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    The Names of Constantinople Demetrius John Georgacas Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, Vol. 78. (1947), pp. 347-367. Stable URL: hitp://links jstor.org/sieisici=0065-97 | 1%281947%2978%3C347%3ATNOC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-1 Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association is currently published by The Johns Hopkins University Press. ‘Your use of the ISTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR’s Terms and Conditions of Use, available at butp:/vww jstor.orglabout/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms andl Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at hup:/www jstor-org/journals/jhup.heml, Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the sereen or printed page of such transmission, JSTOR is an independent not-for-profit organization dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of scholarly journals. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact support @ jstor.org. hupulwww jstor.org/ ‘Wed May 24 19:30:12 2006 Vol. lxxviti] The Names of Constantinople 347 XXV.—The Names of Constantinople DEMETRIUS JOHN GEORGACAS “The name Boféori is probably Illyrian from Buzas with the auf on; Nea "Poyn woe a oficial name (4th century); Kawerarrbou rik and } Kavererrvoe are not common, while Kureresroyohs ia the written name and TiO the common name of the world capital. ‘The lat name cate through elias of Kevoresrive, just as 4 Kavorerrivos by eipala of rdhe. ‘The Turkish name ‘Slama came fom (ait iy Hohn. Details of thee names are discseed. ‘The inhabitants of places do not always remain the same; in the course of time the old inhabitants of a place may be displaced by a neighboring tribe, or sometimes by a people which has come from afar. Yet the names of such places may be long-lived and survive not only centuries but millennia. While names of small places often cease to exist in times of plague or war when all in- habitants die out, the names of populous communities are most tenacious.' And place-names surviving the change of population yield us a notion of prehistoric tribes? It often happens, then, that a place bears one name in antiquity, another in later, mediaeval, times, and yet a third in modern times. And conclusions from language in general and from place-names in particular have a bear- ing on history; we may have evidence from the successive names of ‘one place about the historical succession (or its obscure points) of the various peoples which have left linguistic traces such as words or names, In the investigation: of place-names, therefore, it is important both from the historical and linguistic points of view to consider together all the names applied to one place. An interesting subject for such research is afforded by the great city which was for many centuries the natural crossroads between Europe and Asia, It was founded as a colony of the Megarians (seventh century), served as CF. K. Baya, "Die Vorgechichte der Astiachen (Daltiachen) Suime im Lichte er Ortsnamenforachung," W. Steibers-Festgabe (Leipaig, 1924) 22. In concadt ‘he pergnal names, the place names are geographically bound; cl. H. Krabe, Lexikon iriscer Personennamen (Heidelberg, 1929) 139—T feck much indebted to the ‘Association's unnamed reader for he criticism and suggestions 4, Kretachmer, “Sprachliche Vorgesciehte dea Balkans." Reswe inter. de dudes bakoniques 1934-38) 379. 348 Demetrius John Georgacas [1947 a capital of the Byzantine (Greek) Empire during a whole millen- nium, (395-1453 a.p,), then became the capital of the Ottoman Empire, and is the second city of the Turkish Republic today. I do not propose here to study its names exhaustively, but rather to confine myself to the points that need an explanation or some linguistic remarks. 1. Boférriy Three towns bore the name Buféyrior: the colony in Thrace founded by the Megarians and a second place in Libya (according to Stephanus Byzantius, Eustathius, Dionysius Periegetes 803); in the latter case, Buférrie» was probably adapted from a name in the native tongue, as happened notoriously with a third Buréy7.y, denoting a place on the western coast of India (Vijyadrug or -durga).* As to the main Byzantion, some Byzantine writers make use exclusively of the name Buféeri» for Constantinople, others use it (eg. Theophanes 345.14; Chron. Pasch. line 252) side by side with Kaverayraobrohss, while Boféyrw: is the name generally applied to the inhabitants of the city. Bufé»riov was used in the middle ages to designate the Byzantine Empire, xara ovvextoxiy; this may have been due to the fact that the name Bufdrrios was felt as an ethnikon (cf. # Bufarriay, se. 76s, and the family name Bufderws), so that Butdsrioy xpéror appeared in elliptic form Butéyriy. Analogous are the cases when Constantine Porphyrogenitus calls himself aivorparep Kaverayrwoundhess, and Fulin (from I1é) meant the Byzantine Empire for the Chinese.* And Bofayruxés meant ‘an inhabitant of the Byzantine Empire’; cf. Mvrdvates as indicating (1) an in habitant of the town of Mytilene, (2) an inhabitant of the island ‘of Mytilene (= Lesbos). From the adjective Butéynws arose also ‘ mafdarar in Libya where people Bibeore are mentioned by Steph. By. and Eustathius refering to Dion. Perieg. 805; cl RE av. "Byzantion” 1158 and ‘Byeacium” (bie 15a: Dessau) ‘Petpl, mar. Eeythr. 53, Steph. Byz srarrsior, Ptolem. 7.17, ee. See W: ‘Tomaachek, Dis olen Tivoker 2261 (SAWW, philobist. CL 151.1) and RE sx “Byzantion," 1156; cf. M. Besar, Lesigue de glographteancienne (Pats, 1914) 153.— bows fourth Bodorer in isa whens coe Faun of Byam, Prot 6 ‘named by ‘Amantor (Athens) informe me- A city of the Huferrinuy in Armenia ‘Abyitenos in Buseb. Chron. ed Schoene $8, But the gen ix probably cor Bugerar; see Streck, RE tv-"Byzantion.” Suppl. 1 co. 266, nd "Blzana TCL £. Obeshummer ia RE av, "Constantinopolin” 968 {Thus aloo Romo, Trios In Ain, Morocea, Perel, te. occur as names of ‘ountien originally being asies of capital for more example ef. A. Chatzes, Archoo- Iogite ephdmers (Athens 1930) 70 and Byoont-newgr.Jobrbicey 9 (1930-52) 87 Vol. Ixxviiil The Names of Constantinople 349 the appellatives: Greek Bofarria - efor dpude (Hesychius) and Latin byzantius (and byzantinus), from which came French besant (d'or), dating from the ninth century, Italian bisante, and English besant.? On the origin of the name — ‘The older attempts at explanation of G. Curtius,* who supposed that Boférrioy would be a derivative Bufér--v meaning ‘Uhlenhorst’ from Bufarr- :Bufe-rer- from the subst. 8ita f. ‘Strix bubo, eagle- owl’ (synon, Bas), and of Pape-Benseler,” interpreting the place- name as ‘Reichenheim,’ are no longer discussed seriously. ‘The writer on Alarodian (Japhetitic) linguistics, K. Ostir,!