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lsh yel'8 ixl%uKsl ia;%S llrejka w;ka 5] lf.a muK
whs;Ska W,a,x>Kh ls j,g ,lajk njg jd;d f' fujeks
jd;d ;sh;a tajd fkdi,ld fo,laI yegoyila muK 2011
Y%S ,xldfjka ngysr wdishdjg ixl%uKh jQ w;r Tjqka f.ka
107"000la .Dyia: llrejka f,iska /lshd ,nd f.k we;'9

vhia' t' iy wd' chiqkaor" ^2002& Y%S ,xldj( ixl%uKsl llrejka iQrdlEf Y%u
wdlD;shlg .uka lsu je<elaf hym;a Nd;hlg ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd jevms<sfj,"
wxl 9 ILO; kSjd'
G Brochman (1993) ueofmr. udj;" .,a*a l,dmhg Y%S ,xldfjka ia;%S ixl%uKh'
Westview Press. OXFORD GAMBURD. MR (2000) Kitchen Spoon Handle:
Transnatiolism Y%S ,xldf ixl%uKsl .Dy fialdjka ms<sn| fYaI i|ykla" ;SrK
.ekSf l%shdj,sh" ILO fld<U'
tia' fldaff.dv ^2006& Bringing Home The Mondy: Y%S ,xldf ixl%uKh yd ia;%SmqreI iudcNd foaYmd,kh ioa k d wdhd iy wkq mud frda hs '
<slu ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh iy ixl%uKh" wdishdf ia;%Ska iy ixl%uKh" fju 2"
msgq 49 isg 72" Sage m%ldYlfhda" kj,a,sh' tka'' fmfrd ^2009& Weighining the Options:
Y%S ,xldf /ln,d .ekSf ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdh ksfhdacl;ajh iy ixl%uKssl llre
ia;%Skaf.a ksfhdacl;ajh" tys jeo.;alu" mfhaIK m;%sldj ISIS Hague.
tia' fldff.dv iy t,a'fla' reyqKf.a ^2012& Y%S ,xldf ixl%uKsl llrejkaf.a
la.ek,s weu;Su iy meKs,s yeisrf hdka;%Kh iy la.ek,s Yla;su;a lsu"
iudf,dapkh iy Yaf,aIKfha hdka;%Kh" ILO, fld<U'
Y%S ,xldf foaY /lshd kshqla;s ldhdxYh ^2012&' 2011 foaY /lshd ms<sn| jdIsl
ixLHd f,aLk jd;dj" fld<U" igyk 31'

11

wdmiq ish rgg meKs ixl%uKsl llrejka

Y% S ,dxls l ixl% u Ks l fia j lhs k a ;djld,s l /ls h djka y s
foa Y .;j is g is h rgg meKS u iy Tjq k a iudchg
wka ;.% yKh u Y% S ,xld ixl% u Ks l fia j lhs k a ms < s n |
uE;ld,Skj idlpPdjg ,laf' wdmiq meKs Y%S ,xldf
ixl%uKsl llrejka ms<sn| 2009 Y%S ,xldf ixl%uKsl
foaY /lshd ms<sn| m%;sm;a;sh wkqu; lsu" tu lafIa;%fha
m%;sm;a;s imdokfha jeo.;a mshjrls'10
fuu l%shdj,sh cd;Hka;r llre ixOdkfha fld<U ldhd,h
iska myiqlrk ,' uE;l idlPdj, tu l%h
s dj,shg m%;sm;a;s
imdolhska" foaY /lshd tackais ksfhda;hska" oHdka"
ixl%uKsl m%Yak inkaOfhka l%shd;auljk is,a ixOdk
ksfhda;hska inkaO lr .ekqKs' ixl%uKsl llrejka Y%S
,xldj ;=< Tjqkaf.a m%cdjka w;rg kej; meKSu iy Tjqka
h<s wka;.%yKh (reintegration) lsf jeo.;alu ms<s.ekSu
cd;sl m%;sm;a;sfha m%Odk wjOdkhg ,la jQ lreKls' wdmiq
meKs ixl%uKsl llrejka M,odhS f,i h<s wka;.%yKh
lsu iy;sl lsu i|yd mshjrhka lsysmhla cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh
uska bm;a lrhs'
Y%S ,xldf ixl%uKsl l%shdodufha kej; ish rgg meKshjqka
wka;.%yKh lsu fkdi,ld ykq ,enQ ldrKhla h' flfia
jqj;a miq.sh wjqre lsysmh ;=< tu lreK inkaOfhka je
wjOdkhla fhduq we;' fuys ie,ls,a,g .;hq;= w;sYhska
jeo.;a ldrKhla jQfha" fuu llrejka n,.ekaug iy
mqoa.,sl fukau cd;sl ixjOkhg Tjqkaf.a odhl;ajh M,odhS
f,i ,nd .ekSug wjYH lrk h<s wka;.%yKh lsf ie,iq
wdrN l<hq;= jkqfha msg;aug mQj wjfha isg njhs' tu
ie,iq m%jOkh fldg .ekah hq;af;a foaYhkays fiajfha
fh ishu h' th wdmiq meK h<s wka;.%yKh lsu olajd
m%udo fkdl< hq;=h' fuf,i ixl%uKsl llrejka Tjqkaf.a
10

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Government of Sri Lanka (2009), Sri Lanka National Labour Migration Policy (2009).
Ministry of Foreign Employment Promotion and Welfare, Sri Lanka. http://www.ilo.org/
colombo/what wedo/publications/WCMS_114003/langen/index.htm

rgj,g wdmiq meKs miq h<s wka;.%yKh lsf Wmdh ud.h

iy ie,iq we;s lsf wjYH;djh ms<sn| mq,a idlPd 2010
jif wdrN h' ixl% u Ks l hs k a kej; meKs miq
wka;.%yKh lsu inkaO jvd;a mq,a laula ;=< fiajh
i|yd msg;aj hdug fmr wjfha isgu kej; ;u rg ;=<
wka;.%yKh lsf .eg inkaOfhka wjOdkh fhduq lrhs'
ixl%uKsl Y%lhska h<ss wka;.%yKh lsu inkaOfhka cd;sl
ixl%uKsl llre m%;sm;a;sh fufia wjOdrKh lrhs' kej;

ish rgg meKSu iy h<s wka;.%yKh lsf l%shdj,sh ;=<

Y%lhskaf.a udkj .re;ajh iqrlska Tjqkaf.a whs;Ska fukau
ksoyi iqrlaIs; lsf" im;a iy wjia:d <dlrf j.lSu
rch fj; mejfrhs' f i|yd is,a iudch ;=< fiajHhkaf.a
iy jD;a;Sh i;sj, N+ldj fukau odhl;ajh .ekah hq;=
f fiajHhkaf.a iy jD;a;Sh i;sj, N+ldj 11 m%;sm;a;sh
m%ldY lrk m h<s wka;.%yKh lsf rdcH m%;sm;a;sh
uska ixl%uKsl llrejka ksis ms<s.ekSug ,la l< hq;= f'
tfukau Tjqkag iydh u msKsi f.dvkd l%shd;aul l<hq;=
fuu jevms,sfj< ksYa; m%;smdok .Kkdjla flfrys ish
wjOdkh fhduql< hq;= w;r th m%;m
s dok lsym
s hla i|yd muKla
iS ud fkdl< hq ;=h ' h<s wka ;.% yKh ls f m% ;s m ;a ;s h
flgqm;a lsf cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh fufia i|yka lrhs'
ixl%uKsl llrejka iy Tjqkaf.a mjq,a h<s wka;.%yKh
lsf l%shdodufha is,a iudc ixOdk iy jD;a;sh i;sj,
ldhNdrh rch iska ms<s.; hq;= hehs o kej; mefKk
Y%lhska id:l wdldrfhka h<s wka;.%yKh lsu i|yd
jevms<sfj, f.dvkeSf rch iu jevlsug myiqjk
mirhla rch iska we;sl< hq;= hehs o m%ldY lrhs'
kej; mefKk ixl%uKsl Y%lhska n,.ekafjk iy id:l
f,i wka;.%yKh lsu i|yd jQ l%shdud.hg is,a iudc
ixOdk iy jD;a ;S h i;s j ,g iydh la u myiq l rk
jd;djrKhla mej;sh hq;=h' m%cduQ, ixOdk f.dvkeSu ;=<ska
ixl%uKsl llrejka n,.ekafjk w;r Tjqkaf.a wjYH;djhka
11

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13

ks r jq , a j m,ls ug yels h dj ,ndfokq ,ef' tfia u tu

wjYH;djhka weu;Sug yelshdj ,nd foa' ms<s.;a is,a ixOdk

iy jD;a;Ssh i;s iu Tjqka ndr.;a jevigykaj,g wkqmQrlj

inkaO lrk l%ufohka we;slr l%shdjg kesh hq;=h' 12
ol=Kq wdishdf ixl%uKsl llrejkaf.a wdmiq meKSu;a" h<s
wka ;.%yKh ls u;a " ia;% S ixl% u Ks l l%s hdj,s fha jeo.;a
,laIKhla f,i wjOdrKh lr we;' wdmiq ish rgg meKs
ixl%uKsl ia;%S llrejka ms<sn| flar<h iy bkahdf .udk
yhl 2009 lrk ,o yeula fufia m%ldY lrhs' ;ukaf.a

. m%foaYj," fYaIfhka .no m,d;aj, is we;s iudc

wdl fjkial wdmiq mefKk ixl%uKslhska flfrys
nrm;, f,i n,mdhs' fuu kej; mefKk ixl%uKslhska
uqyqK fok jvd;a nrm;, wNsfhda.h jkqfha wdmiq meKs miq
;u uq,a . m%foaYj, ;;a;ajhkag h<s yev.eiSu hs' 13
tu wOHhkh jerg;a fufia mjihs' /lshdj id:lj wjika

l< ixl%uKsl llre ia;%Skag wdmiq meKs l< fndfydag

Ia l r ;;a ;a j hka g uq y q K ug is jka fka ke;' tfy;a
fldka;%d;a;=j imQK fkdl< iy ie,lsh hq;= b;s lsula
fkdue;s jQjkag jvd;a nrm;, .egj,g uqyqK ug isjkjd
h yelsh' tfukau ixl%uKslhska wdmiq meKSf fya;= iy
Tjqkaf.a ;;a;ajhka f i`oyd n,mdk nj o meye,sh'14
fld<U Yaj oHd,fha l,d mSGfha iudc m%;sm;a;s Yaf,aIKh
iy fYaIK flakah (SPARC&15 uska jI 2013 mj;ajk
,o Y%S ,xldf h<s wka;.%yKh lsu ms<sn|j mq,a wOHhkh
tu Ih inkaOfhka lrk ,o m<uq wOHhk hhs' wOHhkfha
ud;Dldj ;u .u iu kej; inkaO u flfrys Y%S ,xldf
wdmiq meKs ixl%uKslhskaf.a lau hkakhs' ia;%slal 15 l
12
13

14
15

14

tu
weuldf ck.yK ix.uh" ^2009& ia;%S .Dyia: llrejkaf.a wka;cd;sl meKSu
iy Tjqka h<s wka;.%yKh lsu" bkahdf flar<fha .udk 6l wOHhkh" Princenton
University
tu
tia'' fyf.a" tka' m%kdka" ta'' mqxfyajd' ^2013& Reintegration with Home Community

wdmiq meKs ixl%uKslhska 2000l f.a f;dr;=re ^6]la ia;%Ska"

24]la mqreIhska& fuys tl;= lr ;snqKs'16
fuu wOHhkfha W;aidyh jQfha ixl%uKsl llrejka wdmiq
meKSf kej; iudchg wka;.%yKh f iy kej;
mx f uqyqKka .eg iy wfmalaIdjka ykd .ekSuhs'
wOHhkfha fidhd.kq ,enQfha wdmiq meKSu iy wka;.%yKh
u wdmiq mefKk O lKavdh wkqj tlsfklg fndfydarg
fjkia njh' Tjqkf
a .a iqfYaIS ,laIKh wkqj o Tjqkf
a .a mjq,aj,
iy m%cdjf.a iudc wd:sl ;;a;ajhkag wkqj o fuu fjkiau
mok f' wOHhkfha wdmiq meKs ixl%uKsl llrejkaf.a
m% Y a k jgyd .ekS f jeo.;a l u u;= l r la h' kej;
wka;.%yKh u .eUqka wOHhkh l<hq;= ixlSK m%Yakhls'
fYaIfhka wdmiq meKs ixl%uKslhskaf.a fldaKfhka ne,Su
fuys jeo.;a f' wdmiq meKs ixl%uKslhska Yd, ixLHdjlaa

rgmqrd is isu inkaOfhka i,ld n,k g Tjqka M,odhS

f,iska wka;.%yKh lsu cd;sl jYfhka jeo.;a" iudc iy
wdl m%;sm;a;suh m%Yakhla f,i mj;S' th m%udo fkdlr
weu;Su wjYH f' h<s wka;.%yKh lsf wdl udkhka
;SrKd;aulj jeo.;a jk w;r fuys iudc iy ufkdaoHd;aul
;;a;ajhka inkaOfhka i,ld ne,Su o iuia;hla jYfhka
mjqf,a iqNidOkhg jeo.;a f' 7
msg;aug fmr ld,h" foaY.;j is ld,h" wdmiq meKs miq
ld,h jYfhka ixl%uKsl ls%shdodufha wjia:d 3 la hgf;a
wOHhkfha m%Odk fidhd .ekSu bm;a lrhs' wdmiq meKs
ixl%uKsl llrejka i|yd jevigyka uey;a ;SrKh
lsf m%n, m%jK;djhla we;s nj fidhdf.k we;' fndfyda
wdmiq meKs msia ;u mjq,a" <uqka" ia;SrK mjq,a iy iudcuh
ugka fukau cd;sl ugka o Tjqkaf.a odhl;ajh ms<sn|j
i;=gq jk nj wOHhkfha mejiqf hehs i|yka lrhs' kuq;a
;j;a jeo.;a m%udKhla fuu odhl;ajh tk" ;u mjq,aj,g

16
17

tu
fld<U" .my" l;r" .d,a," ud;r" r;akmqr" lE.,a," uykqjr" ud;f,a" n,a," wmdr"
uvl,mqj" wkqrdOmqrh" l=reKE., iy mq;a;,u'

15

,ndfok odhl;ajh ms<sn| Wkkajla lajQfha ke;' wdmiq

meKshjqkaf.ka 10]la h<s wka;.%yKh lsf l%shdj,sfha
.egj,g uqyqK ka w;r nyq;rhla msi iudcuh jYfhka
M,odhS f,i wka;.%yKh ;snqKs' h<s wka;.%yKh f
ksYa; ldrKd foi ne g wOHhkh iska fmkajd fokafka
nyq;rhla wdfhdackh lr we;af;a ,sh iy ,s WmlrK
jeks mdfNdack WmlrK i|yd i ksIamdok yelshdjka we;s
WmlrK i|yd fkdjk njhs' wdmiq meKs msfika iq
m%udKhla ^13]&la muKla kj ksjdi j,g f.dia we;' wOHhkhg
yiq jQ iEu fofklau ;u ksjdij, ;;a;ajh hqKq lrf.k
we;'18
SPARC wOHhkfha h<s wka;.%yKh iudc iy wdl
jYfhka fjkalr olajhs' wdluh jYfhka h<s wka;.%yKh
u ms<sn|j i,ld n,kg wdmiq meKs ixl%uKslhska w;ka
nyq;rhla ;uka wdmiq ish rgg meKshdhska miqj wdl
jYfhka lrkafka l=ula hs hkak inkaOfhka wksYa;j
is w;r ia;%Skaf.ka 54]la iy mqreIhskaf.ka 24]la" Tjqkaf.a
wdmiq meKSfuka miqj jev fkdlr isug ;SrKh lr ;sKs'
flfia jqj;a wdmiq meKs msfika 70]la udi 6la we;=<;
/lshd fidhd .;a w;r 20]la udi 7-12 w;r ld,hla Y%S ,xldj
;=< /lshd fidhd .ekSug ld,h jeh l<y' nyq;rh Tjyq
fidhd.;a /lshd ms<sn|j ;Dma;su;a jQy' flfia fj;;a Tjqkaf.a
jegq m a ;,hk a iy /ls hdf ia j Ndjfha fjkia l
fkdfmkajQfhka Tjqka kj ksmqK;d ,ndf.k fkdue;s nj fyda
,nd.;a ksmqK;djka i|yd fjf<| fmd<la fkdue;s nj hk
ldrKd fy<sor f' .Dyia: llrejka f,iska /lshdjkays
ks r ; jQ ixl% u Ks l ia ;% S k a " wrd NdIdj ms < s n | Tjq k a f.a
ks m q K ;djh" uq ;eka f .h l<ukdlrKh lr .ekS f
ksmqK;djh iy wydr msiSf ksmqK;djh jehqKq lr.;a nj
i|yka lr we;;aa Tjqkaf.a fuu ksmqK;d wdl jYfhka fj<|
fmd< ;=< wf, l< yels tajd fkdh'

18

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kej; mefKk ixl% u Ks l Y% lhs k a g h<s iudchg

wka;.%yKh f zzTjqkag ndOd muqKqjk ch.; fkdyels
ugf .eg ke;s njZZ wOHhkh uska fmkakq lrhs'
tfukau fuu ixl%uKslhska foaY /lshd uska cd;sl ugf
,nd.;a ie,lsh hq;= wdl jdis iska mjq,a ugfuka iy
mqoa., ugf isjk wys;lr m%;sM, fkd;ld yeug Tjqyq
fmd<Ujkq ,n;s' fndfyda id:l l;djka wOHhkh uska
fmkakq l<;a ie,lsh hq;= mjq,a ixLHdjla ixl%uKsl /lshd
j, ksfIaOd;aul iudc n,mE inkaOfhka fmkakq lr
we;' wjodk iy.; ;;a;j
a hkays <uqka iy mjqf,a idudlhska
uqyqK fok .eg iy kej; meKs Y%lhd mq,a iudcfha
m% c d lghq ; = j ,g inka O f we;s j k .eg flfrys
wOHhkh ksYa;j uihs'
flfia jqj;a Y%S ,xldf kef.kysr m<df;a ia;%slal foll
ia;%S fyda mqreI ixl%uKsl llrejkaf.a <uhska /ln,d .ekSu
inkaOfhka lrk ,o wOHhkfha fidhd .kq ,enQ m%Odk
lreKqj,g wkqj fy<sor jQfha foaYj,g /lshd i|yd .sh
whf.a <uhska ,enQ /ljrKh iy myiql tu m%foaYj, fmdf
fiiq orejkag o ,efnk /ljrK rgdjg b;du;a iudk njhs'

<uqkg
a uqyK
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u"& wOHhkhg Ndckh jQ m% c djka ys wl f,i mj;S '
ixl%uKsl mjq,aj, orejka iy inkaO ;;a;ajh o g iudkh'
tfy;a .=l,lg uj fyda mshd fkdisu fya;=fldgf.k .eg
jvd;a W.%u isf'19

19

fla'' fj;a;isxy" Ikauq. iy tia' tuEkqfj,a ^2012& ixl%uKsl llrejkaf.a <uhskag

l,am n,d.ekSula$/ljrKhla iemhSu" wmdr iy uvl,mqj' Tere Des Homes (TDH)
COLOMBO.

17

fuu wOHhkh" mjq, ;=< ia;%Skaf.a iy mqreIhskaf.a N+ldj

ms<sn|j l;sldf jeo.;a tl;=jls' mam;alu m%Odk idOlh
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ixl%uKslhska f,i mjqf,ka wE;aj ish o ia;%Ska iy mqreIhska
ish mjq,a ;=< bgqlrk N+ldjka ms<n
s |j wOHhkh uska uihs'
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m%;sm;a;sfha we;=<;a m%;smdok l%shd;aul lsf Y%S ,xld rcfha
m%Odk wjOdkh fhduq we;af;a 2012 h;a l< rgrefjda
jevigyk flfrys h'
fuu jevms<sfj< Y%S ,xldf foaY /lshd kshqla;s ldhdxYh
(SLBFE) uska l%shd;aul lrk ,o jevigykls' th m%dfoaYSh
f,al fldGdY ugka h;a flreKs' fuu jevigyfka
mrud:h jQfha ixl%uKsl llrejka iy Tjqkaf.a mjq,aj,

idudlhska o we;=,;aj ixl%uKsl m%cdjkays cd;sl ugf

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fuu jevms < s fj,s k a n,dfmdfrd;a ;= jkq fha /ls h d i|yd
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jelsu" bmhSj, Wmu jdis i,id .ekSug Wo lsu"
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ms<sn|j wjOdkh fhduq lrhs'

20

18

Y%S ,xldf foaY /lshd kshqla;s ldhdxYh ^2012& rg refjda ixOdkh" flgqm;
fld<U'

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m%;sM,hls'
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kshqla;j isg miq.sh oYl ;=kla uq,af,a h<s wdmiq Y%S ,xldjg
meK we;' /lshd i|yd ixl%uKh u hk ixisoah ixl%uKsl
ia;%Skaf.a ;j,g we;s l< iDcq n,mEu" fuu ixl%uKsl
ia;%Skaf.a N+ldj iy w;alS inkaOfhka ork woyia fukau
Tjqka h<s ish ksjig meKs miq Tjqkaf.a odhl;ajh iy Tjqka
uqyqK ka wNsfhda. ms<sn|j wjOdkh fhduqfldg islrk ,o
wOHhk we;af;a iaj,amhls'
wmf.a wOHhkh fuu idOl jvd;a jeo.;a f,i i,ld flreKq
uiSuls' mjqf,a wfkla ;reK ia;%Ska fuu foaY.; ixl%uKsl
/lshd ms<sn|j rE woyia o meye,sj lsh yels wdl hqKqj
iy iudc iqrlaIs; nj ms<sn|j o ie,ls,a,g f.k id:l
ixl%uKhlg wjYH idOl fudkjd h yelshs fidhd ne,sSug
ldka;dj iy udOH iduQyslh fuys Wkka h'
ia;%Ska jeu m%udKhla ueofmr.g ixl%uKh jQ jhU m<df;aa
l=reKE., ia;%slalfha h<s isg rgg meKs ixl%uKsl ia;%Skaf.a
w;alS .%yKh lr.ekSug wOHhkh W;aidy lrhs'21

21

Y%S ,xldf foaY /lshd kshqla;s ldhdxYh ^2012& foaY /lshd jdIsl ixLHd f,aLk
jd;dj" 2011" fld<U'

19

1'2 l%ufoh
foaY.; ixl%uKsl Y%lhska f,i /lshd fidhd.;a ia;%Ska 30
fofkl=f.a isoa wOHkh fuu mq,a wOHhkhg we;=<;a f'
Tjqkaf.a h<s meKSf iy kej; iudchg wka;.%yKh f
l;djka fuys f'
wOHhkfha wruqK jkqfha /lshd i|yd foaY.; jQ ia;%Skaf.a
w;alS ia;%shlf.a fldaKfhka wOHhkhfldg f;are .ekSuhs'
.fIKfha mjqf,a lghq;= j, ia;%Skaf.a N+ldj uihs' thg
mjqf,a wdodhug odhljkakka f,i o ixl%uKhg fmr iy miq
iudc iy m%cd ;h ;=< Tjqkaf.a iyNd.s;ajh uiSu o we;=,;a
f' ixl%uKsl fiajh ms<sn|j ia;%Ska mqoa.,slj olsk wdldrh
iy tys Okd;aul fukau >DKd;aul n,mE w: olajkafka
flfiao h;a ld,h;a iu Tjqkaf.a wkkH;djhka fjkia jQfha
flfiao@ hkak inkaOfhka o lreKq wOHhkfha ie,ls,su;a
f' wOHhkfha wruqK ixl%uKsl /lshd kshqla;sh ia;%Skaf.a
; ;=< we;slr ;sfnk mj;kh ms<sn|j lreKq lau hs'
fuys l=reKE., ia;%slalfha fjfik isxy, iy uqia,s ia;%Ska
30 fofkl=f.a ; inkaOfhka uid n,hs' wOHhkh
mj;ajkq ,enqfha 2012 fkdjen isg 2013 fmnrjd ld,h
;=< h' l%ufoh jQfha ixl%uKsl fiajfha .=Kd;aul ,laIK
uiSu hs' m%Yak ud,djla Wmfhda.S lr.kska .eUqre idlPd
Tiafia isoa wOHhk f.dkqlr .;s' fCIa;% f;dr;=re tl;= lrkq
,enQfha ia;%slalfha mfhaIlhska fofofkl= isks' fuu
mfhaIlhska m%cduQ, ixOdkhkag inkaO jQjka f' fuu
m%cduQ, ixOdk ia;%Skag ish wdldrfha /lshdj, ksr;ug
whs;sh ;sf hk ia:djrfha iska ixl%uKsl llrejkaf.a
whs;Ska fjkqfjka fmkS is' mfhaIlfhda Ih ms<sn|j ukd
kqula we;a;jqka jQy' iuqL idlPd i|yd f;drd.;a ia;%Syq o
fydka okakd wh jQy' tneka Tjqka iu idlPd lsu myiq
ldhhla h' l% u folls k a Ya f,a I Kh is lrkq ,eh'
m%udKd;aulj iy .=Kd;aulj .%y lrk ,oafoa tla/ia lr.;a
o;a; ixfla; fhdod uiSfuks'
20

ixl%uKsl fiajl ia;%Skaf.a h<s wka;.%yKh ms<sn|j fld<U

meje;a jQ jevuqjl wod, Ih ixjdohg ,laflreKs' fuu
jevuqjg m%;sm;a;s imdolhska oHdka iy ls%hdldka"
iyNd.S h'
ixl%uKsl /lshd i|yd hk ia;%Ska inkaOfhka kg mj;sk
f;dr;=re" ksnkaOk wdhg jkd tl;= lsula fuu wOHhkh
uska isf hehs wms n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjuq'

21

2 jk mfoh
h<s ish rgg meKs ixl%uKsl ia;%S
llrejka 30 fokd
fuu wOHhkfha W;a i dy orkq fha h<s is h rgg meKs
ixl%uKsl ia;%S llrejka 30 fofkl= ixl%uKsl /lshdj,
ksr;j ; fjkia lr.;a wdldrh u;= lsug h' fuu ;
l;d wdmiq meKs ixl% u Ks l llrejka inka O fhka
ixl%uKsl jD;a;Ska ms<sn|j Tjqkaf.a lau" foaYSh rgl .Dyia:
fiajfha fhf ,efnk jdis iy wjdis" ;ukaf.a mjq, fukau
m%cdj ;=< fjkia jQ N+ldjka iy wkkH;d bm;a lrhss'
2'1 h<s ish rgg meKs ixl%uKsl llrejkaf.a iy Tjqkf
a .a
mjq,aj, me;slv
h<s ish rgg meKs ixl%uKsl llre ia;%Ska 30 fokdf.a jhia
mr;rh wjqre 26-56 olajd iy Bg je whjka jQ w;r
Tjqkaf.ka nyq;rh wjqre 35 g je ia;%Ska h'
rEmigyk 1 - ixl%uKslhska jhi wkqj fnhk wdldrh

