Dx

4w
4w
4w
2
=p
+
D
+
D
D
x
y
y
y 4
x 2 y 2
x 4

(2-35)

t y1 = y 4 D x D y ta a c phng trnh v dng ca tm ng hng.

Tr s cng Dx, Dy, Dxy, D1 do Huber ngh c dng khi btng
cha pht sinh khe nt. Khi pht sinh k nt th hm lng thp theo hai
phng s c nh hng mnh ti t s Dx / Dy v cc cng thc trn
khng tin cy.
Tm ln sng c dng hnh hc z = f sin

(hnh 2-15)

Hnh 2-15 Tm ln sng

Theo E.Scydel

Dx =

Hnh 2-16 Tm g theo mt phng

3

l
Eh
;
s 12(1 2 )

D y = EI ; D1 0 ;
D0 = 2 D xy =

s Eh 3
l 12(1 + )

vi s l chiu di ca cung na bc sng ng vi di l.

Tm c h g u cng phng, cch u nhau (hnh 2-16)
Dx =

Eh 3
Eh 3
EI
;
; D0 = Dx
=
+
D
y
2
2
12(1 )
12(1 ) a

E v I l mun n hi v mmen qun tnh ca g i vi trc x nm

gia b dy ca bn.
Tm c h g trc giao
S dng php san u cng ca g, Lekhonitski nhn c cng thc
Dx =

EI y
EI x
Eh 3
Eh 3
Eh 3
D
+
;
=
+
;
.
D
=
y
0
b
a
12(1 2 )
12(1 2 )
12(1 2 )

C th tham kho cho cc trng hp khc trong cun sch Tm v n

hi ca S.P Timoshenko (chng hn g dn vi cc s lp khc nhau
theo th nghim ca C.G Lenhitski hoc ca R.F.Shearmon..).
S dng cc phng php gii thiu, ta xt li gii ca tm trc hng
trong mt s th d sau:
Th d 2-15
Xt tm trc hng hnh ch nht axb c bn bin khp, chu ti phn b
p, bit cc cng Dx, D0, Dy.
Chn nghim tho mn iu kin bin theo dng nghim Navier 2-6

w( x, y ) = Amn sin
m =1 n =1

mx
ny
sin
a
b

Khai trin ti trng theo chui lng gic kp

30

p ( x, y ) = p mn sin
m =1 n =1

mx
ny
sin
a
b

(2-36)

vi cc h s pmn xc nh theo biu thc

4
mx
ny
sin
dxdy
p ( x, y ) sin

a
b
ab 0 0
a b

p mn =

(2-37)

Thay vo phng trnh ca tm trc hng 2-30, nhn c kt qu

4
w=
[
ab m n

mx
ny
sin
mx
ny
a
b
dxdy ] sin
sin
2
a
b
m 4
mn 2
ny 4
Dx (
) + 2 D0 (
) + Dy (
)
a
ab
b
p ( x, y ) sin

Tu dng ca ti trng p(x,y), ta c cc nghim ca bi ton c th.

Th d 2-16
Xt tm trc hng hnh vung cnh a c bn bin ngm, chu ti phn b
u p0, bit cc cng Dx= D, D0 = 1,2148D, Dy= 0,5D,
x= y= 0,3.Chia bc li = a/4.

a
a

x
b

y
a
Hnh 2-17 Th d 2-16

Hnh 2-18 Th d 2-17

Thay th cc o hm trong phng trnh tm trc hng, tng t nh

i vi tm ng hng, ta nhn c s ghi cc h s ca cc n s
vng mt nt theo s 2-41sau:

Dx

Dy
2 D0
4( D0 + D y )
4( D0 + D x ) 6( D x + D y ) + 8 D0
2 D0
4( D0 + D y )

2 D0
4( D0 + D x ) D x
2 D0

p4

Dy

Hnh 2-41

H s sai phn tm trc hng

Thay cc tr s ca cng D, ta nhn c phng trnh vit ti mi nt

w,xxxx + 2,4296w,xxyy + w,yyyy = p/D
S vit h s ca phng trnh sai phn ti mi im tr thnh
31

2,4296

0,5
6,8592

2,4296

1 8,8592 18,7184 8,8592 1

2,4296 6,8592 2,4296

p4
D

0,5

S dng tnh i xng, ch xt 1/4 tm. X l iu kin bin, c h

phng trnh i s
1
18,718 17,718 13,718 9,718 w1

8,859 20,718

4
4,859
13,718 w2 p 0 a 1

=
6,859
4,859
19,718 17,718 w3 256 D 1

21,718 w4
1
2,429 6,859 8,859
w1
0,496
w

4
p 0 a 0,339
2

Nghim
=
w3 256 D 0,359

0,241
w4

Th d 2-17 Xt tm tam gic trc hng ngm trn chu vi, chu ti phn
b u. Tm vng ln nht theo phng php nng lng.
Biu thc nng lng i vi tm trc hng E = U -A
U=