* inks that the name is not Indo-European, but “pre-Thracian” Buférrwr would be an io-formation from Bot.” ‘aqua’ and *Bote-vr- would mean ‘Aquis’ or ‘at *Bufa (river),’ just as Tara ‘river’ Tarentum, ira: Sipuntum. He thinks that *Bot- ‘aqua’ is seen in Buta, Botta, Bornes, BepBits (see below) and can be compared with ‘hoe: ‘bassus, puteus, aqua’ which is met in Busia, a river name in Gaul, Businca, a river name in Noricum, A-bus-ina, a river name in the territory of the Vindelici (a- as in &Buvaos), and in Bosesis, a river name in Gaul; finally he connects *bos- with Caucasian and Basque forms. The nf-formans is, according to Ostir, also non-IE, ” because it is also Mediterranean (Messap. Taren- tum, Illyr. Colentum, Eteuscan Ferentum, pre-Hellenic Képutos, in Asia Minor Kepterda, etc.) and is combined from -n- + -t-. The fundamental objection to this interpretation would be that the author's method has not been accepted and his results are therefore untrustworthy. In details, moreover, this explanation cannot be supported; on the one hand, he ignores the existing personal names Bifas, Busas, Bewsas, Bitys, Bétos, and on the other he pays no attention to the fact that the suffix -ni- is also Indo-European, Apparently following Ostir, N. Zupanié" also gives the interpreta- 56, Schlumberger, Numismatique de Foren latin (Paris. 1878) 150,175; of K. Regling in Fr. v. Sehtotter, Wartebuck der Manchunde (Beelin-Leipsig, 1930) 8¥. "bezan," 73; Seheoter, ibid, av." Mnae” 585-586 * Grandsge der griachschen Eiymolope (Leipzig, 1879) 294; followed by L. Gras- berger, Studien a dem griechischn Ortonemen (Warsbure, 1848) 110,278. Wartrbuck der grechschen Eigennomen 252; cf. J. Eh, Nomina eoerapheat (Ceiprig, 1893) 30, "eVorthrakscher Uraprung dea Wortes Butdoron,” Deusitme cones Snter= etional des dudes byeontnes, Belgrade 1927 (Belgrade, 1929) 25°25; cf. N. Jol Indogrm. Fahrbch 18 (1980) 122 ad 18 (1931) 198. "Die dalmatinische Inel Plyeh des Konstantin Porphyrogeneton.” Adi del V congress internasionale sud bzantni, 1936 (Rome, 1989) 337 350 Demetrius John Georgacas [1947 tion, Bofdrroy = “Wasserstadt,’ and considers the name Pelaggian (elated to Caucasian and Etruscan). One would say with Ion Russu' “Con tale acrobazia e cabala si pud provare facilmente qualunque cosa.” W. Tomaschek' and J. Miller* consider the name as Thracian, since there are names Bixns, Bitor, etc. But Ion Russu'* was the first to try to prove that Boférrir must be Thraco-Phrygian, while he brings forth the names Bins, Bifos, Boltns, Bios, etc, Bitmpe, Bufie, Bovfata, etc, names with the suifix -m- and that in ~o-; according to Russu, Bofésrww would have come from the attested IE *bhiijo- ‘buck,’ suitable for the origin of a personal name (cer- tainly first as a nickname), with the suffix -nt- meaning ‘belonging ‘Av. bitza- m. ‘buck, mod. Pers. bus ‘goat, buck,’ Arm. buck etc." Whereas this etymology belongs in the main to Tomaschek, who had compared Zend baza ‘buck,’ AS bucca,*” Russu tries to prove too much, bringing together any and all words whose root is Buf-, fou, Bi. The interpretation may be quite good if the proper nouns Bifas and Beusas are not related; but we have nouns with bus- oF bus- also in Italy, and these are Illyrian. According to the Albanian scholar E. Gabej,"¥ if the Alb. subst. duzé ‘ip; bank, strand’ is old, the name Bofésrw» (pronounced Buzantion) might have meant ‘the city at the sea strand” and might have been formed with the clement -ant-, just as Amantia- "Auavrla, Otbiyroy, Carovantis; he compares the Italian river name Busento, with -nf- (cf. Tarentum) and also from busé, with the Portuguese parallel ribeira ‘bank, strand’ from Lat. ripa; and the stem bue- is seen in the personal names Buselius in Dalmatia and Busos in Apulia (Krahe, Leviton 27).* But the author ignores the personal names Bitas, Busas, etc., which, however, contain the clement -nt-, as well a8 the name Olbivrir compared by himself; and, if we accept a personal name as the basis, the meaning ‘the storno al nome di Bisanao,” ibid, S85 note 2 Die allen Thraker (above, note 4) 16 "RE av. "Byzantion.” 1127; also E. Oberhummer, RE s.. ""Constantinopo 8 °s Zoe. it. (above, note 12) SS4-7; ef. E, Gerland, Byzontomengr. Sabbicher 10 (1982-34) 94 WA Walde-J. Pokorny, Verlelchonder Wrterbuch der indogermonischen ‘Sprochen (BerineLeisig, 1927) 2.189. "" Die ello Tirater (above, note 8) 17, -"Mtundarticnes aun Ttalien,” Gla 25 (1986) St 1b. note 2. Vol. txxviti) The Names of Constantinople 351 city at the sea-coast’ is irrelevant; and finally we do not know the Original meaning of the river name Busento in Italy. Kretschmer interpreted the name as a derivative of the Illyrian personal name B(e)usas (Beuzant-), written Bites in Greek, with the suffix ~io-. In accordance with this view the Illyrians were the founders of Byzantion in Thrace and those who gave the name to the later world capital Byzantion is, according to Kretschmer, modifying his explanation, rather “eine phrygische Bildung mit dem Zugehdrigkeitssuffix -io- vom illyrischen Personennamen Beuzas”™ and Byzantium is “auf der phrygischen Wanderung gegriindet worden, und zwar von Illyriern, die ja neben Thrakern an diesen Invasionen teilgenommen haben"; the Doric colonists in Byzantium adopted the name of the place in which they settled." Ed. Schwyzer,2 H. Krahe* and Fr. v. Duhn® accept this explana- tion; moreover, Krahe cites the parallel Illyric derivation: Oties, en. Ofdarros, ethnikon Otdeyres and OiSérriy xéNes "INdyptiy (Theo- pompus ap. Steph. Byz.). Russu, to be sure, rejects the Illyrism of the “legendary” eponymous Bysas as less than probable, for the presence of the Illyrians in Thracian territory would be a baseless assertion.” What can we decide about the origin of the name? The Greek form Bigas (nom.) is certainly from *Bigayrs as i shown by the oblique cases in Bufayr-; the Latin form Byzas* fol- lowing the Greek declension is obviously a late borrowing from the Greek. The full grade Beus-” in view of Greek Bifas is contained in the following names of Ilyrian origin: Julius Beuzas (Dalmatia) CIL 3.9156, Titus Beusantis qui et Bradua CTL 3, p. 948, Julius B(e)usas (in Salonae) CIL 13.7509, Batoni Beusantis (Dalmatia) CIE 13.6538, Beusas Sutti {. Delmat(a) ibid. 7509, Beuzas, etc: Das at Sul (1994-38) 385. 1B. Keetachmer, “ofderon” Eis mndnén Spor. Lamprou (Aone, 1989) 217. 2 tb. 216 ce. Kretemer, Gata 27 0990) Ye 2 Grech. Grommath (Muni, 199) 66,526 2 Die Wt fs Geschichte, 3 (1932) 26 note 30 2 hich Grterkande 2 (Heldlerg 959) Op. above, note 1) S54 Thesaurus lingua ltinee, Nomina fropia. ev. “Byzas" col. 2270; Foren Lesion tts laliniiatis, Onomartiom, eg. "Byran,” 2954 (). Psa) " Glota 14 (1925) 04 fof Rene ier. des dudes balkaniques 1 “Beusag” 1982; of. W. Schulze, Zur Geschichte der latenischen Bigennomen (Abhandlungen d. k. Geiell d, Wise. 20 Gatingen, pio. 382 Demetrius John Georgacas 1947 ‘The names Bifys (gen. -ov),an artist in Naxos at the time of Astyages, cf, Paus, 5.10.3 (Blige rats)" Bitas (gen. -ov),* Rétys, a Thracian dynast,* Bitns, a ryendy Kofrns, Bitos in an inscription of Macedonia,* are to be connected with Bitas; Bit and Bigas are, moreover, identical according to Jokl, but the ancient tradition was inaccurate in reproducing the vowel nuances Cf. also the names Busa f., name of an Apulian woman, Busia CIL 9.689, Busidius (Canu- sium) CIL 6.28541, Buselia.