Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • TRAVI PANNELLATE - Ewpaa Plywood Webbed Beams

    Uploaded by

    Saverio Berra
    797 views16 pages
    ewpaa plywood webbed beams

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document
    ewpaa plywood webbed beams

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf
    797 views16 pages

    TRAVI PANNELLATE - Ewpaa Plywood Webbed Beams

    Uploaded by

    Saverio Berra
    ewpaa plywood webbed beams

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf
    of 16
    DESIGN GUIDE FOR PLYWOOD WEBBED BEAMS DESIGN GUIDE FOR PLYWOOD WEBBED BEAMS 1.0 INTRODUCTION Plywood webbed beams are lightweight, simple to fabricate, dimensionally stable and, with good design, structurally efficient and economical. n addition, plywood webbed beams can be manufactured with sufficient camber to disguise chon andior long term deflection. Plywood beams can be used in a wide range of situations varying from low shear applications such as root beams or purlins, through to short span high shear applications such as joists supporting concrete formwork. Some modern timber structures and portal frames have utilised plywood box beams as rafters and columns. Using a 1200mm deep section the maximum portal span is around 35-40m. ‘The object of this design guide is to provide sufficient background and data to enable professionals to design plywood webbed beams in accordance with the Australian Standards and accepted work practices. Plywood webbed beams consist of flanges, webs and normally, web stiffeners. Web stifaners can help to control shear buckling (panel shear) of the plywood web, and provide convenient locations for plywood but joints. Addition ally, itis good practice to have stifeners located at positions of point load to counter localised web buckling. In box beams, the web joint locations are best alternated from side to side and away from the areas of highest shear. If the flanges are not continuous, flange splices must be designed to transfer all the bending forces across the discontinuity and avoid transfer of these forces into the plywood webs. The spices are best placed away from locations of high moment, ‘The plywood webs are designed to carry the shear in these ‘composite beams, ‘Bearing Suton \ FIGURE 1: Plywood Webbed Beams ‘The flanges and the webs can be fixed together by ‘gluing, nailing or glue-nailing. Process quality control and ‘correct bonding practice is necessary to ensure the long term strength and durabiity of structural glue bonds. This is ‘normally only obtainable ina factory environment, Therefore, in general, itis recommendod that nailed beams be utilised in preference to glued beams. The advent of the nail gun has tenabled the economical site or factory fabrication of nailed webbed beams which, with sufficient nailing, can have longitudinal shear transfer in the flange-web joint approach. ing that ofa glued joint. Glued beams are obviously stiffer, but experience suggests that most plywood webbed beams are strength governed, even when nailed. Accordingly, the design of glued beams is covered inthis design guide, but the emphasis is on nailed beams. | section plywood webbed beams are usually glued as it can be impractical to nail such beams. Each flange can be a piece of timber either side of the web, or a single piece notched to accept the web. The basis for designing nailed plywood webbed beams isto approach the analysis as if it was a glued plywood webbed beam (ie... assuming no slip occurs between joined components). Stresses and deflections are computed by ‘normal elastic methods suitably modified by the usual Timber ‘Structures Code AS1720.1 (Rel. 1) factors as detailed in the following pages. These results are then modified to account, for the effects of nai slip to the beam deflections and ‘modified beam shear stress distributions, utilising the design graphs reproduced from a paper by Bruce Sandie of the ‘Swinburne Institute of Technology in Melbourne (Ref. 2) Alter selecting atrial beam, essentially the designing of nailed beams is a matter of — (checking flange stresses in tension and compression ‘due to bending (i) checking the plywood web capacity for panel shear (i) checking web-flange nail capacity, to transter the shear forces, and (iv) checking the beam stiffness for the critical oad conditions. ‘This design guide covers the materials used in ply ‘wood webbed beams, details the section property formulae, ‘explains the latest design theory, and concludes with a worked design example. 2.0 MATERIALS Web Structural plywood is the only timber composite sheet ‘material produced in Australia with defined engineering properties. Structural plywood is included in the Timber Structures Code, and therefore is the only web material that, can be used confidently. The most common sheet size is 240mm x 1200mm, with the face grain running in the 240mm direction. 800mm wide sheets are alsa available. Efficient material usage of plywood with the face grain parallel to the beam span dictates that plywood webbed beam depths should be 225, 300, 400, 450, 600, 900 or 1200mm. Webs with face grain running perpendicular to the span are less common, but enable fabrication of beams up to 240mm in depth, ‘To comply with the recommendations of this manual the structural plywood must meet with the requirements of AS/NZS 2269 (Ret. 3) and be branded with the PAA Tested ‘Structural stamp. The PAA stamp ensures that the plywood has been manufactured under the PIAS third-party audited process qualty control program. Structural plywood is usually manufactured with equal thickness veneers of nominal finished thickness of 2.4 or 3.0mm laminated alternatively at 80" with a permanent “A” bond glueline. Common plywood thicknesses are 45, 7.0, 9.0, 12.0, 15.0, 17.0 and 20.0mm. ‘The lowest stress grade on the Australian market is F11, and is widely available. F14 stross grade plywood can be obtained, however higher stress grades (up to F34) are available on application only. AS with al materials, It is wise to check availablity and price before final design. ‘The most commonly specified structural plywood for beams would be