xc nh ca phim hm).

Cc hm yi(x) gi l hm c s, hay hm to
.Thay (a) vo biu thc ca phim hm, sau khi tch phn ta nhn c
gi tr phim hm I ph thuc vo cc hng s ai, hoc i lng I l mt
hm ca cc tr s ai. iu kin cc tr ca I c biu din bi h cc
phng trnh i s
I
=0
ai

i = 1, 2, ..., n.

Gii h phng trnh, ta c cc tr s ai, thay chng tr li quan h (a), ta

tm c nghim y(x) ca bi ton bin phn.
Phng php Bouvnov-Galerkin
y l mt phng php gii cc phng trnh vi phn. C s ca
phng php l vic s dng khi nim v hm trc giao.
Cc hm trc giao
b

Hai hm s u(x), v(x) l trc giao trong khong [a,b] nu u ( x)v( x)dx = 0 .
a

nx
mx
v sin
trc giao trong khong [0,a] v
a
a
a
n x
m x
= 0 khi m n
0 sin a sin a dxdy

Chng hn cc hm sin

= 1 khi m = n.
C th thy: hm ng nht bng khng g(x) 0 trc giao vi mi hm.
Cch gii phng trnh vi phn
Gi th phi gii phng trnh L(y)=f(x) tho mn cc iu kin bin
bit trong khong [a,b]. L() l mt ton t vi phn no , th d
L() =

d 2 ()
+ 2 () trong phng trnh xc nh vng y ca thanh lng tr
dx 2

chu un ngang v un dc ng thi v hm f(x) ph thuc ti trng

ngang.
Chn nghim theo (a) vi cc hm yi(x) tho mn cc iu kin bin ca
bi ton. Thay biu thc ca y vo phng trnh th sai s c dng
g(x) = L[aiyi(x)] - f(x)
Nghim s l chnh xc khi cho trit tiu sai s: g(x) 0.
Hm g(x) 0 ng nht bng khng trc giao vi ni hm, nn cng trc
giao vi hm c s yi(x) trong khong [a,b] ang xt, ngha l ta c
b

g ( x) yi ( x)dx = 0
a

{L[ a y ( x)] f ( x)} y

i

( x)dx = 0

k=1,2...n

Sau khi tch phn, ta nhn c h n phng trnh i s i vi cc ai.

Nu phng trnh vi phn l tuyn tnh th ta nhn c h phng trnh
i s tuyn tnh, nu phng trnh vi phn l phi tuyn th ta nhn c
h phng trnh i s phi tuyn.
Cc php tnh tch phn s c bit thun li nu ta chn dy cc hm c
s yi(x) l nhng hm trc giao ( chng hn cc hm sin
2-15 Nguyn l bin phn trong bi ton n hi
24

nx
).
l

Trong C hc, ni chung, v trong L thuyt n hi, ni ring, nng

lng ca h l nhng phim hm ca cc i s ni lc, chuyn v v
bin dng. Nguyn l bin phn ca l thuyt n hi l nhng iu kin
cc tr ca nhng phim hm nng lng ny.
Trong nguyn l tng qut th trng ng sut, bin dng, chuyn v thc
l trng lm phim hm nng lng ton phn (NLTP) t gi tr cc
tiu. Biu thc NLTP ca c vt th bng tch phn trn ton b th tch
vt th ca nng lng ton phn ring (NLTP trong mt n v th tch).
NLTP ring l phim hm ca nhiu i s suy rng: ng sut, chuyn v,
bin dng ca cc bin s c lp l cc to x, y, z.
Nguyn l bin phn ring ca bi ton n hi ch kho st nhng nng
lng l phim hm ca mt s cc i s (hoc l cc ng sut hoc l
cc chuyn v, bin dng). Phng trnh Euler Ostrogradski ca bi ton
bin phn s cho ta ton b (khi dng nguyn l tng qut) hoc mt phn
(khi dng nguyn l ring) cc phng trnh c bn ca l thuyt n hi.
Nguyn l chuyn v kh d Lagrange
Chuyn v thc pht sinh trong vt th l nhng hm dng ca phim hm
th nng ton phn (TNTP)
E=U- A
(2-31)
U th nng bin dng n hi ca vt th
A cng ca ngoi lc.
Trong bi ton tm, khi ti trng l lc phn b vung gc mt trung bnh
A = p ( xy ) wdxdy
th cng ngoi lc
S

2w 2 2w 2w
D
2
2
TNBDH ca tm U = ( w) dxdy (1 ) D [(
) 2
]dxdy
xy
2 S
x y 2
S

E=

D
2w 2 2w 2w 2 p
2
2
{(

w
)

2
(
1

)[
(
) 2
]
w}dxdy
2
xy
D
x y 2
S

TNTP F l phim hm mt i s vng w ca hai bin s c lp x, y.