®” The Thracian root But- is seen also in Bogie, name of a fountain in Thrace (from an adj. *Busyo-?) Bigy, name of the daughter of the river god Erasinos, Bint, BapBigms3* On the evidence of so many Illyrian and Thracian names the older opinion that Byzas was no historical person’ has to be abandoned; we admit with Kretschmer!® that Byzas was indeed the founder of the city. In view of the fact that Bus- occurs in Ilyric and Thracian names, one cannot decide whether the root in Bysantion is exclu- sively Illyric or Thracian. Asis well known, a definitive separation of Thracian and Illyrian elements is a difficult task for us today, since proper nouns show equal stems (and often equal suffixes, eg. the suffix -st-) and the languages of the Thracian and Illyrians were closely related." In our particular case we might decide for Illyrian origin of the name Bitas, if we would follow the theory that Thracian proper nouns are usually compounds. * bist. KL, NAF. 5.2) (Berlin, 1904) 38 note 2; cf, also P. Kretachmer, Giolla 14.95; ‘Tomaschek, BB 9 (1885) 96; J. Whatmough, Lenguage 3 (1928) 228; Krahe, Lesion (Gove, note 1) 21. (BB = Ditrage sur Kunde der indogermaniochen Sprachen) ‘'Pomaschek, Di allen Tivaker 16; C. Robert, RE av. "Byzee,” 1160; Joh, In RV 13 (1920) 2834. (RV ~ Ebert, Reallesikon der Vorgechichte) * Tomaachek, ibid: Ruseu, 0. et. (above, note 12) 886. 2 See Niew, RE av. “Byze,” Suppl 1. col 266 + Forel, Onomasticon 292, 2 Jou, in RV 1 (1924) 9b Forel, Oxomanion ibid; Krake, Lexihon 26 *Sehulee, toe. ets cf Krahe, op. el. 20 Miler, RE av. "Byzantion,” 1127; cf. Ruan op. el S56. Miler, RE ay. “Byzaa,” 118, Loew tie, above, note 29) 95 © After V. Hehn-—O. Schrader, Kultrpfonsce und Heustire! Bertin, 1902) 544 and HL. d/Aebols de Jubsinville. Les premiers habitonts de 'Earope (Paris, 1889) pusher in Griechenand (Gottingen, (4924) 91b; a "Illyria" 6 (1929) 43b and 4a, ‘ACI, A. Flck, Die gricchischen Pernennamen (Goetingen, 1874) Ixv;eapeclly W. Tomaschek, Die aller Thraker 1 (and 52), Al- Philppide. Orginea Romn (Origin of the Rouranians) (las 1985) 1.658 5. (f. J. Jordan, Zetisehr J. roman. The Names of Constantinople 353. As regards the suffix in Byzant-, it is not certain whether there underlies the name a suffix -mt- or -ant-. ‘The suffix -nt- is Thracian in place-names like “ASayres ‘Euboea,’ Bo.avrus, ‘Péfavs -avrot, ‘PrBavria, Medayriés, Képoavros, Tpifarra, ethnikon Clevantlini}, ete. and in the personal names Rescentus, Drulens -entis, Mouxéyrios.® Jokl takes -ant- as both Ilryian and Thracian. The suffix -nt- is Illyrian, e.g. the Dardanian name 'AppiSévriov (Ptolemy 3.9) from a personal name 'Appigarr- which reminds one of ’Appifator,* Tarant- from Tara-nt- ‘located at Tara river." Kretschmer’s Illyric claim for the personal name Beuzant- is based on the parallel Illyric ‘names from Italy. ‘The io-formation of the place-name Bysant-io- would be, accord- ing to Kretschmer, Phrygian (ie. Thracian), while the city was founded by Illyrians; this opinion is based on the fact that -io- formations occur in Illyrian,** cf, ’AppiSévrwr in Dardania, the above cited Otbéeriy, etc. and in Phrygian Mubdiov (Midas), Korvévor (Kérvs), Soprdéuor (Aopidas), Aociwor (Séxiuos), Aaaxidior (Adax:dos), Mavjowr (Marys) etc. The name Bysantion is accordingly an adjectival derivative from a personal name and the derivative ‘expresses relationship of the place to a person (thus also in Italic and Germanic).# ‘Pilot. 48 (1928) 727 note 1). Krahe has proved that Ilyron possemed the IE name formation of compounds too and has asembled lit of $2 auch compound names; see Lexihon 152-189. Not accessible tome was Al Rowetti Ixora limit romdne 2 (938) 53, maltaining Thracian origin of the name Béfar; cl. however G. Bonfante, Lonewase 18 (1942) 290 ‘See references in Russu, op cits fabove, note 12) 556. 4 Jokl in RV ev "liyrien.” 6 (1926) 8 44s. P. Kretechmer, Einliorg indie Geschichte der griechischn Sprache (Gottingen. 1896) 246; ef N. Jol, op. cit. a. H. Krahe analyzer ‘Appederov and Easpe Sarria nd ses in the second member ofthe compounds the stme word as Osc. Bano: see H. Krahe, Lesitow 153, Die ater Daltailyischen gegraphischen Namen (Ueidlbers, 1925) 82, and "Zum onkichen Dislekt von Banta." Geta 19 (1931) 150 “ Krctschmer, Glota 14-87-89; in Saxony there js another Tharandt (H, Agde, Bronsseliche Kaltrgruppen im mitleren Elegeiet (Leip. 1939] 67) neat which Imyrian sanctuary tas been found; ef. Fr. Memerachmidt, Fr. v, Dulas Talsche Griberkunde 2342. ©, Kretathmer, Gta 14.98 nove 3; H. Krahe, Die alten blkonillrischen ger raphiscen Nomen, 78-77 ‘SP. Kretechmer, Hinleung 185: cf. Gla 21. (1933) 254; Bis maémén Spyr Lamprou 217; cl, Rusa, op. ct 381 ‘Ct. F. Solmeen, Indogermanische Higennemen alt Spiegel der Kaltureschiche (4. E. Fraenkel (Heldelberg, 1922) 61,73 354 Demetrius John Georgacas [1947 2, Nia ‘Poyn ‘The former “Byzantion” was called Néa ‘Pym (translated from Nova Roma), ie. New Rome, beginning in the fourth century a.0.:*° ‘this name was an official parallel to others such as simple # Néa, devrépa Poun, “ANua ‘Poye (from Latin Alma Roma), Butarriés ‘Poun, é&a ‘Pun, Latin Roma Constantinopolitana. According to Soc- rates, Hist. ecc. 1.16, Constantine the Great himself ordered the city to be called Nia ‘Pou But the name derépa "Pon (and altera Roma in Porphyr. 4.5 et seq.) points out clearly enough that Constantinople was for the emperor Constantine rather a second Rome, not a Nie ‘Poun. ‘The new city was to receive equal rank with Rome (Sozomen. 2.3); “by this name [ie. New Rome] that Constantine gave to his new capital he made it evident that he regarded himself as merely moving Rome from the Tiber to the Bosphorus.’ This name has survived officially, especially in the title of the patriarch. 3. Kayoravrwotrohs ‘The Byzantine capital has generally been called Kuverayrwotos since the fourth century. Kayerayruotrods is used of three places: (1) the city on the Bosphorus, (2) a castle in Isauria (Suidas s.v. “Zyuy”), (3) Salamis in Cyprus (Argumentum ad Isocrat. Orat, (Oratores Attici, 2.483.76.25} ' References in Pape-Beneler, op. cil (ehove, note 9) sv. "Pou, lao Concie de Constantin 381, canon 5, rier "Poy: Mansl, Concili 3.860 Seorioa 'Payn, Chron. Pasch. 