

Tlmecanique, Squre-D,..

Ivensys

UK

Foxboro, Siebe, BTR, Triconex,...

Fisher Rose mount

Siemens

DE

Yokogawa

JP

1.1.3.
-

Plessey, Landis & Gyr, Stafa, Cerbenus,..

Tm quan trng ca t ng ho

T ng ho cho php gim gi thnh v nng cao nng sut lao ng. Trong mi thi
i, cc qu trnh sn xut lun c iu khin theo cc quy lut kinh t. C th ni gi
thnh l mt trong nhng yu t quan trng xc nh nhu cu pht trin ca t ng ho.
Khng mt sn phm no c th cnh tranh c nu gi thnh ca n cao hn cc sn
phm cng loi, c tnh nng tng ng ca cc hng khc. Trong bi cnh nn kinh t
lun phi i ph vi cc hin tng nh lm pht, chi ph vt t, lao ng, qung co v
bn hng ngy cng tng, buc cng nghip ch to phi tm kim cc phng php sn
xut tt nht gim gi thnh sn phm. Mt khc nhu cu nng cao cht lng sn
phm s lm tng mc phc tp ca qu trnh gia cng. Khi lng cc cng vic n
gin cho php tr lng thp s gim nhiu. Chi ph cho o to cng nhn v i ng
phc v, gi thnh thit b cng tng theo. y l ng lc mnh kch thch s pht trin
ca t ng ho.

T ng ho cho php ci thin iu kin sn xut. Cc qu trnh sn xut s dng qu

nhiu lao ng sng rt d mt n nh v gi gic, v cht lng gia cng v nng sut
lao ng, gy kh khn cho vic iu hnh v qun l sn xut. ng thi, t ng ho
thay i hn tnh cht lao ng, ci thin iu kin lm vic ca cng nhn, nht l trong
cc khu c hi, nng nhc, c tnh lp i lp li v nhm chn, khc phc dn s khc
nhau gia lao ng tr c v lao ng chn tay.

T ng ho cho php p ng cng cao ca sn xut hin i. Vi cc loi sn phm

c s lng rt ln (hng t ci mi nm) nh inh, bng n in, kho ko.. th khng
th s dng cc qu trnh sn xut th cng p ng sn lng yu cu vi gi thnh
nh nht.

T ng ho cho php thc hin chuyn mn ho v hon i sn xut. Ch c mt s t

sn phm phc tp l c ch to hon ton bi mt nh sn xut. Thng thng mt
hng s s dng nhiu nh thu cung cp cc b phn ring l cho mnh, sau s tin
hnh lin kt, lp rp thnh sn phm tng th. Cc sn phm phc tp nh t, my
bay... nu ch to theo phng thc trn s c rt nhiu u im. Cc nh thu s chuyn
su hn vi sn phm ca mnh. Vic nghin cu, ci tin ch phi thc hin trong mt
vng chuyn mn hp, v th s ccht lng cao hn, tin nhanh hn. Sn xut ca
cc nh thu c iu kin chuyn thnh sn xut hng khi. Do mt nh thu tham gia vo
qu trnh sn xut mt sn phm phc tp no ng vai tr nh mt nh cung cp cho

nhiu hng khc nhau, nn kh nng tiu chun ho rt cao. C th ni t ng ho gi

mt vai tr quan trng trong vic thc hin tiu chun ho bi ch c nn sn xut t ng
mi cho php ch to cc sn phm c kch thc v c tnh khng hoc t thay i vi
s lng ln mt cch hiu qu nht.
-

T ng ho cho php thc hin cnh tranh v p ng iu kin sn xut. Nhu cu v

sn phm s quyt nh mc p dng t ng ho cn thit trong qu trnh sn xut.
i vi cc sn phm phc tp nh tu bin, gin khoan du v cc sn phm c kch c,
trng lng rt ln khc, s lng s rt t. Thi gian ch to ko di t vi thng n vi
nm. Khi lng lao ng rt ln. Vic ch to chng trn cc dy chuyn t ng, nng
sut cao mi c th lm cho gi thnh sn phm thp, hiu qu kinh t t c cao. S
dng cc qu trnh sn xut t ng ho trnh cao trong nhng trng hp ny l rt
cn thit. Chnh yu t ny l mt tc nhn tt kch thch qu trnh cnh tranh trong c ch
kinh t th trng. Cnh tranh s loi b cc nh sn xut ch to ra cc sn phm c cht
lng thp, gi thnh cao. Cnh tranh bt buc cc nh sn xut phi ci tin cng ngh,
p dng t ng ho cc qu trnh sn xut to ra sn phm tt hn vi gi r hn. C
rt nhiu v d v cc nh sn xut khng c kh nng hoc khng mun ci tin cng
ngh v p dng t ng ho sn xut nn dn ti tht bi trong thng trng.

1.1.4.
-

Nhng mong i t ng ho

Cc yu cu v quy trnh

Tit kim nng lng, vt liu v thi gian

n nh v nng cao cht lng

Gim bt lng ph, kim sot nhim

Tun theo ng cc quy nh v lut php cng nh theo di sn phm

Tng an ton, m bo li ch

p ng nhanh nhu cu th trng, thng mi

Kt ni vi qun l v k ton

Thu c mt s lng ln bin qu trnh, khai thc d liu.

-

Tr gip iu hnh, vn hnh

Giao din n gin

Tr gip a ra quyt nh

Cn n quy trnh x l d liu, cc thit b hin th, c s d liu, cc h thng

chuyn gia.


Giao din ngi my (MMC= giao tip ngi my)

-

Qun l ti sn

Cc qu trnh thit k, ch to, a vo hot ng v bo dng c t ng ha.

Yu cu y v cu hnh, bn sao d phng v ngn ng dch ca phn mm.

m bo v ch bo dng

Cc cng c ca nh sn xut

1.1.5.
-

S lng d liu trong cc nh my

Cc nh my, x nghip nng lng 25 nm trc y:

100 php o v bin chp hnh (action variables), c gi l cc im (points).

Cc thit b iu khin, cc dng c o l tng t.

C 1 trung tm iu khin qu trnh cho kim tra v giao thc d liu.

