Reservoir Petrophysics PETR 2311 Fall 2014
inal Exam -11"" Dec (8:00 AM to10:50 AM firm)
First Name
Last Name Skins
IMPORTANT:
a) In all problems, show your work.
}) Please keep your student ID on the table for the proctor to check throughout the test.
¢) Please write only your student ID on the cover sheet.
d) Please write all answers in the space provided. Backs of pages must be labeled with the
problem number. Please instruct the grader to look at the back if you want them to do so.
e) Numbering pages will certainly help ensure nothing is lost
PD You can use either pencil or pen (black or blue) for this test.
@) You can bring a simple scientific calculator to the exam. Programmable calculator,
graphing calculators, computers, tablets, cell phones, PDAs, smart phones are NOT
allowed. If you don’t have a simple scientific calculator, please borrow one from your
‘friends before the test
h) This is a closed book test. No written material, books etc. will be allowed. Please bring
only pencil, pen, eraser, calculator and ruler.
i) Inall actions, make it as easy as possible to give you credit.
Dp Sign the Academic Honesty commitment
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Sign below to confirm your commitment to the rules of academic honesty of the University of
Houston.
In brief, infractions ofthe policy include any conciuct which a reasonable person inthe same or similar
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‘* Failing to report an observation of someone involved in one ofthe preceding activities.
I.commit to follow the rules of academic honesty of the University of Houston.
‘Student Signature DatePETR2311 Final Exam Fall 2014
First Name
Last Name
Student 1D
Question No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 | Total
Possible iG |e oP a) ts
Achieved
Problem 1 (17 points =2+3+3+1+2+2+2+2)
a. Sketch a plot of how porosity and permeability vary with depth in a deltaic reservoir.
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alot.
z z
Urlaponclondt of gram daze Gug qnewero => fog poras => ughor K
b Ifyou know the mass and volume of a water filled clean sandstone core and you know
the total mass of the grains, derive the equation for the porosity.
a v
1H, = Yh, w= 1 glom
oan 9 glo
t= Vg + Vp ane Juve
$= Ve 2 [Orewa] L
Vr Uy
c. Listat least three factors that affect porosity.
Sorting Comattabow
Yroue ohe ape Bound water (allbets ihctive porosity)
Charm alsPETR2311 Final Exam Fall 2014
4. Compressional waves in rock travel about (ice as fasi)the same speed, half as fast) as
shear waves in the same rock. Circle one answer
e. Draw atypically phase diagram. Label the regions for solid, liquid, and gas phases.
Label the critical point.
Crikieal point
Legged
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F
£ Draw two capillary tubes in wetting liquid and air.
Draw a capillary tube for a non-wetting liquid in air.
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g. State Archimedes principle in one sentence.
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h, Describe the difference between effective porosity and total porosity.
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Problem 2 (16 points = 12 + 4)
‘A clean sandstone zone is marked on the following logs. Note that the scale on the resistivity log
is linear, which is unusual but not intended to trick you. The vertical scale is two feet per
division.
‘TRAVEL TIME.
mcnseEoHDS PER FT
andr,
RESISTIVITY OHMS #4741
7
Vmatrix =21000 ft/sec
a. What is the water saturation in that zone? You may assume the same formation water
throughout “e ae 0.05 ohm-m. Use rules of thumb as necessary.
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Moca = ne ~ Ve
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b. Describe how you would get a better value for the resistivity of the formation water if
you were given the salinity and ionic composition.
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to eatin wabect NaCl sai
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aba Pun ton 2) Nath concordePETR2311 Final Exam Fall 2014
Problem 3 (15 points = 13 + 2)
A flat rectangular plate of area 100 cm? glides on a layer of oil | mm thick ona stationary table.
The plate is pulled at a constant velocity of lemv/see by a movable wire of width 10 em that
bounds thin film of the same oil of height 5 em.
Moveable
wirePETR2311 Final Exam Fall 2014
b. Suppose the height of the oil film bounded by the moveable wire were 10. em. Circle the
single correct statement about the ratio of the surface tension to the viscosity:
a._Less than Part a _
= deponcs ond Muct met on L
b. Equal to Parta
4. Insufficient information to compare to Part a
ce, Greater than Part aPETR2311 Final Exam Fall 2014
Problem 4 (20 points = 6 + 6 + 2+ 6)
A clean sandstone reservoir 50 feet thick with permeability 100 mD has Sw=1. The pressure in
the reservoir 100 ft from a 5 inch diameter well is 5000 psi. You may approximate the pressure
in the well as zero.
a. Calculate the rate of flow into the well in cgs units.