1.529 line 17 (Chronca minora 1.288); Powe seorigar omuarivsr douyopeieas, Chron. Posck, MPG 92.109; Socrates, Hist ed. 1.16; cf also W. Ensain, Gnomon 7 (1981) 262. Ct. Mombritiu, Sanciuarium V°.11.27 Practeren Constantinus elim genetrie ain Helena securdom Romar qiae ‘Consantinopots diiur,seiicaverat. CI. Pape-Benseer. le. ci “thue "Pone, Phloworgive, Hist ed. 29, ed. Bides (Lepeig, 1943) 28.1 and Eusebius, Vila Contontiné Cod. Angeli a certainly from Latin Alma Roma. "About ‘Avfoova (analogous to Latin Flore) as the eternal name, a ries secret natn, istead of Nia Pon or Kanerasrirobaohi, se Burckharde, Die Zeit Konsanins, fret ed. 1880 (Lelpeig, 1924) 434 and rightly against him, Chr. Coleman, Constantine (he Grea and Chrisionty (New York, 1914) 189, note 3 ‘Net. Augustine, Cit. Det $.25; Soxomenus 22-3; ef, Ducange, Consantinopolis ristiona (1680) 13 Coleman, op. cll 148; K. Honn, Konstantin der Gross, Leben ier Zetende (Legal, 1940) “See A: Schacter: Gitinglsche Gelehrte Amaegen 202 (1940) 29. Lloyd Bs Holanpple, Constantine the Great (New York, 1942) 306. Like Rome, en hills and thence the epithet bogor; "From Seraglio to thatthe New Rome mighe ready bear an outward Seven Hlleon the Tiber. Te is doubull i Constantine's (iba. 308 1. 40 New Rome also isy 0 Point can be sen sx other resemblance to the Cy of ‘Sey included al even Bil Vol. Ixxviii] The Names of Constantinople 355 sBaatheoze Eadayivos, iis rhea iv Koxpe 1s viv Kuvoravrivov xedousions ai unrpombdews obs méons ris Koxpov).\* The first of these three places, the capital of the Byzantine empire, was founded, as is well known, by Constantine the Great (306-337 A.v.), in remembrance of the victory over Licinius, and thus bore the victor's name, KavarapruoioNe* ‘The new name was first given in 324 a,b." ‘The old name was readily replaced by Rurerarraoiaohs; changes of name in the case of great cities to hhonor the ruling monarch were usual in Roman times, as Justin- ianoupolis (thrice) for the former name Hadrianoupolis.* All of the following were official names of the city: Kaverayri- vires, # Kayoravrivey xis and 4 Kuvorerrivons® The name Kaverarriobohs is, however, the name generally used by the his- torians, beginning with Priscus and Zosimus Its composition with -roNs as the second part is normal, like Engl. -town (ton), Germ. -burg and -stadé (set, -sletten), French Cf, Pape-Benseler, of i. (above, note 9) 752, and Kgl, Nomina seoaraphica! ‘ofa; Arles aloo bore Constantine's namet sce Nuwmimatirue Constantine ? (Pati 011) 179,230; J. Mausice, Constantin le Grand, Torgine de tn coication chrtionne (Paris, 1924) 19. The ety Cire likewise bore Constantine's name; ace Maurice, opel St “Anonyme, Excerpte Valesiana (AGH, Auctores antiquissimt 9) 10: Constan- tings ex ae Byzantium Constantinopolim mincupavi ob insignis vitorne (memoriam); PPhilostorgus. Hist ec (ed. Bides, p. 20) 2:9: rd Bufdorwr es Kavevarrielwah erazsesboas (MPG 65.472: Kanerarrino aN»); Sozomens, Ed Ms (ed. R. Huscey TI, Oxford, 1860) 2.5: yay "Plyqy Kuverarriolyaher dduact: Chron. Patch. 1 (Bons, 1852) $28: ual bdNeow alriy Kusorarriobeah bl 827, lise 18: Kavorarrc sobradio (ms, Ri Kuveraprioe rah) nboqee Cle Obetnummer, RE 4963 and Benjamin, "Constantin der Gross.” ibid 4.109; Hina, op. el (above, note 52) 151 Constantinople is called “his city (Le. the city ofthe Emperor Constantine) by Buse bus Vite Const 348: ry ebred Bhar, St: re BaotNbos whos and 4 Bashar race wOvr; cl. L Bréhler, "Constantin etl fondation de Constantinople,” Rerue “Hisorique 19 (1915) 2713 Coleman, op. cil. (above. note 51) ISI. The ey of Con ‘antinople appears personified on coins ct. Reling. of. cl (above, nate 1) 111, ‘J. Maurice, "Les orgines de Constantinople” in Soci nationale des antiqits te France, Centenaire 1504-1904, Recuell de Mémoires (Pars, 1908) 289: idem, Nami= ‘motique Constantinenne 4681. Cl. D. Lathoud, Belos Orient 23 (1928) 293 and CabrotLeclerq, Didionnaire arch. crdionte ede Iitwrie 2 (1925) 1364. eer fences also in Coleman, op. el. 148, that th ety was called Kurovasrobrahr within the lMetime ofits founder. ‘The Eret stone forthe new city wat lid by Constantine fon November , 326 andthe eetlement is maid to have boen completed on May 11,380; ff. Holeapole. op. et above, note 54) 310; diferently Th. Prege, "Das Grindungs- Alatum von Konstantinopel” Hermes 36 (1901) 336-842. Soe P. Skok, Zelschr. f. Ortonamenf. 7 (1981) 36, About renaming ef. E. ‘Sturtevant, Einusie Change (Chicago, 1917) 124 ‘ Hénn, op it. (note 82) 288 C4 Obertiommer, RE 2. "Constantinopolis:” 948. 356 Demetrius John Georgacas [1947 -wille, ete." The first part of the compound is the integral genitive Kavoravrivev, as in ‘AdpuavobroNs, ’AdcEerbpolwonss, biderrobohs, and so forth® The forms Kuyorarrwéxoks (in the Chronicle of Morea, P 470, ed. J. Schmitt, and in the Chronicle of Makhairas, 1.326, ed. R. Dawkins), Keorarrwéxohis (CIG 9882) and KuorarruvbroXs (usual today) present -- (instead of ou) as a composition vowel, as, e.g. in "Abdpuarérodss (Lat. Hadrianopolis), parallel with 'Adpiavobrods from *ABpeavod ths, "ANegandpbrohss (Lat. Alexandropolis), parallel with "AdeEaripoixods, doerxéxohs parallel with dourrobxohs, and $0 on; the forms in oN, due to the analogy of the corresponding ethnika in -oroXiras, occur frequently. The composition vowel -o- is regular in the derivation of the ethnikon, as it appears in ‘W\oroXirns (Herodotus) from ‘HNiov réks, old; thus to the names ending in -ov ids the ending -éros as a secondary form gradually comes to the fore; we know that in the Hellenistic period the -0- vowel penetrated compounds ending in -oirohs."* Thereon cf. the Latin ‘name form Consiantinopolis (Codex Theodos. 2.10.4, a. 324; Cassiod., Chron. min. 2.451, a. 332; Anon., Excerpta Valesiana, cited above note 56). This Latin name was transplanted to all modern lan- zuages through Latin peoples, generally with a slight adaptation of the word-endings, e.g. French Constantinople, Engl. Constantinople, Germ. Konsiantinopel, etc. ‘The ethnikon Kayerarruovrodiens occurs relatively seldom (e.g. ‘once in Theoph. 398, ed. de Boor). The form KuvorarrwoxoNirns with -o-, which occurs in Steph. Byz. and in Etymol. Magnum 217.28, was regularly derived; just as from 'Apxévipou réhs, ‘HRiov 6h, Tipotivov réNs, etc. come the ethnika ‘Apxariporohiras, ‘Dhorohirns, TipotworoNiras, etc., so from Kaverarrivey réXs or Kuvorarrwobxo\s, from 'Adpiaood ris oF 'ASpavoixohs the following forms are to be #6, Cousin, De uribus guaran nominibus cabal wid fem focedt (Noneel, 1908) sve Che F. Solmeen-E. Fraenkel, Indogermanizche Rigewnamen ols Splat der Roltrgechicte 64; M, Ferner, Zech. f. Ortsnamenf. 4 (1998) 97 ‘See Cousin bid. See Cousin op. 20; J, Wackernage, Gots 14 (1928) 31 £3 Sehwyzer, Grech Gramm. 