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Chapter1 Hydraulics
Chapter1 Hydraulics
Section 4
Instructor:
Lecture:
Mondays, 3 pm to 5 pm
Wednesdays, 8 am to 10 am
Free surface
T
Flow
x
Datum
others
Flow Q
Free surface
Sw = water surface slope
y d
So = bottom slope
x
Datum
Q
A
T = top width
P
B = bottom width
D=
flow area A
=
top width T
P
B
Area
A
Top width
T
Wetted perimeter
P
By
B + 2y
zy2
2zy
2y 1 + z 2
By + zy2
B + 2zy
B + 2y 1 + z 2
D2
(2 sin )
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Dsin
T
y
B
Rectangular
T
z
Triangular
T
1
y
z
B
Trapezoidal
T
D
Circle
Canals - is usually a long and mild-sloped channel built in the ground, which may be
unlined or lined with stoned masonry, concrete, cement, wood or
bituminous material.
Chute -
Natural chute (falls) on the left and man-made logging chute on the right
on the Coulonge River, Quebec, Canada
Stormwater sewer - is a drain or drain system designed to drain excess rain from
paved streets, parkinglots, sidewalks and roofs.
Storm sewer
Space - how do the flow conditions change along the reach of an open
channel system.
a. Uniform flow - depth of flow is the same at every section of the
flow dy/dx = 0
b. Non-uniform flow - depth of flow varies along the flow dy/dx 0
Time - how do the flow conditions change over time at a specific section
in an open channel system.
c. Steady flow - depth of flow does not change/ constant during
the time interval under consideration dy/dt = 0
d. Unsteady flow - depth of flow changes with time dy/dt 0
y Const
ant water
depth
b. Non-uniform flow
y1
y2
Depth change
s
along the chan
nel
c. Steady flow
y
Time = t1
Time = t2
y1
y1
Time = t1
Time = t2
d. Unsteady flow
y
t3
t1
t2
t3
t1
t2
Steady flow
Unsteady flow
Uniform flow
Non-uniform flow
Rapidly-varied flow
Gradually-varied flow
Sluice
GVF
Hydraulic
jump
RVF
GVF
RVF
Flow over
weir
Hydraulic
drop
Contraction
below the sluice
Re < 500
Re =
VR
The flow is laminar if the viscous forces are dominant relative to inertia.
Viscosity will determine the flow behaviour. In laminar flow, water
particles move in definite smooth paths.
The flow is turbulent if the inertial forces are dominant than the viscous
force. In turbulent flow, water particles move in irregular paths which
are not smooth.
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Fr < 1
V < gD
Fr = 1
V = gD
Fr > 1
V > gD
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b. supercritical - laminar
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Q5. A triangular channel of apex angle 120 carries a discharge of 1573 L/s.
Calculate the critical depth.
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