DD or CD grade. The description DD plywood refers to the face veneer quality, with D grade veneer having open detects. The plywood is designed for se in structural applications rather than for aesthetics. The tfect of tho natural defects is considered in the derivation of stress grades. The alternative is CD structural plywood, in which the C grade face is basically solid but is permitted to contain minor open defects, with the back veneer being D {grade. Obviously, DD grade has a cost advantage over CD ‘grade. Structural plywood can be specified with higher than C grade faces, but with a cost penalty, and production delays. ‘The Australian Structural Plywood Code AS/NZS2269 uses the “parallel ply" approach to plywood computation, in ‘contrast to the European "full cross section” method. In the parallel ply method, only plies paralle to the direction of| stress are considered to contribute tothe strength and siifress of the member. This method is more realistic as, timber is approximately 20 times stronger along its grain, ‘than across its grain. Table §.3 of AS1720.1 gives both the ‘modification factors to the basic working stresses and the portion of the cross-section to be considered under differant stress conditions. Flanges Normal practice Is to use seasoned materials for flanges. The differential shrinkage or collapse characteristics, the requirement to dress to size before fabrication, and the increased deflection due to creep and nal sip, probably ‘negate any cost savings in the purchase of unseasonod materials ‘The selection of the flange material is governed by price, maximum lengths and size availablity. The higher Stress grades available in seasoned hardwood need to be balanced against its susceptibilty to spilting with close naling, oF problems with gluing. Glue laminated timber can provide the longer lengths suitable for plywood webbed beams. For the larger beams probably the most efficient flanges utlise laminated veneer lumber (LVL). LVLis available in long lengths, has a very high modulus of elastic: ity €) for ts weight and has allowable bending and tension stresses much higher than the timber from wich itis made. In.common with plywood, LVL has a low coetfcient of variation, end is produced under the provisions of the PAA. Quality Control Programme. LVL has the further advantage over glue laminated beams that its tensile strength is not adversely affected by the presence of butt joints in its manufacture. For the smaller plywood webbed beams, seasoned sottwoods normally provide the best solution. Tests on the lower stress grades of radiata timber suggest that it has lower tensile strength than shown in AS1720.1, 50, for critical tension members of stress grades FB and lower designers should use F*for the next lower stress grade. Glues ‘The only timber glues that provide proven long term structural bonds are the Type A phenolic bonds. As previ ‘ously mentioned. these bonds are really only achievable in a controlled factory environment. Some designers have utlised ‘elastomeric glues (that meet American Plywood Association performance standard AFG-01) to reduce live load detlec- tions, but also use sufficient naling to meet all the design loads. Such beams are obviously stifer than nailed only beams Nails Nall selection relates to the availabilty of machine diven flathead nals, and the nailing equipment owned by the fabricating carpenters Corrosion of nails should be ‘considered. For low hazard interior applications, electroplated nails are acceptable. For high humidity or mildly corrosive ‘environments hot dip galvanised nails should be specified. In some applications stainless steel nails may be required. {Gun nails can be fixed at the rate of more than one per second, and volume box beam fabrications have been reported at less than 10 man minutes per metre of beam. 3.0 SELECTION OF BEAM SIZE “The fist stop in the iterative design process is to select the size of the beam and its components. This intial selec: tion is based on experience and intuition. However, the following guide will assist. “The span to depth ratio for plywood box beams can vary trom around §:1 for heauly loaded beams to over 25:1 for purins. The deep beams are suitable for high shear load applications, and consequently may need thicker plywood ‘webs and additional web stiffeners. Simple beams in ‘domestic applications can have span/depth of around 10:1, hile more lightly loaded beams may be in the region of 18:1, ‘with purlns in the higher bracket. The beam depth to breadth ratio can vary from 3:1 to 15:1, however the bulk of the beams would fall between 4.5:1 to 10:1 Generally the thrae most important criteria in size selection are the flange stresses, the material costs, and a reasonable estimate of deflection The flange stresses can be approximated as follows: Flange Foros Max Bonding Momectet) ange Srassos = ema “The comparison of material costs of the various alternatives can be approximated by comparing the total volumes of timber and plywood, ie. m° /m of the alternative beam ‘compositions. ‘As shown below, deflection can be estimated by using 2 total deflection factor (TDF) to adjust the traditional bend ing deflection formulae which also includes the relevant timber craep factor. Another simplification isto ignore the Contribution of web fo the second moment of area Estimated total deflection = TDF x j, x elastic bending deflection calculated using I, The TDF can be assumed to be 1.5, oF more accu: rately assessed using one ofthe following formulae: ForUDL's, TOF - 091+ 44 x E& — eqnaz HE 4, For point ads, TOF = 091+ 85 __x E, Eqna3 Gites e, aA Where: L = spaniéepth ratio a L= spanfiange area ratio A, Fornuiae have been simplified using the folowing assumptions: (ED, = 12561, 2hy, 6 = 225, ‘And nail lip detection has been taken as 20% of the bending deflection. Please note nai sip deflection may be excessive for beams with long term high shear loading, low |, ‘of short span andlor highly stressed nails, though its overall effect will be masked by the associated increased shear etlection. For glued beams the 0.91 in the TDF formulae should be taken as 0.76. "Note: The above box beam detection estimate is suficently accurate for most beams and final checking should only be needed if deflection is critical. In the case of nailed beams with a single web the 0.91 above should be changed to 0.99, the 44 to 88 and 55 to 110, 4.0 SECTION PROPERTIES FORMULAE mr + go “6 Onconstaton drawings, ‘Pwcod tae gran dracon haat ‘be dusignated ha t ——— | t | | FIGURE 2: Plywood Webbed Beam Dimensions ‘Second Moment of Area of Flange Le Belen Eqn 4a ly am ar (orto about 1% error, I, = 2A,y,%, where A,= bt, Lo. using Parallel Axis Theorem, and neglecting |, about its own axis). For | beams utilising two pieces of timber for each flange each of breadth b,, then |, is doubled. ‘Second Moment of Area of Plywood Web Ps A , = Soe Eqn 4.2 12 where n = number of plywood webs (e.9. 