1486 note 5. ‘Whnalogous to modern English Constantinople (ending Zelinopte wes crested (ftom Zale Basse); oe Forse, of TOberhunmer, lor. ci in rope) the place-name (above, ote 61) 98. mi Fiek. BB'23 (1897) 14. Cl. the composition vowel -- also In Néa xis Neorchlrar Pick, Vorrechische Ontenimen [Gdetingen, 1905] 44), Pabekrohe: Poia- Todtny eh PoboroNrys (Ke. Hatter, Grommets der riehizhen Inscrifton Eghions {Base 1916) 150). Vol. Ixxviiil The Names of Constantinople 357 expected: KuvararruosoNirns, ‘AdpiaroroNiras; cf. also what has been said just above about the names ending in -érohs. The forms Kagrayruvires, without the first --, which occurs for all the three mentioned places instead of Kavorayruobrohs, e. Steph. Byz. s.v. (ibidem also KworarrworoXirms) and in inscriptions (eg. CIG 14.2354) and papyri of the third and fourth centuries AD., and Kworarruérohs (CIG 9882) may be explained together with the simple form Kagrayrives, etc., in my opinion, not through dissimilation of the consonants (w+ > — + mn) but much better through dropping out of the -n- in the consonant cluster -nst-, which is regularly simplified by loss of the nasal in mediaeval and modern Greek, as well as in Latin itself (CLL 3.7151 Costantinopoli). In fact, the forms with -vgz- occur often of course in the written records, but beside these occur forms with -r- (without Eckinger gathered 102 forms, of which 86 have -vor- and 16 -or-i" Kaorarrivos in an inscription (Inscriptiones Graecae Iialiae t Siciliae, 956 A and B) of about 313 a.p., in another (CIG 9891) of 409 a.p., Kworéyrws (written -ogr-) in an inscription of Tegea of 293-305 .p. (CIG 1522a) likewise Kworavriver (CIL 7.7175, CIG 14.2559), Kuoravrivov in papyri of 307 and 313 A.D. (beside Kareravrivey 294, 307, 346 A.v,), Kworavrioy and Karrayros (beside Kaver-) in papyri of 346 A.v., etc!” The loss of -n- in -nst- occurs in ancient Greek also as well as Vulgar Latin.” These forms along with the spoken modern Greek Kuarayris, Kuoravris, Kéoras, Kugréats, etc.” reflect Latin forms Costantinus, CIL 6.2457 ete., Costas, CIL 6.2498 ete. (Grom Consias which is found in CIL 6.32892 etc. and this from Th, Rebinger, Die Orthoprphie latcinischer Winker in grichischen Inschriten (Munich, 1892) 116 Cl, Hckinger bid. 112, 16; Keorrarrzo in & Milesin inscription see Anton Scherer, Zur Laut und Formenlire der milesichenInachiften (Munich, 1934) 48 note "9 C. Weaely, "Dielatcnischen Elementein der Graiit det gyptlachen Papyrus urkunden,”" Wier Studien 28 (1908) 60; ef. By Meluremann, Die laeinischen Warler lind Namen dew grechischon Popyri (Lepelg, 1927) 80; Fr. Presighe, Namenbuch (Heidelberg 1922) 1896 Cl. anc. Gr. reorbs vers), word, earétys (de from -nd.), rpasootb, leardoronot snd teariersher (or. fom -vor)y see G- Hadsidaki, Akadimeihy one: ‘gndometa t(Ashens 1924) 436; Schwyer, Griech, Gramm. 1593 "Generally ns after @ vowel lost the w, perhaps through the Inermeiiate stage of nasalzed vowel +5; thus cose, cor, forsi, ete. Vulgar Latin had no nasal; ‘See B. Kickers, Hstrsche Iaeiische Grommatie (Munich, 1950) 6. " Kavoras, Kaveravrives, Kavererrvén, ee. it mediaeval Greek, pari to the forms without =r Karas, Leo Gomi. 188.20; oe St. Pulte Gramm. d- bye CChrontken (Getingen, 1913) 102,” Mod. Gr. Kuevavis, be, Keres, Kuoréat, 358, Demetrius John Georgacas [1947 Constans, CIL 10,362, ete.), Costantius 6.2651. Thus we may conclude that even the emperor's name was probably pronounced Kaoravrives by Greeks as well as Latin-speaking peoples.” 4, Tae ‘The name 116s, shorter and therefore preferable, is found very arly and often. It perhaps occurs for the first time in the eccle- siastical historian Socrates (fifth century, 380-439): it soon be- came usual and still is the common form in Modern Greek: # TIM. ‘The name Tléis ‘Constantinople’ has commonly been explained as the name of the city par excellence,” just as derv meant Athens (cf, Athan. Boutouras, Ta neoklinika kyris onomata [Athens, 1912] 76 who gives no explanation forthe forme without»), CI-also the Byz.appelative xuverarriaror, the word fora By2, gold coln named after the emperor Constantine X Doucas (1089 G67; from his name Sober i ie ealled Sowroy) snd mod. Ge. marrarr TLL, Onomasticon, ex. "Consantinun’” 2.575, gx. "Conann” bid. S69; Forcelin, Lex. flat, Onomasticon sv. "Conteantinn” 1412 ‘So even before the city was named, the mim the emperor's mime was probably smainly orthographle, rarely pronounced by either Latinspeaking ot Greek speaking ‘Gusend (aceording to the flere of this paper) "Socrates 676 9 (MPG 67.6782): BeSapSinuro oly jxihs bri ray roXhiv pupor _ Tootror 3 teupenaobae rf rida cgoor -- (Che pamage ie mentioned in’ Sophocles” Lesson av. and by Hersing, REG 3-191). But since the immediately receding text speaks about Kuverarrisv rUhs, the word rOMs in the cited passe ‘may bea simple appallative x0 (~ the city) and so It may have meant “the men~ ned city" se. Constantinople. In any’ cage, dhe ‘Constantnople’ must have been ‘anal atthe very Inter in the tenth century, because Bair (Bul) is used by the Arab [teographer Al-Moat; eee G. Le Strange, The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate (Cam bridge, 1908) 134 = (1930) 158 note. ‘The name [ater “Constantinople’ ig found also in Michael Acominatos 2.35420 and 388.8 (ed. Sp. Lambros), in a monddia (0 “Theodoros Prodromos (H1S4) written by his pupil Nicetae Hugenlanoe (ct. Studi ‘aawtind& [1935] 228), and in BpovroNdyie: Catalogu codicum astrologrum gracorsm 10.61.6-7: ee rip nOdi oveolaun WU: ele hy Hoh xepd, 135: orroxupla tat Inibss 7B HdNey 141; tar Booby @haowe Hédeor (date unknown); cA. Vaile Byranton 16 (1044) 496. And the fact that Modirys “inhabitant of Constantinople’ ‘occurs as early aa the seventh century (ae Below, part 4) means that the name TIS {too we taal inthe se century. "The historian Doucas, Histor, Bye. chap. 41 (0. Bonn, 1854, p. 306, ine 12£., thas ths to any of Constamtinopie: xSheay weedy scfah = - wlrrpr rar resedgur ro adepou yepiv. — This explanation ofthe name is old enough "rd enim nallam lam urbem vocant Grace. nam solsm Constantinopolim, sed alias omnes urbes Yocant caatra = =} ab isto igitur oviy woh Tureae fecerunt. dosice eraesth Inutato 9 ina;" ays, Niceph. Romande Thesulonicensa (eeventeenth centsry). Grommatica linguae greccoe tlgaris, cd. J. Boyens (Liege, 1908) 14; ef. Jacauet. ‘Tournal Asitigue, Set9 (1852) 458. See alo J. A. C. Buchon, Chroniguestransires ‘lates aus exits roncoces Pendant le XIIT stele (Pace 1875) T64b; Sophocles Greek Lexicon sx. "wihe"s Oberhurme, loc. ct. (above, note 60). Cf. ale, for instance, Se. Byzantos, Constantinoplizcritiona 1.59 and Lesion Ws hall! hima Vol. bxxvii] The Names of Constantinople 359 to the Athenians (Herodot. 1.62), urbs indicated Rome to the Romans,” town London to the Englishmen.** This explanation still persists but was refuted by P. Kretschmer™ with good argu- ments. The appellation aerv usual among the inhabitants of Attica for their city (Athens), was not usual outside of Attica and never won the value of a real proper name; the same applies with reference to the Latin urbs for Rome; similarly the word fown or «ity has not been able to replace the name London (on the last name see further below). Instead, the same scholar gives another explanation of the town- name Tiéhss, supposing an abbreviation of the unusually long com- pound KavarayruoioNs to IléNs, for Hh (Ilédas, genitive in a docu- ‘ment of the thirteenth century) is the name of the Cretan provincial Jisteiont (Athens Constantinople, 1874) 394 8. 