ENGINEERING

GRAPHICS
Course No. 2

Conf. Ph.D. Eng. LIGIA PETRESCU

22-Dec-14

3 STRAIGHT LINE IN DESCRIPTIVE GEOMETRY

z

D
[ H ] H ; H ( x; y;0)
D
[V ] V ; V ( x;0; z );
D
[ L] L ; L(0; y; z );

[V]
L=l

V=v

v
[L]
d

d
D
l

h
d

H=h
[H]

y
Fig. 3.1
22-Dec-14

3.1 LINE TRACES. POINT LOCATED ON A STRAIGHT LINE.

z
[L]

[V]
L=l

V=v

zm

m
d

y1=0

x=0

z=0

z=0

xm
h

ym

y=0
x=0
H=h

[H]

Fig. 3.2
22-Dec-14

y1

v
d

ym1

D
[ H ] H ; H ( x; y;0)
D
[V ] V ; V ( x;0; z );
D
[ L] L ; L(0; y; z );

m d;

M D m' d' ;
m" d" ;

3.2 PARTICULAR POSITIONS OF A STRAIGHT LINE

They are two types of particular positions for a line:

Straight line parallel to a plane of projections;
Straight line parallel to two planes of
projections,
that means perpendicular to the third.

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STRAIGHT LINE PARALLEL TO THE HORIZONTAL PLANE [H],

is named horizontal line or level line and
it has all its points to the same distance from the plane [H]:

n' || 0x;

N(n;n' ;n") || [H] z = const.

n" || 0 y ;
1

b v l a

b l

y1

a
b

n
y

ab AB

n' || 0 x;

n" || 0 y1 ;

true size

true size

Fig. 3.3
22-Dec-14

STRAIGHT LINE PARALLEL TO THE VERTICAL PLANE [V],

is named frontal line and
it has all its points to the same distance from the plane [V]:

F( f; f '; f ") || [ V ]

y = const.

f || 0x;

f " || 0z;

l
a
x

b
a

h y1

f
h

l
f
y

a ' b' AB

f || 0 x;

f " || 0 z;

true size

true size

Fig. 3.4

22-Dec-14

STRAIGHT LINE PARALLEL TO THE LATERAL PLANE [L],

is named profile line and
has all its points to the same distance from the plane [L]:

d' || 0z;

x = const.
d || 0 y;

D(d; d'; d") || [L ]

z
d

v
a
x

b
v h

v
a
0

b
h

y1
d

a
b
h
d

Fig. 3.5
22-Dec-14

a" b" AB

d ' || 0 z;

d || 0 y;

true size

true size
7

STRAIGHT LINE PERPENDICULAR ON THE HORIZONTAL PLANE [H],

is in the same time parallel to [V] and [L] plane, which means
it has all properties of the frontal and profile line.
This line is named vertical line.

y const

( ; ' ; " ) [ H ] || [ V ] [ L ]
x const .

'

"

y1
h

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abh
y

a' b' ' || 0z || a" b" "

a' b' a" b" AB

a' b' ' 0x

a" b" " 0 y 1

abhH

Fig. 3.6
8

STRAIGHT LINE PERPENDICULAR ON THE VERTICAL PLANE [V],

is in the same time parallel to the planes [H] and [L], which means
it has all properties of the level and profile line.
This line is named end line (in the vertical projection its seen its end),

z const

( ; ' ; " ) [ V ] || [ H ] [ L ]
x const .

' a' b' v'

"
v

y1

ab || 0y ; a" b" " || 0y1

ab a" b" AB

ab 0x

a" b" " 0z

' a' b' v' V

a
b

Fig. 3.7
22-Dec-14

STRAIGHT LINE PERPENDICULAR ON THE LATERAL PLANE [L],

is in the same time parallel to the planes [V] and [H], to the axis too, that means
it has all properties of the level and frontal line.
This line is named fronto-horizontal line.

y const.
(; '; ") [L] || [ V ] [H]
z const.
z

'

" a" b" l"

y1

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ab || 0 y ; a" b" || 0 y1

ab a" b" AB

ab 0 x

a" b" " 0 z

' a' b' v' V

Fig. 3.8

10

3.3 RELATIVE POSITIONS OF TWO STRAIGHT LINES

In space, two straight lines can have tree types of relationship, defined by
specific properties, which make them differences.