2 for box beams) where k,, = parallel ply factor (note: k,, is not an AS1720.1 facton =2 for 3 ply or 8 for 5 ply (or for 3 ply for beams 2 tor 3 py or Bor 5 ply (or Lor 3 ply with face grain 90° to span) Rigidity in Bending About x-axis, (ED, = Ely Ely Eqn 4.3 ‘An alternative calculation method to the El method detailed in this manual isthe transformed section method, Using this method there are two composite second moments, of area about the x axis, e.g. by dividing throughout by E,, the |, is transformed to the flange material Rigidity in Bending About y-axis (ED, = Et Bale Eqn 4.4 hore for box beams ce 21,5, Ean. 45 and 12 = Katte? Eqn 4.6 Hi 2 (using very close approximation 2A, x.) For | beams neglecting the contribution ofthe web is usualy less than 1% conservative and tO 1b +L? Eqn. 47 3 For C beams |, can be assessed using the Parallel ‘axis Theorem once the location ofthe centroidal axis has been established using = 2EAX. Assume the plywood thickness as being k,.t,, = Note: The above methods for calculation of (El), are “no slp" solutions In the case of nailed ony beams. I, ray need to be reduced to alow for interface sip betweerthe flanges and webs arising out ofthe flexibility of nailed joints, Shown below is a linoar elastic solution for|,, by Bruce Sandie for nailed box beams ees meee 1 ) eae oe 2 2E,K where 3, = nail spacing on web splice joints = length between plywood web joints, ie, panel length Ke =nailstfiness (see nail slip Eqn 12.5) Generally, experienced designers believe the above reduc- tion is too severe. Firstly, the nail stifiness is based on standard gapped joins. Tests have shown good \worksmanship with tight joints increases stiiness by 35% Secondly, in the derivation of the above, the effect of the flange nails in reducing the web joint slip has been ne glected. Thirdly, itis believed machine nailed joints are tighter and thus in relatively heavily nailed box beams the surface friction between the webs and flanges improves stiffness. Therefore, itis suggested that one thicd of the ‘above reduction be applied to machine nailed box beams. In practice, heavily nailed box beams have proved to be aute Tigid, and experienced designers ignore the reduction, St. Venant Torsion Constant for a Box Beam 4 210+ 14> tF bat Eqn 49 neglecting the minor term b, +t, the formula reduces to J = 2A b+ FIa-1) Eqn 4.10 St. Venant Torsion Constant for an | Beam or aC J 2 Eqn 4.11 Torsional Rigidity GJ - Torsional rigidity, and is used in establishing beam slonderness coefficients Gls the modulus of rigidity and equals E for plywood. 20 Note: The above calculation of Gu is based on a “no slip" solution. The increased flexibility of nailed beams will reduce their resistance to lateral buckling. Again the Bruce Sandie linear elastic solution for GJ for nailed box beams is repro: duced as follows: EL n Os = 264,220), AE Fanaa St Gtk (b+ 1td-4) rai spacing on anges k= nalsttinoss we (,, 0631 052 o - % (.08 008) te For heavily nailed beams the nail stitinss is high so the 2s/k term becomes insignificant and thus Eqn 4.12 will result in a more accurate answer than using Eqn 4.10 ‘Again, and for similar reasons detailed for |, experienced designers believe the reduction to GJ by thé 2svk term in Eqn 4.12 is too conservative. An additional reason being the effect of web stiffeners on torsional stability is ignored in the derivation of Eqn 4.12. In the absence of better information it |s suggested that one third of the above reduction be applied to machine nailed box beams. Again, experienced designers find that “real” beams are quite stif and they ignore the reduction to GJ. In lightly nailed beams elastomeric glues in addition to nails may solve rigidity problems under lve loads, First Moment of Area of Flange Used to check shear transfer in nailed beams, and rolling and flange-web shear in glued beams: 2, Ay, bi let) Eqn 43 2 First Moment of Area of Webs Dk ke = Thee 414 a, = Me Eqn First Moment of Area of Box Beam - Q, Used to determine web shear: (EO), = £0,+£,0,, Eqn 4.15 5.0 CHECK BENDING STRENGTH ‘The beam span for bending calculations is the distance between the centres of required (by AS1720.1) bearing ‘suppor, not the clear span. All the data in this manual is. based on the use of seasoned timber, and it has been ‘assumed that during service the box beams’ twelve month average moisture content will not exceed 15%. In applications where the moisture content in service is higher, refer to AS1720.1 and ensure that the material spectfications, will meet the service conditions. ‘The Bending Stress Due to Moment M 1 = Mie Eqn 5.1 whe 2 Ym = For glued beams (E!)