22

Tjqkaf.ka 57]la uqia,s jQ w;r 43]la isxy, h' Tjqka m%Odk

jYfhka uqia,s iy isxy, mjq,a j,ska iuka; jQ ck.yKhlska
hq;= l=reKE., ia;%slalfhka h'
rEmigyk 2 - ckjd.sl;ajh wkqj ixl%uKslhska

wdmiq ish rgg meKs fuu ia;%Skaf.ka nyq;rh j;udkfha o

ixl% uKhg fmr o jdy jQjka h' y;r fofkl= m<uq
ixl%uKhg fmr wjdyl ;;a;ajfha miqjQ ia;%Ska h' fuf,i
h<s ish rgg meKs ia;%Skaf.ka 3 fofkl= jdy ug fmr o
jdyfhka miqj o foaY.; fiajh i|yd ixl%uKh jQjka h'
tla wfhl= jdyhg fmr ixl%uKh jQ w;r jdyg miq h<s
ixl%uKh fkdh'
tla ia;%shla ;u orejd udi 8laj ish mqreIhd iska w;aykq
,en ixl%uKhg fmr lalido ;snqKs' h<s ishrg meKs
ia;%Ska fofofkl= Tjqkaf.a mqreIhskaf.ka fjka we;' ^tla
mqreIhl= ia;%sh rka msg iskd ld,fha jdyl ksji w;ayer
f.dia ;snqKs& jekaoUqjka fofofkl= f.ka tla ia;%shla lalido
jQfjls' tla ia;%shlf.a mqreIhl= tu ia;%sh rka neyerj is
ld,fha ;u hKsh ,sx.sl wmfhdackhg ,la l< ksid ysrn;a
lka is' jhi iy ckjd.sl;ajh wkqj h<s ishrg meKs
fuu msfia iudk;ajhla olskakg ,enqKs' Tjqkaf.a jdyl
mqreIhskaf.ka nyq;rh jhi wjqre 35 je wh h' ishu
mqreIhska iy Ndhdjka tlu ckj.hlg wh;a jQ w;r tla
mjq,l muKla uqia,s iaa;%shl iy isxy, mqreIhl= jYfhka
ckj. Y% jdyhla oel.kakg ;snqKs'
23

h<s meKs llre ia;%Skaf.ka tla wfhl= yer wfkla ish

fokd h jk ugul j;a fjka is' fudjqkaf.ka 80]la
u;a wOHdmkh Tiafia m%d:l wOHdmkh imK lr is
w;r 6 fY%aKsfha isg idudkH fm< olajd oa;sl wOHdmkh
,nd ishy' 10]la miajk fY%aKsh olajd fyda Bg;a wvq ugka
wOHmkh ,nd ishy' 10]la muK fokd miajk fYa%Ksh olajd
wOHdmkh ,nd ishy' h<s isg rgg meKs tla wfhl= Wiia
fm< iu;a jQfjls' tla wfhl= l,d Ihka f.ka Yaj oHd,fha
fojk jir olajd wOHdmkh ,nd ishd h' tla ia;%shla lsisu
mdi,a wOHdmkhla fkd ,o wfhls'
rEmigyk 3 - ckjd.sl;ajh wkqj ixl%uKslhska

h<s ish rgg meKs tla ia;%S llrefjl=g lshug iy ,sug

fkdyelsh' zzug uf.a ku ,shkakg ;rhs mqjka' kuq;a th

ud wffOhg m;a lf<a keye'ZZ weh mjihs' foaY /lshd kshqla;s
ldhdxYh uska m<uq jrg msg;a ug fmr Y%S ,xldf mj;ajk
mqyqKq mdGud,djg weh iyNd.S we;' weh jir 2000-2009
olajd mia j;djla ixl%uKsl /lshd i|yd f.dia ;sf' iEu
wjqre 2lg jrla fldka;%d;a;=j wjidkfha wdmiq ish ksjig
meK we;' wjidk j;df .siq ld,h wjika ug fmr
;ud fiajh l< ia:dkfhka m,df.dia kej; fuys meKSug
fmr ;=ka uila Y%%S ,xld ;dkdm;s ldhd,fha / isug wehg
isj we;' uf.a id:l;ajh ms<sn| uu wdvnr fjkjd
weh mjihs'
24

Yaj oHd,fha ndysr l,d Wmdhla yodrka is tla ;reK

ldka;djla jir 2 ne.ska foj;djlau .Dy fialdjl f,i
tlu ksjfia fiajhg .shd h' wdmiq meKSfuka miq weh
fmd,S;Ska ksIamdokh lrk ludka;Yd,djl ffoksl jegqmg
/lshdjg hhs'
h<s ish rgg meKs tla ia;sh
% la fmr mdi,a .=re mqyqKq iy;slhla
we;sj fmr mdi,a .=rejhlf.a iydhsldjla f,i jir folla
furg jev lr we;' tfy;a wehg tu wdodhu lsif
s ia;a m%udKj;a
fkdjk nj f;are f.k foaY /lshdjla fiug ;SrKh
l<dh' weh uyck fi!LH fialdjla ^kakUq& f,i m;aula
.ekS ug Y% S ,xldf fi!LH wud;HdxYhg b,a m;% hla
bm;a f ldg tys mj;a j kq ,enQ mq y q K q j lg o .s h dh'
ud ixl% u Ks l /ls h djg rka ms g jQ j dg miq j fi!LH

llrefjl= f,i m;a ula ,enq jd' fuhsk a ud uy;a fia

l<lsreKq w;r tu m;au ndr .ekSug wdmiq meKsfha keye'
h<s furgg meKs fuu llre ia;%Syq ;u mqreIhskag jvd
wOHdmkhla ,enQ wh jQy' 57]la 6 fY%aKsfha isg idudkH fm<
olajd mqreIhska wOHdmkh ,nd we;s w;r bf.k .;a fuu
mqreIhskaf.a ;;a;ajhg jvd by< ugulska uq ia;%Skaf.ka
80] wOHdmk ,nd ;snqKs' fuu ia;%Skaf.a mqreIhska f.ka 30]la
miajk fY%aKsh olajd fyda ^m%d:l wOHdmkh& Bg wvq ugf
wOHdmkhla ,nd.;a whjka jQ w;r wdmiq meKs ia;%Skaf.ka
10]la o tu wOHdmk ugf h' fuu ia;%Skaf.a mqreIhskaf.ka
lsisjl=;a iudkH fm<ska by,g bf.k.;a wh fkdjQ w;r 3
fofkl= ^10]&la mdi,a f.dia ke;s w;r wl=re ,sug fyda lshug
fkdo;a wh jQy'
wdmiq meKs ia;%S llrefjda mjik m Tjqkaf.a mqreIhska
lsis ms<s.;a jD;a;Sh yelshdjla fyda olaI;djla ke;s wh jQy'
zms<s.;aZhkq ms<s.;a wdh;kj, iy;sl fkdue;s uhs' flfia
jqj;a ia;%Syq 9 fofkl= ;uka i;= O yelshdjka Tiafia foaY
ixl%uKhg fmr /lshdjkays fhKq nj mejiQy' uu ia;%Ska
f.ka 3 fofkl=g we ueiSf l=i,;djh we;s w;r thska
25

fofofkl= l=,shg we ueiSu ixl%uKhg fmr isgu lrf.k

hka isg we;' ia;%Ska fofofkl=g O yelshdjka ;sf' Tjqyq
we ueiSu" bo,a iEu" lD;su u,a j. ieliSu" w;al jev"
u,a j.d lsu" fr mdg u ^n;sla& iy wf,h i|yd l=
nvq ksIamdokh l<y' tla wfhl= t;Sug yqre is w;r
;j;a wfhl= w;ahka;% fr f ksmqk;d iys; h' ukd,shka
wekaou ms<sn|j mqyqKq jQ wh o f w;r h' tla wfhl=
ixl%uKh ug fmr fmdaisf,aka mska NdKav ksmojk ly,l
Ys,amsKshl f,i jevl< w;r miqj we ly,l .=Kd;aul
;;a;ajh mlaId lrkakshl f,i o jev l<dh' h<s ish rgg
meKs fuu ixl%uKsl ia;%S llrejkaf.a mqreIhska f.ka 70]lau
/lshdj, kshq;= jQjka jQ w;r 17]la /lshd fkdl<y' ^13]la ;u
mqreIhskaf.a /ls hd ms<s n| f;dr;=re bm;a lf<a ke;'&
/ls h dj, ks h q;= is mq r eIhs k a f.ka nyq ;rhlg /ls h d
,nd.ekSug bjy,a jk mqyqKqjla fyda ksmqK;djhla ke;ehs
wdmiq meKshjqka mejiQy' flfia jqj;a fuu idlPdf wdmiq
meKs ixl%uKsl ia;%Ska lshd isfha Tjqkaf.a mqreIhska hrka"
fikajre" jvqldlhska" f,i jevl< njhs' fuhska we;e
fofkla ;ukaf.au bvul f.d;eka lrk fyda wkai;= bvj,
jevlrkafkda jQy' mqreIhska 04 fofkla fuu ia;%Ska foaY.;j
fiajh l< ia:dkj,u .Dyia: herka f,i fiajh l< w;r
Tjqka tu /lshd ,ndf.k we;af;a tu ksfjiays fiajh l< ish
hkaf.a iydfhks' tu mqreIhska 04 fokdf.ka tla wfhl=
foaY.;j fiajh l< fkdyels nj mjid udi 06lg miq wdmiq
meK we;' mqreIhska fofofkl= |f.a wdmiq meKsSfuka
miqj ilaIKh lrk wjfha;a foaY.;j fiajh lrka
ishs' tla ia;%shla m%ldY lf<a ;uka ;j rg;a foaYhl fiajh
lrkq oelSug wlue;s jQ ;u iehd mjqf,a ho mshjd .ekSu
i|yd rshefrla f,i foaYhl fiajh lrk njh' wfkla
mqreIhd | ,xldjg h<s meKs miqj;a foaY .;j t .d,l
jev lf<ah'

26

2'2 foaYSh /lshd - m<uq ixl%uKh iy kej; ixl%uKh

ish wdmiq meKsh jq ka wju jYfhka fojrlaj ;a foa Y
/lshdj, kshq;= jQ nj i|yka l< hq;=h' tla wfhl= m<uq jr
foia we ludka;Yd,djl jev l< w;r wfkl=;a ish
fokd .Dyia: llrejka f,i jevlr we;' we lyf,ys
jevl< ia;%sh ish fldka;%d;a ld,h wjika ug fmr O
wikSm ms<sn| meKs,s lr wdmiq meK we;' weh fofjks
j;djg kej; foaY /lshdjl kshq;= jQfha .Dyia: fialdjl
f,isks' kej; foaY.; jQ ish fokdu kshq;= jQfha .Dyia:
llre fiajfhys h'
fuu ia;%S llrejkaf.ka 60]la ;=kajk jrg;a /lshd i|yd
foaY.; jQ w;r fudjqyq ish fokdu .Dyia: llrefjda
jYfhka /lshd lr;s' ;=kafofkl= y;rjk jrg;a fofofkl=
miajk jrg;a ixl%uKh h' iEu wjia:djlu fudjqka .Dyia:
llrejka f,i jevl< w;r tla ia;%shla tla wjia:djl
fiajHhdf.a mjqf,aa t .d,l o fiajhfldg we;' we;e ia;%Ska
ixl%uKh jQfha fojrla muKs' tfy;a Tjqyq jir 4lg je
ld,hla tf;r ishy' fuh .Dyia: fialdjla f,i fiajhg
nef|k fldka;%d;a ld, mfoh blaujhs' tlu rglg
;=kj
a rla ixl%uKh jQ ia;k
S% a 3 fofkl= wkqm<
s sfj,ska jir 19"13"12
jYfhka tu rgj, fiajhlr ;sf' fuu ia;%Ska tlu ksjil
leue;af;ka fiajh l< w;r ;u mjq,a l n,d.ekSug lsysm
jrla furg meKshuq;a blaukskau wdmiq tu ksfjiaj,g u
wdmiq f.dia we;' fojrla ixl%uKh jQ tla ia;%shla 11 jirla
tlu ksjfiys fiajh l< w;r 11 jirg u tla jrla muKla
,xldjg wdmiq meK kej; ;ud fiajh l< tu ksjig
blaukska wdmiq f.dia ;sf'
nyq;rhla ia;k
%S a i;s foll muK ld,hla fuys .;fldg jirl
ld,hla i|yd kej; ixl%uKh jQ w;r wdmiq meKs fofofkl=
jir 8lg miq iy jir 18lg miq fofjks jrg;a kej; foaY
/lshd fidhd ixl%uKh h' jir 8lg miq kej; ixl%uKh jQ
ia;%shl blaukska wdmiq hdf n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka ish rgg
meKs kuq;a ;u foudms hka jhia .;u;a frda. d;= ru;a
27

mqreIdf.a w;la yis wk;=rlska le Tyqg /lshdjl ksr;ug

fkdyels jQ ksid;a <uqkaf.a wOHdmkh ms<sn|j n,d .ekSug
isu ksid;a wdmiq hdu m%udo jQ nj lshhs' foudmshka urKhg
m;au" mqreIhd ikSmu iy <uqka wOHdmkh ,nd jdy fuka
miq weh kej; ixl%uKh jQjdh'
.=ld,hlg miq kej; ixl%uKsl /lshdjla fidhd .sh tla
ia;%shla kej; meKSSfuka miq l=vd lvhla wdrN l<dh' tu
lvfhka mjq f ,a ho ms h jd .ekS u g ;r wdodhula
fkd,enqfKka wdodh bmhSf O W;aidyhka weh iska
wdrN lrk ,j tajd wid:l 18 jirlg miq wdl
mSvkh h fkdyelsj weh kej;;a ixl%uKh jQjdh'
2'3 h<s ish rgg meKsSfuka miq /lshd kshqla;sh
wOHhkfha yuqjQ h<s meKs ish fokd wju jYfhka jir 4
la j;a foaY rgj, jevlsf w;alSula ,nd.;a wh jQy' we;e
fofkl= jir 12-19 olajd .= ld,hl w;alS iys;h'
tfy;a 70]la ia;%Syq wdmiq furgg meKSfuka miq ^ia;%Ska 21
fofkl=& wdodh Wmhk lsisu lghq;a;l fyda lsis /lshdjl
kssr; fkdjQy'
rEmigyk 4 - ixl%uKslhskaf.a j;udk /lshd ;;a;ajh

wodh Wmojk ia;%Ska ku fofkl=f.ka ^30]&la fofofkl=

fmd,s;Ska ludka; Yd,djl ffoksl jegqmg fiajh l< w;r
tla wfhla ffoksl jegqm g is ;=r e u,a me, j.d lrk
f.dm,l jev l<dh' tla wfhla f.dm,l ffoksl l=,S jev
28

l<dh' tfy;a wE km;d jevlf<a ke;' ia;%Syq 5 fofkla

;ukaf.a u jHdmdrj, ksheKy' tla wfhl= ;ukaf.a l=vd
yd,a fuda,l jev l<dh' tla wfhl= ukd,shka wekaof
jHdmdrhla mj;ajdf.k .shdh' ;j;a wfhla ueyq lghq;=
lsfuys fhKs' ;j;a wfhla rile,s ksmojd wf, l<dh'
;j;a ia;%shla O wdydr j. ms<sfh,fldg .f m%cdjg wf,
l<dh' miajekshd ;u mqreIhd iu foaY.; /lshdjl ksr;j
isg wdmiq meK ish b;s lsj,ska g%elagrhla iy f%,rhla
,f.k th l=,shg foka mjqf,a ldj f.k hhs' weh
fuf,i uqo,a bmhQj;a th /lshdjla f,i ie,l=f ke;' wdmiq
meKs fofofkla mjqf,a f.dm,l m rys;j jevl< w;r
wfkla msi lsis /lshdjl fyda wdodh Wmojk jevl
fkdfhKs'
wdodh ksmojk jevl fkdfhfok msi ;ukag wdodh Wmhk
jevla ke;ehs mejiQy' tla ia;%shla h<s meKs miqj u,a
j.djla wdrN l< o ksIamdokhg fj<| fmd<la fidhd.;
fkdyels jQ neka o frda. ksjdrK inkaO u;a Wmfoia
fkd,eu fya;=fjka o jHdmdrh nxfldf,d;a h' tla wfhl=
f;a lvhla ;u ksjfia wdrN l< w;r miqj th w;ayer
uQfha ;ukaf.a Y%uhg m%udKj;a wdodhula fkd,eu ksidh'
wdmiq meKs 23 fofkl= lshd isfha ^77]& ;uka /lshdj,
fh is ld,fhys kej; meKs miq /lshd ,nd.ekSug bjy,a
jk oekqula fkd,enqk njhs' b;s y;afokd lshd isfha
^23]la&;ukag wkd.; /lshd ,nd.ekSug odhljk hlsis
l=i,;djhka ;uka foaYhkays /lshd l< ld,h ;=< ,o
njhs' uqo,a l<ukdlrKh" .Dyia: jev iy Tn fudn hdf
yelshdj Tjqka fuu l=i,;djka fia i,lhs'
2'4 h<s ish rgg meKshjqkaf.a orejka
h<s meKshjqkaf.a orejka isf idudkHh mjq,lg ;=ka
fofkla jYfhks' fofofkl=g orejka fkdis w;r tla ia;h
%s lg
orejka 6 fofkls' ldka;djka 30 fokdf.au orejka .;al< uq
orejka m%udKfhka 12 fofkl= jhi 18g wvq mdi,a hk jhfia
wh h' wfkl=;a ish orejka jeys jhfia h'
29

foaYhka ys /lshdjl fh isg h<s meKs miq orejl= ,en is

tla ia;%shl lshd isfha wms jdyfhka miq ys;du;du orefjla

yodfkdf.k isfha orefjl= ,nd.ekSug fmr foaY.;j

wdodhula Wmhd.ekSug l,amkd l< ksihs' fuu wOHhkhg
yiq jQ /lshdjlska miq orejl= ,nd mjq, wdrN lsug fuf,i
ie,iq iy.; ;SrKhla .;a tlu ia;%sh weh muKs' ;=kajrla
ixl%uKslfhl= f,iska foaY.;j isg /lshdjla lr h<s meKs
wehg jre fofofkla iy mq;l= ,e we;' fudjqka ish,af,dau
wehg h<s furgg meKsfuka miqj ,enqkq orejka h' f jkg
wef.a mqreIhd /lshdjla i|yd foaY.;j is' tla ia;%shlg
<uqka fofofkla isk w;r meKs yeu jdrhl u orefjl=
ne.ska ,e we;'
foaY /lshd ,nd uj rka msgj hdu fyda we;e ;ekl uj
iy mshd hk foudmshka fofokdu rka msgjk wjia:djkaj,
mjd f ish mjq,aj, orefjda h ugul wOHdmkhla ,enQy'
j;udkfha mdi,a hk jhfia orejka w;r tla <uhl= fmr
mdi,a jhfia o y;r fofkl= m%d:l mx;sj, o 15 fofkl=
oa;Shsl fY%aKsj,o bf.kqu ,n;s'
j;udkfha mdi,a fkdhk jhfia <uqka 35 fofkl= w;ka
;=kafokl= mdie,a yerf.dia we;s w;r fuu ;=ka fokd ms<sfj,ska
y;ajk fY%aKsfha 8 jeks fY%aKsfha iy 9 jeks fY%aKsfha
mdie, yer f.dia we;' wfkla ish fokd w'fmd'i ^id$fm<&
Nd.hg fmkS is w;r nyq;r ixLHdjla ^22& bka iu;a jQy'
Tjqka w;ka oi fofkl= w'fmd'i W$fm< Nd.h iu;a jQy'
fofofkl= ^.eyeKq <uqka& Yaj oHd, Wmd iu;aj rcfha
iar fiajlhska f,i /lshdjkays ksr;j we;'
ujrekaf.a wOHdmk ugu iu iei l< orefjda bka Tng
bf.k .;ay' /lshd kshqla;sh wkqj ixl%uKslhskaf.a orejka
ixl%uKslhska wNsnjd ke;' /lshd kshq;= wh 25]la muKs'
Wiia fm< iu;a jQ orejka 10 fokdf.ka y;r fofkl=
/lshdj, ksr;j fyda wdodhula Wmhkq ,nhs' fudjqkaf.ka tla
wfhl= fmd,sia Ngfhls" ;j;a wfhl= m%dfoaYh
S f,al ldhd,fha
30

ldka ; d ixjOk ks , Odks f hls ' tla wfhl= ;uka f .a u

ukd,shka yev.ekaf jHdmdrhl fhk w;r ;j;a tla wfhl=
ixl%uKsl .Dyia: llrefjls'
idudkH fm< iu;a isfofokdf.ka 11 fofkl= /lshdj, ksr;j
is;s' fudjqkaf.ka 6 fofkl= ^ish fokd ms& fikajreka
f,iska o" l=,S llrejka f,iska o" tla wfhla ,S legh
l,dlrefjl= f,i o ;j;a wfhla ;%S frdao r: hefrla f,io
/lshd lr;s' lsisfjl=;a iar wdodhula ,nk /lshdj, ksr;j
ke;' mq r eIfhda fofofkla ;uka f.a u fj<`o jHdmdrhla
mj;ajdf.k h;s' ia;%Ska fofofkl= we`. fialdjka jQ w;r
tla wfhl= .Dy fialdjla f,i msgrg .shdh'
wvq wOHdmkhla ,enQ orejka iaj,am fokd w;r tla ms orefjl=
f.d;efkys ksr;j we;s w;r tla wfhl= ngysr wdishdkq rgl
llrefjl= f,i fiajh lrhs' tla ;reK ia;%shla we
ly,l fiajh lrhs' wdmiq meKs llrejkaf.a orejka w;ka
u;a jD;a;Sh /lshd i|yd iqiql ,nd we;af;a iaj,amfofkl=
muKs' uf.a mq;d f,dl=uy;a jQ miq ud jevlrk ksjfia u

hefrl= f,ig Tyqg o /lshdjla ,nd .ekSug ug yelsjqKd'

Tyqf.a fldka;%d;a ld,h wjika jQ miq ug o Tyq iu f.or
tk f,i n,lr ishd' kej; tu fiajhg fkdhk f,i o Tyq
lshd ishd' ;u uj fu;r uykais jevlsu ;ukag ord
isug fkdyels nj Tyq ks;ru lSjd'hehs kej; meKs m%h
s oYkS
mejiSh'
2'5 ixl%uKhg fmr iudc iy wdl ;;a;ajh
Tjqka mejiQ wkaoug wOHhkhg Ndckh jQ ia;%Skaf.a ;fha
;SrKd;aul wIaGdkh jQfha <slu ch.ekSf issyskhhs'
<slu fya;=fjka wdydr iy we me< i|yd ho lsug
fkdyels u" ks j ila ;kd.ekS u g fkdyels u" <uq k a g
wOHdmkhla ,ndug fkdyels u hkd lreKq fuu ia;%Ska
is h fokdf.a u ixl% u Khg m% O dk fya ; = j h' /ls h d
fkdue;s l u iy m% u dKj;a wdodhula fkdue;s l u;a tys
m% ; s M ,hla jYfhka fuu ia ; % S k a g ;a Tjq k a f .a orejka g ;a
31

mqreIhskag;a mjqf,a wfkl=;a whg;a w;akakg isjk wdl

IAlr;d fuu ia;%Ska ish fokdu foaYhl /lshdjla fidhd
ixl%uKh ug fmd<Ujk ,o m%Odk ldrKd h' ixl%uKhg
fmr fudjqkaf.a wNs,dYhka ir, h' fjd k wdydr iy mjqf,a
uQ,sl wjYH;d bgqlr .ekSug m%udKj;a uqo,a fidhd.ekSu"
orejkag b.ekau iy ksjila ;kd.ekSu hkdhhs' foaY
ixl%uKhg fmr wef.a <s ;h ia;r lrka tla ia;%shla
mejiqf wmg lkak f.or yd,a weghlaj;a ;snqfKa kE ;j;a
ia;%shla mejiqf uf.a mqreIhd bvu W.ialr ta i,a,s u;ameka
j,g kdia;s l<d hkqfjks'
fndfyda ia;%Syq ixl%uKhg fmr /lshdj, ksr; fkdjQy' ;u
mqreIfhda bmhQ uqo, <uhskag wdydr iemhSugj;a m%udKj;a
fkdjQfha hehs Tjqyq ueis,s ke.+y' rg ;=< /lshdj,a fidhdf.k
wdodhula ,nkakg W;aidy l< ia;%Ska o wdodh bmhSug l=vd
m%udKfha jHdmD;s l%shd;aul lrkakg W;aidy l< ia;%Ska o f
w;r ish;a foaY ixl%uKhg m%Odk jYfhka fya;= jQfha furg
/lshd wjia:d fkdue;s u hehs Tjqyq lsh;s'
Tjqka i;= im;a ie,ls,a,g .;fyd;a fndfyda mjq,aj, ia;%shg
fyda wef.a mqreIhdg fyda ys bv lene,a,la we;' ksjdi fndfyda
g lgque ;a;s iys; tajdh' foaY /lshd fidhd .ekSug
Tjqka fm<UjQ ;j;a fya;= inkaOfhka fndfyda ia;%Syq l;d
l<y' umshka fofokdf.a u wikSm ;;a;ajh iy Tjqkg
a m%;l
s dr
lsug uqo,a wjYH u;a ta i|yd lsif
s jl= Wo lsug fkdisu;a
fufia lajQ ;j;a fya;=jls'
fndfyda ia ; % S k a g is h <ud ld,h ms < s n | u;lh jka f ka
mam;alfuka ms ; .; l< wdldrhhs' fuu ia;%Skaf.ka
lsisfjl= ;u orejka i|yd fjkia ; ksudKh lsf
isyskhla ms<sn|j l;d fkdlrhs' tfy;a ;uka .;lrk ;
;=< fjkila we;s lsu inkaOfhka Tjqyq wIaGdkYS,Sj l;d
l<y' ;jrg;a mam;aj j;au wjYH ke;s nj Tjqka mjihs'
;u iehd" udi 8la jQ orejd iy ;ud w;ayer .sh nj lS tla
ia;%shla foaY .; fiajhg hkjd yer wehg fjk;a l,amhla
fkd hehs mejiqjd h' uf.a mqreIhd llrefjla' tla kla
32