1H. Morte, Die Zunemen bei do byzant, Hitorikern und Chronzien 2 (Landsht, 1897-8) 36 note 1; J. Schmitt, ‘The Chronicle of Mores (London, 1904) 682; 8, Pétrdés, “La lettre de Poenoais’ ohos Orient 7 (1908) 19; D. C. Hewelng, Eset sur la celisation byzantine (Patt 1007) $: K. Krumbacher, Byzaninsche Zeitchret 18 (1000) 255; J. H. Mfordumann, Ensyllopadie des Isom 1 (1013) 2. "Constantinopel” 90ta; A. Andeéadés, “De lt population de Constantinople su ies emperears byzanting.” Metron 1 (Rovig (8 note 2: P. Lorentestos. Homéitom lesion (Thess 1H. Gunter, Grundfragn der Sprackeissenshaf (Leipzig. 25 (1928) 22 {and Historia 1 byzontinon brats 1 (Athens . Byu-meusrech. Jahr. 7 (1930) 81; Bleatherondates Enbyhopaidibon Lesion (Athens) "Ruseravrocireht, 83845, dv. "rik," 10.7653; Vaal, Histoire beamline (Pasi, 1052) 7; Pr Costas, An Oui ofthe History ofthe Grece Language (Chics, 1936) 114; A. Plilippeon, Dat byoont, Reich als srogophische Ersceinang (Leiden, 1939) 38 On Alexandria as the nO par excellence cl. Dionys. of Alexandria in Eusebius His, ead. TAL24: i 19 tUhe = b Alergy; Ongrhywebs Papyrd 122! ob wb 7 ‘Sa payeresues bd oppondl super Bd ly Alybrrg Suan dri rex; Steph Byz. evs" Ahefdodpae'= gyro 8 er’ oxy rik wal rodras & elrdy Gr Sere al "aba ral dara (cl devacl) ol "AByeaton (A an argument exelent fe tay be noticed that Stephanus does not ay the same for Constantinople) "Probably taking Stephanus as his source. Eusathiu, sw [B87 says: pera ap Weropia rE 7 rar" dpxds, ard rodrodixa pootiens, cat" Uoxip wanbire thy ‘Arkdodpeas (Come ‘mentors od Homer 289-125 slo S49°35: 1383.3; 165042; anlarly Commentarins ad Dionpsuom Perigetom 26138; G.G-M. 2, pages 261-2 note 251); also Petrie, lors ‘A. Calderini, Dionerio dei nomi sroprafci¢ topogrfc dll Ego grecovomano, 6 Waginipue’ (Cairo, 1938) 58. Rome itelf was called wits, cf. Epctets 1.10.5: Niv aly x doles ele 8c Ais vip wok, dxioryoar air apd Kelrapos rossi (before this occurrence the name "Payee found thrice in the same chapte) Jerusem was named simply ude the sanctuary” by the Arabs ef, J. Arm= strong In Morte, lo. es above. note 70) " Kretechmer, “Dae Kuraungeprinalp In Ortsnamen." Jogié-Feschrift (Berlin 1908) $53: him Krumbacher, By22 18 (1908) 288, defends the old explana. lane 360 Demetrius John Georgacas town "Apyypoimohis" (on the site of ancient Lappat Kretschmer compares the following examples: 4pé3uay for Tlohv- ‘Gptduwr, Modern Greek néprns (in the main meaning ‘Totengraber’) ‘vagabond, tramp’ (also the personal name Méprms) from Italian beccamorti (this according to G. Meyer, Neugriech. Stud. 4.53), etc.® I mention two possible explanations. It is possible that from the beginning, i.e. from the time of the foundation of Constantinople (fourth century), the simple Tlékis for Constantinople (parallel to the compound word Kavarayrvet~ os) was used without reference to the compound name and without thinking of the city par excellence; in this case Téhis would hhave been taken straight from the subst. xéhis.° However, an appellative, as is well known, is seldom used asa place-name without another determinative word." Nevertheless, from the substantive The coun ie called Ts algo todays rs HANy is found in a contract made ber tween Venice and Kellirges in 1299, while Sinbl! wands in the Latin texts ee Se. Xanthoudides,"Synthtke EnetOn kai Kaliergou." Athena 14 (1902) 308, The name “apropiro\r was usual before 1609, disappented under the Turkish rule (1669-1822) and wos replaced by the Turkish name StomlAo} during the years 1868-78. Only ince 1478 hae the place again been called ‘Apyopotodis ot Aprapérohe and shor ly Horie (according to G- Kalaizakes, Parnassos 15 (1892) 615M). In the seventeenth century the name wae replaced by the humorous mimes eyapérahs and Peidapiroht {Go Kelazakes lot) or by Taidoyporohs (20 Rob. Pashley, Travels in Crete ¥ (0837) 2 and note; Xanthoudlde. of ci 308 note). The explanation of Kalaizakes,accord- Ing to which ‘Apyopbro\s sprang fom the Bye personal me’ ApyepinorN, [oWFOg In ny opinion ‘Apyopbmahi in aurly the original form, etymaogialy from SpyepseoNs (Geriper, ihe}, since for the same pace so the names “Armaéroue (aver town tnd XpuvdroN (gold town’) are mentioned ch Burcner wee the following note: ‘pearby there ina od allver mine (ase R. Dawkins, “The Place-Names in Later Greece,” Transactions ofthe Phillogial Soi, 1933, 12). Probably there is no eyncope hee, as Krumbacher le. ct (above, note 79) had already noted; the proper name Hk. ther was derived from the appall. wd\s. Another new name “ApyopiroNs (Since 1848) forthe small town south of Trapezous in Pontus ls a Greek learned tranlation of the orginal Turkish name Guvetjhaxé "silver town's see Demosth, Osconomides, “Archon Poniow 3 (1981) 1. See Burchner, RE a. “Lapon” (1), 187 ‘Kereta, ioe ct SS4y ct alan Gate 2 (1910) 346 &. and 16 (1928) 161. “Kiretechmer remind us lao of Son Froncitco > Prive or compounds such ax Richards. dir! > Risdir}(Gote 24 1936) 228 nove 2. on the eeymon of the word réds fom TE polis: Sale, wee Walde-Pokorny. Vergleich: Weiterh d. indogerm, Sprachen 2.511; cf. E_ Bolmacg, Dilonnoire £3: smologigue dea langue Grecgue Pata 191) 802. Aafor the meaning there fe no doubt Cnt woh in the fourth century a:b. wa “sty” (or modern terme slo "town. Ia “poken modern Greek, on the other hand, wohrda was, and ie in parallel dialectal the, ‘ity in the sme way Latin aybs was tepced By elas (Tt eld, Fre ete from which also Engh city). On the ancient meaning Oke ‘county’ ace LSJ 8. ‘See Fk, BB 23 (1897) 2, Vol. Ixxvii] The Names of Constantinople 361 dks the following place-names have sprung: the Acropolis was called Ids in Athens; also a small town in Ozolian Locris (Thucyd 3.101); another Tlddis often occurs on papyri between 270 s.c (PHib. 110.34) and 288-9 a.n. (PAmh, II 137, Oxyr.)* for the city of Alexandria (ece as early as Steph. Byz. s.v. ‘“ANéévépea");# Tiéde, Modern Greek for a place in Crete; 11, a place in Lesbos (Ajiso); ’s riv 6h: 's ris Aéexes, a place in Euboea (Stropones); T18N' (= Trapezous) in songs of Trapezous;* the old city of Man- tineia was called TIré\s (Pausan. 8.12.7). Also derivatives of rds are the place-names: Ié\y (7) in the Troad; Hékw (78), a village in Casos and ra Kérw TIéNaa in the same place;* HoheiSor, mentioned in Suidas s.v. “Tlodiymn” name of a small town (Laconia, Chios, Sicily, Crete, the Troad); cf. in addition Kéyy in Epirus (Pape- Benseler 751) and seven times today (including once the plural Kayes); Xope as the name of small towns thirteen times;" Xupis twenty-three times in the Greek linguistic area: most of the ‘examples with x4pe or xupi are, however, periphrases."