Courrier du Savoir N16, Octobre 2013, pp107-124

Urban Planning
. normative
.
.
.
. ) normative
(descriptive
.
. rational planning
.
planning as a product
.planning as a process
normative idealist descriptive .realistic
communicative planning
consensus building
New Urbanism
Just City .Multi-ethnic City
phronetic planning
what is actually done

.what planning ought to be or what should be done
power struggle and conflict of interests
.
.
.
) ( )
( .
. (
.

Universit Mohamed Khider Biskra, Algrie, 2013

.
ABSTRACT
The paper sets out to discuss the problems of planning theory and its development. It unravels the dichotomous nature of planning as a
subject that has to reconcile theoretical abstractions and real practice. The difficulty resides in the fact that building a theory requires some
internal consistency whereas the problems of the real world are not necessarily so consistent. This is probably the reason that has led many
scholars to hastily jump to the conclusion that history of planning is one of great planning failures. At first, planning was seen as part of
architecture or the art of building cities. Planning was thus conceived mainly as a blue-print or design oriented process. This rational
approach that has dominated the sixties and seventies has not been able to produce any sound results. Another approach, known as the
procedural planning, has thus emerged to overcome the problems of its predecessor. It asserts that planning is not about design but policy.
Planning theory today seems to be taking three main directions. The communicative or collaborative direction aiming at consensus building
among different stakeholders, the new urbanism direction inspired by the traditional patterns of public space design, and the phronetic
planning that attempts to take account of power/knowledge issues within society.
The paper concludes that the theory of planning is mainly developed from western experiences and contexts of planning. It lacks any
contribution drawn out from the planning experiences and contexts of oriental and less developed societies. This cultural bias must be
overcome if a clearer picture of planning theory is hoped for.

.


.
.


. ) Peter Hall (1990

Peter Hall
) .(Great Planning Disasters

.
Ebenezer Howard

.

" " )Garden Cities of Tomorrow (1902
. Le Corbusier
"
") Towards a New Architecture (1923" " The
) City of Tomorrow (1929


.

.1

.


.

.rational decision-making


.


) planning is the relationship 1998
.between knowledge and action (Friedmann,

) Francis Bacon (1561-1626
" "knowledge is power

.

:
.

108

. .

)(La Ville Radieuse-The Radiant City

) (The Contemporary City

.



)Tony Garnier (The Industrial City
Soria Y Mata (The Linear
) City Frank Lloyd
) Wright (Broadacre City .
)Charles Jencks (1990

" " The
Language of Post-Modern Architecture
.
.
- 1972
Pruitt-Igoe Scheme

International Congress of Modern
).Architecture (ICMA

.
(Bent
) Flyvbjerg
Aalborg
"
: " )Rationality (1998
.and Power: Democracy in Practice


.

" " (The Dark side of
) .Planning
.

.2

.
.

.



.

.
) Andreas Faludi (1973

Theory of Planning
.Theory in Planning


.Substantive Planning

.

.
.Procedural Planning
Faludi

.
Faludi

.

.
Faludi
Grand
Theory on Planning
(Archibugi: 2004; Hagen:
109

.

.

).1998


.

.

.
.

).Faludi (2003

.4


.
.

.
.

.

.
.3 Normative
versus Descriptive Planning

.

.

.




.

.

) .
( .
.
http://www.goddessathena.org/Museum/Temples/Miletus/Miletus_map.html
http://www.ic.ucsc.edu/~langdale/arth134/Timmap.jpg

.


.

110

.


.
.
.5 Physical
Design-Oriented Planning

.

.


.

.
.

.

:3
http://www.library.cornell.edu/Reps/DOCS/howard.htm

.

.

(The Comprehensive View of
) Planning

.
.
.


) (Le Corbusier; The Radiant City
(Ebenezer Howard; The
) Garden City
).(Frank Lloyd Wright; Broadacre City

:4 .

http://home.worldonline.dk/jgkjelds/urban.html

111

.


Doxiadis
) 1971 (5
) Lucio Costa .(6


.
.

) 1972
(7
.

:5
.

7 :8
.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Pruitt-Igoehttp://www.answers.com/topic/pruitt-igoe- overview.jpg
collapses-jpg
:6

.6
Analysis-Oriented Planning

Systems

http://www.geocities.com/TheTropics/3416/mapa2.jpg

.

.


.

) .(Taylor: 1999

.
.


.



.

112

.


)(2000 2002
.Faludi 10 .

.

.


.


.
.

.

Plan

Plan

Plan

Coordination
Object

Coordination
= /
Planning
Object= decision/actions of
planning subjects

External Influences

= /
Planning
Object= decision/actions of
planning subjects

= /
=Planning Object
decision/actions of Target
Groups

Material Object

Material Object

External Influences

External Influences

:10 .

.

) ( . 1997
.