/E, is the correct second moment of area. The bending moment is shared by the flanges and plywood web in proportion to their El. The bending capacity of the web can be checked using Fe = Kk oFy! with K, (the flanges provide lateral restraint). It the maximum moment occurs close to @ web butt Joint the (E,, used to check the tension flange should not include that web. If the beam is subject to lateral torsional ‘buckling the (E!),, for the compression flange can include ‘such webs, as torsional buckling is not a localised etfect. For nalled beams itis usual to use the more conserva: tive |, For plywood webbed beams that have been nailed along the centreline of the flanges, the bending forces, ie. tension and compression, wil result in the stresses that are close to uniform across each flange section. Therefore, for such nailed beams y,,, can be changed to the less con- servative y,. Alternatively, using the truss analogy. the force > lever arm approach covered in the size selection method will give the samo answer. Nail sip can dump 10-15% of the moment into the plywood webs, though not normally a problem in practice it should be considered with the more lightly nailed beams. The Allowable Bending Stress F, = KKK, F! oF Eqn 5.2 KKK. Eqn 5.3 basic working stress in tension basic working stross in compression Curation of load factor - for comibined loads Use factor for the shortest duration load = 1.0 for dead loads (50+ years duration) 1.4 for live loads such as people (5 months) 1.65 for lve loads, inrequent intervals (6 days) 1.75 tor wind and impact loads (5 minutes or less) k, = temperatureshumicity factor (0.9 applied in areas north of 25°S or Qld. coast north of 16'S) ~ rarely would the maximum loads ‘occur while the temperature was also high 2.9. cycionic winds load sharing application to bending and compression members, when more than ‘one member is carrying the load, refer to the Code Clause 2.5.5 — rarely used size factor ~ only applies to tension flanges ‘over 300mm depth or breadth ~ rarely applicable stabiliy factor for lateral torsional buckling where Stability Factor The stabilty factor k,, reduces the allowable compressive or bending stresses for slender beams that are subject to torsional buckling due to lateral instability of ‘compression flanges. The beams capacity can be increased by providing lateral restraint to compression flanges, full restraint to the tension flange, or by using a more stocky beam ie. increase |, andior Gu Appendix E of AS1720.1 covers another five k,. calculations, all of which relate to strength reductions to cater for buckling of plywood diaphragms whien loaded in-plane, and should not be confused withthe lateral torsional bucking Stabilly factor. Two of these web buckling checks, namely panel shear, and local web buckling due to concentrated loads are covered later inthis design guide. To assess lateral torsional buckling the slenderness coetticient, S,, has to be obtained trom the critical elastic bucking (or Euler) moment of the beam, M,..As previously detailed, in the case of nailed beams, (El), and GJ may need to be reduced to cater forthe increased lateral instabil- ity of nailed beams. The material constant p, and k,, are then caleulated as for solid timber beams. It the beam under design is subject to compression in addition o bending, e.g. end bay purins or portal frame Columns) then a further slendemess ratio must be obtained for column action, as detailed in Section G4 and checked using the interaction formulae for beam-columns detailed in Section C5 of AS1720.1. ‘The slendemess coetfcient is assessed using the following ot 1.1), Mou M. can be assessed from standard texts, However, 'AS1720:1 provides three methods for end-supported beams \which will cover most applications, and these are detailed below, Inthe case of C section beams, the simplest approach Is to check the compression flange as a column restrained in, tone direction only by the plywood web, ie. use S = Lb, Strictly speaking, the M, calculations that follow only apply to bisymmetrical beams, Euler Moments (i) Bisymmetrical beams with intermediate buckling restraints = Code Eqn C5 M, 84 ((e0, x) code anos where L,, = distance between elfectively rigid buckling restraints 9,, = constant from Code Table C5 reproduced below TORE EOS Moment parameter 8 vate Fad a1 63 a 82 73 40 #0. 140 The busking retains mul prevent rotation othe beam about he Fae ‘The ems re and ted resin conden ee fo he poss lation ofthe boa about heyy sue at the estat location, a chown Figur 3. Imveemedat bucking restraint ¥ (a) ice view of beam * (o) Top view of beam FIGURE 3: Lateral Buckling Terminology For box beams a quick approximation ofthe slender- ness coefficient can be obtained from either of the following ‘expressions: (. Sh, ey" 8, = Nose Eh, Eqn 5.4 Eqnss Eqns 5.4 and 5.5 are based on the use of 3 ply webs and on the following assumptions d= 14-4) by+t= 1.08b, (EN, = 1.25E,1, (El, = 1651. It can be appreciated that due to the many possible beam compositions the above assumptions will not ft all beams. However, Eqn 5.4 should be within 10% for the bulk ‘of beams and Eqn 5.5 is less accurate with a probable error ‘of up to 25%. For 5 ply webs the only change is to Eqn 5.4 where 5.3 is reduced to 5.1 and to Eqn 5:5 where 4.4 is increased to 47. {i Bisymmetrical beams with no intermediate buckling restraints: 1 M, = fa (eee) [r-on(%)(E%) J Code Eqn C8 where height above centroid of the point of load application up Gey = Constants from Code Table C6 reproduced on page 7. Plywood and LVL box beam industrial portal rame CODE TABLE C6: COEFFICIENTS FOR SLENDERNESS FACTORS OF BISYMMETRICAL BEAMS WITH NO INTERMEDIATE BUCKLING RESTRAINTS. Loss select ar sam Fixed 67 26 ~ Free 33 as ‘ t { | ae Free 33 1 ’ w etl For beams where y, = d/2 Eqns 5.4 and 6.5 can be used to approximate the slendermess coefficient providing g,, is. substituted for g,, and the answer obtained for S, is then reduced by 5%. (i) Continuously restrained bisymmetvical beams: {An example ofan application of Eqn C10 is a putin in under wind upitt and with the roof decking attached fo the M, = La (ED +¥'0)+G) Code Eqn C10 top flange, where y, = 2 @,+¥ As before and using the same assumptions, a quick where y,= distance of continuous lateral restraint from approximation for such a box beam purin can be attained neural axis in the tension zone (see Figure 4) {rom either ofthe following expressions: cation above neural axis of the loading point eae (02 Figure 4), y, may be negative, and Eqnc10g - ae Ean 56 ee ge| 5 40.17) El, is negative then 8, (im ) : Lge distance between points of effectively rigid 0964, rotational restraints 8 - (aoe Eqn 57 de FIGURE 4: Continuously Restrained Beam Point of oad appleston y Calculation of Stability Factor ‘The stability factor, k,,. shal be given by: For pSst0 k, = 10 Code Eqn 3. 8(a) For 1osps<60 k, = 15-0.05—S Code Eqn 3. (6) For pS<20 k 200 Code Eqn 3. 