Tyq jevfidhd f.oka msg jqkd' Tyq kej; meKsfha keye

weh jir .Kkdjla n,d is w;r wjidkfha Tyq fkdtk nj
f;re .;a;d h' tla ia;%shla mam;alu ksid ;ud ksjiska msgjQjd
hehs mejiq w;r jdy ;h ;=< u;=jk .eg i|d .ekSu o
f i|yd tla fya;=jla f,iska lah' ug <uhs yssfha kE'

uf.a mqreIhd yd Tjqkaf.a mjqf,a Woh ks;r ug ysyer lsug

mqrej ishd' O k lshd ug wmydi l<d' uu j| .eyeKshl
hehs Tjqka ug nek jeKd' weh fojrla msgrg /lshd i|yd
.sh w;r wo ;ukaf.a u ksjila idodf.k ka ;ksju j;a
fjhs' rile,s wf,lr wdodhula Wmhhs'
wdmiq meKs lsysmfofkl= u ;u mqreIhska f.d;efkys fyda
lDIsldl lghq;=j, fhk nj mejiQy' kuq;a tu wdodhu
.S nka f.dvtaug Tjqkag m%udKj;a fkdh' we;e fofkla
;ukaf.au bvu fyda mqreIhdf.a bvu W.ig ;nd foaY
/lshdjla fidhd ixl%uKh u i|yd uqo,a fidhdf.k we;'
tla wfhla ksjfia is yrflla l=Kd f i|yd wjYH ho
fidhdf.k ;sf' fuu l;dj,ska fmkajkafka Tjqka i;= jQ
im;a ;u mjq,aj,g hym;a ; .; lsug ;r m%udKj;a
fkdjQ njh'
2'6 foaY /lshd i|yd iQodk f <uhskag /ljrKh
iemhSu
foa Y /ls h d i|yd ixl% u Kh jk ia ; % S k a is h <uhs k a
/ln,d.ekSu i|yd l< iQodku u;a fyda ksYa; fkdh'
m<uq ixl%uKfha fndfyda ia;%Syq ;u orefjda Tjqkaf.a mshd
fj; tk ;u iehd ndf ;nd .shy' ke;fyd;a ;u uj fyda
kekaoksh tk iehdf.a uj hgf;a ;nd .shy' lsysmfofkl=
wdmiq meKs miq kej; foaY.; ug fmr orejka /ln,d
.kakd msi fjkiafldg we;' we;e fokd ish iehdf.a
Ndrfha is orejka /ln,d .ekSu ;u ujg fyda ifydaaorhskag
mejrEy' tla ia;%shla ;u ;=hl Ndrfha ish orejka ;nd .shdh'
/ln,d .ekSu ;u iehdg mjrd.sh wjia:d j, Tjqka orejka
fydka /ln,d" fydka ljd fmdjd" w me< ,nd
bf.kSf lghq;= .eko fydka fidhd ne nj lsysmfofkla
33

u mejiQy' tla msfhl= hKshka ;sfofkl= n,d.;a w;r ;j;a

wfhla ;uka f .a ms h d iy uduKa h o jre fofokd o
/l n,df.k tu orejkaf.a wOHdmk lghq;= inkaOfhka o
fidhd n,d we;' fuu mqreIfhda fofokdu ixl%uKsl ia;%Skag
jvd ;rul jeuy wh jQy' tla wfhla jir 10la jeuy jQ
w;r ;j;a wfhla 17jirla jeuy h' Tjqkaf.a fuu yeisu
iy jhia mr;rh w;r inkaOhla we;ehs mejish fkdyels
jQjo fuh l=;=y,h okjk isoahls' wdmiq meKshjqka ;u
orejka /ln,d .ekSu inkaOj ixl%uKhg fmr .;a ;SrK
Tjqka tjlg is ;;a;ajh inkaOfhka fkduid f;are .ekSu
Ialrh'
wmiq meKs tla wfhla ;u orejka inka O j nrm;,
.egjlg uqyqK kakdh' ;ud foaYfhys fiajhg f.dia is
ld,fha ;u iehd iska wef.a 14 he;s hKsh" ,sx.sl IKhg
f.drefldg ;snqKs' wE ;u jre fofokd;a mq;d;a /ln,d
.ekSu is h iehdg mjrd ;s Ks ' iehdf.a uj;a Tyq f.a
ifydaorhskq;a fuu isu udi .Kklg miq oekf.k ;sf'
tajkg;a tu oeh udi lsysmhla ;siafia ;u mshd w;ska ,sx.sl
wmfhdackhg ,la wjidkh' Tyq fmd,sia w;awvx.=jg m;a
we;s w;r .= ld,hlg miqj ,ndka kvq ;Skajg wkqj Tyq f
jkg isr o~qj ka is' ixl%uKsl llre ia;%shg fuu
isoah oekq kako weh yisfhau f ksid wdmiq meKssfha
ke;' tfy;a weh ;u mqreIhdg wem ,nd .ekSu i|yd uqo,a
tjdh' jir follg miq fldka;%d;a;=j wjika wdmiq meKss
weh 4 jk jrgo /lshdjla msKsi ixl%uKh jQjdh' miq.sh jir
14 l ld,h ;=< fldka;%d;a;=j wjidkfha flld,hlg kej;
mefKka h<s wdmiq hka weh ixl%uKsl /lshdjka ys ksr;j
we;'
tla ujlaa" ;u hKsh jhi 18 " ;ud furg fkdis ld,fha
jdy u inkaOfhka miq;efjhs' weh jdy we;af;a Wiia
fm< mx;sfha bf.k .kska ish h' tu ld,fha orejka
n,d.ekSu mej we;af;a wef.a mqreIhd fj; h' ud fuys ishd

k th tfia isug bvfokafka keye' ud rka msgj hkg

wehg jhi wjqre 9 hs' weh uf.a nd,u orejd' weh hqIka
34

mx;shl ms orejl= iu fm%au inkaOhla we;s lrf.k Tyq

iu jdy fj,d' ;j rg;a bf.k .;aaf;a kE' weh fkdu
.s fha uu ,xldf fkdis ks ihs ' t;a f inka O fhka
lsisfjl=;a uf.a mqreIhd fyda wks;a wh ug fodia mejref
keye hs weh mjihs' th orejdf.a brKuhs' wef.a ishu orefjda
tk jhi 19 jdy jQ nd,u .eyeKq orejd mjd idudkH
fm< iu;a jQfjda fj;s' wef.a jeuy j Yaj oHd, Wmdhla
,ndf.k rcfha ks < Odksh l f,i /ls hdj lrhs ' wdmiq
meKshjqka ;u orejka /ln,d .ekSu inkaOj ixl%uKhg
fmr .kq ,enQ ;SrK inkaOfhka tu ;;a;ajfha u fkdis'
jgyd .ekSu Ialr ;;a;ajhl is'
tla ia;%shla ;u jdyh ;=< wef.a kekaoKsh iska wLKavj
ysyer lsu ms<sn|j l;d lrhs' kuq;a weh ixl%uKh jk
wjia:df wef.a mq;=ka fofokd iy hKsh /ln,d .ekSu
inkaOfhka weh Yajdih ;enqf f kekaoKsh flfrysh'
kekaoKsh ;u orejka fydka /ln,d .kq we;ehs weh is;=jdh'
meye<sju fuu wjia:df f,a,sh jeo.;a wdodh Wmhkakl=
fia lSu ksid kekaoKsh ;u f,a,sh flfrys bka fmr oelajQ
wdl,amh fjkia lrf.k ;sf' ;u orejka flfrys ;ukag
we;s j.lSu iy hq;=l ixl%uKh jQ ujrekaf.a m%uqL;djhla
we;' ;u <uqkag wOHdmkh ,ndug;a Tjqka jdy lrug;a
we;s leue;a; iy Wkkaj ;=< orejka flfrys ;ukag mejreK
hq;=l fukau j.lS ms<sn|j Tjqka ;=< jQ ms<s.ekSu fuhska
m%;HlaI f'
ixl%uKsl l%shdj,sfha ish wjia:d j, ^msg;a ug fmr iy
fiajd ld,h ;=<& wdmiq meKSu iy h<s iudc.; f m%Odk
jYfhka ia;%Ska uqyqK fok m%Yak iy la.ek,s m%isoaO uyck
wjOdkhg ,laj we;'
wdmiq ish rg meKs fndfyda ixl%uKslhska ;u <uqkaf.a
wOHdmkh inka O fhka wdvnrfhka l;d lrhs ' wdmiq
meKshjqka ;u jre iy mq;=ka wdKavqf /lshdjka fidhd
.ekS u ms < s n |jo ;uka f .a u jHdmdrhka mj;a j d .ekS u
inkaOfhka o wdvnr jQy' tfy;a fuu msi iq ixLHdjls'
35

tf,iu wOHdmkfhka miq ;u hKshka iy mq;=ka o jdy

lru ms<sn|j Tjqyq wdvnrfhka l;d lr;s' tla ia;%shla ;u
m<uq foaY /lshdj wjikafldg meKs miq j jdy lru
ms<snoj l;d lrhs' ud fofjks jr wdmiq meK uf.a mq;d o

jdy lr kakd' ;=kafjks jr h<s meKs miq nd,u j jdy

lr ka kd' wef.a jre oeka weh .Dy fia ldjla f,i
jevlrkjdg leu;s ke;ehs wdmiq meKs ohdj;sS lshhs' kuq;a
wef.a mqf;l=g weh fiajh lrk rf u hrl= f,i jevlsug
/lshdjla fidhd .ekSug ;ud iydh jQ nj o ohdj;S lSjdh'
2'7 ixl%uKsl fiajfha fh isg wdmiq meKs ia;%Skaf.a
/lshd b;sydih
wdmiq meKs fuu ia;%Ska Tjqka ixl%uKh jQ ld, mrdih wkqj
nejfyd;a Y% lKavdhuls' 1990-1995 olajd ld,h ;=< 16
fofkl= m<uq jrg ixl%uKh we;' 1996-2000 olajd m<uq
jrg 8 fofkl= ixl%uKh we;s w;r 2001-2007 olajd m<uq
jrg ixl%uKh jQ 6 fofkls'

1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012

j.=j 1 - m<uqj ixl%uKh jQ jir

jir
1 jk 3 7 3 1 0 2 1 1 0 4 2 0 3 0 1 1 0 1
5 1 3 2
3 1 1 3 3
1 1 2 2 1
2 jk
jk
1
2
1
1
2
1 1 1
1
3

fuu idm,hg we;=<;a jQ ia;%Ska mjik wdldrhg Tjqka

ixl%uKsl llrejka jYfhka jevl< jir .Kk ksYa;
ke;' kuq;a Tjqkaf.a ; l;d iy ia;r flfrk jk is
wkqms<sfj, mok lrf.k th ;lafiare l< yel' m<uq
ixl%uKfha 43]la jir 2l ne.ska foaY .;j fiajh l<
w;r wdmiq meK we;' 40]la ;j;a jirla kej;S is w;r
7]la ^ia;%Ska fofofkl=& jir 4la ixl%uKsl fiajlhska f,iska
jevlr we;' ia;%Ska ;sfofkl= ^10]&la Tjqkaf.a wikSm ;;a;ajh
ksid jirlska wdmiq meKs w;r ;j;a ia;%shla jevl< ia:dkfha
meje;s .eg ksid wdmiq meKshd h'
36

ud jev lf<a isx.mamQref' tu ksjfia ud fj; ,enqKq ;;a;ajh

b;d fyd|jqj;a f.or fkdakd wef.a orejkag ie,l=f b;d
kmqre wkaoka' weh uq ld,h ;=<u orejkag myr kakd'
iuyr fj,djg nd,alfha t,a,d myr kakd' weh orejkag
ksism wdydr kafka o kE' wehg udkisl wikSmhla we;ehs
ug is;=Kd' fuh n,d isug fkdyels jQ ksidu ud jirlska
miq /lshdj w;yer wdmiq meKshd
<uqka fofofkl=f.a ujla jQ fidaud lS l;dj tfiah"
fofjksjr ixl%uKh jQ wh w;ka Nd.hlg je m%udKhla
wjqre fofla fldka;%d;a ld,h wjidkfha wdmiq furgg
meK we;' ;sfofkla jir wjidkfha wdmiq meKs w;r ia;%Syq
5 fofkla jir 3la / isshy' jir 3lg jvd jefhka lsisfjla
/ fkdishy' 3 jk jrg;a ixl%uKh jQ ia;%S llrejka 11la
w;r wdmiq meKSf rgdj iudkh' nyq;rhla jir foll
wdmiq meKs w;r iaj,am fofkla ^3& jir 4la kej;S isshy'
nyq;rhla ngysr wdishd rgj, /lshdjkays ksr;j we;' tla
wfhl= muKla isx.mamQref jirla jevlr jirlska wdmiq
meKshd h' ia;%Ska je ixLHdjla ixl%uKh jQ rgj,a jQfha
l=f iy fi! wdrd hhs' ixl%uKslhskaf.a jvd;a ckm%sh
l;dkaorh l=f iy fi! wrdhhs' fndfyda ia;%S llrefjda
m<uq jrg;a wdmiq meK kej; ixl%uKsl /lshd i|yd;a jemqr
f.dia we;af;a f forgg h' l=vd ixLHdjla vqndhs" udka"
isx.mamQrej" lgd iy nyfrka hk rgj,g f.dia we;'
fudjqka foaY /lshd wjia:d inkaOfhka k.;a wdldrh
inkaOfhka uioa wdmiq meKs fndfyda fofkla mjikafka
/lshd i|yd foaY .;jQ wi,ajeis wjg .j, ia;%Skaf.a
id:l;ajh iy wdl hqKqj ;ukag o n,mE njh' ksjig
meKs Wm ta c ka ;jre foa Y /ls h d ms < s n |j ;u mjq f,a
idudlhska iu l;d nialr foaY /lshdj, we;s jdis .eku
mjid foaY .; ug l,amkd lrka isk ia;%Ska fmd<Ujd
.ekSu ms<sn|j o Tjqyq mji;s' foaY .; /lshd w;r Tjqkag
.Dyia: fiald hk /lshd wjia:djka fidhd .ekSug fuu
37

Wmtacka;jre ksid b;d myiq f' /lshd wjia:d ;u f.a

fodrlvgu mefKhs' fndfyda ia;%Ska ixl%uKh jkqfha foaY
/lshd tackaih
s la fyda tacka;jrhl=f.a ud.fhks' lsysmfofkl=
^8& ;ukaf.a {d;Ska fyda ;%hl= tjQ l m; fyda /lshd id
Wmfhda.S lrf.k ixl%uK lghq;= ;uka iska u lrf.k
;sf'
j.=j 2 - ixl%uKh jQ wdldrh
ixLHdj %
mjqf,a ;%fhl= fyda fjk;a ys;jf;l= iska
8
36
tackais wdh;khla fyda Wm tacka;jreka uska 22
73
we ksIamdokh lrk ly,l jevlsf wjia:dj i|yd
foaY .;jQ tlu ia;%sh tu wjia:dj Wodlr .;af;a ksfhda;
tackais wdh;khla yryd fkdf' Y%S ,xldf we ly,l
jevlrk ia;%Ska Yd, lKavdhulg tu iud.ug wh;a jQ foaY
ly,la ne,Sug hdf wjia:dj Wodfuks'
ish ia;%Ska ^ludka;Yd,d llrefjl= f,i ixl%uKh jQ tl
ia;%shl yer& .Dyia: llrejka f,i ixl%uKh wdmiq meKs
ia;%Ska olajk ixl%uKh i|yd jQ ho tod iy wo tlsfklg
fjkia h' Wm tackaa;hska iy tackaisj,g f.h hq;= .dia;="
ixl%uKhg fmr mjq,j
a ,g b;sl< hq;= jQ h uqo,la iy fjk;a
mQj ho o g we;=<;a f' m<uq ixl%uK jdrfha 8 fofkl=g
lsis houla ug isfkdjQ w;r 4 fofkl=g remsh,a 5"000re' 10"000 olajd o 16 fofkl=g remsh,a 10"000g je houla o
ug ish'
fofjks ixl%uKsl jdrfha ho ie,lsh hq;= m%udKhlska
wvqh' ia;%Ska 22 ^73]& lg lsis houla ug isfkdjQ w;r 4
fofkl= remsh,a 5"000 isg remsh,a 10"000 olajd ho lr we;'
6 fofkl=g remsh,a 10"000lg jvd houla ug ish' ;=kf
a jks
iy bkamiq jdrj, ho lrk ,o m%udKhka tlsfklg fjkia
h' 44]lg lsis houla oeug isfkdjQ w;r b;s ho oerE
msi iy m%udK o< jYfhka iudk h'
38

re' 5"000 g wvq

re' 5"000 - 10"000

re' 10"000 g je

re' 20"000 g je

re' 35"000 g je

fok ,o ia;r m%udKh

uq ixLHdj

m<uq jdrfha
fojk jdrfha
;=kajk jdrfha

houla ke;

j.=j 3 - foaY /lshd i|yd ixl%uKh u msKsi isfldg

we;s f.

8
22
8

1
0
0

4
2
0

10
6
4

5
0
2

1
0
1

1
0
3

30
30
18

m<uq jdrfha ixl%uKh i|yd ug isjQ ho je jYfhka

^Khg .;a uqo,a& mshjd we;' fndfyda fofkl= ^21& fuu uqo,a
O ud. j,ska imhdf.k ;sf' mjqf,a wh iy ys;j;=kaf.ka"
uqo,a Khg fokakkaf.ka" rkanvq W.ig ;efuka iy bv
W.ig ;efuka wd jYfhks' f i|yd ;u b;s ls Nd;d
lrk ,oafoa tla ixl%uKslfhl= muKs'
fofjks jdrfha ia;%Ska 5 fofkl= f i|yd ;u foaY ixl%uK
/lshdfjka b;s lr.;a uqo,a fhdod.;a w;r y;r fofkl=
muKla ^21 fofkl= w;ka& mjqf,a whf.ka iy ys;j;=kaf.ka
uqo,a Khg ,ndf.k we;' ;=kajk jdrfha ixl%uK ho
i|yd ;u b;s ls Nd;d l< ia;%Ska ixLHdj fojk jr ;u
b;s ls f i|yd Nd;d lrk ,o ixl%uKsslhskaf.a m%udKhg
jvd jeh'
we;e wjia:djkays ;u jegqfmka wvqlr .ekS ms<sn| meye,s
wjfndaOhla tlajrla muKla .sh lsisfjl=;a i;=j ke;' tla
wfhl= lshd iskafka ;u fiajdodhlhd iska ;ud kej; tu
ksjig u .ekSug l m; ;ud fj; tjd ta i|yd ho l<
uqo,a ;u jegqfmka wvqlr .;a njhs' tfy;a wef.a jegqfmka l<
wvqlsu iy m%udKh inkaOfhka wehg lsis kqula fyda
wjfndaOhla fkd;snqKq nj fmfka'
39

3 jk mfoh
;uka m%Odk wdodh Wmhkakdf.a
;;a;ajhg m;au

3'1 foaY ixl%uKhg fmr mqyqKqj

foaY /lshdjg ixl%uKh ug fmr mqyqKqf jev ms<sfj,g
iyNd.S u inkaOfhka wOHhkfha m%Odk wjOdkhla fhduq
fkdh' flfia jqj;a idlPdf fuu m%Yakh u;=lrkq ,enQ
kuq;a wdmiq meKshjqka ta ms<sn|j je ia;r bm;a lf<a
ke;' ;uka m<uqjrg ixl%uKh jQ ld,fha fujeks mqyqKqjla
iemhQf ke;ehs we;eyq lSy' fuh ksjer fkdf' m<uq jrg
fuu ia;%Ska ixl%uKh we;af;a 1990 h' tl, Y%S ,xld foaY
fiajd kshqla;s ldhdxYh iska mQj ixl%uKsl jevigyka
mj;ajk ,' wdmiq meKs ixl%uKslfhda 07 fofkla Bg iyNd.S
jQ nj;a th b;d m%fhdackj;a jQ nj;a mejiQy' tla ia;%shla
mejiqf wef.a kka nexl= .sKqula jD; lr Bg weh Wmhk
uqo,a ner lrk f,i Wmfoia kafka SLBFE ks,Odka njh'
fuf,i ;ukaf.a u nexl= .sKqulg uqo,a ;ekam;a lrkq ,enqf
weh muKs' wehg foaY /lshdjg wejeis id n,m;a iy l
m;a tjd ;snqKs' ;ukag mqyqKqjla fkd,enQfha hehs lshk wdmiq
furgg meKs ia;%shla ixl%uKh ;snqfKa Wm tacka;jrfhl=
usks' b;s ia;%Ska 13 fokdu ;ukag fuu mqyqKqj ,nd kafka
o keoao inkaOfhka ia;r ,ndkafka ke;'

40

3'2 kej; ixl%uKh u

wOHhkhg ,la l< iEu ia;%shla u wvqu ;rka fojrlaj;a
foaY ixl%uKsl /lshd i|yd f.dia ;snqKs' we;e ia;%Ska 05
fyda 06 j;djla ixl%uKh jQfjda fj;s' wdmiq ishrg meKs
fudjqka meye,s l< wdldrhg h<s ixl%uKhg fm<UjQ m%Odk
fya;=j jQfha Tjqkaf.a wdlhhs' m<uq jgfha wdmiq meKs
ia;%Ska fndfyda fofkl=g Kh f.jd ug;a orejkag wdydr"
we iy wOHdmkh ,ndug;a ish' kej; ixl%uKh jQ
fndfyda ia;%Skag ;h jvd iemj;a lr.ekSu i|yd ;uka gq
Yd, isyskhla ;snqKs' th k ksjila ;kd .ekSuhs'
fndfyda ia;%Syq kej; kej; ixl%uKh jQy' ;fha uQ,sl
wjYH;d i|yd h meyeo ord.ekSug fkdyels jQ l=udyd
fufia mejiqjdh' m<uq jrg wdmiq meKsSfuka miq uu wdfh;a

rg fkdhkakhs yss;=f' kuq;a <uqka fmdaIKh lsug uqo,a ke;s

jqKd' uf.a mqreIhdg ksis /lshdjla ;snqfKa kE' iuyr g
f.or lkak fndkak mjd ke;s jqKd' ta ksid ud fojk jrg o
msgrg .shd' uu fofjks jr wdmiq meKsfha uf.a j jehg
m;au;a iuhs' ud ;=kafjks jrg;a msgrg .sfha ug ksjila
;kd.ekSug wjYH jQ ksihs weh ish hKshkag wOHdmkh
,ndkakd h' th l< fkdyels fohla hehs ud is;=f kE'
ta wef.a jpkhs' kuq;a wehg ksji imQKfhka idod ksul<
fkdyels jQfha tla jlf.a jdyh iy oEjeoao i|yd Yd,
uqo,la jeh lsug wehg isjQ ksidh' we;euqkag ixl%uKsl
/lshd j,ska wdodhula wjYH jQfha <uhskaf.a wOHdmkh i|yd
;j jir lsysmhlg uqo,a jeh lsug isjQ neks' ud fmr

,xldf /lshdjla l< kuq;a ta /lshdfjka <uqkaf.a wOHdmkhg

wjYH ;r ho lsu i|yd m%udKj;a uqo,la ug ,enqfka
kEhs m%shoYkS lshhs'
3'3 bmhS iy furgg uqo,a nerls
;ud i;= b;s ls ms<sn| f;dr;=re meye,s iy ksY
a ; jYfhka
wdmiq meKs ia;k
%S a iska m%ldY fkdlrhs' flfia jqj;a m<uqjrg
/lshd i|yd msg;aj .sh nyq;rh remsh,a 5"000-15"000 ^we'fvd'
41

45-140& uqo,la udislj bmhQy' ia;%Ska 3 fofkl= remsh,a 5"000g

wvq uqo,la udislj bmhQ nj;a ;j;a ;sfofkla remsh,a 15"00020"000;a ^we'fvd' 140-180& w;r uqo,la udislj bmhQ nj;a
ixl%uKsl fiajfha fofjks jgfha fudjqkaf.a bmhS jOkh
jQ w;r je fofkla iska udislj remsh,a 10"000 - 20"000;a
olajd Wmhk ,' remsh,a 5"000g wvq bmhSula ,enQf tla wfhl=
muKs' ia;%Syq ;sfofkla remsh,a 20"000-25"000 g jvd bmhQy'
m<uq jgfha ish wdmiq meKshjqkag Tjqkaf.a uq jegqm ,enqK
w;r tla ia;%shlg ;=kafjks jdrfha lsis f.ula ,e ke;'
udi 3la f. fkd ,o weh jevl< ia:dkfhka msg tu
rfgys ,xld ;dkdm;s ldhd,fha ;=kauila / isg miqj ishrg
n,d msg;a lr we;'
3'4 foaY.; .Dyfialdjkaf.a ;h
wdmiq ish rg meKs ia;%S ixl%uKslhska 30 fokdu uqo,a ish
ksfjia fj; tjd we;' we;eyq ;ukaf.a uq jegqmu tjQ w;r
;j;a iuyre fldgila b;slr je fldgi f.org tjQy'
nyq;rhla udislj uqo,a ;u ksfjia fj; tjQ w;r ia;%Ska 4
fofkla yels wjia:dj, tk iEu udi 2 fyda 3lg jrla
uqo,a tjd we;'
m<uq ixl%uKfha nyq;rhla fokd iska ;u ksfjia j,g tjQ
uqo,a udislj remsh,a 5"000-15"000;a w;r m%udKhla h' fofjks
jgfha remsh,a 10"000-25"000;a w;r m%udKhla tjQ w;r ;=kafjks
jdrfha nyq;rhla iska tjk ,o uqo,a m%udKh wvqlr we;'
tk je fokd iska tjd we;af;a remsh,a 5"000-10"000;a w;r
m%udKhls' Tjqka miqj f;are f.k ;snQ wdldrhg uqo,a tf
jvd;a iqiqu l%uh jQfha fplam;a iy nexl= yqjudre l%u Tiafia
fl,skau wod, mqoa.,hska fj; uqo,a tuhs' m<uq jdrfha
fndfyda ia;%Syq fplam;a Nd;d l<y' fofjks iy ;=kafjks
jdrj, o nyq;r ixLHdjla fplam;a uska o uqo,a tjQ w;r
nexl= yryd uqo,a yqjudre jQ m%udKh jeh' lsis ia;%shla
hyjka yryd fyda Y%S ,xldf fjfik fjk;a mqoa.,hska yryd
furgg uqo,a tjd ke;s w;r tjk ,o ishu uqo,a tjd we;af;a
th ,eh hq;= wod, mqoa.,hska fj;gu h'
42

w;r uehka u.ska uqo,a tjd Tyq$weh tu uqo, Y%S ,xldf

remsh,a j,g udrefldg ixl%uKslhskaf.a mjq,a fj; ,nd fok
l%uhla mj;skafka hehs o tf,i lsfuka ixl%uKslhska iska
ish mjq,g tjk ,o ksh; uqo,g jvd wvqfjka Tjqka fj;
uqo,a ,nd f jxpd iy.; l%shd isfj;ehs hk lgl;d
inkaOfhka by;ska lajQ f;dr;=re" ms<s;=re ,ndfokq ,nhs'
fuu ixl%uKsl fiajl ia;%Ska iska Wmhk ,o uqo,ska Tjqkaf.a
mjq,aj, tfkod ho i|yd fukau wdydr" we" me< iy
Kh msh o islr we;' fuu Kh uqo,a w;r uq,aj;dj,
foaY ixl%uKh i|yd Kh jYfhka ,nd.;a uqo,a o f' Tyq