E = F [ x; y; w; w, xx ; w, yy ; w, xy ]dxdy
S

iu kin dng
E = 0
l phng trnh Euler-Ostrogradski dng
F 2 E
2 E
2
E
+ 2(
)+ 2 (
)+
(
)=0
w x w, xx
xy w, xy
y w, yy

(*)

p
E
= 2
D
w
E
2w
2 E
4w
4w
4w
2
= 2 w + 2(1 )( 2 )
(
) = 2[ 4 + 2 2 (1 ) 2 2 ]
w, xx
y
x
x y
x y
x 2 w, xx

E
2w
4w
4w
4w
2 E
= 2 2 w + 2(1 )( 2 )
=
+

(
)
2
[
(
1

)
]
w, yy
x
y 2 w, yy
y 4 x 2 y 2
x 2 y 2

E
2w

= 4(1 )
w, xy
xy

2
E
4w
(
) = 4(1 ) 2 2
xy w, xy
x y

iu kin dng (*) tr thnh phng trnh Sophie-Germain

25

4w p
4w
4w
2
=
+
+
x 2 y 2 y 4 D
x 4

4w =

Nghim ca phng trnh phi nm trong min xc nh ca phim hm,

ngha l phi tho mn tt c cc iu kin bin ca tm. Trong cc th d
di y ta s dng phng php trc tip gii bi ton.
Tm 4 bin khp, kch thc axb, chu ti trng p phn b u.
S dng phng php Ritz, chn nghim tho mn iu kin bin

w( x, y ) = Amn sin
m =1 n =1

2 w = 2 Amn (
m

mx
ny
sin
a
b

m2 n2
mx
n y
+ 2 ) sin
sin
2
a
b
a
b

Th nng, khi bn bin ca tm lin kt ngm hoc khp, c tnh theo

m2 n2
mx
ny 2
D
4D
U = ( 2 w) 2 dxdy =
[
A
(
+ 2 ) sin
sin
] dxdy =

mn
2

2 o0
a
b
2 S
a
b
a b

4D a b
2

[ [Amn Akl (
m

o 0

m2 n2 k 2 l 2
mx
ny
kx
ly
+ 2 )( 2 + 2 ) sin
sin
sin
sin
]dxdy
2
a
b
a
b
a
b a
b

S dng tnh trc giao ca cc hm sinus ta tnh c

U=

4D
8

ab Amn (
m

m2 n2
+ )
a2 b2

Cng ngoi lc A = p( xy ) wdxdy = p

m

Amn
mn

(m, n l s nguyn l)

Th nng ton phn l hm s ca cc Amn

E=U-A =

[
m

4 Dab
8

Amn (

m2 n2
4 pab Amn
+ 2) 2
]
2
mn
a
b

iu kin cc tr ca hm E theo cc bin Amn:

m2 n2
4 pab
E
4 Dab
=0
Amn ( 2 + 2 ) 2 2
=0
4
Amn
a
b
mn
16 p
1
(m, n l s nguyn l)
Tm c Amn = 6
2
Dmn m
n2 2
( 2 + 2)
a
b
mx
ny
16 p
1
sin
sin
vng ca tm w = 6
2
2
a
b
D m n
m
n
mn( 2 + 2 ) 2
a
b
x y
4 pa 4
Nu tm hnh vung a = b, ly vi mt s hng w = 6 sin sin .
a
a
D
4 pa 4
Ti tm ca tm w = 6
c sai s 2,5% so vi gi tr chnh xc.
D

Tm 4 bin ngm, kch thc axb, chu ti trng p phn b u.

Chn nghim tho mn iu kin bin dng
w = Amn (1 cos
m

2mx
2ny
)(1 cos
)
a
b

S dng phng php Bouvnov-Glerkin gii phng trnh SophieGermain, tnh vi mt s hng
26

2x
2y
)(1 cos
)
a
b
16 4
2x
2y
2x
2y
4 w = 4 4 A11 [(a 2 + b 2 ) 2 cos
cos
(b 4 cos
+ a 4 cos
)]
b
a
a
b
a b
a b
p
2x
2y
4
0 0 [ w D ](1 cos a )(1 cos b )dxdy = 0
w = A11 (1 cos

Thc hin tch phn, tm c

pa 4
4
a
a
3 + 2( ) 2 + 3( ) 4 4 D
b
b
pa 4
1
2x
2y
w=
(1 cos
)(1 cos
)
4
a 2
a 4 4 D
a
b
3 + 2( ) + 3( )
b
b
a
b
1
pa 4
wmax = w( x = , y = ) =
a
a 4 4 D
2
2
3 + 2( ) 2 + 3( ) 4
b
b
pa 4
Khi a=b (tm hnh vung) th wmax = 4 .
8 D
A11 =

2-16 Tm trc hng

Vt liu d hng, trc hng, ng hng
Khi tnh cht vt liu khc nhau theo cc phng th vt liu c gi l
d hng. Quan h tuyn tnh gia ng sut v bin dng n hi c
vit tng qut di dng
xx
yy

zz
xy
yz
zx

c11c12 c13 c14 c15 c16 11

c c c c c c
21 22 23 24 25 26 22
c31c32 c33 c34 c35 c36 33
=

c 41c 42 c 43 c 44 c 45 c 46 12
c c c c c c
51 52 53 54 55 56 23
c61c62 c63 c64 c65 c66 31