™ In this case Krumbacher’s explanation would be felicitous, ie. the capital (Constantinople) was called Tis at first in the sur- rounding district, as die Siad! is used in German today, then the name Tlés gradually expanded farther and farther as the im- portance of Constantinople increased and that of the provincial townssank. One cannot refute this possible explanation at present. But in the case of Hékss ‘Constantinople’ matters are complicated: ive. the fact that the city was called “Constantine's according to clear evidence. On Toe “Alexandria we G.Lumbroso,Festsciriff.0, Hirschfeld (Benin, 1903) 110; Calderini, of. eit 87-8; but it was alo called "ANeEopov re (ne further be tow) See above, 559 f . Triandaphyllides, Of phygades (Athens, 1869) 26. The mediaeval name ré Heperdha in Thrace, fom which slo the ethalkon (anu the family name) Heperodirge was derived (ese C. Amantos, Hella 4 (1931) 50 = Mitre melaémate (Athens, 1940) $46), suppessdly belongs to Méds “Constante nople” On the ancient names of Fick, le lt. above, note 84) In Byz, times apa was used for “town” (eg. Chron of Moree 226 and part). al tra was ued (Dente, Inf 897), alo aberpon CLK. Ditech, RhM 89.29. Also the word adjy was teplaced by xwpln; cl. Dieterich, lo. C5 "ka pa, Rérw xape, Kenan xy Ravolpnio naps, Kedd xu, Kasd x, yz 18.255. 362 Demetrius John Georgacas [1947 A second explanation would be the following. One could con- sider the name Tlékts ‘Constantinople’ as a retrogressive shortening under the influence of the ethnikon Horas ‘Constantinople’s in- habitant’; this ethnikon would be a contraction of the excessively long compound Kuverarrwovrohirns. lds ‘Constantinople,’ how- ever, is cited much earlier than the ethnikon TloNrys, and, above all, influence of the derivative word (here HoXirys) upon the base word (here TiN) is a rarity. Therefore the latter possibility is, in my opinion, inadmissible. Although Kretschmer’s explanation could be right — and it is to a degree — I propose, however, a modification of it herewith. The short form Tlé\s ‘Constantinople’ occurs, as met above, pethaps about the fifth century. In addition to this form the following forms are also found (admittedly in literary sources): A. 4 Kavoravrivov ris. Socrat. Hist. eccl. 11.17 (MPG 117.120): of ri Kavorarrivov rd\v olsivres® also Steph. Byz. s.v. Keorarrvotros dio wipn Nyou lie. Keveravrivou nédur]¥ wat & aba & KworavruosoNrgs” Anthol. 4.3 (Tauchnitz, 1829): Kererarrivov sriNis; Cod. Vatic. 997: ds ras 'ABfras Kal nv Kaveravrivov xhu"* ‘Tretzes 10.192: uixpe axebir ris whews ris Kuvorerrvov; Phrantzes, Chronicon 2.5.141b (ed. J. Papadopoulos): 4 Kavorayrivov xdhis beside KuvoravruobroNs; repeatedly in the Chronicle of Morea.** ied = Phitotorgus, Hist, see. 2.9 (Leipzig, 1913, ed. J. Bider, page 20) gives Kurevarrustrehr, bat acording to MPG 65, col 472, Kaverarrso rah MCI av, ‘Angtior 8 nipy Myo, where ‘Au “Afr mast alo be written; f Cousin, opel. (above, note 61) 146 with note Cousin, tee. Ts. Beker, ned. Graca (1821) 1393 Chron. of Morea 445: rio Kunerasrino rBher, 1813: erty Kuyerasrioy wih Pagroviv edhe «rob bye Kuvoraerbor; five times (1202, 2473, 3798, 6274, 7305) ix Kaweravr rite Theauthor had atthe end of the verse accent the sylable Tefore the lat, but fm this secentuation the long Kaveraorootrons hindered it Tctuse ofthe verse shythim he would have had to use the periphratc form (Kar- ‘rarrinoy rok), even if had not been previously In use. ‘One cannot however accent the wiggetion of Th, Preger, BPA 25 (1908) col 683, Ler tht In the excovey long verse 448, KuvererrvotroM “drelbig KérroNr au lesen sein dire «-- wie noch heutzutage die Form Cospol Compo fe never ust In Greek sper it was I tink, an Ilan writen abbreviation se Cot/pol inatead of Kal. Cavtamtinopol (cf. our written Kur/wohs = Kavorarr- dairohes or Ove sy ~ Orooadorl, ete); from that would have come the Taian Ievantine name form Corpall which i cited: Meyers Conversations.” sv. "Kon- teantinopel 6 (1927) col. 1698 {alo in the olde editions), Der Grosse Brocthaus Konstantinapel,” 10 (1931) 4124; J. Ep, Nomina gegraphica™ S04 (he refers Vol. txxviii) The Names of Constantinople 363 ‘This evidence is sound,!® and the form Kuvorarrivov xéhis was evidently not only written" but spoken also. ‘This same form was represented also in Bulgarian Kostandinj grad through translation (beside the Slavic Tsarigrad,! ‘the city of the emperor’) B. 4 Kavererriov. Euagrius, Hist. ecl. 7.26 and 16.28 (while in 6.10 is read 4 Kuvoravrivoy tepa nhs); Priscus, fr. 74 (Miller, FHG 4.43) and in the Argumentum to Isocrates (Oratores Atici, as above, 354); twice Psellos, Chronogr. (ed. E. Rénaud, Paris 1926-28) 1.69 and 2.80; in a speech of the metropolitan Joseph (fourteenth century): & ris Kavoravrivou;* Mazaris (beginning of the fifteenth century): § Kaverarriv.!% Compare the town-name # ‘Ajpaved (up to the present time 4 "Adpiaved) for and beside "AdpravéroNss, not with Kretschmer'® for Lat. Adrianopolis; likewise 4 ¢dierov, from which came Turkish Filib(®)é (this not with Kretschmer, loc. cit. from Philippopolis; ‘§didirvov is from the cited 4 bOiero0 réNs); also 4 ’ANeavSpou (Basil Epist. 1, etc™ and Latin in Alexandri) for i 'ANefévbpou ris (CIG 3.4923, in a papyrus [fourth century], and in authors [Pausanias, Libanius, Gregorius Nazianzenus, Theodoretus, Simon Meta- phrastes));! likewise } 'ANeaxépker (fourth century A.D.) for # "Adebaxdptay rOMs oF TONS rGy 'ANeEaxtpéar (both second century A.D.):® likewise there occurs, though seldom, 4 Béfayros or # Bufevriay ‘Constantinople. Meyer's Comversoionsextow 10225 and explains Cospolt from Kurerasrinénoht): bout Cospot ie not spoken, a4 I am informed by people coming from the west part Asia Minor. Kietachner's explanation that Corpolf presents a syncope, “innere ‘Kurzung" (Gow 246 note 1), isanecesary. The sume kind of abbreviation happens in English, e.g. Hants (= Hampshire), Hunts (= Huntingdonshire); alo the eta lished abbreviations of the states in the United States, Ca. (Callforai), (Kino), Ky. (Kentucky), also Ave. (avenue), See 0. Jespersn. A Modern Eaalish Grammar & (ao4e) 582. 1950 Wackernagel, Gta 14 (1925) 37 ‘8 Oberhummer, oP. c- 964 "won that name ace Skok, Archie f slas. Pia. 85 (1918) 346, '™ This form after addition of the artie fe by P. Papageorsion, “Diorthecis (is Fontes histor pert Trapeeuntini” Bye 11 (1902) 98. 1 Bpidémio eis Hoidow: A. Elen, AmeleHen der mide: und meugrech. Literatur 41866) 187 and pass ‘8 Jope-Festchit $84 1 See Caldern, op cit. (above, note 76) $8 ‘Se references In Calderiny oi. ww hie ' Eleiheroudekes Enkyhlopaihon Lexiton aw. "Kueravrivob@oh 364 Demetrius John Georgacas 1947 Now when we consider that in addition to the compound Kaverayruobrohs the certainly periphrastic form (with the genitive) 4 Kaverayrivov 6h" also occurs and, through ellipsis (ie. by leaving out the appellative réNss"), the simple form 4 Kavararrlvoy!!* we may naturally conjecture that also in the short form Ts ‘Constantinople’ the genitive of the given name Kuvozarrivov could be left out. Indeed shortenings of the periphrastic place-names with a genitive as the first part happen in two ways, according to A. Fick’s observation on the one hand the genitive remains (thus in Egypt and fon the other hand the main sub- stantive remains." 