o,-o:--.

~~~~

7. Solve: z4

25

----~

+ 1 = O.

U.CVlVU,

lJ<lCAL REPRESENTATION

+ z + z + 1 = O.

8. Find the three roots of the equation z3

1.8

THE NTH ROOTS OF UNITY,

20. Observe that

(1

9. Show that the equation 32z 5 = (z

l )5 has four imaginary roots, two of
which lie in the second quadrant and two in the third. Also show that
ali of the roots le on the circle:

+ z + z + + zn) (1 -

For z =F 1, we have

(jt

= cos5 8 -

tt. cos 8 + sin 8 =

1:z. sin 6 8 + cos6 8 =
8

Xn-.tYr. -

X-.Yn-1 --

~ .
sm k6
1

f:

21.

+ i v3)n

where n is a positive integer. Prove that

'1

22n-2 V
A
-'

(e) sinn 6

+ sm
sin
cos 8)n =
. 88-+ ti. cos
+
8

i7. Prove that the real values of

n2krr)

cos [n

(7! _ 8)] + t.sin [n (7! _ 8)] .

2

Vi + V~,

(
2 Vr cos + n , k =O, !, ... , n -

where z

l. Fmd the real values of

is. The points z1, z 2, z 3 form an equilateral triangle in the complex plane
with z1 = 4 + 6i and z 2 = (1 - i) z1. Determine the two possible val u es
19. The three points in the complex plane which correspond to the roots of
the equation

"!ipz

+ 3qz -

= O

are the vertices of a triangle ABC. Prove that the centroid of the triangle
is the 2 point corresponding to p. If the triangle ABC is equilateral, prove
that p = q.

< 27T.

2r) 6,

r=G

I (- lY (nr) sin (n -

211 1

2r) 6,

r=O

where

(:) =

2) ... (n - r
r!

l)(n

n(n

+ l) for r >O, ( ~)

=l.

When n is a positive even integer:

= n-l

(e) sinn 6

= - n-l

1 <n-2l/2 n
(

(d) cosn 6

(r=O

(b) sin n6

(- lY (

1y

+ i sin 6)n

( n)

r)

cos

(n -

1 ( n )
2r) 6 + 2n n/ 2

and equating the real and imaginary

2
cos(n-2r) 6 sin r 6,

2r

= ~ (- 1)"-(- n
r=O

n)

(n/2 ,

r=O

22. Show by expanding (cos 6

(a) cos n6

1
2r) 6 + 2n

r) cos (n -

( _ l)n/2 <n-2>/2

parts that

I (r) cos (n -

(- l)(n-1)/2 <n-ll/2

of Z3.

1 (n-1>!2 n
n-l

rei 0 , are given by

vi +iV3 + v1 -iV3.

6
cos [(n + 1/2) 6]
cot l sin (6/2)
, where O < 6
2

=l

Let z = cos 6 + i sin 6 = ei. Establish the results given below.

(a) zn + 1/zn = 2 cos n6 and zn - 1/zn = 2i sin n6.
When n is a positive odd integer:
(b) cosn 6

i6. Prove that

( I
l

k _ l
sin [(n + 1/2) 6]
6- 2+
2 sin (6/2)
'

f:o cos

14. Verify formula (1.7.2) when n is a negative integer.

(l

+ 5 cos 8 sin4 8.
(1/64) (cos 88 + 28 cos 48 + 35).
(1/8) (3 cos 48 + 5).

integer, we get values that can be obtained by the earlier substitutions.

+ IYn =

+ z + + zn = -1- z

10 cos 3 8 sin 2 8

13. In (I.7.3), verify that we get n distinct nth roots, which are determined by
placing k in turn equal to O, l, .. , n - l, and that for k equal to any other

is. Let Xn

1 - zn+l,

Using this formula, derive the following formulas:

. In Exercises 10-12, use DeMoivre's theorem [see formula (1.7.2)], to prove the
, following results:

10. cos 58

1 - zn+l

1+z

(X - ~r + y2 =

z)

\2r

) cos(n-2r-1> 6 sin<2r+1> 6,

+1