Magnetism

Magnets

magnetism force of attraction or

repulsion

not all objects are affected by the force of

magnetism

ex. wood, glass, paper, plastic

common metals affected by magnetism are

iron, nickel, and cobalt

Magnets

poles two ends of a magnet

every magnet has two poles

north (N) pole
south (S) pole

even if you break a magnet in half, each half

will have a north pole and a south pole

Magnets

the north pole of a magnet points North

it is often called North-seeking

Properties of Magnets

if a north pole and a south pole are

brought together, they will attract each
other

opposites attract

Properties of Magnets
if the north pole of one magnet is brought
near the north pole of another magnet,
they will repel each other
if two south poles are brought together,
they will repel each other

Properties of Magnets

like magnetic poles repel each other

unlike magnetic poles attract each other

Magnetic Fields

magnetic field area around a magnet

where magnetic forces can act

a magnetic field is made up of magnetic

lines of force

Magnetic Fields

magnetic lines of force lines that show

the shape of a magnetic field

the magnetic lines of force are closest

together at the poles of the magnet

this is where the magnet is strongest

Making a Magnet

some magnets occur in nature

these magnets are called natural

magnets

ex. magnetite (also called lodestone)

Making a Magnet

materials that are not natural magnets

can be magnetized

Making a Magnet

magnetic induction process by which a

material can be made into a magnet

Making a Magnet

some materials are easy to magnetize

ex. iron

Making a Magnet

a material that is easily magnetized

tends to lose its magnetism quickly

a magnet made of this kind of material is

called a temporary magnet

Making a Magnet

materials that are hard to magnetize will

also stay magnetized for a long time

a magnet that is hard to magnetize but

tends to keep its magnetism is called a
permanent magnet

The Earth as a Magnet

William Gilbert

a British scientist

the Earth has north and south poles like a

bar magnet

The Earth as a Magnet

the Earth has a North Magnetic Pole and

a South Magnetic Pole

the North Magnetic Pole is located near the

geographic North Pole

the South Magnetic Pole is located near the

geographic South Pole

The Earth as a Magnet

the North Magnetic Pole is like the south

pole of a bar magnet

the South Magnetic Pole is like the north

pole of a bar magnet

The Earth as a Magnet

the Earth is surrounded by a magnetic

field which extends far into space

magnetosphere region of the Earths

magnetic field

The Earth as a Magnet

the magnetosphere traps charged

particles from the sun

when these particles enter the

atmosphere, an aurora is formed

auroras are also called the northern and

southern lights

Electricity and Magnetism

Hans Oersted

about 200 years ago

an electric current flowing in a wire causes a

compass needle to move

Electricity and Magnetism

an electric current passing through a

wire causes a magnetic field

Electricity and Magnetism

electromagnetism relationship between

electricity and magnetism

Electricity and Magnetism

Michael Faraday (British scientist)
Joseph Henry (American scientist)

when a wire is moved across a magnetic

field, an electric current is induced in the
wire

Electricity and Magnetism

electromagnetic induction process by

which an electric current is produced by
moving a wire in a magnetic field

Electricity and Magnetism

a wire carrying an electric current always

has a magnetic field around it
the magnetic field in a straight wire is not
very strong
if the wire is wound into a coil, the magnetic
field becomes much stronger as the
individual magnetic fields overlap

the greater the number of coils, the stronger the

magnetic field

Electromagnets

electromagnet temporary magnet

made by wrapping a current-carrying
wire around an iron core

the center of an electromagnet is called the

core

it is often made of iron

Electromagnets

as long as current is flowing, an

electromagnet has a magnetic field

when current is turned off, there is no

longer a magnetic field

Electromagnets

there are two ways to make an

electromagnet stronger

increasing the number of coils

increasing the amount of current

Electromagnets

electromagnets are useful because they

can be turned on and off

electromagnets have many important

uses

ex. radios, telephones, computers

Electromagnets

changing the direction of an electric

current causes the poles of an
electromagnet to reverse

this feature is important in the production of

electric motors

Transformers

transformer device in which alternating

current in one coil of wire induces a
current in a second coil

Transformers

a transformer consists of two coils of

wire around a magnet

the first coil, called the primary coil, is

connected to the power source

the second coil, called the secondary coil, is

connected to the load

a load is something that uses electricity, such as

a light bulb or a motor

Transformers

a transformer only works with alternating

current

Transformers

a step-up transformer increases voltage

it consists of more coils of wire in the

secondary coil than the primary coil

Transformers

a step-down transformer decreases

voltage

it consists of more coils of wire in the

primary coil than the secondary coil

Electric Motors

electric motor device that changes

electrical energy into mechanical energy

Electric Motors

an electric motor is made up of an

electromagnet and a permanent magnet

Electric Motors

the electromagnet is free to turn and is

hooked up to a source of alternating
current

changing the direction of an electric current

causes the poles of an electromagnet to
reverse

Electric Motors

attraction and repulsion between the

electromagnet and the permanent
magnet cause the electromagnet to spin

Electric Motors

an electric motor can use direct current if

a special switch is used

Generators

generator device that changes

mechanical energy into electrical energy

a current can be induced in a loop of wire by

spinning the loop inside a magnetic field

due to the changing direction of the wire, an

alternating current is produced

Generators

an electric generator is made up of an

insulated loop of wire and a U-shaped
magnet

spinning the loop of wire in the magnetic

field of the magnet produces an electric
current

Generators

most of the energy we use every day

comes from generators

Generators

mechanical energy for many generators

is supplied by turbines

a turbine is a large wheel that is turned by

moving steam or water