Parallel lines;

Intersected lines;

Skew lines.
d || PARALLEL LINES
INTERSECTED LINES d i

D || d' || '
D I d' ' i'
d" || "
d" " i"

y1

d
i

y1
0

0
i

d
y

a).

b).

Fig. 3.9
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11

PERPENDICULAR LINES are a particular case of intersected lines. Generally,

perpendicularity is distorted by projecting. Only when one of the two intersecting
lines is a particular one, this relationship is preserved. According to the right
angle of two straight lines theorem, this 90 degrees angle is projected in true
size on the projection plane with which the particular line is parallel. In this way:

F 2 f ' 2 '

N 1 n 1
i

1 '

f'

d"

d'

3'

n'

D 3 d" 3"

2'

3"

h = v
0

a).
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2
b).
Fig. 3.10

c).
12

If the particular line is two time particular (Fig. 3.6; 3.7; 3.8), then the second
line is a particular one too and their relationship of perpendicularity is shown in
two projections:

- a vertical line:

- an end line:

D1 1

D2 2

- a fronto-horizontal line:

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1 level line

2 frontal line

D3 3

d1 ' 1 '
N
d1" 1"

d 2 ' 2 '
F
d 2 " 2 "

3 profile line

d 3 ' 3 '

d 3 " 3 "

13

SKEW LINES are neither parallel neither intersected lines. Their projections
seems to intersect, but is only an appearance
1
3=4
2

3
1=2
4
Fig. 3.11

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14

4 REPRESENTATION OF A PLANE
z

Pz

[V]

PV pv

PL
Px

Px

PH ph

[H]

P [H] PH ; horizontal trace

P [ V ] PV ; v e rtical trace
P [L ] PL ; late ral trace
22-Dec-14

pv pl

pl ph

Py
1

Py

Fig. 4.1

PL pl

pv ph

PH

[L]

[L]

[P]

PV

Pz

[V]

y1

ph pl

Py

[H]

y
Fig. 4.2
15

4.1 LINE AND POINT LYING IN A PLANE

D P

z
Pz

[V]

h ph

v' p v '

pv

V v

pl

Pz

[V]

[L]

Px

Py1

y1

PV pv

[P]
V v

[L]
ph

H h
m

PL pl

Px

Py

[H]

PH ph

H h

Py

M P

[H]

22-Dec-14

Fig. 4.3

Fig. 4.4

md

M D P; m' d'
m" d"
16

4.2 WAYS TO SPECIFY A PLANE

two parallel lines;

two intersecting lines;
three points;

line of the greatest angle LGA / [H];

line of the greatest angle LGA / [V].

The line of the greatest angle is a straight line of the plane which forms
with one of the projections plane (to which is define LGA) the greatest
angle.
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17

Specifying a plane by two parallel lines

D H H1 but D P h1 ph
h1h2 ph
H H 2 but P h2 ph
D V V1 but D P v1 ' pv '
v1 ' v2 ' pv '
V V2 but P v2 ' pv '

v2

pv'

v1

'
The plane specified
by three points
Px , H1 i V1.

d'
Px

h1

Px h1 ph

P
Px v1 ' pv '

v2
0

h1

Fig. 4.5
22-Dec-14

h2

v1

h2

ph
18

Specifying a plane by two intersecting lines;

D H H1 but D P h1 ph
h1h2 ph
H H 2 but P h2 ph
D V V1 but D P v1 ' pv '
v1 ' v2 ' pv '
V V2 but P v2 ' pv '

pv'

v2

'

v1

d'
i

The plane specified

by three points
Px , H1 i V1.

h2

Px

h1

v1

v2
0

Px h1 ph

P
Px v1 ' pv '

i
h2

Fig. 4.6
22-Dec-14

h1

ph
19

4.3 PARTICULAR LINES OF A PLANE

Horizontal lines of a plane

v' n' pv '

N || H N P
h n ph n || ph || ni
pv'

pv'

f'
v1

f 1'

Px

n1'
n'
Px

v1
0

h1

n1

f
h

n
Fig. 4.10
Frontal lines of a plane
22-Dec-14

f1
h1

ph

Fig. 4.11

ph

h f ph
F || V F P
v' f ' pv ' f ' || pv ' || f i '
20

4.4 PARTICULAR POSITION OF A PLANE

Like the lines too, planes have particular position with

projection planes, each other:
- Parallel plane with a projection plane and perpendicular to
the other two;
- Perpendicular plane to a projection plane .