Nh my nng lng t than ngy nay:

10,000 im, bao gm:

8,000 im o s v tng t

2,000 im pht ng/khi ng

1,000 thit b iu khin logic v vi iu khin

Nh my nng lng ht nhn: S im nhiu gp 3 ln so vi cc cng trnh nng lng

thng thng.

Mng phn phi in:

100,000 n 10,000,000 im

Lung thng tin n c nhn: >5Kbit/s

Cng sut x l thng tin ca con ngi: khong 2bit/s, khng k cn c cc my

tnh, 200 k s.

 Vic gim d liu v qu trnh x l d liu l cn thit vn hnh mt nh my.

 nh gi:
-

S hp l ca t ng ha nh th no?

Nhng mong i g c t vo t ng ha?

S lng ca d liu c th c trng i trong 1 nh my, x nghip in hnh?

1.2.
-

Cc v d v cc qu trnh t ng ho
Cc phng tin giao thng:
+ t: Theo cch truyn thng: iu khin cc thit b ring bit (Cc ca,ch ngi,
radio,..), iu khin ng c (exhaust regulations).Mu US 2001 : 19% ca gi
thnh l cc thit b in t, khuynh hng: +10% trn nm.
+ Phng tin ng st: C hn 20 my tnh c ni vi nhau trong mt u my
iu khin cc b phn: lc ko, chun on, tn hiu, hin th, nng lng...
Cc li ch:

gim cc chi ph vn hnh, chun on, d bo tt hn, qun l

nng lng tt hn, iu khin tu t ng.

+ My bay: c c im l yu cu cao v tin cy, p dng in t iu khin
chuyn bay (safe flight envelope, autopilot, engineer), qun l chuyn bay, ghi
chp chuyn bay (black boxes, turbine supervision), chun on, d bo....
-

Cc cnh tay rbt: c ng dng nhiu trong nghip ch to lp rp. Gii hn dui
thng: 2-3 m (cc robot vn chuyn 10-20m), c c im l thng xuyn lp trnh li
cho nhng nhim v mi, trang b my tnh nhng n gin, phn cp iu khin...

Trm bin p: t ng ha cao trong bo v (ng dy, cc my bin p, cc my pht),

iu khin p ng tc rt cao (remote or local) m bo dng in, hot ng an
ton (lin kha), o lng (ti ch v t xa), ha n tin in, dng in trong li.

Ngnh cng nghip dc phm: t ng ha trong nhiu khu kim k, qun l cng
thc, ng gi, th mu, gim st v theo di m bo sn xut tun theo cc lut ca
chnh ph,

Ngnh cng ngh ch to

T ng ha linh hot: c im l c nhiu bng chuyn, robots, cc my gia cng CNC,

cc trm sn, hu cn. Yu cu t ng ha qu trnh sn xut.

Cc kho hng: c c im l rt ph thuc vo nhng tnh nng c sn ca iu khin h

thng, c yu cu iu khin kt ni ti qun l dy chuyn cung cp, thi hnh theo th
t, c qun l khch hng v, tnh ton hng mi...

Nhng nhim v iu khin h thng trong h thng my in:

+ iu khin ng c (Vn ng b ca cc trc cn)
+ iu khin mc in v nc
+ iu khin bn giy in (cc trc qun giy, cng bn giy, dao ct khn cp)
+ Giao din vn hnh ( cc h lnh, n bo)

+ Chun b sn xut v thng k- a n phng in

C yu cu rt cao: 2 gi tr hon th vic sn xut s b mt.
-

Cc thit b t ng tham gia vo cng nghip du v kh, cc ha cht t du ha c c

im l chu tc ng nng n mi trng nn c nhng yu cu c bit:
+ dng ln "_ t tri t n iu khin nh my lc di bin:
Yu cu c bit: p sut cao, nc mui, khng ti gn c, mi trng d n
vi kh gas.
+ phn phi: yu cu c bit bo v mi trng
+ dng xung "_ t du n nhng sn phm c dn xut ra:
Yu cu c bit: mi trng cc k d n

Cng nghip ha cht: h thng t ng ha c nhim v iu khin ti ch ca cc l

phn ng. Cng ngh sn xut c m t bi tng m sn phm, cc l phn ng c
s dng li cho nhng sn phm khc nhau (sau khi lm sch l)

Sn xut theo qu trnh (qu trnh cng ngh): c c im l nguyn liu c np lin
tc, thng 24 gi mt ngy. v d: xi mng, giy v bt giy.

Trong cc nh my cn thp: c im cn lu l vn ng tc ca cc trc cn.

Sn xut xi mng:
L quay l tri tim ca qu trnh sn xut xi mng: cc l nghin c nung v a sn

phm ra ngoi di dng cc mu nh v sau tip tc c nghin thnh bt. Cc nhim

v iu khin: S quay ca l, iu khin nhit , cung cp nhin liu, cc silo cha, cc
bng chuyn vn chuyn, cc my nghin, kim sot nhim, gim st cht lng, cc trm
cha,...
-

Ngnh khai thc m.

T ng ha trong xy dng: tham gia iu khin h thng cung cp cho nhng cng
trnh ln hoc cm dn c: cht t, kh hu, qun l nng lng, HVAC= Nhit, Thng
hi v Lm mt= iu ho khng kh.

ng dng trong cc sn bay: iu khin v kim sot h thng cc ca, khu vc an ninh,
vn chuyn hnh l, cc khu vc ct v h cnh, iu khin t ng t xa h thng cc ta
nh ln: t chy, s truy nhp an ton, nng lng, chiu sng, iu ho khng kh,
truyn thng, iu khin giao thng.

iu khin giao thng: kim sot cc hin tng la, xm nhp, nng lng, nc, h
thng thng hi, kim sot nhim, Camra quan st, iu khin nh sng, ngn nga tc
ng..

Ti cc bn cng: nhim v chnh iu khin cn trc bc d t tu n cc kho cha.

H thng x l nc: (nc thi v nc sch) nhim v qun l h thng bm, thng
cha, thnh phn ha hc, b lc, cc ng c, cht lng...
Thit b ph: My pht in Mtan

Trong cc nh my sn xut nng lng:

+ Thy in: sng, p nc, p tr nc
+ Nhit in: than , kh, nguyn t, cht thi
+ Khc: Gi, quang in
Nhim v: cung cp nhin liu, trm iu khin qu trnh cng ngh s cp, (hi
nc, sc gi), kim sot tc ng ln mi trng xung quanh, pht in (in p/ tn s),
phn b nng lng(trm bin p). c im quan trng: h thng lun sn sng lm vic
24/365

Cng ngh x l rc thi, cc l t rc: Cung cp nguyn liu th, qu trnh t chy,
lm sch khi, iu khin mi trng, qu trnh pht phi hp (hi nc, hi nng), phn
tch tro, x l tro.