;j;a ia;sh
% la iu inkaOhla we;ehs hk l;djla ug wikakg
,enqKd' ta;a <uhskag ho fka ksid .gu uqo,a tjd' Tyqf.a
uj iy fidfydhqrd f inkaOh ms<sn| l;dj i;H nj;a
Tyqg uqo,a fkdtjk f,i;a ug lshk ;=re uu f l;dj Yajdi
lf<a kE' miqj Tyqg uqo,a tu k;rfldg uf.a hdfjl=g
uqo,a tjd fndfyda llrejka ;u f.j,a j,ska l< O
uqo,a b,a,S bjiSfuka hqla;j o tla;rd wdvnrhlska hq;=j
bjid we;' ;u iehdg" foudmshkag iy orejkag tjk ,o
uqo,a j,g wu;rj ;u ifydaor ifydaohkaf.a wOHdmkh i|yd"
jHdmdr wdrN lsu fjkqfjka" ifydaorhkag hre n,m;a
,nd.ekSu hkd jYfhka O fya;= i|yd Tjqka iska uqo,a
b,a,d is wjia:djka j, ;uka uqo,a tjQ nj fuu ia;%Ska lshd
is' ifydaorhskaf.a Kh mshu i|yd mjd uqo,a b,a,S bm;aj
we;' fuu llrejka uq jegqm ;u f.org tjQ nj lS kuq;a
fndfyda fofkla ;u jegqfmka hlsis uqo,la ;ud < b;s
lrf.k o we;' m<uq wjia:djkag jvd fuu Nd;h fofjks
jdrfha oelsh yel' furg ;ud kka jQ nexl= .sKqj,g
jegqfmka fldgila ner l< msia o uq jegqm f.org tjQjd
hehs lshhs' m<uq ixl%uKfha f.oka l< b,a,S jemqru
Tjqkaf.a uQ,sl wjYH;d msuid .ekSu i|yd lrk ,o tajdh'
fuu b;s ls .ek o ud bmhQ oE f.org hjkjd hehs lshk
fndfyda fokd ksrjq,a m%ldY fkdlr;s'
tla ia;%shla ;ukaf.a ksjqka orejka fofokd n,dlshd .ekSug
;u uj fj; uqo,a tjd we;' kuq;a wef.a uj weh tjQ uqo,ska
43

lsish m%udKhla b;ss l< nj miqj kf.k ;sf' fuh wef.a

m<uq iy fofjks ixl%uK j, uqo,a tu inkaOj ,o w;alS
j,g yd;amiskau fjkia h' m<uq jdrfha wE ;u iehdg uqo,a
tjdh' Tyq tu uqo,a ish,a, ho lf<ah' fofjks jr wehf.a
;=hlg uqo,a tjQ w;r ;=h o ta ish,a, ho lr we;'
;j;a wfhl= wef.a ;=kajk ixl%uKfha bmhQ uqo,a hKsh
fj; tjQ w;r j uq uqo,u b;sr lrf.k we;' m<uq ixl%uK
foflysu ;u mqreIhdg;a kekaoKshg;a tjQ uqo,a ish,a, Tjqka
ho lr ;snqKs' ;=kajk j;df wef.a w;alS fjkia h'
y,S,d ;u bmhS wef.a ifydaohg tjd we;' weh fuu uqo,ska
y,S,df.a ksji f.dvke.Sug fldgila jehlr fldgila b;s
lr we;' wef.a ifydaoh fj; tjQ uqo, weh b;d iqmlaIdldj
.sKqul mj;ajdf.k .sh w;r tu uqo,ska iq m%udKhla ka
g wef.a wjYH;d i|yd jeh l<o tajd ms<sn|j mjd igyka
;ndf.k we;' ;u mqreIhd wl=re fkdo;a neka wef.a kEkd
fj; o uqo,a tjd we;' kEkd iy uf.a mqreIhd tla ish

uqo,a ho lr,d'
y;rjk ia;%sh ;ukaf.a jegqfmka Nd.hla ;u mshdg tjQ w;r
b;sh ;ukaf.a b;s lsf .sKqf r|jd .;a nj lSjdh' wE
wdmiq meKs miq oek.;a foa k weh ;u mshd fj; tjQ uqo,ska
wvlau Tyq b;s lr ;snQ njhs'
3'5 fiajdjkaf.a ia;r
ish wdmiq meKshjqka .Dyia: llrejka22 f,i /lshd l< o
iuyrekag mejreK jev fjkia h' fndfyda fofkl=g mejrefKa
bu iy msis lsuh' tfy;a iuyr whg <uqka n,dlshd .ekSf
w;sfl ldhh o ;j;a whg jesys iy f,vqka /ln,d .ekSu o
mejreKs' ia;%Ska fofofkl= mejiqf ;u j.lSu jhil frda.Ska n,d
.ekSu jQ njhs'

fkdfhl=;a lK.dgqodhl l;djka o we;' wdmiq meKs ia;%shla

lshd isfha ;ud fiajh l< ksjiska ;ukag m%udKj;a wdydr
22

44

udi 6 l muK ld,hla we ly,l fiajh lr wikSm ;;a;afjka h<s furgg

meKs ia;%sh yer'

fkdka njhs' fmd meKs,a,la jQfha Wfoa mdkaor isg flhla

fkdue;sj jev lsug isjQ nj;a uOHu rd;%sh olajd km;d
jevlsug isjQ nj;a h' ;j;a meKs,a,la jQfha wehg fiajh
lsug ;snQ mjqf,a idudlhska Yd, m%udKhla isu;a tlg
mjq,a foll jevlsug isu;a jegqm m%udo u;a h' tla ia;%shla
lshQ m wehg udi 5lska f.ula is lr ke;' weh ;ud is
rf Y% S ,xld ;dkdm;s ldhd,hg mek .shdh' ;dkdm;s
ldhd,fha ks,Odka ydmq;d iu. idlPd lr udi 5l
imQK jegqma uqo, ,ndkafka Y%S ,xldjg wdmiq tug udi
3la ;dkdm;s ldhd,fha / isfuka miqjh' tla ksjil ms<sfh,
l< wdydr wehg wm%sh jQ nj lSjdh' f inkaOfhka meKs,s
l< g wehg wdydr , f.k ms<sfh, lr .kakehs wef.a
ksjfia iajdhd iska oekq ;snqKs' ta;a uu uf.a bmhS uf.a

f.org heh hq;= ksid tajd uf.a wdydr i|yd ho lsug

ug ys;=fKa kE' f ksid ud fjku lEu , .kak .sfha kE'
wka;sf fyd|g lEu fkdlEj ksid uu wikSm jqKd tla
ixl%uKsl fialdjlf.a meKs,a, jQfha wef.a ydmq;dg b;d
krl wdldrhg flaka;s tk nj;a Tyq wehg myr fok nj;a h'
,sx.sl ysyer inkaOfhka lsisfjl=;a meKs,s lf<a ke;'
tfy;a i;=gqodhl l;kaor o fndfyda we;' wdmiq meKs msi
iuia;hla jYfhka Tjqkaf.a i;=goq dhl w;alS tk ixl%uKSh
Y%lhska f,iska Tjqka jevl< wdldrh iy j;a jQ wdldrh
.ek lshd ishy' we;e fofkla tla ia:dkhl /lshdjla lroa
uqyqK ug isjQ wi;=gqodhl f;dr;=re bm;a l< w;r ;j;a
;ekl i;=gqodhl f;dr;=re o h'
fndfyda h<s ish rgg meKs ixl%uKslhska" Tjqka msgrg fiajh
lroa ,enQ w;alSu inkaOfhka m<uqj isysm;a lf<a bmhQ
uqo,a m%udKh ms<sn|j fkdj" lsug isjQ jev f;d.h .ek;a
;u ydmq;=ka ;ukag ie,l+ wdldrh .ek;a Tjqkag ,enQ ;Hd.
iy w;alS .ek;a h'
h<s ish rgg meKs fofofkla ;uka fiajh l< wrd ksfjia
j,ska mek f.dia ;snqKs' wrd ydmq;=ka iy Tjqkaf.a mjq,aj,g

jevlsu Ialrhs' ud tackaish fj; mek f.dia wrd fkdjk

45

mjq,la fj; hjk f,i b,a,d ishd Tjqka fofokdu lshd

is fha tu l;dka o rhhs ' miq j Tjq k a f .ka tla ia ; % s h lg
wefuldkq mjq,l fiajh lsug ,enqKq w;r wfkla ia;%shg
Y%S ,dxlsl mjq,l fiajh lsug ,e we;' Tjqyq fofokdu ;ukag
miqj ,enqKq w;a ydmq;=ka inkaOfhka i;=gqodhl l;dkaor
lSy' fndfyda fokd ;uka fiajh l< mjq,a iu we;sjQ im
ne iy ,enqKq ;Hd. inkaO ia;r lSy' Tjqyq ulalu we;=
fjk;a m%foaYj,g fyda rgj,g ksjdvq .uka f.k .sh wdldrh
ms<sn|j lSy' wdmiq meKs fuu ia;%Ska f.ka tla wfhla ;u
fiajHhd iy Tyqf.a mjqf,a whg lshd isfha weh ;ks ujla
nj;a ;u orejd l=vd <orejl=j ish wef.a iehd weh yer
.sh nj;a h' Tjqyq jydu wef.a jegqm jelr fndfyda foa ;Hd.
jYfhka kay'
ia;%Ska fofofkla l+gkhg yiq jQ w;r fudjqka f.ka tla
wfhl=g frday,a msis lrkakshl jYfhka /lshdj ,nd ug
fmdfrdka we;;a tys .sh miqj lshd we;af;a wehg ta
inkaOfhka mqyK
q q iy;slhla fkdue;s neka th l< fkdyels
njhs' miqj weh .Dy fialdjla jYfhka fiajh lsug ksjilg
hjd we;'
wfkla ia;%shg uef,aishdf /lshdjla ,nd ug fmdfrdka
weh isx.mamQrej yryd f.k hk g isx.mamQref weh r|jd
f.k we;s w;r isx.mamQre n,Odkaa weh wdmiq ,xldjg tjd
we;' ;j;a tla ixl%uKsl ia;%shlf.a .siq ld,h w;r ueo
weh wikSm jQ w;r wef.a fiajHhd iska wehg ffjoH m%;sldr
,nd wdmiq Y%S ,xldjg tjk ,'
;j;a wfhla fuu /lshdj fidhd.ekSu i|yd wehg Kh .ekSug
isjQ nj ish fiajHhdg lshd is g wehg udi 3la jegqm l,ska
,nd Kh f.u i|yd tu uqo,a f.or heug bvka nj
lSjdh'
tla ia;%shla lshd isfha wehg f.or jev lSug wu;rj ;u
fiajHhdf.a t mfha tjka n,d.ekSug o is jQ njhs' tu
fiajHhd Okjf;la fkdjQ w;r tu m%foaYh fukau mjq, o
46

mam;a nj lSh' w;a foa bf.k .ekSu ms<sn|j tla ia;%shla

l;d l< w;r weh lshd isfha ;u iajdj uey;a wehg
Whkakg b.ekajQ njhs' weh ia;r lf<a wef.a uevf.a
ldhd,Sh jevj,g weh iydh jQ njhs'
tla ia;%shla lshd isfha ish fiajHhd wehg fkdfhl=;a ;Hd.
,hg f.kka w;r tajd mdi,afldg jka jr wef.a ksjig
;eme,a l< kuq;a wehg ta i|yd uqo,a f.ug is fkdjQ njh'
;ukag ,enqKq ksoyia ld,h w.h l< ;j;a fialdjla lSf
wehg i;s wka;fha ksjdvq ,enqK w;r we;e khkays ;u
hyjka fhfy<shkag ksjig wdrdOkd lsug o wehg bv
,enqK njhs' fujka kj, wef.a hy fhfy,shka i|yd
wef.a uev iska lEu Whd ka njo weh lshd ishd h'
;u jev ;h inkaOfhka iy ydmq;=ka ms<sn|j i;=ka
l;d l< fndfyda fofkl=g Ialr fiajdjka ys fhfokakg is
fkdjQ nj fuhska woyia fkdflf' fndfyda fofkla lSf ;u
oji b;d > jQ njhs' we;e g Tjqkag /ln,d .ekSug isjQ
mqoa.,hska ixLHdj Yd,h' ;j;a tla fialdjlf.a iydh we;sj
30 fofkl= /ln,d .ekSug tla ia;%shlg ish' Tjqkag lEu
msiSu" fr fiau" ksfjia fiau" iqr;,a i;=ka /ln,d .ekSu"
<uqka /ln,d .ekSu" jeys whg id;a;= lsu wd ish lghq;=
tla .Dy fialdjlf.ka n,dfmdfrd;a;= f' tfy;a fuu
fialdjkag lreKdfjka" wdorfhka iy ukqIH;ajfhka hq;=j
i,lkq ,enQ g Tjqkag is lsug ;snQ jev ms<sn| ia;rh
wf|dakdjla fkdj yqq lreKq lshd isula muKla h' wdmiq
meKs fuu ixl%uKsl fiajl ia;%Ska iska lrk ia;r l;d
j,s k a meye<s f,i fmka j ka fka tla tla whf.a fia j d
;;a;ajhkaf.a ;snQ ixlSK;ajh hss' tajdfhys Okd;aul fukau
iDKd;aul me;s o h' fuu ia;r l;d uska by; lS ;;a;j
a hka
g ia;%Ska yev.eiqK wdldrh meye,s lrhss' Tjqyq Okd;aul
fohska fyd|u foh ,nd .kska iDKd;aul foh bjiSfuka
l<ukdlrKh lr.kska ish,a, ord ishy' th ixl%uKSh
Y%lhska jYfhka ;uka ;=< mj;sk wNsm%dh jk ;u mjq,aj,g
Wmldr lsf mrud:h ksid isjkakls'
47

4 jk mfoh
mjq, ;=< ia;%S mqreI iudcNd inkaO;d
inkaOfhka h<s .kqfokq lsu
4'1 /ln,d .ekSu ms<sfj, lsu # ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd
foudmsh ldhNdrh (Gendered Parenting)
h<s ish rgg meKs ixl%uKsl fiajlhsska iska orejka ms<sn|
ujlf.a hq;=l w:l:kh lrkq ,nkafka ta ta ikaoNhg
wkqjh' ish orejka inkaOfhka ixl%uKSh llre ia;%Ska ;u
j.lSu olskafka orejkaf.a ; jvd hym;a lrkq i|yd uQ,Huh
iy jHuh wdOdr ,ndu flfrysh' Tjqkaf.a uQ,sl wjYH;d"
w;sfl iqj myiql" ksjila iy fyd| wOHdmkhlg bvlv
,ndu h' ia;%Ska foaY rgj, /lshd i|yd hdf Tjqka ta
i|yd fufyhjk m%Odk idOl jkafka fjdh' ;uka rf
b;sfldg hk orejka /ln,d .ekSu i|yd wksjdh jk fuu
ia ;% S k a f.a kEoEhs k a f.a iyfhda . h ^m<uq j & ;u iehdf.a
kEoEhskaf.a iyfhda.h ^fojkqj& wfmalaId flf' ia;%Syq fuu
kEoE inka Olj, w;s Yd, jkdl ols;s ' ta Tjq ka
Ndhdjlf.a ;;a;ajfha isg mjqf,ka wE;g f.dia wdodh
Wmhkakkaf.a ;;a;ajhg iy ksjiska fukau rka msgj isf
;;a;ajhg m;af h'
tal ia;%shla ;u iehd iu. tla ksjil fiajh lrk hqj,la
jYfhka ixl%uKh jQjdh' tA wef.a fofjks orejdg tla wjqreoaola
jhi jQ .ih' tg wef.a uj <uhska n,d .;a;dh' weh fojrla
fiajh i|yd ixl%uKh jQ w;r f.oka msg imQKfhka jir
10la .; l<dh'

48

mjqf,a idudlhska /ln,d .ekSf fYaIfhka ,dnd, orejka

isk wjia:d j, j.lS ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdh jevfnug
wkqj isu mdrmlj isjkakls' we;e l;dkaorj,ska
lshfjk m fuu ixl%uKsl fialdjka Tjqka rka msgj is
ld,h ;=< orejka /ln,d .ekSu inkaOfhka iy;sl u
flfrys fjfyi jQ wdldrh lshef' ;ukaf.a hKshkag orejka
,efnk g tu uqKqnqre Kshka /ln,d.ekSf j.lSula
;uka fj; we;ehs Tjqyq is;;s' fndfyda wjia:dj, wdmiq
mefKk wh ;u uqKn
q r
q ka Kshka /ln,d.ekSf ldhhka
Ndr .kS' ksoiqkla jYfhka tla wdmiq meKs ixl%uKsl
fialdjla fufia lSjdh'

zzuf.a jg orefjla ,efnkak bkakjd' ta wef.a m<uq orejdhs'

ud kej; foaY /lshdjlg hkafka kE' uf.a hKshg blaukska
wef.a orejd ,eug ksh;j ;sfhk ksid f wjia:df ud
weh iu ish hq;= fjkjd' f jf.a wjia:dj, wfula
;ukaf.a j tlal bkaku fka'ZZ
;j;a ia;%shla fojrla ixl%uKh we;s w;r tlu mjq,la iu.
wjqre 14la .;fldg ;sf' f ld,h ;=< weh ;ukaf.a mjqf,a
wh ne,Sug wdf fojrls' weh m<uqfjks jrg foaY .; fjoa
jhi wjqre 6la j is wef.a mq;d weh msgrg /lshdj wjika
fldg wdmiq f.or tkg jhi wjqre 20 l ;reKfhls' weh
msgrg ish wef.a iehd wikSm jQ w;r Tyqf.a ish ffjoH
ho ork ,oafoa wehhs' miqj Tyq h .sh g Tyqf.a wjika
lghq;=j, ho o weh iska ork ,' f jkg wef.a mq;d
jdy isk w;r Tyqg hKshla is' oeka f ldka;djf.a
uq f,dalhu jkafka f Kshhs' zzwE ug wdofrhs' wE lEu

lka fka ud iu.u hs " ks o d .ka fk;a ud <' weh wef.a

foudmshkag jvd ug imhs' uf.a iehd h.shdg miafia uu
wdfh;a rg .shd' f ksid uf.a Kshg ud ke;s jqKd' thdg
tal fldpr n,mEjo lshkjk <uhd wikSm fjkakg mgka
.;a;d' b;sx uu wdmyq wdjd' wdfh;a uu rg hkafka kE'ZZ
fndfyda ia;%Syq ;uka foaY.;j ish ;u mjqf,a idudlhska
wikSm jQ g Tjqka ne,Sug meK h<s wdmiq .shy' ohdj;sS
49

fofjks j;djg foaY .;j ish wdmiq wdf wef.a 7 he;s

hKshg weiaj, frda.hla we;s jQ neks' weh ;u orejd iqj jQ
miq kej;;a foaY .; jQjdh' ta ;j;a fojirla i|yd h'
4'2 ixl%uKh f jdisodhl ;;a;ajhka - wdmiq meKs
ixl%uKslhskaf.a jegySu
ixl%uKh f jdisodhl ;;a;ajhka ia;r jkafka tajdfhka
,efnk wdl iy jHuh jdis inkaOfhks' <uhskaf.a
wOHdmkh iy <uhska fjkqfjka fukau ;u mjq,aj,g hq;=l
bgqlsu jeks w;g yiqfkdjk jdis inkaOfhks'
kej; ish rg meKs fuu ixl%uKslhska ;u ch.%yKhka
f,i olsk lreKq fufia ia;r lrhs'
j.=j 4 - ixl%uKsl /lshd fya;=fjka w;ajk jdisodhl ;;a;j
a hka
wx.hka

bv , .ekSu
ksjdi , .ekSu
ksjdi blsu
<uqkaf.a mdi,a wOHdmkh
<uqka Wmldrl mka;s heu
jdy W;aij" <uqkaf.a jehg m;au" wju=,a
jHdmdr wdrN lsu
jdyk , .ekSu
nexl= .sKq ^idudkH b;s ls&
nexl= .sKq ^iar ;ekam;=&
mqoa.,sl rka wdNrK i|yd
<uhska i|yd rka wdNrK i|yd
iajhx /lshd

40
6
77
73
30
53
17
30
3
3
33
10
6

fuu ixl%uKsl ia;%S llrejka nyq;rhla fokdf.a m%Odk

wruqKq jQfha ksjila idod .ekSu fyda ksjila , .ekSu i|yd
bvula , .ekSu fyda ;u orejkaf.a wOHdmkh i|yd ho
lsuhs' bvula , .ekSu ^40]la&" kgu;a whs;s bvul ksjila
blr .ekSu ^77]&" blr we;s ksjila , .ekSu iy kg
50

Tjqka j;ajk l=vd wn,ka jQ lgque f.j,a h<s blsu fuu

ia;%Skaf.a m%uqL;d h'

zzud wdmiq f.or tk g nexl=f i;hlj;a b;s fj,d ;snqfKa

kE' ta;a ksjfia uQ,sl bls imQKfldg ;snqKd' ,sh
;snqfKa kE c, inkaOl ;snqfKa kE ta;a ksji bfldg
;snqKd' f ksid uu yq`.la i;=gg m;a jqKdZZ *jqhd lsSjdh'
wdmiq ish rg meKs whf.ka ^73]&la <uqkaf.a wOHdmkh i|yd
hofldg ;sKs' fuhg <uqka mdi,a heu iy fm!oa.,sl
Wmldrl mka;s heu we;=<;a h' ^30]& wdmiq meKs wh 7
fofkla <uqkf
a .a oa;Shl
s wOHdmkh ^ W$fm< olajd& hofldg
;snQ w;r fudjqkaf.a <uhska f.kaa 11 fofkl= W$fm< olajd
bf.kSu imQKlr ;snqKs' fuu ia;k
%sS af.ka 5 fofkla <uqkaf.a
Wiia wOHdmkh i|yd wdfhdackhfldg ;snqKs' fuu <uqkaf.ka
5 fokd w;ka fofofkla Wmdh olajd wOHdmkh ,nd ;snqKs'
53]la mjqf,a O wjia:djka i|yd tk jdy lghq;=" wju=,a
iy jeh meKSf W;aij i|yd jehfldg ;sKs' 40]la
bv , .;ay' 30]la rka wdNrK , .;ay' jHdmdr iy
iajhx /lshd i|yd 23]la hofldg ;snQ w;r nexl= b;s
ls ^b;s ls fyda iar ;ekam;=& 7]la h'
wfkl=;a wdldrfha ho jQfha ,s NdKav , .ekSu fyda ,S
nvq , .ekSu i|yd hs' rEmjdyskS hka;% , .ekSu we;=
bmhS j,ska NdKav , .ekSug m%Odk jYfhka jehls h'
tfiau cx.u rl;k , .ekSug" ksjig ,s n,h .ekSug"
YS;lrK hka;% , .ekSug" .sksWka iy c, inkaO;d ,nd
.ekSug jehfldg we;' ksjig rl;k inkaO;dj ,nd
.ekSug" YojdyskS iy m.Kl , .ekSug o holr ;snqKs'
4'3 b;s ls
ixl%uKsl fiajh wjidk jkg ixl%uKsl ia;S%ka f.ka 67]lg
b;s ls ;snqKs' Tjqkaf.ka 13 fofkl= remsh,a 120"000 fyda
Bg je ^o< jYfhka wefuldkq fvd, 1000& uqo,la b;slr
;snqKs' tla wfhl= remsh,a 100"000 isg 120"000 w;r m%udKhl
51

uqo,la b;s l< w;r 4 fofkl= remsh,a 40"000 isg 60"000la

w;r b;slr ;snqKs' fofofkl= remsh,a 20"000 isg 40"000la
w;r uqo,la b;s lrkq ,enqfh' remsh,a 120"000g jvd b;s
l< 13 fokd ;==kajrla foaY /lshdjkays ksr; jQy' b;s msi
fojrla foaY /lshdj, ksr; jQfjda fj;s' 9 fofkl= ish
jevld,h wjika jkg b;s lsula isfldg ;snqfKa ke;'
fuu ixl%uKsl ia;%Ska msfika 9 fofkl= ;=ka jrla ixl%uKsl
fiajfhys fh isg we;' flfia jqj;a fuu b;sls Odldrfha
lghq;= i|yd holr ;snqKs' h<s ish rg meKs fuu ixl%uKsl
fiajlhska f.ka 3]la Tjqkaf.a fuu b;sls uqo,a jYfhka
fyda iar ;ekam;=j, b;sfldg we;' tla ia;%shlf.ka f
inJOfhka ksis whqka m%udKj;a ia;r fkd,enqKs'
4'4 wdfhdack
wdfhdack inkaOfhka ia;r lrkq ,nkafka fm!oa.,sl
wdNrK , .ekSula f,i fyda ish orejka i|yd wdNrK
, .ekSula f,igh' tfukau th b;sls .sKqj, uqo,a
;ekam;a lsula fyda kj jfkdamd ud. Wfoid uqo,a fhoula
f,is ka fyda mj;s k jfkdam d ud. ixjOkh flfrk
l%shdldrl i|yd uqo,a fhoula f,iska ie,fla' by; i|yka
ia;rh wkqj ksjdihla i|yd fyda NdKav , .ekSula i|yd
fyda wOHdmkh i|yd fyda lrk ,o wdfhdackhkag idfmalaIj
iq jYfhka fyda wdfhdackhla isjQfha wdmiq meKs ixl%uKsl
fiajlhska 5 fofkl= l=vd jHdmdr wdrN lsuhs' tajdk
yd,afuda,la mj;ajdf.k hdu" g%elagrhla fyda f%,rhla l=,shg
fhou" ueyq jev lsu" wdydr ilid lsKSu" ukud,shka
wekaou hkdhhs' f ish jHdmdr mok jQfha Tjqka cSj;ajk
.udk iy k.rj, m%cdj jgd h' tneka wdodh bmhSu m%cdj
yryd is h' tfia u wdodh bmhQ ia;%Syq 5 fokdu ;u jHdmdr
ms<n
s |j i;=gq jQy' tfy;a Tjqka tajd jHdma; lsu ms<n
s |j l,amkd
lf<a ke;' kej; ish rg meKs fuu msfika fofofkl= ish
ksjdi mok lr.;a l=vd jHdmdr wdrN lf<dah' fjd k
u,a j.dj iy l=vd f;a lvhla mj;ajd f.k hduhs' f
jHdmdr folu | jegqKs' wo f fofokdgu iar jfkdamd
ud. fkdue;' wfkla msi ;djld,slj l=,sS jevl< w;r
52