1 suggest consequently that, since the foundation of the city, parallel to the use of the long compound Kayeravravbrohs, the peri- Examples of periphrastc placenames with singular genitive are numerous his was the ruling typein Roman and Byzantine ines. Cl theancient amples: Homeric ptdanie xOhe (= Tpon), waht "Herlavor (= O40n). ‘Apyéodpov rode, Herodotean "Bputo wih, in the Septuagint Daur rhe, and many others, eapectlly In Egypt under the Ptolemy; ae Fick, BB 25.10 244; Wackermagel. lo. il 37; cl. Schw jeer, Griech, Grom. 1486, note 3: D. Georgacis. Lexikopraphiton Delon (of the Academy Sf Athens) 1 (939) &7 note 2; ef. Re Kahner-B. Gerth, Aacfubaicke Grammaih der (iecischon Sprache, Zweter Tel Soislele® 1 (Hannover Lelpalg, 1898) 264, 268 f ‘The appelative rhe ie evidently left out ab understood. On the elipss of a substantive beside a genitive depending on the qubstantive, see B. Delbrick. Vor~ ‘elohende Sas dor tndopermantechen Sprocker 3 (Sraasburg, 1900 = Grundriss feral. Gramm: d dg. Sprachen, 8) 186; Ch. Chartonides, "De figura quae war’ tox Yoeatar" Mnemosyne 37 (1009) 180-187, 192.270; H. Paul, Prinsipien der Sprache [evhichi! Halle, 1920) 322; E. Lfatede, Sywiaica 2 (Lund, 1988) 248 63 AB. Swaen, "The Elipical Genitive.” A Grammatical Misclany Ofered to Oto Tespersen (Copenhagen, 1990) 275-86, exp. 277 ‘arf the above mentioned forms Karerarriou xSks and # Kuvererrieo should prove ined to have been only scholane, then the sbbreviation of Kuvoravraolrohs to rid must be excluded, and then in that case we have to recognize the origin of the form Ilo som the subst. She HBB 25.4, 3 Examples of petiprastic placenames in which we slat out are not tcking In antiquity; this e4. ‘Aptos, Mereadon, No, Xaypos, ve Meineke on Steph. Byz. fv "MreNéou"; Fick op it 4,0. Hoffmann, Die Matedonen (Gottingen, 1906) 251 unm mediaeval and modern Greek this caz can often be observed. Thus in the placenamen"Ayuor ‘Avil, robe “Ayes, “Ayes, the name to be determined, a8 6 Ripon (ie. ‘Aya Bloioy > 'Arnd), le let out (however cl. Hisorikon Lexikon Neat Helinikts 1 (1933) 1200) and likewise ln other cases the determinative word of the Deriastc place-name ls llt out, eg. OoMor in Rhodes and Qahér in Thasos and Macedonia stand for “Ayr "ladorge § Gedéyer, Karepiry in Macedonia stands for ‘Ayla Alcerepnn, Acariby in Cynourla, Mepeoip in Syne, Mies fn Crete, MOMs In the Peloponnese (Argo), Zopla in Samothvace and Bulgaria, te; ee C. Amantog “Athena 22 (1910) 187-9.” The above caea are beyond any possty of doubt, for the ‘Complete name is attested im some way oF is conjectured from the existence of @ homoaymos church Ioexted in the pace. Vol. txxviti] The Names of Constantinople 365 phrasis § Kiverarrimy r6hs was also in oral use. From that came through ellipsis (i.e. dropping of the genitive Kuvorayrivov as a near determinative) our short name Téc(s), which has been in use from about the fifth century up to today. As probable parallel examples we may mention here: the city name [é\s ‘Alexandria’ perhaps from # 'ANetérépou réMs,""* to which belong IoNrixés (often occurring. ‘on papyri) as ‘an inhabitant of Alexandria’ and Iodcri ‘a female inhabitant of Alexandria’ 7 and the name of the Cyprian village Téds for "Apowons wéhis, as Boustronius 23 cites the ethnikon TieNews ‘he who comes from Cyprian TN’ refers. Finally we may suggest here that the English name the City was not given par excellence but was simply abbreviated from the fall name The City of London. Tn written Greek the opposite ellipsis § Kuvorerrisou™ was used by the authors who imitated the archaic language; in the same way The placename form 4 "Adeinipov xOs CIG 3.4928 and In Pausan. 8.3335 Libanias, Epist- 100, ed. Forster, 10.101; Gregor. Naz, Orat. 7, ln MPG 35.762A; ‘Theodor. Hit el. 1.28.7; $22.1; Sim. Metaph. In MPG 116.609; Aelisn, De anim. 6.15 and Varia Mister. 12.64; Herodlan 7.2.1; Leon. phlos. epi. in Awthl Gr. 9202; alo in Byzant. pany (eee Prelsigke, Worker. prick. Popyrusurbunden 3 (931) 282." The cley was called also 4 "ANeEépon ce references in Calderin, Disi- ‘nario gograco aw. "'Ahefénbpun” 56; cf. M. Apomoldes, Thrakika 1 (1924) 299; ‘ci. however Eustathius in Ul. 8 367 (coe above, 859); Dionysius of Alexandria in Ewes Hist eas 731.24, 1" Tahara ‘a inabtant of Alexandra’ was used between the second (128 4.0.2 ‘Posy 32) and fifth centuries. An abbot Theodore is called rohsnate twice (Vita ‘Pachomil: Kea Sanctorum, May IIT p. 39 *D and p. 43 *B); another man is called soheruds inthe ame ita (ibid. p43 *B); Sosomemss, Hit ec, 314.1: aura 68 ir Aiyberion 388 wohined, de dori, dvoudero p19 viou 'Adaferbpi. Sco Gin, Lumbroso, "I papi edit dai Signor: Grenfell, Hunt © Styl.” René, dala Re, “Acca det Lince, Ser-5, vo. 11 (1902) 586 (wohsrx othe cy in opposition to xa, les Atyervor; P. Franchi de’ Cavalier "Una letters dels persecisione Dioclesiana, ‘Naow bllno arches. erisigna 8 (1902) 15-25 (rabirnh“concteyenne ot "core- ‘but ies not true) ef C. Wleymann), yz. 12 (1908) 676; Petrides, Behos { Orien 7.19 (wore ‘an inhabitant of Alexandria” and ls fem j worn); F: Nat "Sut les mote wade et woureueon,” Ree de Orient Chrétien 11 (1906) 198 note; Hippol. Delehaye, "Les martyrs a? Egypte.” Analcta Bllandiana 40 (1922) 8 and 42 1924) 174; Amantos."rohirads," Byez 26 (1922) 22. aherich a the mame ‘of woman ina papyrus sce Fr. Prlalgke, Namenbuch (Heidelberg, 1992) eo. 397 "See S. Menardos, "Topénymkon tée Kyprot,” Atkine 18 (1906) 356; idem, “Peri ton topikén epthetdn tea neteras Bellniks,” Eptiris Hetarcgs Byeantinds ‘Spondon 5 (1928) 28 ‘Accordingly Torys in Cyprus means: (1) an inhabitant of Constantinople (2) an inhabitant of the Cyprian town Md ase Menardos, Eftois Hetivias By. samtinon Spoudén 5.283. ‘From this form as source probably sprang the following freien name forms Arabic Ko(w)stontinich (Oberhummer, of. cite 965; ef. Djlal Emad, Constantinople de 366 Demetrius John Georgacas (1947 4 'Adekavdpoo and # bidirxou were used perhaps only in the written language, but # 'Adpaved was popular too. Beside the above mentioned rarer ethnikon KuverasraouroAirns the more frequent Horas ‘inhabitant of Constantinople’ was and is used; this latter occurs for the first time in George Pisides the seventh century); from Todirys was derived the adjective rohirsos ‘of Constantinople.’ The family name Horne, which has sprung from the ethnikon, was and is very frequent in the whole Greek linguistic area." 5. Stambul ‘The old problem of the Turkish name Stambidl ‘Constantinople’ (Stambol in 1426, Istanbol by Turkish scholars, Islambol in the seventeenth century) may now be considered as explained: the name was transformed from the older form Stimbéli according to Byzance & Slamboul, tradsit ox Ture par I autear (Paria, 1909} 1: Constentni®) of ‘ovtaninje (Eds, ed, Jaub, 2298) oF Kastontniya (Mordemann, op.

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