Mng truyn ti nng lng:

S lng ln cc im (nh my in, my bin p, b ngt in, trm bin p) nm trn 2km
n2000 km mi phn.

Cc h thng ng ng: c im l h thng thng tin lin lc tm xa, an ton, mi

trng d n.

1.3.

Phn loi thit b v quy trnh iu khin

Mc d c nhng ng dng a dng v rng ri, nhng nhng nguyn l ca t ng ha

l tng t nhau vi mt vi kiu thit b c bn c phn cng ca h thng iu khin l ging
nhau v phn mm c s c dng chung cho hu ht cc ng dng.
Ta c th tm tt nhim v iu khin chung ca mt thit b iu khin c th hay c mt
h thng iu khin l: o lng- t lnh- iu khin.

1.3.1.

Vng h - vng kn
Di quan im s cu trc, ta c th phn thnh 2 loi: iu khin vng h v iu

khin vng kn. V d:

Hnh

1.3.2.

1.4.

Qu trnh lin tc, qu trnh ri rc v qu trnh hn hp

Phn cp h thng t ng ho
Mc d c s ng dng rt rng ri, nhng gia cc h thng iu khin ch c mt phn

khc bit rt nh trong trong cu trc.

Ti sao m h thng iu khin ca mt nh my in li khng p dng cho mt nh
my bia v ph thuc vo nhng im khc nhau rt nh (v d: vn phng chy n), vo
cc quy nh ( v d: bo qun thc phm) v c vo truyn thng hay quan h vi khch hng.

Cc h thng iu khin c th c cu trc theo thp hnh nn v phn ra lm 4

cp nh Hnh 1-. Cu trc nh vy c gi l cu trc phn cp.
Supervisory control
management system
H K TH QTSX

MRP II, ERP

Cp 3

Computer network
Supervision
DCS, SCADA, HMI

Process control
H K TH QTCN

Local control
H KT
Individual control
Diu khin rieng

Cp 2

Cp 1

Cp 0

Computers
Terminals
Controllers
PID
PLC
Sensors measurement
actuators, motors,
relay, valves

QTCN- PROCESS

HnhHnh
1. 1.1 Cu trc phn cp ca h iu khin
Qu trnh cng ngh ( QTCN- Process) l i tng iu khin, c th l mt my sn
xut hay mt tp hp my sn xut nhm hon thnh mt nhim v sn xut nh trc.
Cp 0 (Individual Control) l cp tip xc gia h iu khin v QTCN. y c cc
cm bin, cc thit b o dng thu nhn cc tin tc t QTCN. cp ny cn c cc c cu
chp hnh, r le, ng c, van, kch .v.v dng nhn thng tin iu khin v chp hnh cc lnh
iu khin.
-

Trng: thu thp d liu (cm bin v thit b chp hnh), chuyn i d liu
khng x l ngoi tr vic hiu chnh php o v gn lin vi bo v.

Cp 1 l cp iu khin cc b (Local Control). y thc hin vic iu khin tng

my, tng b phn ca QTCN. Cc H thng iu khin t ng (KT) nhn thng tin ca
QTCN cp 0 v thc hin cc thao tc (operation, monitoring) t ng theo chng trnh ca
con ngi ci t sn. Mt s thng tin v QTCN v kt qa ca vic iu khin s c
chuyn ln cp 2. cp ny thng t cc b iu khin PID, cc controllers, hin nay ph bin
dng cc b iu khin lp trnh c PLC (Programable Logic Controller). PLC c xy dng
trn c s thit b vi x l (microprocessor) c cc cng I/O analog v digital nn rt thun tin
trong vic trao i thng tin gia QTCN v my tnh. Nh c kh nng lp trnh m PLC c tnh

mm do, c th dng vo cc cng ngh khc nhau do c th coi PLC l thit b iu khin
vn nng.
-

nhm (khu vc): iu khin mt phn d phn bit ca nh my (cc vng kn, ngoi tr
vic can thip ca ngi vn hnh)
+ phi hp cc nhm ring l
+ iu chnh cc im t v cc thng s
+ t lnh cho mt vi n v hoc tt c

n v: iu khin (quy tc, kim tra v bo v) mt phn ca mt nhm (vng kn ngoi

tr khi bo dng)
+ o c: ly mu, ly t l, x l, chnh nh.
+ iu khin: lut, im t v thng s
+ lnh: trnh t, bo v v lin kha
Cp 2 l cp iu khin t ng ho qu trnh cng ngh - K TH QTCN (Process

Control). cp 2 c cc my tnh (MT) hoc mng my tnh. MT thu nhn cc thng tin v
QTCN (t cp 1 a ln) x l cc thng tin v trao i thng tin vi ngi iu khin
(NK). Thng qua MT, NK c th can thip vo QTCN, nh vy h iu khin y thuc h
ngi - my. cp ny thng c cc H iu khin phn tn ( Distributed Control System DCS), H kim tra v thu thp d liu ( Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - SCADA )
-

Gim st: Gim st sn xut,ti u ha v thi hnh hot ng

hin th ha cc thit

b, lu gi d liu qu trnh, biu hot ng,

Cp 3 l cp iu khin t ng ho qu trnh sn xut- K TH QTSX (Supervisory
Control, Management system). cp 3 c cc trung tm my tnh (TTMT). y khng nhng
x l cc thng tin v qu trnh sn xut nh tnh hnh cung ng vt t, nguyn liu, ti chnh, lc
lng lao ng, tnh hnh cung cu trn th trng .v.v. Trung tm my tnh x l mt khi lng
thng tin ln v a ra nhng gii php ti u ngi iu khin la chn. Ngi iu khin c
th ra cc lnh can thip su vo qu trnh sn xut thm ch thay i mc tiu ca sn xut.
Cng nh h K TH QTCN ( cp 2) h thng K TH QTSX l mt h ngi my nhng
cp cao hn, phm vi iu khin rng hn. cp ny thng ci t cc phn mm iu khin
ton nh my nh Hoch nh ngun lc sn xut ( Manufacturing Resource Planning MRP II )
hoc Hoch nh ngun lc doanh nghip( Enterprise Resource Planning ERP)
-

Qun l: ti chnh, nhn lc, h s t liu, k hoch di hn

Kinh doanh: t mc tiu sn xut, k hoch kinh doanh v ti nguyn, phi hp vi cc

n v khc, qun l n t hng

Sn xut: qun l thc hin, ti nguyn, b tr cng vic, gim st cht lng,
lp chng trnh sn xut, bo dng, bo hnh.
Nhng nh ngha sau y gip chng ta phn bit gia cc h KT v cc h K TH

(QTCN hoc QTSX).