b;s wh wdodhula bmhQ f ke;' fuu ixl% uKsl ia;%Ska

orejkaf.a jdy ux.,H i|yd ho lsu iy ish hKsjrekag
oEjeoao fiu hkdh inkaOfhka wdvnrfhka l;d lrhs'
fYaIfhka uqia,s m%cdj ;=< fuh ish' jdy ux.,H W;aij
iy oEje i|yd ho ls foudmshkaf.a uQ,sl hq;=l iy
j.lS f,i ie,flk neka Tjqyq ta inkaOfhka wdvnr
jQy'
;j;a wx.hla f,i ksjig ,sn,h ,nd.ekSu i|yd jehlsu
nyq;rhla msgrg f.dia meKs whf.a fmd houla f,i ie,lsh
yelsh' we;e fokd ksjig c, myiql ,nd.ekSu i|yd c,k,
ud.hla i|yd fyda ho wl jqjo <s|la i|yd ho lsu
fyda lrkq ,nhs' wdmiq meKs fuu ia;%S fiajlhska l,ska ,nd.;a
Kh uqo,a mshu iy /lshdj i|yd foaY .; f lrk ,o
ho i|yd w;a Kh f. hkdh Tjqkaf.a uQ,sl jeh
YSIhla h' fuh Yd, jYfhka isjQfha" ixl%uKfha m<uq
jgfha wdmiq ish rg meKs fiajlhskag ;ukaf.a bmhSj,ska
fldgila ;uka /lshdj i|yd msg;aug fmr ,nd.;a Kh
mshug fhdod.kq ,euhs' 53] Kh mshu i|yd jehlrk
w;r jefldgila uqo,a Khg fokakka fj; f.jkq ,ef'
we;e fofkla W.ig ;enQ rka wdNrK frd .ekSug;a mjqf,a
idudlhskaf.ka iy ys;j;=kaf.ka .;a Kh mshug;a jeh
lrkq ,nhs'
nyq;rhla ia;%Ska lshd isfha ;u jdyl mqreIhska iska
,ndf.k ;snQ Kh iy mjqf,a idudlhska iska f.k ;snQ Kh
mshug fuu foaY .; /lshdj ksid yels jQ njhs' tla ia;%shla"
;ukaf.a iehd u;amekg weneys ish W.ig ;enQ bv
ish,a, ;ukag frd.ekSug yels jQ nj mjihs' uf.a iehd

iska W.ig ;nd ;snQ wfma bv ish,a, frdf.k ta ish,a,

uf.a kug ,shd.;a;d' oeka ta ish,a, whs;s fjkafka ughs'
weh lSjdh' fuu wdmiq meKshjqkaf.a uqo,ska f.dvke+ ksjdi
imQK lsu O whrj, mj;S' we;e ksjdi imQK
mj;sk w;r we;e ksjdihkays ;a;s imQK lr ke;' we;e
fofkla ndf.g idod ;snQ Wv;gqj imQK lr we;' flfia
jqj;a ish ia;%Syq tlfia f ms<sn|j i;=gq jk w;r Tjqkaf.a
53

id:l;a j hka inka O fhka wdvnr fj;s ' h<s is h rg

meKshjqka f.ka fndfyduhla fokd mjqf,a j.lS ms<sn|j
yeS u ls k a is hy' je fokd ;u ifyda o rhs k a f .a fyda
ifydaohkaf.a wOHdmk lghq;= i|yd ho lsu ms<sn|j"
orejkag nhsisl,a fyda ;%S frdao r: jeks j;al , .ekSug
ho lsu ms<sn|j" jeys fyda we;eg wikSmfhka miqjk
foudmshka i|yd ho lsug isu ms<sn|j l;d l<y' ;u
mshd rEmjdyskS ne,Sug < md; {d;s ksfjiaaj,g hk neka
tfia hk w;ru fld;kl fyda je ;=jd, f hehs hk
yeSfuka tla fialdjla mshd fjkqfjka rEmjdyskshla ,
.;a;dh' ;j;a tla ia;%shla" m%dfoaYSh foaYmd,{fhl= jQ ish
ifydaorhdg foaYmd,k lghq;= i|yd uqo,a Khg ka wdldrh
ia;r lrka lshd isfha Tyq lsis g tu uqo,a wdmiq
,ndkafka ke;s njhs' weh tu uqo,a kej; b,af ke;s nj o
lshd ishd h' tla ia;%shla ;u jdyl mqreIhdf.a ifydaohf.a
jdy ux.,H i|yd uqo,a jehl< wdldrh ms<sn|j flaka;sfhka
ia;r l<dh' ksud,s bvula , f.k wef.a ksji f.dvkd
f.k ish WmlrKj,ska ksfji imQK lr .;a;dh' ;jo
wu;r bv lene,a,la o , .;a w;r ;u ifydarhdg here
n,m;%hla ,nd .ekSug o uqo,a kakdh' tfiau wef.a orejkaf.a
wOHdmk lghq;= i|yd weh uqo,a ho l< w;r wef.au jQ
jHdmdrhla wdrN lsug;a uqo,a jeh l<dh' tfiau weh iar
;ekam;= uqo,la tla/ia lr .;a w;r wef.a tfkod ho
i|yd tu ;ekam;=fjka ,efnk fmd,sh jeh lrhs'
h<s ish rgg meKs fuu ixl%uKslhskf
a .a id:l;ajfha ugu
;SrKh jkqfha Tjqkaf.a bmhSj,ska ksfjia fj; tjk uqo,a
iDcq f,i l<ukdlrKh u u;h' fudjqkaf.a mqreIhska"
ujreka" ifydaohka uqo,a l<ukdlrKh l< wdldrh wkqj
fuh id:l fyda wid:l u isf' ksjfia tfkod lghq;=
i`oyd ho lsu" <uhskaf.a wOHdmkhg jeh lsu" ksjdi
blsu" jvd id:l f,i mjqf,a m%S;su;a wjia:djka i`oyd
ho lsu f w;r h'
fmdueKs fla wehg jhi wjqr e 10la jeuy,a jQ wef.a
mqreIhdf.a uqo,a l<ukdlrKh inkaOfhka lshd isfha zzud
54

wx.imQK f,iska wfma ksji f.dvkd .;a;d' ud f.org

tkg ,s NdKav iy ksjig wjYH fjk;a NdKav f.kdjd'
ksji;a ish foa;a ud fjkqfjka imQKj iQodkj ;snqKd'
tjeksu l;djla wkd iska o lshk ,' wef.a mqreIhd weh
iska tjQ uqo,a b;d fydka l<ukdlrKh lf<ah'
4'5 miq;e,s
h<s ish rgg meKs fuu ia;%S fiajlfhda Tjqkaf.a id:l;ajhka
ms<sn|j fukau lKd.dgqj iy fYdalh okjk is ms<sn|j o
l;d l<y' lsysmfofkl= mjid isfha Tjqkag foaY /lshdjkays
ksr;u inkaOfhka lsis lKd.dgqodhl isula isfkdjQ
nj;a Tjqkag;a mjq,g;a f ksid Okd;aul n,mEula isjQ nj;a
h' ia;%Ska 18 fofkl= ^60]&iska Tjqkag uqyqK ug isjQ
lK.dgqodhl is ms<sn|j l;dlrka orejkaf.a iehkaf.a
iy ujrekaf.a wdl iy jHuh wjYH;djhka inkaOj
is ia;r lrk ,'
ia;Sk
% a 5 fofkl= <uqkf
a .a wOHdmkh inkaOfhka lK.dgqodhl
is ms<sn|j l;dl< w;r ia;Sk
% a 3 fofkl= ish orejka idudkH
fm<g jvd je" m%udKj;a ;r wOHdmkhla fkd,enQ njg
ia;r lshd is' fuu fiajlhskaf.a orejka Tjqkaf.a ujreka
iy mshjrekag jvd wOHdmkhla ,enQ kuq;a Tjqyq lsysm fofkl=
mdif,ka bj;a jQ w;r ^tla wfhl= 7 fY%aKsfhka o ;j;a wfhl=
8 fY%aKsfhka o ;j;a wfhl= 9 jk fY%aKsfhka o bj;a h&
orejkaf.ka 63]la iudkH fm<g jvd by,g bf.k .;ay'
uf.a f,dl=u lKd.dgqj orefjda fydka bf.k .;af;a ke;s
tlhs' uu fufya ysshdk Tjqka fydka bf.k .kakjd hs
weh lsSjdh' wef.a tla mqf;l= llrefjl= f,i jevl< w;r
fofjks mq;d w;al Ys,amsfhl= f,i jev lf<ah' Tjqkaf.a
wOHdmk mdGud,dj,g weh uq o ,a jeh l<dh' wef.a
n,dfmdfrd;a;j
= orejkaf.a wOHdmkh iy jD;a;h
S id:l;ajhka
b;d by, ugf ;suhs' weh orejkaf.a wOHdmkh fjkqfjka
fjfyi fjk w;r jeuy,a orejdf.a oa;sSl wOHdmkh i|yd
tk Wmldrl mx;s iy fydag,a mdGud,djla fjkqfjka uqo,a
ho l<dh'
55

<uhskaf.a Wiia wOHdmkh inkaOfhka isysk uejQ ia;%Skaf.a

n,dfmdfrd;a ;= iM, jQ fha ke;' tla ia ;% s h lf.a mq f ;l=
fikajrfhl= f,i fiajh lrhs' tfy;a rcfha fyda jD;a;Sh
iqiql iys; jD;a;shla lsf wjia:djla ;ju;a Wod
fkdue;' fuu ia;%Ska ish orejkag by, wOHdmkhla ,ndf
yeSfuka lghq;= l<;a orejka ksjfia oud hdug isu ksid
we;s jQ ;;a;ajhka inkaOfhka lK.dgqfjka miqf'
h<s meKs tla ia;%shla ia;rhla lrka ;u iehd orejkaf.a
uQ,sl wjYH;d ms<sn|j n,dlshd .;af;a ke;ehs mejiqjd h'
ud ksjig uqo,a tjQj;a Tjqkg m%udKj;a ;r wdydrhla ,enqfka
ke;' fuh Tyq f.a je/oa o la fyda uf.a je/oa o la fkdf'
ta inkaOfhka ud" ud fj; je/oao mgjd .kafka ke;'
f w:fhka uu lKd.dgq jkafka o ke;' ;u mqreIhd iu
foaY .;j /lshdjkays fh isg wdmiq meKs tla ixl%uKsl
fialdjla lska l;d l< w;r orejkag foudmshka fofokdu
ke;sj iSug isu inkaOfhka weh la jQjdh'
;j;a wdmiq meKs h l= ;u ujf.a wikS m ;;a ; a j hka
inkaOfhka la jQjdh' weh la jQf ish ujg ;u orejd
/ln,d .ekSug fjfyiSug is jQ neks'

uf.a uj" uf.a mq;d iy ifydaorhl=f.a <uhska ;=ka fokdu

n,d.;a;d' uu;a uf.a ifydaoh;a jevlf<a msgrg' orejka n,d
.ekSug is jQ ksid uf.a ujg wef.a wikSmh ;;a;ajh .ek
yye n,d.ekSug ne jqKd' f ksid weh is h wikSm
fkdi,ld yehd' weh l,a we;sj urKhg m;aug f is
n,mEjd' uu" uf.a ;fha iEu klu ujf.a wl,a urKh
ksid fokd |skjd' Ishd mejiqjdh'
ia ;%S yq ;sfofkl= Tjqka f.a mq reIhsk a Tjqk a w;yer fjk;a
ldka;djka iu. j;ajk nj lK.dgqfjka Bg;a jvd wm%shckl
f,iska mejiQy' Tyq ud tjQ uqo,a ish,a,u fjk;a ldka;djlg

kakd' ud jdy ug l,ska foaY .;ug ,enqKd k uu

ljodj;au jdyhla lr.kafka kE' y,S,d mejiqjd h'
56

uf.a mqreIhd fjk;a ldka;djlaa iu. inkaOl we;slr

f.k ;snqfKa ud rka msg;a ug;a fmr isghs' ud th oek
isfha kE' uf.a tlu nh ud bmhQ uqo,a j,ska ud tf;r ish
Tyqf.a kug , .;a bv lene,a, .ekhs' fldfydu y f
bvlE,a, nd,u mq;df.a kug ,shd .kakjd cq,hs,d mejiqjd
h'

uf.a iehdg ud fuys is ksid fjk;a ia;%shl fidhd.ekSug

ne jqKd' kuq;a ud rka msgjQfha ke;ak wm w;r lsisod
fkdif|k .eg rdYshla we;s fjkjd' uu orejkaag wOHdmkh
,ndkakd' ksjila f.dvke=jd' Tyq jir 4l ;siafia ud yn
l< i,a,s kdia;s l<d' <uhska uf.a me;a; .;a;d' tlu ksjil
.Dyia: llrefjl= f,i 11 wjqreoaola jev l< yqfihskd f.a
l;djhs ta'
ia;%Ska fofofkl=f.a mqreIhska iska f ia;%Ska fofokd bmhQ
uqo,a kslrefka kdia;s l< w;r ia;%Syq f ksid lK.dgqjg
m;ajQ wdldrh ia;r l<y'
tla wfhl= ;uka is k a bmhk ,o uqo f,ka wdrN l<
iajhx/lshd jHdmD;sh |jegqK wdldrh .ek lKd.dgq jQ w;r
;u ksji f.dvke.Sug fkdyelsu .ek o lK.dgq jQjdh'
y,Sud l;d lf<a Kq wfmalaIdjka iys;jh' weh ixl%uKhg
fmr j;a jQ ksjfia ;ju;a j;a fjhss' kuq;a wef.a ish Kh
uqo,a wE f.jd ksufldg we;' ug ksjila kE' ta;a uf.a orejka
udj n,d.kS' weh lshhs'
tla ia;%shla wx.imQKj ksji blr wjika u ms<sn|j
i;=gq f' kuq;a wef.a iehd fuu ksji blsu ioyd wehg
Wmfoia fkdu iy ie,iq lsug yjq,a fkdu inkaOfhka
weh lK.dgq h' tla ia;%shla Tjqkaf.a uy f.or m%;sixialrKh
lsug ;u ujf.a kug uqo,a tjQ w;r uj iska tu uqo,ska
ksfji m%;sixialrKhfldg th ;u fidfydhqrdf.a kug ,shdu
inkaOfhka lK.dgq fjhs' wehg tu ksji wys we;'
57

fuu ixl%uKsl ia;%Ska f.ka tla wfhl=g ;u ydmq;d iska

wef.a ksjig wjYH NdKav lkafkrhla tjk njg fmdfrdka
jQ kuq;a wehg jxpd lr tajd wef.a kug tjQfha ke;' wehg ;u
iehdg;a orejkag;aa wef.a ksjig;a lsisjla tug fkdyels
u mss<sn|j lK.dgq f' uu uf.a mq;d,g nhsisl,a" ,s

NdKav" wfkl=;a foaj,a lkafkrhl wyqrd tjQjd' Tjqka tajd

tjQfha kE' taa;a uf.a iehd wo ;ju;a jir 5lg miqj;a ug
fodia lshkjd' Tyq lshkafka f nvq uu fjk ldg y tjkak
we;s lsh,hss'
wef.a iehd ;ju;a Tyqg flka;s .shg lshd iskafka weh
foaY .;j isk g wh:d inkaOl meje;ajQ njhs' wehg
fjk;a flfkl=g ta NdKav tug wjia:dj ;snQ nj Tyq mjihs'

kuq;a uu tjeks flfkla fkf' uu uf.a mjq,g ne we;s

uf.a mjq, iu. tlg j;ajk wfhla' uu ksji yejd' mjqf,a
idudlhs kaf.a wju= ,a W;aijj,g hysho l<d' uf.a
iehdg Tyqf.a ud jHdmdrhlg uqo,a kakd' rka wNrK ,
f.k b;s ls l<d' f ish,a,g miqj;a ug fujeks l;d
wykak isoaO fj,d ;shkjd'
;j;a fofofkl= ;ukaf.a bmhS fudav wkaoka ho lsu
ms<sn|j lK.dgq jk w;r tu uqo,a ;ukaf.a kka wdodhula
bmhsh yels jHdmdrhl fhou i|yd b;s fkdlsu ms<sn|j
l;d fkdlrhs' tla ia;%shla wef.a mqreIhd wef.a bmhS j,ska
jHdmdrhla wdrN lsu .ek;a Tyq th fydka l<ukdlrKh
lr fkd.ekSu ksid tys |jeu .ek;a wm%idofhka l;d l<dh'
tla ia;%shla weh wdmiq meKs miq iajhx/lshd jHdmdrhla f,i
l=vd lvhla wdrN fkdlsu ms<sn|j lK.dgqfjka l;d l<dh'
iuyr is wkqfokSh tajd h' tla ixl%uKsl fialdjla
;ukaf.a uj h .sh nj okajd weh fj; ,enqKq ,s mKsvhla
ksid weh uqyqK ka isula ms<sn| l;d l<dh' 1990 jeks

ld,hl wo jf.a hqKq ugka rl;k inkaO;djhka ;snf

q ka
kE' uf.a mjqf,a whg rl;kfhka l;d lrkak ne Ialr
m<d;l ud jevlf<a' fyd| ksjil' f ,s mKsvh ,enqKg
miafia lE .y,d w~,d yels blauKska f.or wdjd' uu f.org
58

tkfldg uf. wud mqfuka jf.a ta;a yskd fj ud ms<s.kak

yskdf.k bhg wdjd' fuh /j,a,la' .f ljqreka fyda
flfkla ysjg fyda bishdjg fuh lr ;snqKd'
iaud j;a jQfha ;ksju h' wef.a m<uq iehd weh w;yer
.sfhah' wef.a fofjks iehd wehg msgrg yuqjQfjls' fmka
neKq Tjqka jdy tys tlg jev lrkakg h' miqj ,xldjg
meKs Tjqka fofokd bvula , f.k ksjila blf<a weh
fofjks jrg foaY .; issk g hss' tfy;a wjdikdjka;
f,i wef.a iehd yisfha h .sfhah' weh oeka lK.dgq fkdf'
mjq, ms<sn| j.lS ;uka iska bgqlf<a hehs i;=gla weh i;=j
;sf' Tjqka ksjila blrf.k we;' wef.a mq;d jdy <uhska
,en i;=ka j;a jkafka h'
4'6 ixl%uKsl llre mjq,l ia;%shlf.a ldhNdrh
wdmiq meKs ia;%Skaf.a ; foi ne g meye,s jkafka"
Tjqkaf.a ldhhka mjq,g w;sfl wdodh Wmhkakka f,i
fyda mjq,g wdodhj,ska odhl fkdjkakka f,i fyda wdodh
Wmhk ^jegqma fkdf.jk& mjqf,a llrejka f,i fyda isg
mjqf,a m%Odk wdodh Wmojkakl= f,ig mj;kh h yels
njhs'
f ish llre ia;%Ska mjq,g fyd| wdodh imhkakl= f,iska
ixl%uKh jQ w;r w;r mjq,g <s lka ug f Tiafia
Wo jkjd fukau ia;%Ska m%d:l wdodh Wmhkakl= njg
mj;kh u o bfu isf' ixl%uKsl llrejka f,i
ia;%Skag iqfYaIS jYfhka jevlsug yelsu ;jrg;a ia;%Skaf.a
ldhNdrfha fjkial ksudKh lsula fmkakq lrhs'
fndfyda mjq,aj, ia;%Skag ixl%uKsl llrejka f,i jevlsug
wjia:dj ,enqfka Tjqka ia;%Ska u fya;=fjka i mjqf,a mskag
fkdf'
ud,d mjqf,a tlu .eyeKq orejd h' wehg ifydaorhska 6 fofkl=
h' ud,dg jhi wjqre 24 wOHdmkh kej;ajk g weh fYaI
iqiql iys;j Wiia wOHdmkh ,nka ishdh' wOHdmkfhka
59

iuq.;a weh .Dyia: llrefjl= f,i foaY rglg ixl%uKh

jQjdh' wehg .f fjk;a wdodh Wmojk ud. fkdue;s jQjd
fukau wef.a ifydaorhskag o wdodh ud. fkdue;s h' ta
hkg wef.a ifydaorhska fofofkl=u jdy is w;r
Tjqkaf.au wd:sl m%Yakj,g uqyqK ug Tjqkag is ;snqKs'
f jkg wef.a ifydaorhska fofofkl= ;ju;a wOHdmksl
lghq;=j, kshef,ka is w;r b;s fofokd iakdhq wdndOhla
ksid wikSm ;;a;ajfhka miq h' Tjqka ish fokd j;a jQfha
wef.a mshdf.a Y%du jegqfmks' uf.a mjqf,a wh fokd kjd
ug n,d bkakg ne ksid uu f ;SrKh .;a;d hehs wE
mejiqjdh'
ixl%uKhg fmr fndfyda jdyl ia;%Ska j;a jQfha ;u jdyl
mqreIhskaf.a wdodh u;h' fndfyda fofkla mjqf,a wdodhug
ish jdyl mqreIhska f.ka ,o odhl;ajh inkaOfhka l;d
lf<a ke;' lsysmfofkl= mjqf,a ;ks wdodhu imhd .;a;jqka
jQfha iehka ke;s jQ neks'
mjqf,a m%d:l wdodh Wmojkakl= f,i wdmiq ish rg meKs
ia;%Ska ixl%uKsl llrejkag" orejkag wOHdmkh f j.lSu"
laIKsl fyda .=l d,Sk jYfhka mjqf,a wdl iqnis oah
we;slsf j.lSu" iudc lghq;=j, u=,a W;aij fyda wju=,a
lghq;=" .eyeKq <uqka jeh m;af wjia:dj, ho lsu"
wkd.;h i|yd orejkag" fYaIfhka jrekag oEje iemhSu
wdh i|yd b;sls hkdh i|yd uqo,a jeh lsug isf'
;u mqreIhskag uqo,a b;slrk f,i;a bmhS l<ukdlrKh
lrk f,i;a Wmfoia ug wehg is ;sf'

60

4'7 ujre iy ia;SK mjq,a idudcslhska iu.

inkaO;djhka
wdmiq meKs we;e ixl%uKsl ia;%S llrejkaa i|yd ia;SrK
mjqf,a m%Odk ldhh jkafka orejka /ln,d.kSu iy bmhS
b;s lsuh' fuu ia;SK mjqf,a msi iska bgqlrk m%d:l
ldhh jkafka orejkaa /ln,d .ekSu f' mjqf,a .eyeKq
idudlhska" ujre iy ifydaohka iska fuu ldh fldgi
bgqlrkq ,nhs'

uf.a uj ud ffOhu;a l<d' weh lSf ug foaY /lshdjlg

msg;aj hkak lsh,hss' wehg uf.a orejka /l n,d .; yels nj
lshd ishd' weh uf.a ;h;a" uf.a orejkq;a" uf.a ifydaohf.a
mjq, iu. ixiokh lrka ud fjkqfjka la jqKd' uf.a
ifydaoh ixl%uKsl llrejl= f,i foaY rgl fiajh l<d'
wef.a mjq, fydka j;a jQjd' uf.a wud lSf uf.a ifydaohf.a
f.or lEu u iy wksl=;a foaj,a fyd|g ;shkjd lsh,hs' thd
ks;ru ug lSjd Thd hs <uhhs la kjd fkao lsh,d' f rf
/lshd;a keye' ta ksid Thd rka msg;a fj,d .sysx mjq, fjkqfjka
lem fjkak hula y yn lr.kak' ux Tf orejka /ln,d
.kak' uf.a wud ug lSjd'
by; lS l;dj wkqj tu uj ixl%uKsl llrefjl= fkdf'
tfy;a we;e ixl%uKsl ia;%S llrejkag ffOh iemfhkafka
ixl%uKsl fiajlhl=j is wef.a ujf.ks' fudjqka f.ka tla
llre ia;%shl iska wef.a hKshg .Dyia: llrefjl= f,i
foaY .; /lshdjlg hkakg ffOhu;a lrk ,' jevlrk
ia:dkfha .eg mek ke=kfyd;aa my; i|yka wdldrfhka
lghq;= lrk f,i weh ish hKshg Wmfoia o kakdh' Tng

trg h .egjla mek ke.=fkd;a r;=mdg ;Skaf;ka ,shd tjk

f,ig Wmfoia ka wef.a uj" fydka lghq;= isjkafka k
ks,amdg ;Skaf;ka ,shd tjk f,i o lshd ishdh' r;= mdg
;Skaf;ka ,shqula ,enqfkd;a wms Tng f.kajd .ekSug yels
iEu fohlau lrk nj o weh ;jrg;a lshd ishdh'