80) sr {As the flange being considered is a compression member, the material constant used probably should be the slightly more conservative p for seasoned columns, ie. p= 0.652 (F,)°"(1)°" Code Eqn C3 or as shown in Code Table C3 reproduced below CODE TABLE C3 MATERIAL CONSTANT p FOR COLUMNS OF ‘SEASONED TIMBER The Panel Shear Stress Due to Shear Load V v ¥ (EO, Eqn6.1 em, where n= number of plywood webs carrying shear The Allowable Panel Shear Stress KKKaF basic working stress for shear stabilly factor for panel shear, and is the lesser of the two following equations: 10 or Eqn62 Code Eqn £3 Suess gad Maal conser : TaOas [1-080 [TOME rou [ze | 026 | 320] ur | asa rer | sae | sz | ase | ase | 110 reo {ase | ase | ase | 100 | 108 rr | ass | ssa | sor | 206 | 102 ow |ae | ae | am | aa | oe FIGURE 5: Plywood Diaphragm Dimensions for Webbed rx | 106 | 106 | 100 | 097 | 095 ‘earns re || ane | ome | fo |, oe In checking diaphragm buckling in box beams the f | ose | ose | og: | om | omg Plywood wab is considered ‘ixed’ to the flanges, and ‘pinned’ a the wb sifeners. Ths allows the slendemess coeticients rej oe | os | os | 087 | 85 ——to-be reduced andis the reason the 0.8 factor has been and r = (temporary load)(total load), where the term ‘tempo rary load’ in this context refers to loads that act for a duration of less than 12 months; when the temporary load causes a stress reversal, then the value of r to be used is 1.0. The ‘maximum value of p used need not exceed the value ‘computed for the case r = 0.25. ‘When using the approximate approach for S,, it should bbe noted that the transmitted error to k,, would be the same percentage at k,, = 0.5, but will be progressively reduced to haalf the percentage at k,, = 1.0, but is increased when k,, Is less than 0.5, 6.0 CHECK PANEL SHEAR Clause 3.2.1 of AS1720.1 allows designers, when assessing shear loads for solid timber beams, to ignore loads closer than 1.50 trom the face of the support. Over ‘seas experience, and the fact that plywood webs at supports, are normally highly stressed in shear, suggests that itis prudent fo include all loads between the supports when checking shear capacities. AS itis normal practice to have bearing stifeners at the supports, and as some of the shear loads will be transferred at 45° directly to the supports, it can bbe argued that the real solution lies between the two options. Inbox beam construction, itis logical to have web siiffeners at 1200 centres thus enabling the splices in the 2400 long web panels to be placed on alternate sides. If there is a need to increase the panel shear capacity of the web, in general it is best to increase the plywood thickness oF to use a 5 or more ply plywood. A less effective option is to use, if available, a higher stress grade plywood. The only ‘other practical option is to use additional web stifeners. introduced by this design quide into Cade Eqns El and E2 The slondemess coetticient may be taken to be: plan vont Manaveienren mets wre y= eso sled om Cade Tbe 8 s 28 90(t.)? ‘characteristic length can be derived using Code Table £2 = 2.134, for 3 ply of equal thickness veneer with face grain parallel to span = 1.44d, for 5 or more plies of equal thickness with face grain parallel to span (() estes co Ean where L,, For beams where the wab face grain is 90° 10 the span, andor for structural plywood of special construction vith thinner (or thicker) face plies, refer to Tables El and £2 ‘of AS1720.1 for the appropriate values of g,, and L.,/d,, For | beams its beneficial o run the web face grain at $0" to the span and reduce the I beams’ torsional flexibility. The slenderness coetticent is thus significantly reduced (o,.= 0.31 for 3 equal pies and g,, = 0.30 for 5 or more equal plies). However, the characteristic length is also significantly reduced meaning that, f web stiffeners are used to incroaso the panel shear capacity of the web, then the stifener ‘spacing would be ridiculously close (L,, = 0.574, for 3 equal plies and L, = 0.78d, for 5 or more equal plies}. Maximum Web Stiffener Spacing Section 2.5 of AS1720.1 suggests that for webs in which the slenderness coefficient for panel shear is greater than 15, vertical stfeners be spaced a maximum of about 40% greater than the characteristic length along the web. This is not a strenath requirement and is not obligatory. Itis purely aesthetic and is to obviate the occurrence of visually apparent wob buckles or shear distortions normal to the web. In fact, the plywood web stitfens considerably after the onset of these minor shear buckles. However, if required, addi- tional stiffeners of cross section of at least 0.25 times the area of a flange should be spaced at a minimum of Face Grain Angle o 0 3 ply of equal veneers 280d, 0786, or more ples of equal vaneer| 2 08d, Tid, 7.0 WEB SPLICE DESIGN In plywood web design, tho web splice should be checked to ensure that the beam is capable of transferring the shear across the web splice location. For box beams fabricated with one web continuous at each splice, then the shear capacity can be checked assuming the splice is totally ineffective. This is done as in the previous section but using the first moment of area Q, of the flange and one web only AAs the stfener fully restrains the web against shear buckling koe 10, In beams where detlection is design critical, the nailing of the web splice is best the same as specified for the flange: web connection. However, the web stiffeners may need to be thicker to accopt the increased naling. In other cases the web splice nailing can be nominal, say, nails spaced at 10, times the web thickness. In cases where the single web is ingutfiient to transter the shear or, for land C beams, the railing ofthe web splice will have to be designed to transfer the shear, If splices in flanges are required, itis best to butt the flanges tightly to transfer the compression, and use either galvanised steel nal-through plates or a timber spice with suitably designed nailing to transter the tension. A weak flange splice will significantly affect deflection, and can overload the wob with bending forces. 