H KT ( Automatic Control System) l h thc hin cc thao tc mt cch t ng
theo logic chng trnh nh trc (do con ngi t trc). H lm vic khng c s can thip
ca con ngi. Con ngi ch ng vai tr khi ng h. Trong thc t l cc b iu chnh,
cc controllers PID, PLC, cc mch r le- congtact lm vic cp iu khin 1 trong s cu trc
phn cp ca h iu khin trn Hnh 1.. Con ngi ch c th thay i hnh vi ca h KT
bng cch ct n ra khi QTCN thay i cu trc hoc np li chng trnh.
H K TH (Process control system) l mt h t ng ho qu trnh x l thng tin
trong qu trnh cng ngh hoc qu trnh sn xut. Trong h ny con ngi l mt khu quan
trng ca h. Thng xuyn c s trao i thng tin gia ngi v my tnh v vy h K TH
thuc h ngi - my. Con ngi lm vic nhng ni quan trng nh hoch nh mc tiu hot
ng ca h v ra cc quyt nh quan trng m bo h i ng mc tiu nh. Trong thc t
l cc h K TH QTCN v K TH QTSX lm vic cp iu khin 2 v 3 trong s
cu trc phn cp ca h iu khin trn Hnh 1-.
Thc cht ca vn iu khin l qu trnh thu thp, la chn, x l, lu tr v truyn
t thng tin iu khin.Trc y vic x l thng tin nu trn (ng vi cp 2, cp 3 Hnh 1-)
do con ngi m nhim. Ngy nay cc h K TH QTCN (QTSX) m nhim vic t ng
ho qu trnh x l thng tin ni trn. Trong cc h ny con ngi ng vai tr quan trng
nhng khu then cht ca h. My tnh m nhim vic x l cc thng tin ca qu trnh cng
ngh sau trao i thng tin x l vi con ngi. Con ngi sau khi x l thng tin s a ra
cc quyt nh, cc thng tin iu khin c tnh chin lc. My tnh trc tip a ra cc thng
tin c tnh chin thut iu khin QTCN. Xem xt s can thip ca con ngi vo s phn cp
ny:
Thng thng, ngi iu khin ch lin quan n cp gim st, ngoi tr, nhng
ngi vn hnh mun truy cp vo d liu ca cc cp thp nht. Nhn vin vn hnh kim sot
h thng qua CSDL lun c cp nht.
C s d liu ny c dng cho lu gi v m phng.

Hnh 1. C s d liu qu trnh

Ngoi cch phn loi trn cn nhiu cch phn loi theo cc tiu chun khc:

Hnh 1.

Hnh 1.

Hnh 1.

S lng v cht lng d liu vi cp phn cp:

Cc cp cao hn
+ D liu th gim khi cp iu khin tng, khi kiu d liu cp cao hn c
to ra (vd: dng thng tin tm tt).
+ Qu trnh x l d liu v a ra quyt nh tr ln phc tp hn (i hi s dng
mu).
+ Cc yu cu v thi gian tnh ton c gim bt.
+ D liu c lu tr.

Cp SCADA
+ Cc d liu phc tp c trnh by cho ngi iu khin quan st,
+ tr gip a ra quyt nh (h thng chuyn gia) v tham kho.

Cc cp thp hn
+ Cc cp thp (gn nht vi thit b) th hu ht c i hi kht khe v thi gian p
ng.
+ S lng ca d liu th l rt ln.
+ Qu trnh x l n gin.
+ Cc cp ny ngy nay thng dng iu khin my tnh, ngoi tr trong cc tnh
hung khn cp, cho bo dng hoc kim tra.

Hnh 1.

Hnh 1.

1.5.

Cu trc h thng iu khin

1.5.1.

Nguyn tc chung
+ H thng iu khin phi ph hp vi h thng thit b, khng phi ngc li
+ Cu trc h thng iu khin phn nh bn cht ca nh my
+ Mt cch l tng, mi n v ca h thng phi nn c b iu khin ring ca
n, c tng tc vi cc b iu khin khc ca cc n v lin quan, phn nh
mi quan h vt l ca chng.

Cu trc c bn ca mt h thng iu khin v gim st

+ H thng my tnh iu khin: Cc h thng my tnh iu khin chuyn dng

hoc ph thng.
+ Giao din qu trnh: Giao din gia cc MTK vi h thng k thut thng qua
cc thit b o lng vtruyn ng.
+ H thng iu khin gim st: Cc thit b v phn mm giao din ngi my, cc
trm k thut, cc trm vn hnh, gim st v iu khin cao cp.
+ H thng truyn thng: Ghp ni im-im, bus cm bin/chp hnh, bus trng,
bus h thng.
+ H thng bo v: Cc thit b bo v v c ch thc hin chc nng an ton h
thng.
1.5.2.

Cu trc vo ra

1.5.2.1. Cu trc vo ra tp trung

Cng vic ni dy phc tp, chi ph cho cp dn cao: s lng ln cc cp ni, cu trc
phc tp, cng thit k, lp t ln.

Km tin cy: Phng php truyn dn tn hiu tng t gia cc thit b trng v thit b
iu khin d chu nh hng ca nhiu, gy ra sai s m khng c kh nng pht hin.

Km linh hot: Kh m rng bi phi i li cp dn, khng th la chn cc module

vo/ra ca hng khc.

Kh chn on li: Mt mt li do truyn tn hiu kh pht hin ra, mt khc li do thit

b rt kh c th nh v v a ra kt lun chn on.