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b. Suppose the well was fractured to create a vertical planar fracture into which the flow can
occur, You may again approximate the pressure in the fracture as zero. Calculate the
flow into the fracture from both sides of the fracture. You may simplify to use a
rectangular volume with side 200 ft. (about the same size as the cylinder in 3a)
B
Flow
direction
Flow
direction}
4
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¢. Based on your answers to 3a and 3b, does the fracturing increase or decrease the flow?
Explain why you answer is reasonable or not.
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4. Returning to the radial geometry in 3a, if all the flow goes up the well 10000 ft from the
bottom of the well to the surface, calculate the pressure drop between the bottom of the
‘well and the surface in psi? You may ignore gravity for this problem.
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DP = 3,7 par Lower at Ma surface Hho
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Problem 5 (16 points = 4+10 + 2)
—— Surface of the Earth
Drillpipe
‘Wellbore
Reservoir
Suppose the pressure at the surface of the earth is 1 atm and the pressure in the well bore at the
reservoir at 8000 ft depth is 5000 psi.
a. What density of drilling fluid in the well bore is necessary to hold the pressure in the
reservoir, i¢., no flow? The drillpipe is 6 inches in diameter and the wellbore is 8 inches
in diameter.
Poe B+ oan
es JV
Mite) [psec er
= Yeaael) rarpa
12b. We remove the drillpipe and reduce the density of the drilling fluid so that the pressure in
the well bore at the reservoir is reduced by half. Fluids can now flow out of the reservoir,
into the well, and up to the surface, If the water saturation in the reservoir is 80% and
there is negligible oil in the reservoir, which is the volumetric flow of gas in egs units at
the top of the well?
‘The base (absolute) permeability is 100 mD. The pressure in the reservoir is constant 100
ft from the well. The thickness of the reservoir is 50 ft. Use reasonable rules of thumb
for any other parameters you are not given.
K.,= 10% ~
K = 20% ------
kK. = 40% ----
K" = 60% --~-~.
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13PETR2311 Final Exam Fall 2014
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ee
1.45 X10" cm? foe
c. Describe in words how you would obtain a value of the viscosity of gas that is better than
w
‘the rule of thumb.
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Problem 6 (16 points = 2 +2 +6 +6)
A core is extracted from a reservoir and the capillary pressure curve is measured in the lab. The
rock in the core is barely consolidated, so wien the pressure was removed going to the lab, the
entire core expanded (grains and pores) by 10%.
Water Saturation (%)
a. Using a simple packing model of spherical grains, estimate the change in porosity.
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Su =
b. Using a simple pipe model, estimate the change in permeability.
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Us | temple pepe 9 ld, k~ &
Rowe = 1b Ryo
pao = Cet)” aso = 20 KyaPETR2311 Final Exam Fall 2014
c. Translate the lab capillary pressure curve to a reservoir capillary pressure curve and label
the reservoir pressure on the same curve.
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d. Ifthe core has 80% saturation of 40 °API oil and no gas was observed, at what height
above the free water level was the core taken?
5.762 Sut.2 SeePETR2311 Final Exam Fall 2014
Mass | 1kg= 1000 g= 0.001 metric ton
Tengh [Tin =2.54 em
m= 100 em = 1000 mm = 10° micrometer = 10"° angstrom = 39.37 in = 3.2808 ft = 1.0936 yd
0006214 mile
1 t= 12 in= 13 yd = 0.3048 m = 30.48 om
Volume | Tai" 1000 L = 10" em? = 10" mk = 35.5145 A = 920.85 imperial gallons =264.17 gal = 629 barrels
1 = 1728 in? = 7.4805 gal = 0.028317 m? = 28.317 L= 28317 em?
1 barrel = 42 gal
‘Speed | 1 mile/hour = 1.46667 fisec = 44.7 cm/sec
Force ‘Tkg*(9.8 misec’) = 2.20462 Ibs
and IN=1 kg ms? = 10° dynes = 10° g crs? = 0.22481 1b
weight | 1 b= 4.4482 x 10* dynes
Pressure | Tatm= 101305 % 10° Nim? (Pa) = 101.395 kPa = 1.01525 bar = 1.01325 * 10° dyneslom™
= 760 mam Hig at 0 °C (tort) = 10.333 m HO at 4 °C = 14,696 Ibin® (psi) = 33.9 HO at 4°C
= 29.921 in, Hg at 0°C
Energy) 17=1Nm= 10" ergs= 10" dyne em=2.778 » 107 KWh= 0.23901 cal=0.7376 RID
= 9.486% 107 Btu
Power | 1 W=1Jis=0.23901 calls = 0.7376 R bls =9.486 » 10" Buals= 1341 x 10" hp
‘Area | Tare = 43560 8°
10,0929 mt
| hectare = 10000 m?
18