Ma trn [ck] c 36 phn t gi l ma trn cc hng s n hi, y l mt

ma trn i xng (ck = cki) nn tn ti 21 hng s n hi c lp. Cc
hng s ny c xc nh t thc nghim.
Vt liu trc hng
Khi tnh cht vt liu i xng gng qua mt mt phng th mt phng
ny c gi l mt phng i xng, phng php tuyn ca mt phng
i xng c gi l cc hng chnh.
Vt liu c ba mt phng i xng trc giao nhau c gi l vt liu trc
hng. H trc to vung gc c chn theo ba hng chnh. c
im ca loi vt liu ny l: ng sut php ch gy bin dng di v ng
sut tip ch gy bin dng gc trong mt phng tc ng. Do ch cn
chn hng s n hi c lp, quan h ng sut bin dng c vit l

27

 xx c11

yy c 21
zz c
= 31
xy 0
0
yz
zx 0

c12

c13

c 22
c32
0

c 23
c33
0

0
0
c 44

0
0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

c55
0

0
0
0

0
0

c66

Vt liu ng hng khi tnh cht vt liu theo mi phng l nh nhau.

Khi ny, ch cn hai hng s n hi v G gi l hai hng s Lam:
c11 = c22 = c33 = +2G ;
c12 = c23 = c31 = ;
c44 = c55 = c66 = G
Tm trc hng
Xt tm phng trong h trc to x,y trng hai hng chnh, ta c

0c 44 xy

xx c11c12 0 xx
yy = c 21c 22 0 yy
xy

0a 44 xy

xx a11 a12 0 xx
yy = a 21 a 22 0 yy

hoc

xy

K hiu hng s n hi a11 = 1/E1, a12= 2 /E2,

a22 = 1/E2, a21= 1 /E1 (iu kin 2E1 = 1E2)
a44= 1/2G
th

xx =

xx =

yy
xy

xx
E1

1
E1

yy
E2

; yy =

xx + 2

yy
E2

E1

xx
E1

; xy =

yy

2G

(2-31)

yy

1 1 2
1 1 2
E2
E2
=
yy + 1
xx
1 1 2
1 1 2
= 2G xy

(2-32)

Phng trnh tm trc hng chu un

Vn s dng gi thit php tuyn thng Kirchoff, ta c quan h gia bin
dng v vng ca tm cng
2w
= z x
x 2
2w
= z 2 = z y
y

xx = z
yy

xy = 2 z

2w
= 2 z xy
xy

Biu thc ca cc mmen un, xon s l

Mx = - [ D x

2w
2w
];
+
D
1
x 2
y 2

My = - [ D y

2w
2w
];
+
D
1
y 2
x 2

28

(*)

H = - 2 D xy
Vi cc k hiu cng D

2w
;
xy
Dx =

E1 h 3
;
12(1 1 2 )

Dy =

E2 h 3
;
12(1 1 2 )

D1 = 2 D x = 1 D y ;
Gh 3
D xy =
, D0 = D1 + 2 D xy .
12

Phng trnh vi phn ca s cn bng vn gi nguyn dng 2-5

2
2M x M y
2H
2
+ p =0.
+
+
xy
y 2
x 2

Thay mmen bng biu thc ( *), ta c phng trnh un ca tm trc

hng:
Dx

4w
4w
4w
+
2
D
+
D
= p.
0
y
y 4
x 4
x 2 y 2

(2-33)

Lc ct c tnh theo
Qx =

2w
2w
( D x 2 + D0 2 )
x
x
y

Qy =

2w
2w
( D y 2 + D0 2 )
y
y
x

(2-34)

Nghim phng trnh ca tm trc hng cng tm c theo cc php

gii c gii thiu i vi tm ng hng.
Khi tm ng hng D x = D y = D0 =

E h3
12(1 2 )

ta nhn li c phng

trnh Sophie-Germain.
cng ca tm trc hng trong mt s trng hp
Tm btng ct thp
Khi hm lng ct thp khc nhau theo hai phng x, y M.T Huber
ngh cng thc

Eb
[ I bx + (n 1) I tx ] ,
1 b2
Eb
Dy =
[ I by + (n 1) I ty ] ,
1 b2
1 b
D xy =
D x D y , D1 = b D x D y ,
2
D0 = D1 + 2 D xy = D x D y
Dx =

n l t s gia mun n hi Young ca thp v ca btng n = Et / Eb ,

b l h s Poisson ca btng,
Ibx, Itx, Iby, Ity l mmen qun tnh ca din tch btng, ca din tch thp
i vi trc trung ho trn cc mt ct di mt n v nm vung gc vi
trc x v trn mt ct di mt n v nm vung gc vi trc y.
Phng trnh vi phn vng tm btng s l
29

30