Ph hp vi cc h thng qui m nh: Phm vi a l hp, mt my tnh iu khin, s

lng vo/ra khng ln
1.5.2.2. Cu trc vo/ra phn tn (vo/ra t xa)

Tit kim chi ph dy dn v cng lp t: T b iu khin xung ti cc vo/ra phn tn

ch cn mt ng truyn duy nht.

Cu trc n gin: Thit k v bo tr h thng d dng hn.

Tng tin cy ca h thng:

Truyn k thut s=> hn ch li c hn ch

Nu c li truyn thng cng d dng pht hin nh cc bin php bo ton d liu ca h
bus.

Tng linh hot ca h thng:

T do hn trong la chn cc thit b vo/ra

T do hn trong thit k cu trc h thng.

Kh nng m rng d dng hn

Vo/ra phn tn khng nht thit phi t gn ti hin trng

1.5.2.3. H thng Bus v b x l trong cc nh my cng nghip

Bus h thng:
+ Chc nng:

Ni mng cc b iu khin vi cc trm vn hnh/trm k thut.

Ni mng cc b iu khin vi nhau(bus iu khin)

+ c im k thut:

Mng tc cao (10-100MBit/s), yu cu tnh nng thi

gian thc, c bit vi bus iu khin, tin cy cao, thng c d phng1-1

+ Cc loi mng cng nghip thng c s dng: Ethernet v Industrial Ethernet

(s dng Switches/Hub),

Profibus-FMS, Control Net, Data Highway, mng

c chng ca ring hng sn xut...

-

Bus trng
+ Chc nng:
Ghp ni trm iu khin vi cc trm vo/ra phn tn, ghp ni trm iu khin
trc tip vi cc thit b trng thng minh.
+ c im k thut:
Mng tc thp hoc va phi (< 10Mbit/s), yu cu tnh nng thi gian thc
cao, tin cy cao, c bit trong mi trng d chy n.
+ Cc loi bus thng c s dng:
Profibus-DP, Profibus-PA, Foundation Field busH1, Control net, Device Net,
mng c chng ca ring hng sn xut, s dng RS-485
1.5.2.4. Thit b thng v bus trng

vo/ra trc tip vi bus trng:

Cu trc n gin, d thit k v lp t

Gim chi ph cp truyn, cc khi vo/ra v cc ph kin khc

Gim kch thc t iu khin

a vo vn hnh v kh nng chn on cc thit b trng qua mng mt cch d

dng.

Kh nng tch hp cc chc nng iu khin t ng xung cc thit b trng => tr

tu phn tn (distributed intelligence)

1.5.3.

Cu trc iu khin

1.5.3.1. cu trc iu khin song song

Cu trc c in nht

Thng c s dng cho cc h thng c qui m va v nh, c bit tiu biu trong
cc ngnh cng nghip ch to, lp rp (cc dy chuyn song song c lp vi nhau)

Cc thit b iu khin c t ti hin trng

C th s dng kt hp cu trc vo/ra tp trung hoc vo/ra trc tip vi bus trng.

Cc my tnh iu khin lm vic hon ton c lp vi nhau => tin cy cao

Hon ton khng c s phi hp gia chng cng chia s gii quyt cng mt
nhim v.

Mt s mi trng cng nghip khng cho php lp t cc thit b iu khin ti hin

trng.

1.5.3.2. iu khin tp trung

tin cy thp: Tp trung chc nng iu khin v x l thng tin ti mt my tnh

duy nht

linh hot thp: M rng cng nh thay i mt phn trong h thng i hi phi
dng ton b h thng.

Hiu nng km: Ton b thng tin u phi a v trung tm, chm tr do thi gian
truyn dn v x l tp trung

Ch ph hp vi cc ng dng qui m nh
My tnh trung
tm
(Mainframe

Grou
Contro

Sensors,

Grou
Contro

Grou
Contro

PLC

plan

My tnh trung tm ch gim st v chuyn tip h lnh cho cc PLC

1.5.3.3. iu khin phn tn

Phn chia chc nng iu khin xung cc my tnh iu khin ti cc trm cc b (

v tr khng xa vi qu trnh k thut).

iu khin phi hp gia cc my tnh iu khin c th din ra trc tip hoc thng
qua cc my tnh gim st trung tm (MTGS).

linh hot cao hn hn so vi cu trc tp trung.

Hiu nng cng nh tin cy tng th ca h thng c nng cao nh s phn tn

chc nng xung cc cp di.

M ra cc kh nng ng dng mi, tch hp trn vn trong h thng nh lp trnh cao

cp, iu khin trnh t, iu khin theo cng thc v ghp ni vi cp iu hnh sn
xut.

Hnh 1. .Decentralized Control System (DCS)- h thng iu khin khng tp trung

Tt c cc thit b iu khin c th giao tip ngang cp (khng cn thng qua b iu
khin trung tm).
Note: Honeywell's "DCS" stands for "Distributed Control System", it is not a
decentralized control system, but a control system for the process industry.

Hnh 1.

Hnh 1. .v d mt h thng qun l sn xut

1.6.

Giao din ngi - my

1.6.1.

Cu trc phn cng v phn mm

1.6.2.

Cc cng c

1.7.

Cu trc h con

H K TH QTCN thuc loi h thng ln c cu trc phc tp. H thng c phn

thnh cc h con v t chc theo kiu phn cp (hierarchy). Cc thng tin trc tin c x l
cp di sau c truyn v cc cp cao hn. cp trn, ngi iu khin nhn cc thng tin
qua x l cp di v cc thng tin b sung a ra cc quyt nh iu khin.
Cc h con chc nng
S lng v nhim v ca cc h con chc nng ph thuc vo QTCN c th. V d nu
QTCN l mt nh my th cc h con chc nng c th c phn ra nh Hnh 1-4. Nu QTCN
l mt c s o to th cc h con chc nng c th l : phng o to, phng qun l sinh vin,
phng ti v, phng t chc. v.v.
Cc h con m bo
Khc vi cc h con chc nng ph thuc vo QTCN c th, cc h con m bo l cc
h con c bn m bt c h K TH QTCN no cng phi c m bo cho h hot ng bnh
thng.
C ba h con m bo l : m bo thng tin, m bo ton hc v m bo k thut. C
th coi m bo thng tin v ton hc l phn mm ca h. V m bo k thut ca phn cng
ca h. Cc h con m bo ny s c trnh by k cc phn sau.