1 a b
2w 2
2w 2w
2w 2
2w 2
[
D
(
)
2
D
D
(
)
4
D
(
) ]dxdy
+
+
+
x
y
xy
0
2 0 0
xy
x 2
x 2 y 2
y 2

A=

p ( x, y ) wdxdy

Chn hm vng
w = kx2y2(1- x/a y/b)2
Hm tho mn cc iu kin bin.
Thay vo biu thc ca th nng ton phn, sau khi tch phn, v ly o
hm dE/dk = 0, ta tm c
k=

0,3125 p 0 (a / b) 2
.
D x + D0 ( a / b ) 2 + D y ( a / b ) 2

0,3125 p 0 (a / b) 2
x y
x 2 y 2 (1 ) 2 ,
w=
2
2
a b
D x + D0 ( a / b ) + D y ( a / b )

vng ln nht ti im trng tm ca tm (x = a/3; y = b/3)

wmax =

0,003418 p 0 a 4
.
D x + D0 ( a / b ) 2 + D y ( a / b ) 2

2-17 Tm trn nn n hi
Cc m hnh nn
Trong nhiu bi ton, mi trng mt di tm c th l lin tc: nn
t, nc hoc vt th lin tc no m tm c t trn , ta gi
chung l nn. Nn c th l n hi, n do...
Ta gi thit rng chuyn v theo phng thng gc vi mt trung bnh ca
nn wn(x,y) bng vng w(x,y) ca tm: wn(x,y) = w(x,y).
32

Trong tnh ton, nn c thay bng m hnh gi nh, quy c mang

tnh cht c trng ca nn thc.
1- Nn Winkler: Nn n hi, phn lc hai chiu.
Phn lc nn phn b trn din tch y ca tm, c
cng t l vi vng f ( x, y ) = kw( x, y )
k c gi l h s nn, c th nguyn F/L3.
Phng trnh tm trn nn Winkler 4 w +

p
k
w= .
D
D

(2-39)

M hnh ny n gin, ng vi mi trng nc. Nhc im l khng

k n nh hng tng h chung ca ton b nn (hnh dung mi trng
nh mt tp hp v cng nhiu cc lin kt l xo nh nhau t ring l
theo phng thng ng khng c lin h vi nhau).
2- Nn bn khng gian n hi
S dng nghim bi ton Boussinessq khi coi nn l mt bn khng gian
n hi c hng s n hi En, n ta c quan h gia lc v ln ca mt
nn ti im c khong cch d ti im t lc
1 n P
.
E n d
2

w( x, y, z = 0) =

(2-40)

Trn mt gii hn ca bn khng gian, nu im t lc c to (xC,yC)

th khong cch t im tnh ln (x,y) ti im t lc l
(2-41)
d 2 = ( x xC ) 2 + ( y y C ) 2 .
ln ti im (x,y) do phn lc nn ti im (,) gy ra l
1 n
f ( , )
.
E n
(x ) 2 + ( y ) 2
2

w( x, y ) =

(2-42)

ln do phn lc nn trn ton b din tch y tm gy ra s l

w=

1 02
E n

f ( , )
(x ) 2 + ( y ) 2

dd

(2-43)

cng vi phng trnh un ca tm

4w =

p ( x, y ) f ( x, y )
D

(2-44)

ta c h 2 phng trnh vi tch phn i vi 2 n s l vng v phn

lc. M hnh nn bn khng gian n hi c th s dng khi nn ng
nht c tnh cht gn vi vt th n hi, tuy nhin vi nn t th vic
xc nh c trng En, n ch l ht sc gn ng.
3M hnh nn hai h s
Theo m hnh ny khi tnh phn lc nn ngi ta k nh hng ca
ng sut tip n bin dng, ln ca nn. Phn lc nn c tnh theo
f ( x, y ) = C1 w C 2 2 w
biu thc:
Lc/ Chiu di 3;
C1 - h s nn th nht, c th nguyn
Lc . Chiu di.
C2 - h s nn th hai, c th nguyn
4
(2-45)
Phng trnh vng s l D w + C1 w C 2 2 w = p( x, y )
Th d 2-19
33