8.0 WEB STIFFENERS In plywood webbed beams ASI720.1 states in Appendix £2.5 that web stiffeners are structurally adequate it they extend the full with of the flanges, and have the same ‘cross sectional area as one of the flanges. For ease of beam {fabrication it seems to be logical to use stiffeners of the same size as the flanges. In wide beams the stiffeners could be a separate piece of timber for each web. In the case ot slender ‘web stiffeners, for which the only possible buckling mode ‘would be normal to the web, then the stifener should be ‘checked as a solid timber column using S = d,/breacth of web stifener. 9.0 WEBS AT LOCATIONS OF CONCENTRATED LOAD In the event of a box beam being subjected to a concentrated load, or being supported at a point where there. is no web stifener, then the designer must refer to Appendix 24 of AS1720.1 to check for localised web buckling. That ‘section of the Code details the allowed effective width of bearing, how to calculate the slenderness coefficient, S, and the stability factor, k,,. ‘The most effective solution Is to have web stitfeners located at all points of concentrated load, including at the ‘edge of all beam supports. For heavily loaded beams with quite small bearing areas, especially within 75mm of the end of the beam, it may be necessary to check the compression perpendicular to the grain ofthe flanges. Stress Due to Concentrated Force W i = w Effective bearing area of plywood whore the bearing area is the effective bearing width times the plywood thickness, Eqn 9.1 The Allowable Compressive Stress Fo = KKKF! Eqn 92 where k,, and S are calculated as per Appendix E2.4. 10.0 CHECK ROLLING SHEAR — GLUED BEAMS Rolling shear is @ peculiarity of plywood where the shear acting inthe plane of the plywood causes the fibres of the perpendicular pies to roll over each other and shear the natural bonds between the timber fibres. ere pywood inane Guejoi ange ') me FIGURE 6: Part Plan Section of Glued Joint In a nailed plywood webbed beam the shear forces are transferred by the nals tothe full plywood section. However, in a glue only joint the longitudinal shear forces must transfer to the plywood through the flange-web glue joint thus subject- ing any plywood fiores oriented at right angles to the direction, of the shear, and adjacent to the joint, o rolling shear. ‘AS1720.1 in Table 5.3 allows for this case in glued beams by moditying the basic shear stress using a factor of 0.2 Rolling shear is generally not a concern for plywood webbed beams unless t,is less than 21/, times 1, In addition, with the face veneer parallel to span it could be argued that Q, should theoretically include the thickness of the face veneers to a depth oft, since the citcalroling shear plane will be between the face veneer and the underlying cross: band. In practice, however, the contribution of the face veneer to Q, can safely be neglected, remembering that the face veneer will also carry its share of the shear load. Rolling Shear Stress Due to Shear Load V V (EQ), Eqn 10.1 (ED, mt, where n = number of glue joints transterring shear load, The Allowable Rolling Shear Stress FL = kK02F; Eqn 10.2 11.0 DESIGN OF FLANGE - WEB CONNECTION It the connection between the flange and web is correctly glued and quality controlled, then a joint is deve! ‘oped in which the adhesive bond strength and durablity wil bbe superior fo the timber components comprising the joint. ‘Thus the only design check required for glued beam flange: web connections is rolling shear as covered in the section above. However, in nailed beams, the nailing has to be designed to transier the longitudinal shear trom the flanges into the webs for all possible load combinations. The design procedure is to assess the shear flow along the beam, 4, Using VOL. As in shear ligature design for concrete beams, it is acceptable to divide the beam into segments and vary the nail spacing for each segment. The permissible lateral shear load, Q, for the selected nail size is assessed for each load case. The maximum nail spacing, s, for each segment is found by dividing Q by q for the critical loading case. ‘Shear Capacity of Nails To develop full lateral shear capacity of a nail, the plywood thickness must be atleast one and a half times the nail diameter, and the nail has to penetrate into the flange timber at least 10 nail diameters, As any nail dren into timber causes some damage, itis good practice to spocity nail lengths close to the minimum required. For the same reason, plus improved shear transfer, itis better to use larger rhumbers of smaller nails than fewer nails of larger diameter. The minimum spacing of nails in timber is limited by the flange timber species and not by the plywood. Plywood ‘can be nailed within 7mm ofits edge for 7mm plywood and 10-12mm for thicker plywoods. AS1720.1 recommends ‘minimum nail spacing of 20 nail diameters along the grain {and 10 nail diameters across the grain of timbers. The naling density can be doubled using a staggered pattern at 5 nail diameters. The minimum edge distance, ie. the distance between the nails and the edge of the timber flange, is 5 nail diameters while the end distance is 20 nail diameters. Some designers utlize data trom New Zealand where nail spacing along and across the grain of radiata pine only can be reduced by up to 50% depending upon its density, ‘Compression buckling of the plywood web between nails on the compression flange is possible. In addition, differential moisture mavement between the flange material and the wobs can lead to a similar problem. To guard against these problems, a rule of thumb is fo ensure the nail spacing inhigh compression zones is no more than ten times the plywood thickness, and fiteen times elsewhere, 200 mn Nai staggered along grain 250 a “ 2 natcaneter | 2m arose F sO min cage distance FIGURE 7: Nail Spacing For Timber ‘The permissible load, Q, is given by 0 = ekki where k, = duration of load factor for connectors = 1.0 for dead loads (50+ years duration) 1.2 for lve loads such as people (5 months) = 1.35 for live loads, inftequent intervals (5 days) = 2.0 for wind and impact loads (5 minutes or less) 1.0 for nals in side grain 1.0 for nails in single shear 2.0 for nails in double shear k,. = 1.1 for nails through plywood k,, = 1.0 for simple linear joints e.g. flange-web joints = 0.88 to 1.0 for muttiple nail tension joints e.g tension flange splices = 1. 