K hoch sn xut
Lao ng tin lng
Vt t thit b
.
.
.

.
.
.

Cc h con
chc nng

K hoch ti v
Hnh chnh

m bo
thng tin

m bo
ton hc

m bo
k thut

Cc h con m bo
Hnh 1-4: Cu trc h con ca h K TH QTCN

Cu trc phn cp

H K TH QTCN c t chc theo kiu phn cp nh trnh by trn Hnh 1- , y l

s cu trc song song.
Cp thp nht ca h iu thng l cc Thit b u cui T - Terminal.
Terminal l ni tip xc gia h iu khin vi QTCN. Terminal thu nhn cc thng tin
t cc sensor, cc thit b o lng, lu tr v s b x l cc thng tin ri truyn ln cc trm
trung gian TG.
Trm trung gian c cc my tnh hoc my mng my tnh. trm trung gian thng tin
c x l tip a ra cc quyt nh iu khin truyn xung Terminal ri tc ng n
QTCN.

T
TG
T

Trung tm
iu khin

Trung tm
tnh ton

Terminal

T
TG

TG

Trm
trung gian

Hnh 1.5: Cu trc phn cp ca h K TH QTCN

Thng tin c x l trm trung gian, c truyn ln trung tm iu khin. Nh c

trung tm tnh ton m trung tm iu khin c th x l c khi lng thng tin ln, gii cc
bi ton phc tp ca qu trnh iu khin.
Ly v d v h K TH QTCN ca mt nh my th cc Terminal l cc t iu khin
t ti cc cng on sn xut, cc Terminal cng c th t ti cc phng ban trc tip thng
tin cho ban gim c .
Cc trm trung gian l cc trm iu khin c t ti cc phn xng ln nhn thng
tin t cc Terminal chuyn ti. Trung tm iu khin c t ti ni lm vic ca ban gim c
iu khin ton b nh my.
Ngy nay nh k thut my tnh pht trin v vy ngay c cc Terminal, ngi ta cng c
th t cc my vi tnh c dung lng ln, tc nhanh c kh nng x l nhiu thng tin v gii
c nhiu bi ton iu khin. Trong trng hp ny trm trung gian khng cn thit na, cc
Terminal trc tip ni vi trung tm iu khin, xem Hnh 1-6. Chng ta c s cu trc hnh
tia. So vi s cu trc song song (Hnh 1-5) th s cu trc hnh tia c u im l n gin
v gim c cc ng dy lin lc gia cc b phn ca h. Tuy vy cu trc hnh tia cn c
nhc im l cc Terminal khng th trc tip trao i cc thng tin vi nhau.

TTK

TTTT

Hnh 1-6: S cu trc hnh tia

K thut truyn tin gia cc my tnh bng cc Bus cho php chng ta xy dng c s
iu khin kiu bus (truyn tin hai chiu) nh trn Hnh 1-7. Trong s ny cc b phn
trong h thng nh Terminal(T) v trung tm iu khin (TTK) c th trc tip trao i thng
tin vi nhau, do vy tnh linh hot cao, a li hiu qu ln. Tu tnh hnh c th ca QTCN m
ngi ta chn s cu trc thch hp, tuy nhin do nhiu u im nn s cu trc kiu bus
c dng rng ri nht.

TTK

Bus

Hnh 1. 7 S mng kiu BUS

1.8.

m bo thng tin trong h

1.8.1.

S cu trc qu trnh x l thng tin trong h k TH QTCN

Nh trn ni v thc cht h K TH QTCN l h t ng ho qu trnh x l tin

trong h iu khin. Qu trnh x l tin c trnh by trn Hnh 2-1.

Nhiu
Hiu lc php l ca
cc d liu ban u

D kin v k
hoch sn xut

Qu trnh sn xut

Hiu lc php l
ca qu trnh
tnh ton

Trng thi sn xut

Kt qu
tnh ton

X l d liu bng
my tnh

1
Yu t so
sanh

C cu so
snh
0

Tnh ton li vi d liu mi

Hnh 2-1: Qu trnh x l tin trong h K TH QTCN

Cc d liu v trng thi sn xut c my tnh x l v a ra cc kt qu tnh ton

di dng li gii ca c bi ton iu khin. Cc kt qu ny so snh vi cc yu t so snh
thng l cc ch tiu kinh t - k thut. Nu khng t s tin hnh thu thp thng tin v tnh
ton li. Khi cc tnh ton t yu cu ra v c c con ngi chp nhn, cc kt qu tnh
ton s c gn hiu lc php l. Kt qu tnh ton ny cng vi d liu ban u ( c
con ngi a vo - c hiu lc php l) lp ra k hoch sn xut. Quyt nh iu khin s
tc ng vo qu trnh sn xut.
Nhn trn Hnh 2-1 chng ta thy trong h K TH QTCN thng tin (di dng d liu)
c trao i gia nhiu b phn v thng xuyn c s trao i gia ngi v my v ngc
li. V vy h con m bo thng tin phi m bo cho qu trnh trao i thng tin c nht
qun v thun tin.
1.8.2.

Cu trc m bo thng tin

1.8.3.