61

tla ia;sh
% la wef.a ; wdrlaId lrk Y,Hluhla lroa ;ukag
ta i|yd msg;aj hdug isjQ wjia:djla ia;r lf<ah' weh
yeSfuka f;drj l;d l<dh' wef.a uj weh l=vd <ufhlaj
ish m<uq jrg weh" wef.a f,dl= wud < ^ujf.a fidfydhqh
<& ;ndf.dia ;snqKs' wef.a uj weh jehg m;ajkf;la
wjq re ls ysmhla u ixl%uKh jQjdh' weh ;ju;a .Dyia:
llrefjl= f,i foaY.;j jevlrk w;r jka jr fl
ld,iSudjka i|yd mefKa' weh lS l;dj fufiahs' uf.a uj

m<uq jrg rg /lshdjlg .sh miqj uf.a mshd wm w;yer .shd'

wud kej; jdyhla lr fkd.kafka weh ndmamd flfkl=
^iqmsfhl=& flfrys Yajdihla fkd;nk ksidhs' uu uf.a wud
.ek fydkau okafka kE' wud ug t;r lsgqqjka;fhla
fkf' ta;a ud weh fjkqfjka jQ hq;=lu bgql<d' weh f.org
tjQ uqo,aa wdrlaId jqKd' kej;;a u mdYjfhaa idudlhska"
wudjreka iy wehf.a ifydohka m%Odk ldh fldgi bgql<d
hehs weh mejiq jdh' wud iy wehf.a ifyda ohka w;r
fndfyda g fujeks ne mj;so a mshjreka iy Tjqk af.a
ifydaorhska w;r fuh isjQfha ke;' fuf,i ujre iy
Tjqkaf.a ifydaohka ms<sn|j fukau mshjreka inkaOfhka o
Okd;aul fukau iDKd;aul l;d mj;S' tfiau ujreka
inkaOfhka jk RKd;aul l;d o mj;S'
tla ixl%uKsl fialdjla lshd isfha wehf.a uj ;u bmhS
b;slr ;ud fjkqfjka ksjila bfldg ka njhs' ;j;a ujla
wehf.a j tjQ uqo,ska ksjila idod ta ksji wehf.a ^ixl%uKsl
fialdjf.a& ifydaorhdf.a kug ,shd ka wjia:djla inkaO
l;djla o we;'
fuf,i wdmiq ish rg meKs ia;%Syq Tjqkaf.a ujre iu
Odldr inka O ;djhka meje;a jQ y ' fuys we;e
inkaO;djhka hym;a tajd jQ w;r we;e tajd t;r hym;a
tajd fkdh' flfia jqj;a h<s ishrg meKs lsisu ixl%uKsl
fialdjla ;u hKshl .Dyia: llrefjl= f,i ixl%uKh
jkjdg leu;s ke;' .Dyia: llrefjl= f,i jevlsu uy;a
fia Ialr lghq;a;la ksid ;u hKsh tu w;alSu ,nkjdg
fuu ujreka leu;s jQfha ke;'
62

tla ixl%uKsl llre ia;%shla lshd isfha"

zzuf.a nd, jg .Dy fialdjla yehg msgrgl jevg hdug

wjYH jqk;a ud talg leu;s jqfka keye' uf.a j tjeks Ialr
jevj,g hjkafka fldfyduo@ wehg msgrg m,a,shl fyda
mdi,l /lshdjla ,nd.kak ;shkjdk fyd|hs' tfyk uu
leu;s fjkjd' ta;a f.j,aj, jevlrkak thdj msgrg hjkak
uu leu;s kEZZ hkqfjkqhs' weh ka f.j,a < msysgd we;s
ludka;Yd,djl fiajh lrhs'

zzuu fyda uf.a iehd wfma j foaY rgl /lshdjlg hjkak

leu;s jqfka kE' ta;a wef.a iehd thd hjkjdk b;sx wmsg
lrkak foal=;a keyeZZ ueKsfla mejiqjd h'
fuu ixl%uKsl llre ia;%Ska f.ka we;e fofkla lshd isfha
;ukaf.a hKsh .Dyia: llrefjl= f,i fiajhg heug
Tjqka lsisfkl leu;s fkdjk njhs' Tjqka fjk;a kEu
;ekl jevg .shdg lula keye kqIard mejiqjdh' wef.a jg
fkd.e,fmk ms <ufhl= iu. we;s lr.;a fma % u
inka O ;djhg reoa O jQ ks i d weh foums h ka iu.
wukdmfhka miqh' fuu wukdmh o fya;=fjka weh Wiia
fm< Nd.hg o fmkS fkdisg foaY rglg ixl%uKh jQjdh'
kqIard lshkafka wef.a j bmehQ ish uqo,a wef.a mshdf.a kug
tjQ w;r Tyq tajd ish,a, hKshf.a kka nexl= .sKqul ;ekam;a
l< njhs' uf.a j msgrg riaidjlg .sfha mam;alu ksid

fkdf' fm%au inkaO;djh hdf fkdiaiq iy.; yeSu

ksid ;ud msgrg riaidjg .sfha hehs f uj mejiqjd h' h<s
ishrg meKs ;j;a tla ixl%uKsl llre ia;%shk iska wef.a
hKshgg hka;% ls%hdlrjkakshl= f,iska we ly,l
fiajh lsug ixl%uKh u i|yd Wo lrk ,' fuu ia;%sh
wef.a jg Wmldr lr we;af;a wef.a rka NdKav W.ialr ,nd.;a
uqo,sks' foaY /lshdjg .sh wef.a j wehg uqo,a tjdh' weh
ta ish,a, hKshf.a nexl= .sKqul b;s l<dh' hKsh wef.a
ujf.a we iy fnfy;a fjkqfjka fjku uqo,a tjd we;'
tmuKla fkdj iEu udi 3 lg 4 lg jrla ksjfia hoj,g
o hKsh iska uqo,a tjkq ,nhs'
63

4'8 iehka iska bgqlrk ,o ldhNdrh

fuu ixl%uKsl llre ia;%Skaf.a iehkaf.a ia;r wkqj Tjqka
ldKav follg fnod fjkal< yelsh' tu ldKav fol k
Tjqkag iyfhda.h ka iehka iy Tjqkag iyfhda.h fkdfok
wh jYfhks' kej; ish rg meKs jdyl ia;%Ska jQ fuu
ixl%uKsl llrefjda" ;u jdyl mqreIhska foudmshka jYfhka
fukau /ln,d .kakka jYfhka o ish ksfjia ;=< bgqlrk ,o
ldh Ndrhkaf.a Okd;aul n,mEu inkaOfhka ia;r lshd
ishy'
ia;%Ska 11 fofkl= ^37]& la Tjqkaf.a iylrejka ms<sn|j l;d
lrk ,oafoa wdvnrfhka iy f.!rjfhks' we;e msia ia;SK
mjqf,a wdOdrh we;sj o ;j;a msia Tjqkaf.au W;aidyfhka o
<uhska n,d f.k ;snqKs' | ksjfia fkdish;a ksji .egjla
fkdue;sj mej;sKs' fuu mqreIhska iska orejka fmdaIKh lsu"
Tjqkag we me< iemhSu fukau f orejkag ksis wOHdmkh
o ,nd fok ,' uj fkdue;s jQ fuu orejka f,v frda.j,ska
wdrlaId lr .ekSug j. n,d .;af;ah' Tjqyq ;u ksfjia ukdj
md,kh l<y' |f.a bmhS b;s l<y' llre ia;%Skaf.ka
fofofkl= f.a mqreIhska Tjqqkag ^tla ia;%shlf.a iehd wehg
jvd oi jirla o wfkla ia;%shf.a iehd wehg jvd 17 jirla
o& jvd ie,lsh hq;= wjqre m%udKhlska jhiska je jQ ;u
iehka ms<sn|j l;d lrkaa lshd isfha ;uka ksjfia fkdis
ld,h ;=< Tjqka orejka ^ish fokd jre jQy& /ln,d .kska
Tjqkg
a wOHdmkh ,nd foka uqo,a ukdj l<ukdlrKh lrka
j.lSfuka hq;=j lghq;= l< njhs' tla mqreIfhla ksjila o b
lf<ah' fuu mqreIhska ;u mjqf,a orejka iu ksfjiaj,
iduld ; .; l< w;r h<s isg rg meKs ixl%uKsl
ia;Sk
% a ;ukag is moafoka Tjqkaf.a ; M,odhS f,i .;lrka
is'

uf.a iehd f.or ish bjq msyq iy msis ls we;=

<uhskaf.a ish jev l<d' uf.a orejka ^jre fofofkla iy
tla mqf;la& jefvk g Tjqkag ,enqKq mshdf.a wdorh uf.a
wdorhg jvd je hs kqIard;a iskdfika lSjdh' wehg fuu
64

jpk inkaOfhka miq;e,s ula fkd;sKs' weh l;d lf<a

i;=Ks' f ish foh uf.a iehdf.a hym;alu ksid hs' Tyq

;udf.a j.lSu yye bgq lf<a ke;ak wo f lsisu fohla

ke;e hs weh ;jrg;a lshd ishdh'
mqreIhska lsym
s fofkl= Tjqkf
a .a mrmrdkq.; ksfjia fj; wdmiq
.sfha ish |Ejrekaf.a f.a msg;afuka miqjh' Tjqyq ish orefjda
mjqf,a wfkla whf.a Wo we;sj /ln,d .;af;dah' ujreka
iy ifydaohka orejka /ln,d .ekSug Wo jQ w;r mqreIfhda
.gu Tjqkaf.a /lshdj, ksr; jQy' fudjqyq ish kaoEjreka
ixl%uKsl fiajfhka Wmhk uqo,a m%fYfuka mjqqf,a lghq;=
i|yd fhdod .;ay' tfukau fuu mqreIhska Tjqkaf.a mjq,a i|yd
wLKavj lsish fyda jD;a;shl ksr; jQ w;r tu jD;a;Ska jQfha
llre" f.d" fmofre hkd hhs' fuu mqreIhska f.ka tlu
mqreIfhla muKla mQKld,Skj llrefjl= f,i jevlsu
k;r lrkq ,enqf orejka /ln,d .ekSu iy ksjfia lghq;=
i|yd h' fuu mqreIhskaf.ka nyq;rh oa;shsl wOHdmkh ksulr
is w;r" tla wfhl= Wiiafm< imQK lr ;snqKs' tla wfhl=
wOHdmkh ,nd fkdisfha h'
wdluh jYfhka fN!;sluh w;am;alr .ekS mej;sh o
iyfhda.h fkdka iehkaf.a kaoEjreka lK.dgqfjka iy
wffOfhka hq;=j l;d l< w;r thg tla fya;=jla jQfha Tjqka
ixl%uKsl /lshd i|yd msg;aug ;SrK lrkg Tjqkaf.a
iehka thg iyfhda.h fkdoelauhs' tfiau ;j;a tla m%Odk
fya;=jla jQfha" ;u iehka iska Tjqka bmhQ uqo,a kslrefka
kdia;s lsuhs' fuu kaoEjre krl m%;sM, w;a kaoy' thska
tla nrm;, isula jQfha tla ixl%uKsl ia;%shlf.a 13 ye
jeuy hKsh ish iehd ^<uhdf.a mshd& iska ,sx.sl IKhg
,la lsuh'
mqreIhska fofofkl= Tjqkaf.a |kaoka furgg meKs miq
ixl%uKsl fiajlhska f,i msg;a h' mqreIhd wef.a |
ixl%uKsl llrefjl= f,i msg hdu ms<sn|j reoaO jQ Tyq
tu l;dju lf<ah' zzud ixl%uKsl llrejl= f,i msg hdu

inkaOfhka uf.a iehd nrm;, f,i reoaO jqk;a uf.a

65

orejkag lkak fokak ke;s jQ ksid;a Tjqkaf.a wOHdmk lghq;=

j,g ho lrkak i,a,s ke;s jqk ksid;a ud ;SrKh l<d
foaY /lshdjlg hkak' uu fjk fudkjd lrkako@ZZ mjqf,a
lghq;= i|yd m%udKj;a uqo,la bmhSug wfmdfydi;a u ms<sn|j
Tjqyq ish iylrejkag fodia fkdlS w;r mjqf,a wdl Ialr;d
ksid foaY /lshdjlg hdug isu inkaOfhka lreKq bm;a
lf<dah'

uu Wiiafm< iu;a rdcH wxYfha /lshdjla ,nd .;a;d'

kuq;a uf.a iehd ud /lshdjla lrkjdg reoaO jqKd' Tyqf.a
mjq, Okj;a' kuq;a Tyq ish uqo,a u;alug kdia;s l<d' Tyq"
ud ixl%uKsl /lshdjlg hkjdg;a reoaO jqKd' kuq;a ixl%uKsl
/lshdjg .sh ksid Tyq wrka ;snqKq Kh fiaru ud msfhjd'
W.ia lr,d ;snqKq ish foam, frd .;a;d' ta fiaru lf<a uu
foaY rgl .Dyfialdjl f,iska jev lr,d yn lr.;a;
uqo,a j,ska fuu ia;%sh ish iehd iska W.iafldg ;snQ ish
foam, frd .;a;d fiau ta ish,a, wef.a kug ,shd .;a;dh'
;u ka|kaf.a reoaO;ajhka fkdi,ld f mqreIhska Tjqkaf.a
kaoEjreka iska bmehQ ish uqo,a ish wjYH;djhka i|yd
kslrefKa kdia;s l< w;r fjk;a ia;%Ska iu mj;ajdf.k
.sh wdor inkaO;djhka fjkqfjka o hofldg we;' tfy;a
lsis ia;%shla ;u mqreIhska u;ameka i|yd ;udf.a bmhS
kslrefKa kdia;s lsu ms<sn|j l;d lf<a ke;'
mqreIhska fofofkl= ;u kaoEjreka iska orejka Tjqkaf.a
wd wud < ;nd foaY .; fuka miqj" orejkaf.a
;j,ska bj;aj" Tjqka w;=reoyka jQfh'
fuu mqreIfhda oa;shsl ugka bf.kSu ,nd.;a whjka jQy'

uf.a iehd ud yer f.dia ;j;a ldka;djla iu. jdih l<d'

Tyq <uhska Tyqf.a uj < oud .syska ;ud wks;a ldka;dj iu.
j;a fjkak mgka wrka ;sfhkafka' ug miafia k.kak ,enqK
hg Tyq wE iu wksh inkaOhla mj;ajd we;af;a ud
rka msg hkakg;a fmr isghs' ka Tyq ;ju;a wfma ksjig
tkjd ta .uka wksla ldka;dj fj;g o hkjd'
66

fuu h<s meKs ia;%Skaf.a l;djka fndfyda ye=nr iy

;a;f.d;aul tajd h' tla wfhla Ydlj isflreKq
ysxikhla inkaOfhka o l;d lf<ah' zzuf.a mqreIhd wl=re

okafka keye' ud ksjig tjQ ish uqo,a Tyq kdiaa;s l<d' uu

wdmiq meK uqo,a ho lsu .ek weyqju Tyq ug myr kakd'
f .ek wyk yeu fj,dfju Tyq ug myr kak ksid ud tu
m%Yak lsu keje;ajQjd' ud lsish iq uqo,la ijd .;af;a
wikSmhlg .kak lsh,d ys;df.k' iehdf.a f myr ksid
ug ysfia wudrejla yeKd' wjqreoaola ;r hoa uf.a lka
wefykafka ke;=j .shd'
ia;%Ska lssysmfofkla ^4& ;u iehkag ;uka jevl< ksfjiaj,u
/lshdjka fidhd ;snqKs' tla wfhla tu jegqm m%udKj;a
fkdjk njg;a wl jev m%udKhla lsug we;s njg;a meKs,s
lrka ^.s iq ld,h wjika ug fmr& wdmiq ks j ig
meKsfhah' Tjqkag foaY rgj,g yev.eiSug fkdyelsu;a
fuhg fya;=jla f,i bm;a h' jvd;a fockl isu k
jhi wjqre 13 la jQ hKsh wef.a iehd ^<uhdf.a mshd& iska
,sx.sl IKhg ,la lsuhs'
4'9 h<s isg rgg meKs ia;k
S% f
a .a iudc foaYmd,k iyNd.s;j
a h
h<s is h rgg meKs fuu ixl% u Ks l ia ; % S llrejka
inkaOfhka fidhd .kq ,enQ m%Odk f;dr;=rla jQfha fuu
ia;%Ska ;=< iudc iy foaYmd,k lafIa;%fha l%shdld;ajhla
fkdue;s uh' Tjqkaf.a ;" ksfji iy mjq,a ;=< flaka .;
;sula olakg we;' tfiau Tjqkaf.a iudc iyNd.s;ajh ys
;snqfka wd.l l%shdld;ajh ;=< iy <uhskaf.a mdi,a wdY%s;
l%shdld;ajh ;=< muKls' ^<uqka mdi,a hjkafka k& nyq;rh
hlsis ixOdkhl" i;shl fyda lKavdhul l%shld fkdjQ
w;r m%cdjla ;=<" ia;%S lKavdhula ;=< fyda l%shdld fkdh'
ia;%Ska fofofkl= ia;%S i;shl l%shdldj iydNd.S jqjo tla
ia;%shla lSf m%cdf /iaulg ;uka iyNd.S jQfha ;u mqreIhd
g iyNd.S ug fkdyels jQ g njhs' fuys weh je rg;a
lshd isfha tu /iaf ksYaYoj jd is njhs' foaYmd,k
lafIa;%h ;=< lsis ia;%shla l%shdld fkdjQ kuq;a Tjqka tA
67

inJOfhka i{a{dKsl ;;a;ajhl miqh' Tjqyq ish fokd

Pkaoh Nd;d l< kuq;a mlaI foaYmd,kh ;=< m%dfoaYSh ugka
mjd l%shdldj iyNd.S fkdjQy'
4'10 /lshd i|yd ixl%uKh u ms<sn|j ia;%Skaf.a lau
ia;%Skag .Dyia: llrejka f,i ixl%uKh u ms<sn| ksYa;
woyila ke;s w;r wdmiq ish rg meKs fuu ixl%uKsl ia;Sk
% f
a .a
u;h Tjqkaf.a fm!oa.,sl w;alS u; mok we;' fuu
msi Tjqkaf.a /lshd ms<sn|j Okd;aul yeSulska hqla;j is'
fudjqka w;ka we;e fofkla wl m%Yxid;aul iajrEmlska
l;d l< w;r ;j;a msia O fya;+ka iy lreKq bm;a
lrka we.ehSj,g t<efUka l;d lrk iajrEmhla o h'
flfia jqj;a wdmiq meKs ixl%uKsl ia;%Syq fofofkla muKla
;ukag kej; wjia:djla t<Uqkfyd;a kej; foaY /lshdjka
i|yd msg;aj hk nj lSy' wdmiq meKs fuu ixl%uKsl
ia;Sk
% f
a .ka 7 fofkl= iar f,iska lshd isfha Tjqkaf.a hKshka
lsisod .Dyia: llrejka f,iska fiajhg fkdhjk nj;a" tjka
/lshdjla i|yd lsisfkl ish jreka ffOhu;a fkdlrk
nj;a h' tla ia;%shl lshd isfha ;ud ish hKshka ixl%uKsl
/lshdjla i|yd ffOhu;a lrk njhs' tfy;a Tjqkaf.a jdyl
mqreIhska ;u kaoEjreka ixl%uKsl /lshdjka i|yd heug
tl;djhla fkdolajk nj;a lshd ishd h' Tjqka hkjdk
uu leu;shs' th fyd| wjia:djlahehs odhdj;S mejiqjd h'
fuu ixl% u Ks l hs k a f.ka we;e fofkl= f .a woyi jQ f
hKsjrekag jvd ish mqreIhska fyda mq;=ka foaY /lshd i|yd
ixl%uKh u jvd;a iqiq njhs' tfukau Tjqka ;jrg;a lshd
isfha ,efnk jegqm fyd| tlla h hq;= nj;a /lshd ia:dk o
wdrlaId iys; h hq;= nj;a h'
wdmiq furgg meKs fuu ixl%u Ksl fiajl ia ;%Skaf.ka
jefokd kej; ixl%uKh u inkaOfhka reoaO jkafka
<uqka furg oud ixl%uKh u hk ldrKh fya;=fjks' tk
<uhskaf.a iqnidOkh mok fldgf.k h' wdKavqj ujreka

ixl%uKsl /lshd i|yd foaY.; u ;yk l< hq;= hehs

wISud mejiQ w;r weh ;u orejkag Yd, f,i wdluh
68

jYfhka hym;a ;;a;ajhla we;s l<;a ;u orejka wOHdmkfha

YsIag m%;sM, fkd,eu ms<sn| lk.dgq jQjdh' orejka n,d.;

hq;=hs" uf.a iehd g k lrkafka uu f.or kej;S orejka

n,d .ekSuhs idkd mejiQ w;r ud,d kej; ixl%uKh fkdug
l,amkd lrkafka" orejkag weh wjYH hehs l,amkd lrk neks'
wdmiq meKs fuu ixl%uKsl ia;%Ska fofokdgu mdi,a hk
jhfia orejka we;' Tjqka" wjqre 10 fofofkla o fhdjqka hg
t<efUka isk ;sfofkla o f'
tla wdmiq meKs ia;%S ixl%uKslfhl= lshd iskafka ldka;djka
msgrg /lshdjka i|yd hdu ms<sn| m%cdj ;=< ms<s.ekSula ke;s
njhs' msgrg hk ldka;djka ms<n
s |j iudch my;a f,i n,kjd'
.=jka f;dgqmf<a mjd ms<s.ekSula kE' f.!rjhla kE' l=iq
lshd ishd h' wef.a lau inkaOfhka wks;a ms i ;=<
ms<s.ekSula o ke;' wdmiq meKs fuu ixl%uKsl fiajlhska"
lshd iskafka" Tjqkaf.a mjq,a iy m%cdjka ish mjq,aj,g wdl
jYfhka by,g keSug odhl jkakka jk ;ukaf.a iudh
;;a;ajhka inkaOfhka ie,ls,a,la olajk njhs'
ixl%uKsl w;alSu" .eUqre fm!oa.,sl yeSulska n,i;= lrk
w;r ish rg meKs we;e ixl%uKsl ia;%Skag th n,mdhs'
Tjqka ksoyi" w;alS ms<sn|j l;dlrk w;r wd;au f.!rjh
iy wdvnrh ms<sn| yeSu o we;sj is' uu ksjiska msg
hdug mqre is' kuq;a ka ug Yajdihla we; oeka wmg
.f ms<s.ekSula ;shkjd fuh wdmiq meKs fuu ixl%uKsl
ia;%Skaf.a fmd m%ldYkhls'
wdluh w;am;a lr .ekS ia;%Skaf.a ;;a;ajh by,g tiug
Wo fohs' nyq;rh f inkaOfhka i;=gq jk w;r Tjqyq ish
wdl n,.ekau ms<sn|j wdvnr fj;s' nv.skafka bkakg
isoaO jqk;a ug oeka f.orla ;shkjd tla ia;%shla mejiqjd h'
wms fufyu j;a fjkafka uu msgrg .sh ksidhs" uf.a mjq,
frefka ta ksid lsh,d ksiaiq lshkjd' hs ksfrdaId lSjdh'
wdmiq meKs fuu ixl%uKslhskaf.a m%n, u;hla jkafka

hym;a whqka iyfhda.h olajk iehka isu" rka msgfj,d

.syska fiajh lsfuka ,efnk Okd;aul m%;sM, iy;sl lsu
69

i|yd m%Odk mqrella fjkjd' foaY.; /lshd j,ska mjq,g

jdis isug k iehka hym;a h hq;=hs hehs wdmiq meKs
tla ia;%shla iska lshd isk ,' ;uka msgrg isk g wef.a
mqreIhd ;j;a ia;%shla iu msgf isoah jgd ;u foaY
/lshdj, w;alSu f.;S ;snQ nj tla ia;%shla mejiqjd h' kuq;a
th ug n,mEf kE' thska ug mdvqjla isjqfk;a kE' uf.a
ksji iy uf.a <uhska ug yshd' uu iajhxfmdaIs; jQ ksid
lalido jk wjia:dfj;a kv;a;= fyda jka b,a,Sulaj;a ud
lf<a kE weh mejiqjdh'
rka msgjQ .Dyia: llrefjl= f,i ;u ;fha wks;a ld,hg
jvd wdidfjka .;l< ld,h inkaOfhka wdmiq meKs
ixl%uKSlfhl= ia;r lf<a fufiah' fuh mok jQfha tlu
ksjil 7 jirla mqrd fydka ie,l= ,euhs' weh th ia;r
lrka lshd isfha" ud fuys ;=< .; l<dg jvd m%S;u
s ;a ;hla

tys .; l< njhs'

mqreIhska mjq, i|yd wjYH foaj,a imhka Wmhkafka k
.eyeKqkag rka msg /lshd i|yd hdug wjYH jkafka keye'
tla ixl%uKslfhl= f.a fuu oelau Yla;su;a h' fuu ia;%sh
;ud bmhQ uqo,ska ish iehdf.a Kh f. islr ;sf' weh
wdmiq meKsh miq wef.a uj iy ifydaohka iu ld,h .;
lrka" kEk,dg iy nEKdjrekag ie,l=f wehf.a u jQ orejka
wehg fkdue;s jQ neks'

70

ks.uk
fjkila fidhd .sh ;
fuu ia;k
%S a ;sif
a okdf.a l;dkaor foia ixl%uKsl fiajh f;dard
.;a ia;%Skaf.a ;j, ixlSK;ajh iy idrj;aNdjh f.kyer
olajhs' ia;%Ska foaY /lshd i|yd ixl%uKhug fmd<Ujk
m%Odk idOlh jkafka mam;aluhs' fndfyda fofkl=g msgrgl
jev lsf iy idfmalaIl jYfhka by< jegqmla Wmhd .ekSf
m<uq w;aoelSu ujqjreka" wdodh Wmhkakshka iy mqoa.,hka
jYfhka mjq, ;=< Tjqkaf.a N+ldj by< hEuhs' tfukau f
fya;=fjka Tjqkaf.a ; mj;khlg ;=vq kafka h' fuu
wOHhkhg we;=<;a ia;%Skaf.ka 60]la /lshd i|yd fojrla fyda
;=kajrla foia rglg ixl%uKh jqjka h' Tjqyq m<uq jrg
foaY .; ixl%uKsl /lshdjkays fh wdmiq meK jirla
fyda jir wgla w;r ld,hl h<s ixl%uKh jQy' fuf,i
wdmiq meKshjqka w;r ixl%uKsl /lshd ms<sn|j ;u w;aoelS
mok lr.;a oe woyia mj;S'
wdmiq meKs fuu ixl%uKsl ia;%Ska ;=< ;u mjq, wka;
.SNdjfhka uqojd .ekSug bjy,a jQjka f,i mqoa.,slj iEySug
m;af wdvnr yeSula oelsh yelsh' tfukau Tjqyq ;u
orejkaf.a wOHdmkh" je uy,a orejka oEje iu. jdy lru"
jdy" wju.=,a iy frda.SjQjkag fnfy;a-fya;a ,nd .ekSug
wdOdr lsu jeks iudc hq;l
= bgql
s u inkaOfhka o ;Dma;u
s ;a
fj;s' fujeks yeS we;s jkafka ia;%shg mjqf,a wkkH;djh
ms<sn|j we;s whs;sh" ^uq,a mjq, iy kEoEhska w;r& ixl%uKsl
fia j lhs k a g we;s ms < s . ekS u iy ;uka f.a mjq f ,a hq Kq j
inkaOfhka ia;%Skag we;s whs;sh jeks lreKq ksidh'
foaY.;j /lshdjkays kshqla;j isg wdmiq meKs fuu ia;%Skaf.a
wd;auwNsudkhg uQ,sl jYfhka fya;= jkafka Tjqkag mjq, ;=<
,efnk ms<s.ekSu nj meye,sh' fuu ia;%Ska w;r idudkHfhka
71

ia;%Ska ;=< mj;sk mdrd:ld;ajh ms<sn|j oe yeSula mj;S'