20 10 1.0 for multiple nail in-plane moment joints e.g. plywood gussets basic lateral load per nail as shown in Code Table 4.1 (B) reproduced below. CODE TABLE 4.1(8): SEASONED TIMBER Eqn 11.1 se nrg nd pea W specs alder we] ase] 00] eso | ens fozto [vae0 ]i7e0 oe | 200 | 00 | 00 | ees | ets | 1100 [2.0 os | 200 | ts | es | S05 | 700 | ‘ero | seco ou | fos | 2s | ars | avs | sts | eco | 730 vos | #0 | ts | b00 | a10 | ‘as | sto | coo [os [inns | sao | 170 | 205 | 20 | ass | a70 Shear Flow gq = VIED yt eqn 42 I, where V = shear load for load case being considered 1 = number of ins carrying shear load Nail Spacing The maximum allowable nail spacing, , is determined astollows: = 7 Eqn 11.3 12.0 CHECK DEFLECTIONS The estimated total deflection calculated during the beam size selection process using Eqns 3.2 and 3.3 pro- vides a close indication of total deflection for most beams, This final section covers the theory of deflection and allows a ‘more accurate assessment of deflection The design method for calculation of deflections of plywood webbed beams is expressed simply in the following ‘equation for total detlection O = A+aea, Eqn 12.1 where A= bending detlection ofa fully interacting (no slip) beam 4, = shear deflection 4,.= deflection due to nail slip (obviously zero for glued beams) When there are several types of load acting on a beam, the maximum deflection is the sum of the deflections ‘computed for each type of load acting alone, Please note the ‘AS1720.1 modulus of elasticity is an average value, thus the calculated deflection is also an average. Creep Factors for Timber Timber under long term loads exhibits creep. The Code provides for creep by applying the appropriate creep factor |, oF j, to the short term deflection. in assessing long term deilections, designers need to estimate the portion of the live load that will be permanent or semi permanent. I the recovery petiod forthe load is at least 10 times the load uration, then any creep is assumed to be recovered. ‘The factors for seasoned timber are: j, = cteop factor for bending, compression and shear members = 1.0 for loads of one day's duration or loss 1.3 for loads of § days duration 1.85 for loads of 5 months duration = 2.0 for loads lasting one year or more creep factor for tension members = 1.0 for all load durations on seasoned members, Bending Deflection ‘A reasonably accurate method of calculating bending deflection is to apply the creep factor to the traditional elastic, defection formula, The moduli of elasticity shown in 'AS1720.1 have already been reduced by 5% to allow for ‘shear deflection for an average range of sawn solid timber members. In plywood webbed beams the shear detlection is, ‘checked separately, so itis appropriate to use 1.05E in the bending deflection calculation. For example, the detecton fora UDL ona simply supported beam i 4 we ma 384° 1,05E) “The total bending deflection i then the sum ofthe short and long term deflections for the wot oad case Note: A more accurate and less conservative method of calculating the medium or long term deflection takes into account the zero creep in a seasoned tension flange. The method involves recalculating the second moment of area for the box beam section transtormed for creep and to a com- mon E. For example, to caiculate the long term deflection (j, = 2.0 and j, = 1.0) the transformed breadth of the com- pression flange and the thickness of the piywood webs would be around half the actual, while the transformed tension flange area would be close to the actual (depending on the E's of the web and the flanges). The deflection can then be calculated using the elastic formula, without the creep factor. Eqn 122 " Shear Deflection ‘As the web area of plywood webbed beams is low compared to solid timber, then shear deflections can be quite high. In sold timber the shear deflection is normally less than ‘5% of the bending deflection. However in plywood webbed beams the shear deflection is commonly in the range of 15% 10 30% and can be much higher. For UDL's the following formula gives a suticiently accurate assessmont of shear deflection (Rof4 and 8). a= hb aca, Eqn 12.3 where w = imposed load/unit length G = modulus of rigiaty of the plywood A = shear area = 21,4, for nailed box beams = 1,6, or nalled | and ¢ beams b aca, Nail Slip Deflection Nail slip and the consequent deflection are non linear however, both are related o the size ofthe shear load. and the capacity and numer of nails carrying the shear loads. The best available means of assessing nail slip deflection using elastic theory is to use design graphs published in a paper by Bruce Sandie ofthe Swinbume Instituto of Technology in Melbourne (Ret. 2). The graph is reproduces horo, wth permission, as Figure @. It is based on A linearly elaste solution but provides sufficiently accurate Gata for normal use. If required, a more accurate solution can be obtained using equations 12, 13 and 14 from Sandie's paper. These equations are based on non-inear nail behaviour To use the graph requires the calculation of a non «dimensional beam stifness factor (BSF) whose main variable isthe nai sifiness. From Appendix D2 of AS1720.1 the nail (or secant sifiness is given by. k = Pela, a 4, load per nail duration factor = 1.0 forless than 2 weeks 4.0 for more than 3 years, j, Can be linearly interpolated using log-time stifess factor 1600 for JI timber 1250 for JD2 ber 990 for D3 tiber = 750 for JD4 timber General, fo plywood webbed beams, nal stress ranges from 1000 to S000N/rim for short term loads and 400, to 1500N/mn for fong tem loads. As a guide only, the valve ‘of BSF is generally around 3x and 10° for residential beams, perhaps less than k x 10° for highly loaded short beams, to ‘over 5k x 10° fr lightly loaded purins, Eqn 12.5 ‘The main difficulty with using Figure 8 is the selection of a suitable nail sitiness k to adequately represent all fasteners in order to calculate BSF. In the case of a