M hnh thng tin

Trong h K TH QTCN con ngi cn c vo thng tin thu nhn c ( qua my x

l) quyt nh cc gii php iu khin. Nh vy chnh xc ca cc quyt nh phn ln
ph thuc vo chnh xc ca thng tin. C ngha l cc thng tin c phn nh ng cc thng
s trng thi ca cc i tng b iu khin hay khng.
Hiu theo ngha rng m bo thng tin l h thng phn nh qu trnh sn xut, l h
thng cc m hnh thng tin dng m t mt cch hnh thc qu trnh sn xut ni trn.
Hiu theo ngha hp m bo thng tin bao gm cc phn sau y:
H thng phn loi, nh du, t tn cc phn t, cc i tng b iu khin.
H thng cc nh mc, cc ch tiu kinh k k thut.
T chc lu gi, gia cng, x l, hiu chnh thng tin.
Nh vy m bo thng tin l bc u tin ca qu trnh x l thng tin trong h K
TH QTCN.
M hnh thng tin l s m t hnh thc qu trnh t chc v x l thng tin.
mc n gin m hnh thng tin l cc bng thng k, cc ghi chp v cc ch tiu
kinh t - k thut, cc nh mc vt t, lao ng .v.v.
M hnh thng tin dng ma trn l mt ma trn phn nh cc ch tiu kinh t k thut v
quan h gia chng. M hnh loi ny rt thun tin cho ngi s dng nn c dng rng ri.
Yu cu i vi m hnh thng tin l phi r rng, thun tin cho s dng, c tnh thng
nht v tiu chun ho c th dng cho cc phng tin tnh ton khc nhau.
- nh du, phn loi, t tn cc i tng c iu khin
Mt trong nhng nhim v quan trng ca m bo thng tin l xy dng mt h thng
cc cch nh du, phn loi, t tn cc phn t, thit b my mc, cc sn phm cng cc quan
h gia chng. H thng nh du phn loi ny phi thun tin cho vic dng my tnh x l
thng tin - tc cc thng tin phi c m ho.
Vic nh du, phn loi, t tn phi ph hp vi tiu chun quc gia v quc t nh:
Tiu chun Vit nam, IEC, ISO 9000.
- H thng nh mc- cc ch tiu kinh t- k thut.
Sn xut bt k sn phm no cng phi qua nhiu nguyn cng, nhiu cng on. ng
vi mi nguyn cng cn tiu ph mt lng nguyn liu, nhin liu, nhn cng nht nh. V
vy, nhng nh mc kinh t- k thut phi c xy dng y chi tit cho tng b phn, tng
my n c dy chuyn cng ngh.

- Xy dng ngn hng d liu

Ngn hng d liu ca h K TH QTCN l ni tp trung ( trong my tnh ) ton b d
liu dng trong h. V vy cn phi t chc sao cho lu tr, s dng v cp nht thng tin c
thun tin, khoa hc.
V lu tr d liu cn gii quyt cc vn sau y:
Tp trung ho cc d liu
Ti thiu ho d ca d liu
M t d liu bng ngn ng chung khng ph thuc vo ngn ng lp trnh
S dng cc m t d liu c cu trc
V s dng d liu cn gii quyt cc vn sau y:
C kh nng ly ra bt k mt nhm d liu no khng ph thuc vo ni ghi cc d liu

C kh nng i mi, cp nht cc d liu

S dng cc phng php tm kim d liu ti u
C kh nng bo v tnh chnh xc, nguyn vn, b mt ca d liu
Ch rng d liu y hiu theo ngha rng, n c th l cc s liu nhng cng c
th l cc chng trnh tnh ton, bn thit k hoc quy trnh cng ngh .v.v.
Mt trong nhng vn quan trng ca vic xy dng ngn hng d liu l t chc vo ra
thng tin. Hin nay phng php a thng tin vo cn kh chm so vi tc x l ca my
tnh v cha thun tin cho vic trao i trc tip gia ngi vi my. Vic a thng tin ra (mn
hnh, my in, a mm, ) c nhiu tin b nn vic ly thng tin ra ngy cng d dng hn.
m bo ton hc
1.9.

Cu trc m bo ton hc
m bo ton hc bao gm nhng thnh phn sau:

Cc m hnh ton (cn gi l m bo m hnh) dng m hnh cc i tng c iu

khin, cc qu trnh cng ngh gii cc bi ton iu khin.
Cc thut ton (cn gi l m bo thut ton) l cc phng php gii cc bi ton iu
khin. Cc thut ton thng ph thuc vo m hnh ton chn. Chn thut ton ng s nh
hng ti tc tnh ton v chnh xc ca li gii.

Cc chng trnh (cn gi l m bo chng trnh) dng x l, tnh ton cc d liu

ng vi m hnh v thut ton chn. Nh vy m hnh ton hc v thut ton dng xy
dng h thng, cn chng trnh tnh ton dng vn hnh h thng.
Ngy nay c nhiu ngn ng dng lp trnh. Vic chn ngn ng no v k thut lp
trnh ra sao nh hng rt ln n tc tnh v kt qu tnh.
1.9.1.

M hnh ton hc

Xy dng m hnh ton hc l mt trong nhng giai on quan trng nht ca vic xy
dng h thng iu khin. Thng thng cng vic ny phi do cc chuyn gia am hiu v qu
trnh cng ngh v nm vng v ton hc m nhim. i vi cc k s cng ngh, thng
khng kh nng t mnh xy dng m hnh ton hc, nhim v chnh l la chn cc m hnh
ton hc sn c sao cho ph hp vi qu trnh cng ngh m minh ang quan tm nghin cu.
Hin nay ngi ta thng dng cc loi m hnh ton hc sau y:
-

M hnh bi ton ti u ho.

M hnh bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh

M hnh bi ton vn ti
M hnh tr chi
M hnh s mng li (PERT)
M hnh tin cy
M hnh qun l d tr
M hnh hng i ( phc v m ng ) v.v..
Trong thc t c nhiu loi m hnh ton hc c ng dng vo cc lnh vc c th khc
nhau. Sau y ch trnh by tm tt mt s m hnh ni trn. Ch yu l trnh by phng php
lun v cc ng dng ca n bn c c nh hng trong vic la chn m hnh nguyn l.
1.9.2.

Thut ton

M hnh ton hc tuy rt quan trng nhng ch mi l cu trc hnh thc ca vic x l
thng tin ch cha phi l qu trnh x l theo khng gian v thi gian. Gii quyt vn ny l
nhim v ca m bo thut ton, c ngha l trn c s m hnh ton hc chn phi xy dng
cc th tc, cc phng php gii cho kt qu chnh xc thi gian tnh ton ngn, t tn b nh
.v.v. Thut ton l mt ngnh chuyn su v c tc dng rt ln trong vic gii cc bi ton iu
khin.

1.9.3.