Wmhd .;a uqo,ska fldgila ;ukag fjkalr .ekSu lsh yelafla
lSm fofkl= w;r muKs' fujeks ;;a;ajhla olakg ,efnkafka
jevlsug fkdyels ld,hl fyda wikSmhla jQ g m%fhdackhg
.ekSug uqo,la fjka lr .; hq;=hehs l,skau ie,iq l< iaj,am
fofkl= w;r h' wfkl=;a ia;%Ska ;=< we;af;a ;uka Wmhd .;a
fohska M, m%fhdackh ,enQ orejka ;uka /ln,d .kq we;ehs
hk Yaajdih hs' ia;%Ska fndfyda fofkl= ;u uqo,a j,ska blrkq
,enQ ksjil jeys orefjl== iu ^iehd we;sj fyda ke;sj&
j;aug ie,iq lrhs' fuhska fmkS hkafka foia /lshdjkag
f.dia wdmiq mefKk fndfyda fofkl= ;= < ;u ;
inkaOfhka fYaIfhka u jhia.; jQ miq ;u ; ms<sn|j
fkdis;Su iy ie,iq fkdlsu h'
fuu mfPofhka ia;%Skaf.a ;" .DyKshka iy hKshkaf.a
isg foia ixl%uKsl fialdjka f,i wka;cd;sl jYfhka
wu;a fCIa;%h ksfhdackh lrkakka olajd mKduh f
uQ,sl ,laIK fy<s f'
5'1 Ialr fiajd ;;a;ajhka iy jejYfhka bmehSug we;s
yelshdj w;r .kqfokqj
wdmiq meKs fndfyda fokd ;u fiajd ld,h ;=< .; l< lgql
; .ek lsh;s' Tjqyq meh .Kkdjla tl .g jev lsu"
mjq,a fol ;=kl Yd, msilg tljr jev lsug isu"
flhla fyda ksoyila ke;su iy wjia:d lSmhl jegqma
fkdf.u" jegqma f.u m%udou" .siq ld,h wjikafuka
miqj o fiajfhka ksoyia fkdlsu jeks ;u whs;sjdisl
lvls iy ysyer ls ms<sn|j l;d lr;s' Ydl ysxik
meK jQ wjia:djla .ek o jd;d h' wdmiq meKSfuka miqj
i;=gqodhl f,i kej; iudchg we;=u ksid fyda tjeks foa
fy<s fkdl< hq;=hehs is;k ksid fyda ,sx.sl w;jr is jQ njla
lsisfjl= mjikafka ke;'
/lshdj lrk wjia:df w;a ish Ialr;d jk ;;a;ajfha
Wiiafuka wu;l .shd fiah' ia;%Ska fndfyda fokd ;=< ;u
72

mjq, o;djfhka .,jd .ekSug yelsu ms<sn|j mj;skafka

oe wd;au wdvnrfhls'
5'2 iar ksjila blsu
Tjqyq wdl jdis fukau orejkaf.aa wNsjDoah inkaOfhka
w;a jQ m%;s,dN ms<sn|j l;d l<y' NdKav /ialr .ekSu
^bf,lafg%dksl NdKav" .Dy NdKav" rl;k iy jdyk& jk
ugu kxjd,Sf lemS fmfkk mshjrla f,i olsk w;r ish
fokdu mdfya ^l,ska i;=j mej;s fyda Wmhd .;a uqo,ska ,
.;a bvul& ksjila blsu Yd, ch.%yKhla f,i i,l;s'
ksjila blsug fkdyelsu fyda blsu wdrN l< ksji
imQK l< fkdyelsu inkaOfhka fndfyda fokd miq;e,s
fj;s' zzwmg ld,d ,d bkak ;r uqo,la ,xldf Wmhd
.kak mqjka' ta;a ljodj;a f.hla fodrla yod.kak uqo,la
b;s lr .kak neye'ZZ foia ixl%uKsl fiajfhys kshq;=j isg
wdmiq meKs ia;%shla lSf tfiahs'
foia .;j /lshdjla l< ia;%Skag ksjila ;kd .ekSu yq
blsulg jvd buy;a n,mEula we;s lrjkakls' bka ixfla;j;a
lrkafka ;u mjq,g" fYaIfhka u orejkag /ljrKh ie,iSf
yelshdj iy Yla;shhs' foia /lshd l< ia;%Ska fuh olskafka
wdydr" we iy mjqf,a jk ugu kxjd,Sf fjk;a ud.
ie,iSug wu;rj w;HdjYH jQ fN!;sl ;;a;ajhla ms<sn| nr
oeula f,isks'
5'3 jdyh iy mjq,a inkaO;d flfrys we;s n,mEu
foia /lshdj, ksr; jQ fuu ia;%Syq we;e fofklaa iudc
m%;s,dN inkaOfhka l;d lsf tjk ,o uqo,a ke;s kdia;s
l< jdyl mqreIhka ksid wid:l jQ mjq,a ; fyda Wmhd
tjk ,o uqo,a iehd Tyqf.a mjqf,a wh fjkqfjka ho lsu"
iehd ;u bmehS ms<sn|j iel lsu fyda iehd fjk;a ia;sh
% la
iu iSu jeks ;;a;ajhka inkaOfhka fokdfjka l;d
l<y' we;e fofkla ;ukaf.au mjqf,a uj fyda ifydaorfhl=
flfrys ;enQ Yajdih Tjqka iska lvlsu inkaOfhka la
73

jQy' ;j;a iuyre ;uka foia /lshdjg fkdf.dia isfha k

iuyr wjdikdjka; is fkdjkakg ;sKehs is;d la jQy'
;j;a ia;%Ska th fkdje<elah yels fohlehs is;;s' tjk ,o
uqo,a ksis m l<ukdlrKhfldg orejka yodjvd fkd.ekSu
ish iehkaf.a hq;=l iy j.lS meyer yeula f,i ols;s'
foia /ls h dj, ks r ;j is ia ; % S k a ;u la u q i q l;d lS
wdldrfhkau Tjqkag ord .ekSf Yla;shla mj;sk nj;a is jQ
ydkshg uqyqK ug Tjqkag yels nj;a fmfka' f rfu
/lshdjl ksr; wdodhula Wmhd .ekSfuka fyda kej; rg
/lshdjlg hEfuka fyda mjqf,a wh iu. Y%du iqjfhka isfuka
fyda Okd;aulj ish foa ord .ekSf yelshdj Tjqka ;=< olakg
,eK'
5'4 ia;%S wkkH;djfha ,sx.sl;ajh( |" uj" j" wdodh
Wmhkaksh
fuu wOHhkhg mdol jQ foaY /lshdjg f.dia meKs ish
fokdu /lshdjla i|yd ixl%uKh ug ;SrKh .kq ,enqf
| uj fyda j jYfhka ;ukaf.au wkkH;djh mok
lrf.k mdrd:ld yeSulsks' tfy;a ishu ia;%Ska mdfya
/lshd i|yd ixl%uKh ug ;SrKh lf<a ;ukaf.a wNsjDoah
i|yd fkdj ;u mjq , fjkq f jks ' mjq , o;djfhka
f.dv.ekS f wjYH;djh" orejka f .a wOHdmkh id:l
lr.ekSu" ;u mjqf,a iy wdikak {d;Skaf.a ; jvd;a iqj
myiq lsf wjYH;djh" hkd jYfhka we;s fuu l%shdj,sfha
ia;%Ska ;u wkkH;djh msysgqjkafka mjq,a tallhla f,i kd
mqoa.,hska f,i fkdf'
Tjqkaf.a id:l;ajh ms<sn| oelau flakaSh jkafka mjq, jgdh'
Tjqkag wkqj wdluh jYfhka jQ id:l;ajh jkafka mjq,g
f.hla ;kd .ekSu" mjq,g wjYH nvq uQgq .ekSu iy mjqf,a
idudcslhskaf.a ;h iqj myiq lsu h' wdmiq meKSfuka
wk;=rej wdodh bmehSf jHdmD;shla inkaOfhka we;s
idlPdf rduqj jkafka o hq;=l iy mjqf,a iqN idOkh hs'
fuys ;udf.au fN!;sl Okh ms<sn|j idlPd jkafka ke;s
;r h'
74

ia;%sh f.dvke.Sug wruqKq lr.;a mjq, flfrysu we;s flfrk

ydkslr n,mE idOkSh n,mE ksid ;=,kh f' | iy
ujla jYfhka Tjqkaf.a iudc wkkH;djh iu lghq;= lsf
ixlSK;djh ;ud /lshdj i|yd foaY.;j ish hKsh
wmfhdackhg ,la lsfuka o~qj ,;a ;u iehd wd:slj
kv;a;= lrk ia;%shlf.a l;dfjka meye,s f' weh ,nd.;a
wdl id:l;aj h iy <uhsk af.a wOHdmkhg iydhu
inkaOfhka l;d lrk kuq;a ;ud foia .;j ish hKsh
,sx.sl w;jr j,g ,lau ms<sn|j l;d lrkafka ke;' weh
fuu ;;a;ajhg uqyqK fokafka ;udg fyda wmfhdaclhd jQ ;u
iehdg fodaIdfrdamkh fkdlr is jQ w;jrh ms<sn| l;d lsu
m%;sfCIam lrks'
fuu ia;%sh olsk wdldrhg ;u hKshg kS;sfhka iy mjqf,a
wfkla idudlhkaf.a iydfhkq;a idOdrK;ajhla bgq we;'
mjq f,a fldgia l dhla jYfhka fuu wkkH;djh foia
/lshdfjka wdmiq meKs ujlf.a wkkH;djh olajd m%n,j
ysfoa' ixl%uKh hkq uQ,sl jYfhkau jHd;aul myiqj"
wOHdmkh jeks uQ,sl wjYH;d ,nd fuka orejkag jvd;a fyd|
jk ;;a;ajhla ,nd ug jvd je fohla fkdf'
5'5 foia /lshdjkays ksr;j wdmiq meKs ia;k
S% f
a .a iudchSh
ms<s.ekSu iy ixp,;djh
fuu wOHhkfha foia /lshd lsfuka wdmiq meKS ia;%Skaf.a
;j, /lshd i|yd ixl%uKh f idOkSh n,mE oelsh
yelsh' Tjqyq wdl odhl;ajh iy tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka uq
mjqf,au jk ugf by< hEu ksid ;u mjq,a ;=< iy
ckiudcfha ms<s.ekSu inkaOfhka Wkkafjka l;d lr;s'
orejkaf.a wOHdmkh" hKshka jdy lru jeks orejkaa flf
we;s hq;l
= bgq lsu" mjqf,a idudlhskg
a wdodh Wmhd .ekSf
wjia:d ie,iSu iy frda.s foudmshka /ln,d .ekSu jeks lghq;=
i|yd Tjq k a Wmhd .;a uq o ,a j,s k a flfrk odhl;a j
inkaOfhka ms<s.ekSula mj;S' Bg fjkiaj mqreIhska f.afodr
md,kh iy /l n,d .kafkl=f.a fyda we;e wjia:d j,
fuka orejkag wdrlaIdj iy /ljrKh ,nd f N+ldj bgq
fkdlsfuka ksfIaOkSh n,mE iys; isoaka o we;'
75

fuu ia;%Ska ;=< meye,sj oelsh yels fm!reI jOkhla o

mj;S' foia /lshd lsfuka wdmiq meKs fudjyq ixp,;djh"
foia rgj, jev lsf m%;sM,hla f,i w;alr .;a ksoyfia
tyd fuyd hEu" zz;ksju j;auZZ ksid w;alr .;a ;ksju
;SrK .ekSf yelshdj inkaOfhka l;d lr;s' ia;%Ska je
fofkl= ;=< iajhx jkdlula" iajhx .re;ajhla iy wdvnrhla
mj;S' jevfmdf<a iy ksjfia mSvdld w;aoelSj,g uqyqK ka
wh ;=< mjd f yeS mj;S' zzta ojiaj, ug f.oka msg hkak
nhla ;snqKd' ta jqkdg oeka ug wd;au Yajdihla ;sfnkjd'ZZ
fndfyda fokl= /lshd i|yd ixl%uKhf m%;sM,hla f,i
Tjqkag ;ukaf.a .u ;=< m%cdj ;=< ms<s.ekSula mj;sk nj
Yajdi lrhs'
5'6 l=i,;d ms<s.ekSu
foia ixl%u Ksl /lsh d i|yd f.dia wdmiq meKs fuu
fialdfjda ;ukag fyda ;u iehkag ms<s.;a jD;a;Sh l=i,;d
fkdue;s nj mji;s' fuys zms<s.ekSuZ hkafkka wjOdrKh
lrkafka wdh;ksl ms<s.ekSu iy iy;sl ,nd ;su h' we;e
fokd foia /lshd i|yd msg;aj hEug fmr ksr; jQ fkdfhl=;a
l=i,;d iy lrk ,o /lshd ms<sn|j i|yka lr;s'
ia;k
%S a ;sfofkl=g we ueiSug yelshdj ;snQ w;r bka fofofkla
ixl% uKh ug fmr ta i|yd weKjq Ndr .;a y' ia;%S ka
fofofkl=g we ueiSu" fldiq iEu" is;=re u,a jeu" yia;
ludka;" u,a j.dj" id uqKh iy wf,h i|yd l=nvq
j. flu we;= O fCIa;%hkays yelshdjka ;sKs' tla wfhl=
t;Sug;a" ;j;a wfhl= w;a hka;% fr ug;a" ;j;a flfkl=
ukd,shka yev .ekaug;a hkd jYfhka O l=i,;d w;alr
f.k ;sKs' .Dy fialdjla f,i ixl%uKh ug fmr mska
ksIamdok ly,l mska;dre fialdjla f,i /lshdj wrUd
miqj we ly,l ;;a;aj md,k fialdjla jQ ia;%shla o
is'

76

5'7 mrmrdf Wmdh ud.hla jYfhka ixl%uKhu

ixl% u Kh jQ .Dyia : fia ldjka f .a orejka jk fojeks
mrmrdf Yd, ixLHdjla ;u ujqjreka f.a Y%ufha m%;s,dN
ksielfhkau N=la;s ;s' <uhska ish fokdu mdfya jHd;aul
id:l;ajhla iy wOHdmk wjia:d ys lr.;a w;r wOHdmk
fmd iy;sl m;% idudkH fm< Nd.hg fmkS isug fmr
mdi,a yer f.dia we;af;a l=vd ixLHdjls' ;u foudmshkaf.a
wOHdmk ugu iu ii|d n,k g fuu orefjda jvd;a by<
;;a;ajhla w;a lr f.k is;s' iuyfrl= jD;a;Sh iqiql ,nd
we;' tfy;a cd;sl wOHdmk ugu iu. ii|d n,k g Wiia
wOHdmkhg msi we;af;a fyda zzms<s.;aZZ ^jD;a;Sh" rdcH wxYfha
fyda fm!oa.,sl wxYfha iar fyda fldka;%d;a /lshd" Wiia jegqma
,nd we;af;a& b;d l fofkl= muKh' fuh rg /lshd fldg
wdmiq meKs fuu ia;%Ska wffOhg m;a lrjkakla fia fmfka'
bka bmehS ,dNodhS iy ms<s.;a wOHdmk ud. flf fhduq
lsu ms<sn| .eg u;= lrjhs' rg /lshdj, fh isg wdmiq
meKs fudjqka z;u orejkag wOHdmkh ,nd ug WmhkZ nj
m%ldY l<o wOHdmkh ,nd .ekSf ud. l<ukdlrKh"
<uhskaf.a yelshdj iy re wrel wkqj iqiq ud. fidhd
.ekSu" /lshd wruqKq lrf.k wOHdmk iqiql ,nd .ekSf
ud. jeks lreKq inkaOfhka idlPdjla isjkafka ke;'
fufia jqj;a ixl%uKsl fialdjkaf.a orejkag o;djh iy
wjia:djla fkdue;su ksid Tjqkaf.a foudmshkag fkd;snq
wjia:djla ,e we;' rg /lshd lsfuka wdmiq meKs ujqjrekag
rg /lshd ms<sn|j fYaIs; woyia we;' ;ukaf.a w;alS mok
lr.;a ixl%uKsl fialdfjda fndfyda fofkl= ;u hKshkag
foaY.; .Dyfiajh kqiqiq hehs is;;s' fuu frdaOh .eg .eiS
we;af;a wdl iy iudc fya;+ka u;h' tajdk"
^& ;uka foia rgl .Dy fialdjla jYfhka ish uqyqK
ka Ialr;dj,g ;u hKshka m;a fjkq lSug Tjqka leu;s
ke;su'
^& ;uka bmehQ Okh ksid ;u hKshkaf.a jk ugu by<
f.dia we;ehs is;Su'
77

^& .Dy fialdjka my;afldg i,lkq we;ehs ye.Sula ;su

iy ;u jrekag jdyhla lr f th .egjla jkq we;ehs
hk lreKq ksidh' rg /lshd lsfuka miqj wdmiq meKs wh
;u jreka .Dy fialdjka f,i msgrg hEug reoaO jk
kuq;a mskaf.a bmehS iy Tjqkag we;s wjia:d je ksid
mq;=kag foia /lshd i|yd hEug iydh olaj;s'
wdl id:l;ajh mok lr .ekSu ksid fuu ia;%Syq ishu
fokd foaY ixl%uKh iqkaor w;aoelSula f,i ykaj;s' ;u
odhl;ajh fkdjkakg mjqf,a idudlhkaf.a ;j, je
hqKqjla h fkdyels jkq we;ehs Tjqyq ish fokd tlfia
Yajdi lr;s' ;uka tjk ,o uqo,a kdia;s lr we;s wjia:dj,
jqjo fuu woyi fjkia jkafka ke;' Tjqkaf.a lg ldrKhla
jka f ka tu uq o ,a jvd;a fydka myrKh fkdls u
inkaOfhka h'
5'8 ia; %Sk a iy mqreIhskaf.a;a" Ndhdj iy .DyuQ,sldj
jYfhkq;a we;s N+ldj
ia;%Ska /lshd i|yd ixl%uKh fuka mqoa.,fhla jYfhka iy
mjq, ;+<;a ia;%shf.a N+ldj mKduhg ,laj we;' fuu
wOHhkhg wh;a rg /lshd i|yd f.dia wdmiq meKs .Dy
fialdjka Bg fmr mjqf,a m%Odk wdodh Wmhkakshkaj isfha
ke;' fndfyda fokl= M,odhs fiajhl fh fkdis w;r we;e
fofkl= mjqf,a j.d lghq;=j, fh isfha f.ula ke;sjh'
wu;a fCIa;%fha jevj,ska lsish wdodhula Wmhd .;a wh
th mjqf,a wdodhug tla lf<a w;sfl uqo,la jYfhks'
ixl%uK /lshd iu ia;%Ska fndfyda fofkl= ;u mjq,aj, uQ,sl
wdodh Wmhkakd njg m;a jQy' fuu wdodh jeo.;a jkafka
tys m%udKh ^ixl%uKsl ia;%shf.a mjqf,a wfkla wh Wmhk
uqo,g jvd fnfyka Yd,u;a& yd wvqu jYfhka th jir
folla i|yd iar wdodh ud.hla jk ksidh'
msgrgl isk m%Odk wdodh Wmhkakshf.a N+ldj ie,ls,a,g
.ekSf Tjqka ;fha m%:u jrg zwkfmalaIs;jZ ie,lsh hq;=
uqo,a m%udKhla myrKh lrk ;;a;ajhg m;au;a fndfyda
78

fofkl= tjeks ;;a;ajhlg iQodkj fkdisu;a jeo.;a h'

flfia jqj;a fuu ixl%uKsl ia;%Skaf.a ixl%uK pl%fha fojeks
jgfha Tjqyq ;u wdodh l<ukdlrKh bf.k .;ay' ksoiqkla
jYfhka Tjqka imQK wdodhu f.org fkdtjd fldgila r|jd
.ekSu oelah yelsh'
fuu ia;%Ska fndfyda fofkl= jir folla fyda je ld,hla
foia /lshdjl ksr; ie,lsh hq;= uqo,a m%udKhla myrKh
fldg wdmiq meK jir lsmhla .;fuka miq mjqf,a wdodhug
w;sfl hula tl;= lrkakka njg m;a h' wdodh Wmojk
l%shdldrlj, wdfhdackh l< iuyfrl= mjqf,a wdodhug odhl
jk kuq;a tu m%udKh mjqf,a uQ,sl wdodhu fkdjk w;sfl
wdodhuls' wdmiq meK wdodh Wmojk l%sh dldrl j,
fkdfhok fndfyda fokd mjqf,a jegqmla fkd,efnk jev j,
fhfo;s' ke;sk mjqf,a wdodh W;amdokhlaa ke;s ;;a;ajfha
miqfj;s'
5'9 ia;%Skaf.a iy mqreIhkaf.a fjkia jk N+ld( mqreIhd
.Dy md,lhd iy /ljrKh ,nd fokakd njg m;au
rg /lshdj,ska wdmiq meKshka w;r mj;sk woyila jkafka
iehdf.a N+ ldj idOkS h tlla h hq ; = h hka k hs '
wrmfriaifuka jev lrk iehkaa ksid ixl%uKsl fialdj
tjk uqo,a ksis m myrKh lsfuka hym;a fjkila we;s jQ
wjia:d .ek o fmdf i|yka f' we;e mqreIfhda ;ukaf.au
wdodh Wmhk ud. mj;ajd .kakd w;r .Dy md,kh iy
orejka /ln,d .ekSf N+ldj o bgq l<y' ;j;a whf.a
imQK ld,h fjka jQfha f.or fodr jev lghq;= i|ydh'
wdodh Wmojk l%shdldrlj, fhK mqreIfhda | Wmhk
wdodhu yd ii|k g ;u wdodhu oa;Shsl jk ksid Tjqkaf.a
N+ldj f.or fodr md,kh iy <uhska /l n,d .ekSug iSud
lr .;ay' /lshd i|yd ixl%uKh jQ ia;%Ska Bg fmr im%odhslj
bgq l< mjqf,a N+ldj iehd w;g m;au" /lshd i|yd ia;Sk
% af.a
ixl%uKfha m%;s,dN Wmu lrjkakkla f,i oelsh yelsh'
iuyr wjia:dj, ixl%uKh jk ia;%Ska orejka /ln,d .ekSu
;ukaf.a fyda iehdf.a mjqf,a wdikak ia;%S {d;Skag Ndru o
79

is h' tjeks wjia:dj, orejka ndr .;a mjq,aj, mqreIfhda

wdodh l<ukdlrKh o Ndr .;ay' tjeks we;e mqreIhka
orejka i|yd;a ksjdi blsu i|yd;a tjk ,o wdodh M,odhS
f,i fhdod iuyrg lsish b;=reula wdmiq ka wjia:d o
;sK' tfy;a ;j;a mqreIhska ish Ndhdjka iska tjk ,o
uqo,a ksis wdldrfhka myrKh lr ke;' ia;%Ska tjk ,o uqo,a
ish iehka iska kdia;s l< wjia:d o /ila mj;S' | fkdue;s
ld,fha f.afodr iy <uhska n,d .ekSu ksis wdldrfhka bgq
fkdl< iajd mqreIhkaf.a ydkslr n,mE o olakg we;'
5'10 iudcfha by<g hEu
foaY ixl%uKsl /lshdjkag f.dia wdmiq meKs fndfyda
fofkl== tu /lshdf id:l;ajh ksid iudcfha ;uka fj;
mj;sk ms<s.ekSu by< f.dia we;ehs is;;s' lSm fokl= iudch
ixl%uKsl llrejka my;afldg i,lkafkahehs is;;s' Bg tl
fkdjk nyq;rhlf.a woyi jkafka ;u jkdlu m%cdf
ms<s.ekSug ,la jkafkah hkqfjks'
.f mirh foi ne,Sf foia ixl%uKslhskaf.a ksjdi jvd
fydka ;kd we;s nj" wdydr mdk" we me<" nvq NdKav
myiql fukau orejkag jvd;a iqj myiq ;hla .; lsug
yels ;;a;ajfhka mj;sk nj fmfka' fujeks ndysr ,laIK
j,ska muKla jqj Tjqkag iudcfha ms<s.ekSula iy ;;a;ajhla
ys flfrk n,.ekaula f,i ie,lsh yelsh'
Bg wu;rj fuu mjq,aj, orejkaa fndfyda fokl= id:l
wOHdmkhla ,nd we;s w;r lSm fofkl=g rcfha /lshd ysj
we;' iudc ;;a;ajfha by< hEu iy <uhskag ysj we;s wjia:d
wkqj fuu mjq,a j,g iudc mx;sfha by< hEf ixp,;djhla
w;aj we;s nj meye,sh' fuu ck fldgia iy fmdf ck;dj
;= < jd.s l ;a j h" wd.u yd l= , h jeks lreKq mokj
fldkalsf iajNdjhla ;ju;a olakg ,efnk kuq;a iudc
jHqyfha Tjqkaf.a by<g hEf m%jk;djhla mj;sk w;r th
fmrg jvd fyd| ;;a;ajhls'