.7 New
Directions in Planning Theories


.






.

.

:9

) Faludi (2000 2002

.

113

.
) John Forester (1989
communication .


.

.
life-world Habermas
the system


.

.
.

.

.



.
.


.

) .(Sandercock, 2000
socially just city

.


.
.

local knowledge

:
Multi-ethnic or
) Multi-cultural City Planning (Leonie Sandercock
/ Communicative/Collaborative Planning
) (Healy, Innes Just City
New
Fainstein
Urbanism Phronetic
) .Planning (Flyvbjerg

expert

.knowledge
) Sandercock (1997

.1-7 Multi-
ethnic City Planning

) .(Burayidi; 2000

.
114

.
.


.

.



.

.
Leonie
) Sandercock (2000
Multi-ethnic City

.Planning



.

Pragmatism Jean Dewey
Richard Rorty
Habermasian Communicative Rationality
.



) .(Hoch; 1996

.

Planning Outcomes
Planning processes
consequences
consciousness .

.
) Patsy Healey (1997
"
".

.

.
Judith Innes
) (1998
.
.
.
) (Innes and Booher; 1999

.2-7 /
Communicative/Collaborative Planning


Top-down Approach


.

.

115

.




.

.




.

) Patsy Healey (1997

Collaborative Planning


.
.

.


.
) (1999
local knowledge

. common
.sense
.
.identity creation

.
John Forester
.


.
Sandercock



.

.3-7 The Just City Movement

Fainstein

.
. ) Fainstein (1995
just process .

.

.

. Fainstein

.
The Just City
urban theory of justice


116

Situation /

.

.

.

.



.
.
.

) Flyvbjerg (1998

.
.

diversity, democracy, and equity
.
.4-7


. ) Fainstein (2000

.


.


.

.
.

.5-7 The New Urbanism

.
Le Corbusier
Ebenezer Howard
Frederick Law Olmsted Camillo Sitte


.


.


) ;Kunstler
.(1996
Congress of New

Flyvbjerg

) and Richardson (2000

communicative planning
.

Michel Foucault

.Habermas


.


. Ideal Speech

117

) Urbanism (CNU
.

International Congress for
).Modern Architecture (ICMA

.
Seaside, Florida .


.

.


.

.
.



.

:12
Duany Plater-Zyberk

:13
.
http://www.greatbuildings.com/cgibin/gbg.cgi/Seaside.html/30.320285/-86.137447/17
http://www.dpz.com/popup3.asp?Project_Number=7903&I
mageNumber=5&TotalImages=25&Project_Name=Seaside

:11
:15- 14 .

http://www.dpz.com/popup3.asp?Project_Number=7903&I
118

mageNumber=6&TotalImages=25&Project_Name=Seaside
http://www.dpz.com/popup3.asp?Project_Number=7903&I
mageNumber=9&TotalImages=25&Project_Name=Seaside

) .(Flyvbjerg; 1998

.

.



.


.Empowerment

) (Flyvbjerg; 1998
. episteme
techne
phronesis

.


.
phronesis

.
normative/ ethical
episteme techne
.


.

.6-7 Phronetic
Planning
Habermas
Foucault
.

Phronesis
episteme
.

.


.



. .

.

Theory on planning practice
Theory for
.planning practice



.




Communities in the making


119

.

.

.

.




.


.


.



.

.


.
Plan Reason
.
)(
) .(Flyvbjerg; 1998





.

) Flyvbjerg (1998
Aalborg
" : Rationality

and Power: Democracy in Practice


.

.

.

.


.



.

.8-7 Insurgent Urbanism

.

.






.

informal economy
informal housing
.
. )Bollens (2012
120

.Slum real estate

.



.



. ) Benjamin (2008
" " occupancy urbanism
/ formal/informal

. ) Shatkin (2011

" actually
" existing urbanisms
.


.

) .Winton (2004
World

polarized cities


.divided cities



.
.

.
.
" "stubborn realities
) ) (Yiftachel (2006


)(
.
""
.

.


.
2008 .

world class cities

.
""


.


.

Development Report: Conflict, Security and Development

) (World Bank, 2011

21

. )Earle (2010
street informal activities

.



.
Insurgency planning "
"insurgent urbanism
121

.
Empowerment

.
The Just City
.

insurgent citizen
"" .
insurgency insurgent urbanism
James Holston

) .(Holston, 2009
Radical planning


progressive
bot-
.tom-up planning

.
.

.
.


.

.

.8




.

.

: /
Communicative/Collaborative Planning
The New Urbanism
.Phronetic Planning

.




.
:
.

Modern Thinking
.Enlightenment

Top-down Approach
Enlightenment
.


.

.


) ;Fainstein
(2000, 1997 ) 2001
; .(Flyvbjerg

122

.
.
.



.
.


.

Sandercock .Flyvbjerg


: .

.

.



.

.

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124