Chng trnh tnh ton

Chng trnh tnh ton l mt tp chng trnh dng tnh trn my tnh. Chng trnh
ny th hin m hnh ton hc v thut ton chn. Chng trnh tnh ton ph thuc vo ngn
ng lp trnh v loi my tnh. Thng thng cn c cc cn b chuyn su v lp trnh m
nhim vic ny.
Cc ngn ng lp trnh hin nay thng gp l PASCAL, C++, Visual Basic v.v..
gim nh vic lp trnh ngy nay ngi ta xy dng cc loi ngn ng chuyn dng. V d nh
m phng c GPSS (The General Purpose Simulation System), SIMSCRIPT, SIM++, Matlab
Simulink, v.v. V thc cht cc ngn ng loi ny l tp hp ca nhiu chng trnh con di
dng cc lnh, ngi s dng ch cn khai bo nhng thng s cn thit v lp trnh trn tp lnh
c. Tu thuc c im cng ngh v yu cu ca bi ton t ra m ngi iu khin xy
dng nhng chng trnh tnh thch hp.
m bo thng tin v m bo ton hc c coi l phn mm ca h K TH QTCN.
1.10.

m bo k thut

1.10.1.

Cu trc m bo k thut

m bo k thut l ton b thit b k thut ca h K TH QTCN, hay cn gi l phn

cng ca h. Nh vy m bo k thut chim vn u t v cng sc rt ln trong vic xy
dng v vn hnh h.
m bo k thut bao gm cc thit b k thut dng chn lc, truyn t, x l, ct
gi v phn nh thng tin trong h iu khin.
Nh Hnh 1- ch r, m bo k thut bao gm:
Cc terminal
Cc h thng truyn tin (d liu)
Cc trung tm tnh ton.
1.10.2.

Terminal

Terminal l thit b u cui ca h K TH QTCN, l ni tip xc gia h iu khin

v QTCN, Terminal lm nhim v thu nhn cc thng tin v QTCN, s b x l chng v truyn
ln cp trn, ng thi n cng thu nhn cc thng tin iu khin c x l cp trn
truyn n cc i tng c iu khin. Con ngi c th trao i thng tin vi Terminal qua
cc thit b vo ra.
Ngy nay nh k thut vi tnh pht trin, ngi ta c th t ti Terminal cc my vi tnh
tc x l nhanh, dung lng b nh ln, do ngay ti terminal cng c th gii c nhiu

bi ton iu khin, v vy c th gim bt lng thng tin phi truyn v trung tm v c th

thc hin c nguyn tc iu khin phn tn.
Tu theo cng dng m Terminal c ch to thnh nhiu loi khc nhau, v d:
Terminal thu thp cc thng tin v QTCN, thit b chnh ca loi terminal ny l cc b
ghi s liu
Terminal in, thc cht l mt my telex
Terminal c mn hnh, dng a thng tin ra trn mn hnh ngi vn hnh quan
st.
Terminal x l thng tin t xa.
Ngy nay do k thut vi in t, vi x l pht trin, cc thit b tnh ton v x l tin c
ch to gn nh, do ngi ta c xu hng ch to cc terminal vn nng.
Trong tng lai, khi mng my tnh pht trin (LAN, INTERNET,) ngi ta c th
thc hin cc vn phng kiu mi, lc cc nhn vin ca cc c quan, nh my s c
trang b cc terminal v c th lm vic ngay ti nh mnh, iu s gii to sc p v giao
thng th v khng cn thit phi xy dng nhng ch lm vic tp trung s na
1.10.3.

H thng truyn tin

Nhu cu truyn d liu trong h K TH QTCN rt ln, thng xuyn phi truyn cc
thng tin t di ln trung tm x l, v truyn cc thng tin x l (cc mnh lnh iu
khin) t trn xung cc terminal tc ng vo QTCN.
Mt h truyn d liu c cu trc nh Hnh 2-2

KLL
NT

MH

G
C

D
M

CH

Nhiu

Hnh 2.2. H thng truyn d liu

NT - ngun tin; MH - Thit b m ho; C - thit b iu ch; KLL - Knh lin lc

GC - thit b gii iu ch; DM - thit b dch m; CH - C cu chp hnh;
T - i tng bi iu khin; Nhiu - nhiu tc ng vo knh lin lc.

Ngun tin (NT) bao gm cc tin tc nh mnh lnh, trng thi thit b (lm vic, ngh, s
c) thng s k thut (nhit , p sut, tc .v.v.). truyn tin i xa, cc tin tc ny phi
c m ho (MH) sau iu ch (C) thnh cc tn hiu (TH) c tham s (bin , tn s,
pha) thch hp vi truyn tin i xa. M ho l qu trnh bin i mt- mt gia tin tc v tn hiu.
Trong t m ngoi nhm tn hiu mang tin cn c cc tn hiu d dng chng nhiu. Tn hiu
ra khi thit b iu ch c a vo knh lin lc (dy dn, cp, radio). Thng thng trong
knh lin lc c cc loi nhiu (di dng xung in).Nhiu lm cho nhm tn hiu (t m) c
truyn i b sai lch, tn hiu 1 0 v ngc li tn hiu 01. cui ng dy lin lc ta thu
c tn hiu trong c c nhiu. Thit b gii iu ch ngc (GC) dng phc hi li tn
hiu b suy gim trong qu trnh truyn qua knh lin lc. Thit b dch m (DM) kim tra pht
hin v sa sai trong t m nhn c, sau dch ra tin tc ban u (TT) c truyn. Tin
tc c a vo c cu chp hnh (CH) tc ng ln i tng (T).
Vn quan trng ca h truyn tin l m bo chnh xc v tc truyn tin. i vi
nhng h iu khin trc tuyn (online) th vic truyn tin, x l tin phi c thc hin kp vi
qu trnh din bin cng ngh. Nhng h truyn tin nh vy gi l h lm vic trong thi gian
thc. Ngy nay ngi ta thng dng tc truyn tin t 4800 bit/s tr ln. Truyn tin nh vy l
rt nhanh, do vn chng nhiu, nng cao chnh xc truyn tin l mt trong nhng vn
quan trng nht ca h truyn tin.
H thng thit b tnh ton bao gm cc b phn sau y:
B x l trung tm
Thit b nh trong, nh ngoi
Thit b vo ra
ng truyn d liu
Thit b tnh ton l mt trong nhng thit b quan trng nht ca h K TH QTCN.
Ngy nay xut hin my tnh th h th t, cc my vi tnh gn nh, tc x l tin cao, b
nh ln, giao tip vo ra thun tin. Tt c nhng iu lm thay i mt cch c bn b
mt ca h K TH QTCN, to nn kh nng ng dng rng ri cc h K TH QTCN vo
nhiu lnh vc kinh t- x hi khc nhau.