central point load, the nail stfiness would be constant along the beam and BSF is easily calculated. However, in the case of a UDL, the shear and the consequent sip varies from zero at the centre to a maximum at the supports. Additionally the nailing density could be varied to suit the shear loading, Each case should be assessed on its individual nail loading. However, for UDL's the most practical solution is to use the average nail load. Thus, fora uniformly nailed beam, the k selected would be double that forthe nailing in the centre of the span. ‘The factor derived from Figure 8 is then applied to the bending detlection adjusted to that of a single span. The shear, and the consequent nail sip, relate to the area under the bending moment curve, so the need to adjust the bending deflection used to calculate the nail slip, ‘The nail slip graph is based on the assumption that the ‘webs are continuous. In cases where the length of the plywood is reasonably close to the beam depth, the relative rotations between the adjacent plywood sheets can signi cantly increase the beam defection, The second graph (Figure 9) also reproduced here with permission from Bruce Sandie's paper, provides a means to calculate this increased etlection, Itcan be seen that, when L, is more than twice d,, then this secondary effect is insignificant and the first graph will sutice. Note: When calculating the total nail slip deflection for a ‘combination of short duration nail load P, and long duration load P,, appendix D2.1 of AS1720.1 suggests the following ‘method to account for the effect of the non-linear beam detections: Total 4,,= (0, from P, in the long term) (A, ftom P, in the short term) + (A, from P, + P) in the shor term) Eqn 12.6 itis suggested that the degree of accuracy required in most plywood webbed beam design would not require the use ot Eqn 126. al stitness (N/m) lange - web nall spacing (m) ‘tne (Nine) fas 0K = 13200 AS08010 Soo» 2700S. =e suf" NOTE: The eno ink 6 4% when compre ote use fhe tal Code ‘uation a he beam proporton ae the gona rosa he aecumpons [made aurea snpitieaton Work by Bruce Sande augoest and J shouldbe ediced to low fr increased fexbly of rae joints 13 SIMPLE APPROACH FULL ANALYSIS Check Panel Shear Inpywood wobs he shear aobuten much Hater than he parabolic Lie. a'short pane? 5 tase)" CE) ~08x06x(1S5)", #10 158 or teh Sane rcucton ges 58 (code Ean 3 (eo, Eqn.61 Le coda Tale £2 (Code Eqn. £2 (ode Eqn. 3 eg SS AE tho (5x.0105441 8 ura qn 62 > fess 0K 14, SIMPLE APPROACH FULL ANALYSIS Check Panel Shear at Web Splice Asue et web epic is 1200 rom end ot beam where V = 1434 re med ony [Awen spice, 1.0 P= 185.008.0018 = 207 Pa p> t.av 0K Design Fiange-Web Connection Prono best flow the al analysis oppste bu a quick conservative sneer nor | which amptiee te shar tow expression ich ves aaron ot 8 Nim Check Beam Stifiness As ne expected nal ap delcton should be well unde 20% for aoot bear et eavey ow dead oad ane as ho boar proportions ae in he nvmal ogion ten TOF should be stele accra ‘Detection OK “Ina TOF estimate wi be unconsnrvative for ory Gee beams, very ht anges or excessive nal tp de o Nigh hea ba, srer pan, oversize fanges or nafilent nating denaty, ‘An arnt sn snp metfod a sesessng nl sp tact, 10 vee ‘re of he fllwing formula rom Sond papor et 2 sak (EAISPY toy corral toad of Por we (Fax) : eAew BALE Yer uoLotw & ("ax") Truster BLA asnaninns? ses as04c (ramos ontop) oe 6x10" 39578 h0K Design Flange-Web Connection (EO, -EAy, T5811 107 Nem Shear ow a connection Veo 8 ee aeeeio%e =12Nimm Use 2a7exsionm nals nepolaing Code Table (8) fr JO4 ont suena Pair Eqn 012 2 Tika kabieko Ean tht Pasataat 29 2347 Nper ral Nal spac . Eqn 113 ‘Adopt na spacing of 45mm canbe Me ms. Check Beam Stiffness 0mm staggered at 15mm To Staton =e ee em. 121 (al Bending stocion ia outs * ar OsE, +h SATOH, Ean 122 dent0i00" 5x0. 1810400" OLA =2x Rerageangno® 2 JB. 0508 510" =Moete 86mm Teaxsotoa00" Us. = 1% apes 05mm Wea, 219 B8sao%reec0: exh 05090500 =209m (0) Sear dtcton ere sere 234720 ga aa DLs, -2x WegdIorMo—N0 + 2x 01e40.800. a aaeoo imme 86 So gute gh) ua Zon Wek, “185mm (Nat Sip Debecten (en, nsx" Se _ mae guia tone use 2 of Fiques Load per nator OL Ve ea 16. SIMPLE APPROACH ic is el Be atbea OoDODe TEE BAS L otauserzsaregy , OMS «1900450428 2257 HB? +4166 x900 450 3428 Thus (6), = 254% 10 Nm creep meting) Tis oods to 224% reduction inthe eaeuates DL bonding detction. The total DL delctin ater shar andra sip tus rec rom 277 to ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ‘The PAA wishes to acknowledge the assistance of the {following in the preparation and editing of the Design Guide. @ CSIRO - Division of Building Construction and Engineering, Melbourne © Bruce Hutchings ~ Timberbuit Ply. Lid., Melbourne © Peter Law — Law Matheson Yitrup Pty. Lid., Sydney | © James Pierce ~ James Pierce, Consulting Engineer, Brisbane ‘© Bruce Sandie - Schoo! of Civil Engineering and Building, Swinburne Instituie of Technology, | Melbourne © Peter Vitrup — P. J. Yitup & Associates Pty. Lid Geelong FULL ANALYSIS. ai The Bean Sis Farr Fue he Sande aap can or - Fon . Dae fm 108 ~ awe Foe ke 18 Nin han 0 Tras using Figure &: Bor. ae Nt stctacton ao = 11340. or, ate oer ar7mmis. ox ua ltosvroanios forma sn 24artes bets sonnets ox Those deletions are very cose othe approximations even hough the so ‘weg ol he beam wasmt aud inthe nal De dalaction eet DISCLAIMER ‘The information, opinions, advice and recommenda- tions contained in this Design Guide have been prepared with due care. They are offered only for the purpose of providing useful background and data to assist profession. als who wish to design plywood webbed beams. Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that this, Design Guide is in accordance with current technology, itis ‘ot intended as an exhaustive statement ofall relevant data, and as successful design and construction depends ‘upon numerous factors outside the scope of this Design Guide, the Plywood Association of Australia Lid, accepts no responsibilty for error in, or omissions from, this Design Guide, nor for specifications or work done or omitted to be

    You might also like