80

5'11 m%cdf inkaO;djh

ixl%uKh /lshd lsu ksid ia;%Skag ixp,;djhla iy
iajdk;ajhla ysj we;s kuq;a wdmiq meKs Tjqka iudc ixOdk
j,g inkaOug jvd mjqf,a jev lghq;= j,g iSud we;s nj
fmfka' rg /lshd lsfuka wdmiq meKs fndfyda fofkl=
/lshd i|yd ixl%uKh ug fmr o iudc ixOdk j, fyda
m%cd lghq;= j, ksr; ke;'
ixl%uKh ug fmr ;snq tlu iudc inkaO;djh jkafka
iuDoa,dNSka u ksid iuDoa jevigyka hgf;a iudc jevj,
ksr;f wjYH;djh wkqj iudc ixOdk j,g inkaOj
isu muKh' lsisfjl= ue;sjrKhl Pkaoh m%ldY lsu yer
wka foaYmd,k lghq;= j, ksr; ke;'
wdmiq meKSfuka miq ia;%Syq fndfyda fokl= iudc ixOdk j,
iy foaYmd,k l%shdj,sfha wju iyNd.s;ajhla meje;s ;u merKs
;;a;ajhgu kej; m;aj is;s' fndfyda fokl= iudc ixOdk
j, fyda iuDoa jevigyfka iudc lKavdh j, idudl;ajhla
,ndf.k ke;' rg /lshdj,ska wdmiq meKs Tjqkaf.a wdodh
;;a;ajh by< f.dia we;s ksid iuDoa m%;s,dN f,aLk j,ska
Tjqkaf.a k bj;a lr we;s neka tu jevigyka j,g l,ska
fuka iyNd.s jkafka o ke;' ia;%Ska iyNd.s jk iudc lghq;=
jkafka .f mkaif,a fyda m,a,sfha wd.l jev lghq;= j,g
iyNd.su iy mdi,a hk <uhska isk mjq,a j, ia;%Ska" <uhska
hk mdif,a .=re fo.=re /ia j,g iyNd.su h'
fudjqka f.ka lsisu ia;%shla mlaI foaYmd,k lghq;= j,g iyNd.s
jkafka ke;' rg /lshd lsfuka wdmiq meKs fuu msi m%cd
ixOdk jev lghq;= j,g iyNd.s fkdjkafka Wkkajla ke;s
ksidu fkdj ta i|yd wjia:djla ke;s ksidhehs mji;s' fndfyda
fofkl= iuq L idlPd wjia :df m% c d ixOdkj,g
we;=ug yd tajdfha idudl;ajh ,nd .ekSug Wo jk f,i;a
tjeks m%cd ixOdk ke;s ;ekaj, ixOdk msysgqug;a wmf.a
lafIa;% ldh uKav,fhka b,a,S l<y'

81

fujeks miqula ;=< foia /lshd i|yd ixl%uKh fuka

fuu ia;%Ska w;sl%uKh lrk ,o iudc wdl iSudjka f;are
.ekSf " Tjqkaf.a ; .DyKshkaf.a isg mjqf,a wd:sl
odhlhd olajd mKduh u;a" iajhx n,.ekau flf Tjqkaf.a
.uka ud.h;a n,h yd ysl ms<sn| fjk;a iudc inkaO;d
.Kkdjla yryd .uka lsu;a idOl h hq;=h' f ia;%Ska ;uka
n,.ekaug fhduq jQ wdl iy iudc lafIa;j
% ,g fhduq fuka
;u .;dkq.;sl ia;%S mqreI iudcNdh N+ld iy wkkH;d
wNsfhda.hg ,la l< ia;%S lKavdhuls' fuu l%shdj,sfha fokSh
iy fn,ySk lrjk iq wvqmdvq iy miqnE ffOfhka md,kh
lsu iy Tjqka ixl%uKh ug fmr mej;s ;;a;ajhka hgf;a
is;d .ekSugj;a fkdyels ;rf wd;auYla;shla f.dvkd f.k
we;'

82

l;dkaor
wISudf.a l;dj
wISud jhi wjqre 54 la jQ uqia,s ldka;djls' weh 8 jk fY%aKshg
bf.k .;a;dh' weh j;a jQfha ueyq ueiSfuks' wISud jdyl
ia;%shl jQ w;r wehg jre fofofkla o tla mqf;la o is'
wef.a mqreIhd wjqre 55 jhie;s jQ w;r fj<|dfuka j;a jQfhah'
wef.a jre fofokdu ;reK fha miqjQ wh jQy' wef.a tla
jla .Dy fialdjla f,i jevlrk w;r mq;d ;%S frdao r:hla
mojhs' 17 jk fha miqjk nd, hKsh wOHdmkh ,nhs'
wISud m<uqjrg foaY /lshdjla i|yd ixl%uKh jQfha jI
2002 l=fj rgg h' weh tys .Dyia: llrefjl= f,i jev
l<dh' f i|yd remsh,a 15"000 la weh iska jeh l< w;r tu
uqo, wehf.a ifydaorhl=f.ka Khg .kq ,eh h' wef.a jegqm
remsh,a 10"000 la muKh' weh uq jegqmu f.org tjQ w;r
mqreIhd wef.a ish Kh mshjQfha h' 2005 jif weh wdmiq
meKs w;r 2007 h<s tu ksjigu wdmiq .shdh' zztu ksjfia
jevlghq;= ta ;r Ialr kE' ta;a lEu u ,enqfKa lhs'
iuyr ojiaj,g uu lEf kE' ksjeishka lSf ug wjYH
leu;s kEu fohla lEug .kak lshdhs" ta;a tajd uf.a uqo,ska
ud iska , .;hq;=hs lsh,d Tjqka lSjd' uu lEu , .kakg
.sfha kE' ;snqK fohla ld,d yshd' uu yeu i;hlau b;s
lr,d tajd f.org tjd' lEu .kak uf.a uqo,a ho lf<a
keye'ZZ fofjks jr wef.a jegqm remsh,a 16"000 la jQ w;r l,ska
fukau tu uqo,a wef.a mqreIhdg tjdh' jI 2009 ish fiajd
ld,h ksujQ neka weh wdmiq fuys meKshd h'
weh wdluh jYfhka ,;a id:l;ajh jQfha msgrg hdug
fmr ,nd.;a ishu Kh mshuh' ksjila iEu wdrN l<
w;r ta i|yd w;a;sjdru oud ;a;s kexug wehg yelsh'
jeisls<shla yd <s|la blrkq ,enqf weh bmhQ uqo,sks' orejka
mdi,a heu i|yd uqo,a jeh h' weh ksjig NdKav ,
83

.;a;d h' zzuu" ud < i;hlaj;a b;s lf<a kE' ish uqo,a
ksjig tjQjdZZ
wISudf.a jeuy,a hKsh jI 2011 fi!wrdhg .Dy
fialdjla f,i ixl%uKh jQjdh' weh udislj remsh,a 20"000l
uqo,la bmhQjd h' weh jdy jQfha ke;s w;r ujg weh jdy
lrug neh' weh .Dy fialdjla f,iska jevl< w;r wISud
blsug wdrN l< ksji wef.a hKsh f.a uqo,ska idod
ksul<dh' weh" wef.a mshdg wef.a Wmhk ,o uqo,a tjqjd h'
weh wef.a ifydaorhdg ;%S frdao r:hla .ekSug o uqo,a tjd h'
Tyq udislj ta ioyd jQ Kh" jdl f,iska mshjQfha Tyqf.a
ifydaoh tjQ uqo,sks' tmuKla fkdj weh ish fidhqrdg hre
n,m;%h .ekSug o uqo,a tjd h'
uf.a mq;d wfma lfg rdlal blsug uqo,a b,ajd' remsh,a
40"000 la ta i|yd;a weh kakd' uf.a ysf;a ;shk fokdj ug
uf.a j jdy lrfokak ne jqK tlhs' wISud lshhs'
uqia,s .eyeKq <uhska jhi je jQ g jdy lru Ialr nj
wISud lshhs' Tjqka jhi wjq 20 g fmr jdy lrh hq;=h' jhi
wjre' 25 la blaujd .shg jdylru Ialr f' oeka wISud
f.a hKshg jhi je hehs lshhs' oEje f,iska ms <uhskag
uqo,a yd rKaNdKav kak o jhiska je jQ g ;reKshka
jdylru Ialr nj wISud f.a woyihss' f ksid ish hKsh
lshkafka jdy fkd isk nj hehs wISud lSjdh'
weh" wef.a ifydarhdg wOHdmkh ,nd kakd' ta;a wef.a jdyh
inkaOfhka kEoEhska yd .f ck;dj wmg fodia lshkjd'
wISud lshd ishd h'
mfhaIlhskaf.a igyk
ksji blsf lghq;= lrkq ,en we;af;a j bmhQ uqo,ska h'
ud wef.ka uiqf fuu ksji jg fokjdo @ hkqfjks' weh
lSf ksji mq;dg fok njhs' th tfia jqjfyd;a j w;rux jkq
we;' kuq;a wISud g ta ms<sn`oj lssis oekSula fyda ye`.Sula ke;'
84

wkq,df.a l;dj
wkq,d 48 jhie;s isxy, ia;%shls' weh isxy, udOHfhka 8 jk
fY%aKsh olajd bf.k .;a;dh' weh oekg /lshdjla lrkafka
ke;' wehg jD;a;Sh mqyqKqjla ke;s w;r t;Sug yelshdj
;sf' ixl%uKsl llrefjl= f,i wdmiq meKSfuka miq weh
ma,diala ludka; Yd,djl wjqre 3 la jev l<dh' weh jdy
is w;r wef.a mqreIhd .ek uiQ g weh weia j,ska yd w;a
j,ska Tyq .ek l;dlsug fkdyels hehs fmkakq l<dh'
^mfhaIlhdf.a oekSu wkqj wkq,df.a mqreIhd wef.a jeuy,a
hKsh ,sx.sl IKhg ,lalr f jkg Tyq isro~qjula '
^wkq,d msgrg fiajh l< ld,h ;=< fuh is we;& wkq,df.a
mqreIhd 54 he;s h' Tyq 6 jk fY%aKsh olajd bf.k .;af;ls'
Tyq hefrl= f,i fiajh lf<ah' wkq,d foaY /lshdjla ioyd
ixl%uKh h'
wkq,dg orejka ;sfofkla is' m<uq hKsh 29 he;s jQ w;r
11jk fY%aKsh olajd weh bf.k .;aa;d h' tfy;a idudkH fm<
Nd.hg fmkS isfha ke;' weh jdy we;s w;r wehg
/lshdjla ke;' fojekshd 27 he;s mqf;ls' Tyq 9jk fY%aKsh
olajd bf.k .;af;a h' Tyqo jdy jQ w;r ia:sr /lshdjla
fkdlrhs h' ;=kajekshd 23 he;s hKshls' weh 11jk fY%aKsh
olajd bf.k .;a w;r idudkH fm< Nd.hg jd jQ kuq;a
?lshdjla fkdlrhs' wkq,d 1997 l=fj rgg .Dy fialdjla
f,i m<uqjrg ixl%uKh jQjdh' weh /lshd tackais wdh;khlg
remsh,a 7"000la f i|yd f.jd we;' fuu uqo,a we iska /
ialr .;af;a t;Sfuks' wef.a m<uq /lshdf jegqm uilg
remsh,a 7"000ls' weh bmhQ ishu uqo,a wef.a mqreIhdg tjdh'
1990 wjidkfha fojirl fldka;d% ;a;=jlska weh wdmiq meKshd
h'
jI 1999 wkq,d kej;;a tu ydmq;d <gu .Dyfialdjla
f,i fiajh lsug ixl%uKh jQjdh' wef.a ydmq;d .=jka l
m; tjQ ksid wehg ta i|yd houla oeug isfkdjQ w;r
wef.a jegqfmka tu uqo, wvqlr.kq ,eh' fujr wef.a jegqm
remsh,aa 10"000la olajd jel< w;r weh tu uq uqo, ;u
mqreIhdg tjQ nj lshhs' jI 2000 weh kej; wdmiq meKs
85

w;r ma,diala ludka;Yd,djl jev lrkakg mgka .;a;dh'

tfy;a orejkaf.aa mdi,a ho i|yd th m%udKj;a fkdjQ neka
jI 2003 .Dy fialdjla f,i fiajh lsug fi!wrdhg
.shdh' fuu /lshdfjka weh remsh,a 10"000la uqo,la uilg
bmehQ w;r th mqreIhdg;a ujg;a wef.a kekaodg;a tjd h'
jI 2005 wjidkfha fldka;%d;a;=j wjika fuka miq wdmiq
meKs w;r jI 2007 udka rgg kej;;a ixl%uKh jQf
.Dy fiajh i|yd h' tfy;a weh tys fiajh lrkq ,enqf udi
6l ld,hla muKs' wikSm jQ ksid wdmiq meKSug wehg ish'
jI 2009 vqndhs rgg h<s ixl%uKh jQ w;r wjqreoaola .;
fj;au wikSm jQ neka wdmiq tkakg ish' vqndhs ys weh
uilg remsh,a 25"000 l uqo,la bmhQ nj;a tu uqo,a udia m;d
ish nd, hKshg tjQ nj;a weh tu ish uqo,a b;sfldg ;snQ
nj;a wkq,d lshhs'
wkq,d weh , .;a foaj,a ms<sn| l;d l<dh' zzfoaY /lshdfjka
bmhQ uqo,g uf.a rka wdNrK W.ialr ,nd.;a uqo,a o tl;=
lr f mpia 10 remsh,a 50"000 lg , .;a;d' uu nexl=fjka
remsh,a 50"000l Kh uqo,la wrf.k f f.or f.dvke=jd' ta
jf.au f.org ,sh .;a;d' f.g wjYH ,Snvq , .;a;d'
ma,diala ludka;Yd,df jevlrk ldf,a uu tljr f.or
ldur 2 l jev wjika lr .;a;d' Bg miafia uu ta nexl= Kh
ms g rg .s y s k a bmhQ uq o ,a j ,s k a f.jd' uf.a m<uq foa Y
/lshdf uu mqreIhdg uqo,a tjqjd' Tyq ksjig wjYH ish
NdKav , .;a;d' Tyq orejkaf.a ho o l<d'
uf.a b;sls tpr keye' uf.a nexl= .sKqf remsh,a 50"000la
;r ;shkjd' uu ,dN .kak mqjka lsis fohla ioyd uqo,a
fhfof kE' bmhQ i,a,s ish,a, orejka fjkqfjka ho
l<d' uu yeu orefjl=gu remsh,a 20"0000-30"0000 la olajd
i,a,s kakd' uf.a nd, hKshf.a iehdg fujr nhsisl,hla
, .kakg i,a,s kakd'
wkq,d ixl%uKsl llrefjl= f,i jevlsu inkaOfhka
;Dma;su;a h'

86

uu msgrg /lshdj,ska fyd| wdodhula bmhSu ms<sn|j uu

i;=gq fjkjd' wms f ish,a, id:l lr.;af;a msgrg /lshd
j,g .sh ksidhs' wfma mjqf,a .eg f.dvdla ;snqKd' kuq;a ta
ish,a, ch .;af;a bmhS ksidhs' ta ldf,a wmsg orejka i|yd
rka wdnrK .ek ys;kakgj;a ;;a;ajhla ;snqfKa kE' uu wka;su
j;df ,xldjg toa ,laI tlyudrl rka wdNrK nd, jg
wrka wdjd' ta ldf,a uu mjqf,a wks;a whg jvd mam;a' msgrg
/lshdj,g .shdhska ;ud f.dvdla m%Yak i|d.;af;a' uu f.dvdla
fokd ka|d ta;a ug yels Wmu foa <uhska fjkqfjka bgql<d'
uu wjqre 78 la jhi uf.a uj /ln,d .;a;d' wehg wjYH
fnfy;a , .;a;d' ug ;fha wjidk ld,fha iduld
hg .;lrkak mqjks' ta wkq,df.a m%d:kdjhs'
wkq,df.a mjqf,a .eg - wkq,df.a foaY ixl%uKh ksid lsis
ksfIaOd;aul n,mEula we;s fkdh' h .eg lsysmhla mjqf,a
we;sjQ w;r lafIa;% mfhaIlfhda ta ms<sn| ia;r l<y'
weh m<uq jrg foaY .;jQ g <uhska Tyqf.a mqreIhd iu.
;nd .shdh' ta ld,fha je uy,a hKsh 13 he;s h' wef.a uj
rka msgjQ miq fuu jeuy,a hKsh mshd iska ,sx.sl IKhg
,la lrk ,' weh f ms<sn|j wef.a lswud iu. ^mshdf.a
uj& lSjdh' lswud fuh mjqf,a wksla mskag oekq fuka
miqj fuu mqreIhdf.a ;reK ifydaorhska ^oehf.a ndmamdjreka&
iska fudyqg myr fmd,sishg ndr we;' Tjqka f ms<sn|j
oehf.a wef.a ujg oekq ka kuq;a fiajd ld,h wjika fkdu
ksid wehg wdmiq taug fkdyels h'
kamiq Tjqka .u w;yer .sh w;r j;udk ,smskh o udre
lf<a h' wmfhdackhg ,lajQ oeh frday,a .;l, w;r weh
/ln,d .ekSu wef.a lswud g ndr h' oehf.a mshd fmd,sish
iska udka Ndrhg Tyq m;al< w;r remsh,a 19"000 l wem
uqo,lg ksoyia lrkq ,enqfh' tu uqo, Tyqf.a | iska
^oehf.a uj iska& tjk ,o w;r kvqj wjqre 12 la mqrd .g
we .sfhah' kvqj Nd.hg .kakd g fuu oeh jdy
ishd h' kvqj wjidkfha jerlrejd jQ wkq,df.a mqreIhd
15 jirla isrf.g kshu h'
87

fuu isfuka miqj wkq,df.a jeuy,a hKsh wef.a lswud

< jevqKs' jhi 18 weh ksoyia fj<| l,dmfha /lshdjlg
.shdh' weh" wef.a mshdg ffjr l< w;r Tyq urd ug wehg
kE h' weh ;reKshl jQ miq" uj iska ish mshd g wem
,nd.ekSug;a kvq lSug;a uq o,a tjQ nj oek.;a miq weh
fldamdIaag h' wef.a jdyl mqreIhdg" mshd iska ;ud IKhg
,la l< nj lSug fkdyels u ms<sn|j weh Ialr;djhkag
uqyqK kakdh' wkq,d wef.a mqreIhd ne,Sug" weh wdmiq meKs
yeu gu wef.a nd, hKsh o iu. isrf.org .shdh'
cq,hs,df.a l;dj
cq,hs,d 53 he;s ujl jQ w;r orejka ;sfofkl= h' weh j;a
jQfha ;ksju h' ish orejka jdy lrka w;r weh .Dyia:
llrefjl= f,i /lshdj l<dh' wef.a m<uq mqreIhd weh
w;yer .sh w;r tfia jQfha weh ixl%uKsl fiajhg .sh ld,fha
h' wef.a fofjks mqreIhd hf.disks' wef.a l;dj fufiah'
zzuf.a ku cq,hs,d' 4 jk fY%aKsh olajd bf.k f.k ;sfnkjd'
f wfma Wmka .u' wojkg uu f ksjfia j;a fjkak
mgka wrka is fojirla fjkjd' uq,ska uu uf.a ujf.a ksjfia
j;a jqKd' f ksji iEf ujf.a ksji lvd jefuka miqjhs'
fuu ksjfiys <uhska isfha kE' Tjqka jdy msg f.dia' ug
/lshdjla ke;sj ;ksj j;a jqKd' uu wdodhula fydhd .;af;a
ueiQ we , wrf.k tajd remsh,a 50 l ,dNhla ;shdf.k
lsKSfuka' kuq;a th lsug Ialr jQfha uf.a ll=f,a wikSmhla
;snqKq ksihs' uf.a mqreIhd h hkfldg thdg wjqre 41 hs' Tyq
llrefjla' f jk g uf.a orejka yefudau jdy fj,d'
uf.a jeuy <uhdg wjqre 32 hs' fofjkshd g wjqre 21 hs'
;=kajekshdg 23 hs' uu m<uq j;djg .Dyfialdjla f,i 2000
jif udkaj,g .shd' ug f foaY /lshdj ,enqfka udkaj,
is {d;sfhla uska' fuu {d;sjh jevl< ksjig w,a,mq
ksjig jevg flfkla fidhka ishd' ud tys hdug tl jQ
ksid ug l tl iy id tl tjd' ta fj,df uu remsh,a
10"000la uf.a we-me< i|yd Khg .;a;d' tu uqo, ud
uf.a mjqf,a whf.ka Kh uqo,la yehg .;a;d' uu msgrg
88

f.dia 2 jk jif f ish Kh uqo,a wdmiq f.jd' msgrg

ug bug;a fr fiaug;a ld 3la fiaug;a is jqKd' th
;gq 3 l ksjila' ta uq f.orgu ysh tlu .Dyia: Wolrejd
uu ;rhs' uf.a udisl jegqm hd,a 30 la' fiajh l< ksjfia
iajd j wf.a m<uq orejd ,enqK miq uf.a jegqm hd,a 5 lska
jel<d' uu uf.a mqreIhdg;a ujg;a uf.a jegqfmka fkdlvjdu
uqo,la tjd'
jI 2002 uu fofjks jrg msgrg .shd' jI 2004 kej;
jrla wdmiq wdjd' ta we;a uu" uf.a jf.a jdyh iQodk l<d'
ta j;df uu Y%S ,xldf jir 2la .; l<d' ud bmhQ uqo,a j,ska
uf.a j jdy lr kakd' uu wehg oEjeoao yehg r;a;rka
mjq 20la kakd' uu wef.a jdy W;aijhg o ho l<d' uu
orejkaf.a wOHdmkhg o ho l<d' uu ksjila bl<d' uf.a
mshd yis wk;=rlg Ndckh u ksid ug fndfyda uqo,a jeh
lsug isjqKd' uf.a ifydaohf.a ux., W;aijgo ho lrkak
is jqfka ug' ud < uqo,a ;sh ho lrkak nE lsh,d
lshkak ug ne jqKd' uf.a mqreIhdf.a wju=,g remsh,a 20"000
la ;r ud ho l<d' ta wjia:df ud foaY.; j is ksid
uqo,a tjQjd' ta;a wju=,g iyNd.s fjkak ug ne jqKd'
uf.a fofjks jf.a jdyhg o nexl=f ;snQ uqo,a j,ska ho
l<d' ug jeuy,a jg mjq 20 la kak;a fofjks jg tu
m%udKh ug ne jqKd' ta ojiaj, rka , b;d wlhs' uf.a
mq;df.a jdyhg o uqo,a ho lsug ug is jqKd' ud me<
rka ud,h mjd l=Kqjd' ka ud m<kafka lD;su ud,hla'
ud ;=kafjks jr msgrg .sfha uf.a m<uq mqreIhd lalido fuka
miqjhs' uf.a mqreIhd ud wjqre 4l bmhQ uqo,a ish,a, kdia;s
l<d' Tyq ;j;a wfhl= iu. inkaO;d we;s lr .;a;d' Tyq wE
iu. jdy jqk ksid uu Tyqf.ka fjka ;ksj csj;a fjkakg
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msgrg ish Tyq wikSm h .shd' ka ud wdfh;a ;ks jqKd'
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89

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g nexl= .sKqf remsh,a 60"000 la ;snqKd' ud wl f,i orejka
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l=udydf.a l;dj
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f.d;efkys fhfo;s' l=udydf.a ksji ksok ldur 3 la
iys; l=vd wd,skaohla we;s l=iaishla iys; ksjils' m<;=re yd
t<j .ia j,ska uq bvu u ms we;' weh wef.a <uhska
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fufiah'
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lrkjd' uu t<j j.d lrkjd' uu fuys j;a u wdrN
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uf.a mqreIhd Tyqg yels yeugu j.d lghq;= lrkjd' Tyq
fika ndia flfkl= yehg;a w;a Wojg hkjd' ta;a Tyqf.a
w; levqK ksid Tyqg f ld,fha lsisjla lrkakg neye'
uu bf.k .;af;a idudkH fm<g muKhs' uu Nd.hg fmkS
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wh 6 fokhs' uf.a wudg wms ish fokdgu b.ekau i|yd
ho lrkak yelshdjla ;snqfKa keye'
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Tjqka fofokdu jdy fj,d' nd, hKsh fmd,sia ldka;djla
yehg fiajh lrkjd' uu m<uq jrg foaY.; jQfka jI
1992 fi! wrdhghs' uu foaY.; ug ;SrKh lf<a mam;alu
ksidhs' wmg f.d;ekska j;a ug fkdyels jqKd' fjk;a
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90

wrdfha .Dyia: llrejl= f,i fiajhg .shd' uu fuys

.Dyia: fialdjla f,i f.or jev" bu yd f.j,a msis
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fofkla ishd' ug fYaI Ialr;djhkag uqyqK fokak jqfka
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,enqKd'
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l<d' uu fuys fkdis ld,fha Tyq fndfyda fihska fokd
ka|d' wo uf.a <uhska ujf.a wdorhg jvd mshdf.a wdorh ,enQ
nj lshkjd' ta ksid uf.a <uhska Tyqg fydka i,lkjd' uu
jI 1993 wdmiq meKshd' ta;a uu wdmiq msgrg fkd.sfha
Tyqg yis wk;=rla jQ ksidhs' Tyqf.a w; levqKd' uf.a foudmshka
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ta ksid uu f.or kej;=Kd'
wmsg lsisjla ;snqfKa kE' wms f yeu fohlau lr .;af;a uu
foaY /lshdfjka tjQ uqo,a j,ska' uu ksji f.dvke=jd'
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wehg wjYH ;reKhd iu. jdy ug wm reoaO u talg
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wfma lSu kdyd msgrg /lshdjlg .shd' weh msgrg .sfha mam;alu
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fldmuK uqo,la ho l<do@
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94

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wOHdmkh - ia;r imhkak

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T' Y%u ixl%uKh ;=<ska .Dyia;hka fj; we;s jk iudc n,mEu

89'
90'

91'
92'
93'

Tn /lshdjka i|yd foaY.; u fya;=fldg f.k we;s jQ

Okd;aul mqoa.,sl n,mE f,i Tn i,lkafka ljrlao@
Tn /lshdjla i|yd foaY.; u fya;=fldg we;s jQ
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ms<s.ekSula ,enqKo@
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iDKd;aul mqoa.,sl n,mE f,i Tn i,lkafka ljrlao@
Tn lK.dgq fjkafka iudh jYfhka lsk ;;;ajhkag
uqyqKug isjqK ksido@

' fldgi
m%cd iyNd.s;ajh iy foaYmd,k l%shdld;ajh
95'
96'

97'

100

Tn foaY.; ug fmr lsish wdldrhl m%cd lghq;= j,

ksr;ula is lrk ,oafoao@ ia;r ,ndfokak'
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Tn foaYmd,k lghq;=j,g iyNd.s jkafka$tu lghq;=j,
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lsu wdh&