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21

THE LEVEL PLANE [N] : z = const.

z
n

'
v

c b

a c

n l"

Nz

z
x

[V]

NV nv

b 0

y1

Nz

[L]

A
C

[N]

c
y

NL nl

Fig. 4.13

0
b

a
c
[H]

Fig. 4.12

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22

THE FRONTAL PLANE [F]: y = const.

b
a

[V]
x

b
[L]
a

[F]
A
C

y1

b
y

b
a
c

Fig. 4.15

FL fl

FH fh
[H]

Fy1

Fy

fh

c
B

f l"

Fy
a

b c

Fig. 4.14

22-Dec-14

23

pv'

THE PROFILE PLANE [P] : x = const.

b
c

[V]
Px

[L]

[P]

b
B

ph

P || L

[H]

PH ph

Fig. 4.16
22-Dec-14

a
C

y1

PV pv

c
a
Px

x const
a" b" c" ABC

a ' b' c ' pv ' || 0 z

abc pl " || 0 y

Fig. 4.17

24

THE VERTICAL PLANE [Q]

z
[V]

QV qv

b
[L]

[Q]
c
a

Qx

QL ql

0
a

c
QH qh

Qy

[H]

Fig. 4.18
22-Dec-14

y
25

'
v

ql"

c
c

x Qx

Qy1
0

y1

a
b

qh

Qy

abc qh

q ' 0 x
v

ql " 0 y1

Q ; V

Q ; L

Fig. 4.19

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26

THE END PLANE [R] [V]

z
[V]
Rz
RV rv
b

$
B

RL rl

[R]

A
Rx

[L]

b
a

c
RH rh

Fig. 4.20
22-Dec-14

[H]

y
27

Rz

rl"

$
b

a
'
v

b
c

c
a

Rx

y1

c
y

rh
Fig. 4.21
22-Dec-14

28

THE PLANE PARALLEL TO 0 x AXIS - [S]

z
[V]
SV sv

Sz

$
b

[S]

[L]

a
c

0
b

x
a

SL sl

$
Sy

SH sh
[H]

Fig. 4.22
22-Dec-14

y
29

sv`

Sz

sl"

a
c

$
Sy1

y1

a
c

sh
Sy

a" b" c" sl "

s ' 0 z
v

sh 0 y

S ; V

S ; H

Fig. 4.23

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30

HOME WORK HW- 02: STRAIGHT LINE AND PLANE

1. Given the points A(110; 30; 20), B(30; 45; 25), and M(80; 60; -5), N(45;
15; z), construct two intersecting lines in a point I.

2. Given the points A(50; 15; 25), B(10; -10; 60) and C(70; -15; 40), construct
the plane [P] (traces), defined by the three points.

22-Dec-14

31

LAB L- 02: STRAIGHT LINE AND PLANE

1. Given the points: A(35; 40; -5) and B(50; 15; 30), which define the line ,
and the point M(80; 50; 10), is asked:
-the projections of the line D ; thru M draw a line 1 ||D and a line 2 D =I, if
I is located between A and B;
-the traces of the line D .
2. Given the points: A(60; 20; 50), B(50; 40; 30) and C(40; 30; 30). Construct
the plane [P], defined by the three points, using two intersecting lines.
3. Given the points M(50; y; 20), A(20; 40; z) and the plane [P] defined by the
points: Px(100; 0; 0), H(30; 80; 0), V(30; 0; 55), construct: A P z A ,
M P yM and the parallelogram [ABCD], with the point M, intersection
of the diagonals and AB=40mm, located on a frontal line of the plane [P].
1

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32

LAB L- 02: STRAIGHT LINE AND PLANE

Only for mechanics.
1. Given the points A(50; 15; 25), B(10; -10; 60) and C(70; -15; 40),
construct the plane (traces) [P], defined by the three points.
2. Construct the traces of the plane [S], defined by the level line V(40; 0;
15)A(75; 25; zA) and the point B(60; -5; 35).
3. Given the points A(75; 45; 10), B(45; 20; 55), C(20; 70; 35),
I(60; 30; z), is asked:
- The plane [R] defined by A, B and C;
- The isoscel triangle [IJK] from the plane [R], which side IJ=IK=50mm, and
IJ[H], IK[V];
4

22-Dec-14

33