Tm hnh ch nht cnh ax2a t trn nn Winkler c h s nn k =

32 D
,
a4

lin kt trn bin cho trn hnh 2-19 chu ti phn b u p0. Tnh
vng, mmen ti im K chnh gia tm bng phng php sai phn khi
ly bc l a/2.
2a

4
6

3
5

7
6

Hnh 2-20 Th d 2-19

Bi gii
Phng trnh 2-39 di dng sai phn ti im 2 v im K
22wK - 8(2w2 + 2w3) + 2(4w4) +2w5 + 2w5 2w8 = pa4/16D
22w2 - 8(2w4 + wK + w8) + 2( 2w7 + 2w3) + w2 + 2w6 + w9 = pa4/16D
iu kin bin
w3 = w4 = w7 = w8;
w6 = w2; w5 = wK; w9 = - w2;
wK =

Nghim ca phng trnh

5 pa 4
1 pa 4
; w2 =
896 D
224 D

Mmen un ti K

4D
1 + 5
[ w2 2 wK + w2 + ( w3 2 wK + w3 )] =
pa 2
2
122
a
4D
1+
M y = 2 [ w3 2 wK + w3 + ( w2 2wK + w2 )] =
pa 2
122
a

Mx =

2-18 L thuyt tm dy chu un

Trong l thuyt tm mng, ta b qua bin dng trt ca mt trung
bnh, ng sut tip trong mt trung bnh ch tham gia vo phng trnh
cn bng m khng nh hng ti bin dng, do ta gp nhng mu
thun trong khun kh l thuyt tm mng theo gi thit Kierchoff, chng
hn nh s lng iu kin trn bin t do.
L thuyt tm ca Reissner-Bolle-Midlin c k ti nh hng ca ng
sut tip n cc bin dng. Gi thit ca l thuyt bao gm
Php tuyn vn thng v c chiu di khng i, c th khng
cn vung gc mt trung bnh. Vi bin dng b, vn coi z = 0.
B qua tr s ng sut php trn cc lp song song vi mt trung
bnh zz = 0.
35

 Nhng im trn mt trung bnh ch c chuyn v php tuyn

( vng) w. Nhng im trn b dy tm c chuyn v ngang
u ( x, y, z ) = z x ( x, y )
(2-46)
v ( x , y , z ) = z y ( x , y )

x, y l cc gc quay so vi phng ban u ca php tuyn mt trung

bnh ti im ang xt trn cc mt ct tng ng vung gc trc y v x
nh ch trn hnh v 2-35.
Quan h chuyn v v bin dng b
(2-47)

u
= z x
x
x
y
v
=
= z
x
y

xx =
yy

u v
+
= z( x +
)
x
y x
y
w
v w
= 2 xy =
+
= y +
y
z y
w
u w
= 2 zx =
+
= x +
x
z x

xy =
yz
zx

(l hng s theo chiu dy z)

(l hng s theo chiu dy z)

Theo nh lut Hooke khi z = 0 th cc ng sut trn mt trung bnh s l

xx =

E
( xx + yy ) ;
1 2

yy =

E
( yy + xx ) ;
1 2

xy =

E
xy .
1+

C th thy nhng ng sut ny l cc hm bc nht theo z.

i vi ng sut tip theo phng z Ressner-Bolle gi thit lut phn b
bc hai c gi tr ln nht trn mt trung bnh
z2
) xz
h2
z2
= 2G (1 4 2 ) yz
h

xz = 2G (1 4
yz

(2-48)

Thay vo biu thc trn cc tr s ca bin dng theo 2-47 ta c

y

E
z( x +
)
2
y
x
1
y

E
=
+ x)
z(
2
y
x
1
y

E
=
z( x +
)
2(1 + ) y
x

xx =
yy
xx

xz =

5E
z 2 w
(1 4 2 )( x )
8(1 + )
h x

xz =

5E
z 2 w
(1 4 2 )(
y ) .
8(1 + )
h y

(2-49)

Vi cc nh ngha ng lc nh trong bi ton tm mng, ta c biu thc

tnh cc ng lc un
M x = z xx dz = D[
h

y
x
+
]
y
x

36

x
]
y
x
h
1 x y
H = z xy dz = D
[
+
]
2

y
x

h
5 Eh
w
[
x]
Q x = xz dz =
12(1 + ) x
h
M y = z yy dz = D[

Q y = yz dz =
h

(2-50)

5 Eh
w
[
y ]
12(1 + ) y

iu kin bng khng tng hnh chiu theo ba phng ca cc lc tc

ng trn phn t tm kch thc hdxdy , tr thnh h ba phng trnh
1 + y x
5(1 )
w
(
)=
( x ) ;

2
2 y x
y
x
h

1 + x
5(1 )
w
y
(
)=
( y ) ;
2 y +

2
2 x y
x
y
h
x y
12(1 + )
p ( x, y ) .
+
2w =
5 Eh
x
y

2 x +

(2-51)

Hai phng trnh u l iu kin trit tiu tng hnh chiu cc lc theo
phng x, y. Phng trnh th ba l iu kin trit tiu tng hnh chiu cc
lc theo phng z, trong p(x,y) l cng ti trng phn b vung
gc mt trung bnh, chiu dng ca ti trng ly theo chiu trc z hng
xung.
H ba phng trnh cho php tm ba n s: vng w, gc xoay x, y.
Cc hng s tch phn c xc nh theo iu kin bin. Bc tng cng
ca h phng trnh vi phn l 6, do trong bi ton hai chiu cn 12
iu kin bin, chng hn vi tm ch nht th mi cnh cn c 3 iu
kin. Ta xt trng hp tng qut khi bin l bin cho, c gc hp vi
trc x l theo chiu gc lng gic. Theo cng thc 2 - 27 vit trong
chng 2, ta c lin h
Mu =

M x +M y

2
Mx My

Mx My
2

cos 2 H sin 2

cos 2 H sin 2
2
Qu = Q x cos + Q y sin
Hu =

Bin c lin kt ta t do
w = Mu = Hu = 0.
Bin lin kt khp c nh
w = Mu = t = 0.
Bin lin kt ngm cng
w = u = t = 0.
Bin lin kt ngm trt
w = u = Hu = 0.
Bin t do
Mu = Qu = Hu = 0.
M hnh tm dy Ressner khc phc c iu kin bin hn ch ca l
thuyt tm mng Kirchoff, tuy nhin vic gii h ba phng trnh 2-51 li
phc tp hn. gii phng trnh ny, nhiu tc gi s dng phng
php na ngc ca LTH: gi thit dng nghim tho mn iu kin
bin v cn ph thuc mt s cc hng s. Sau khi thay dng nghim vo
37

phng trnh 2-51, cho cn bng h s ca cc s hng cng bc hai v

ca phng trnh, ta tm c cc hng s (Xem Hng dn gii bi ton
n hi ca V.G Rekatch).
Ngoi l thuyt tm dy ca Ressner Bolle, ngi ta cng s dng l
thuyt ca V.Z Vlasov, trong gi thit
Php tuyn thng, z = 0.
B qua tr s ng sut php trn cc lp song song vi mt
trung bnh zz = 0.
B qua tr s ng sut php trn cc lp song song vi mt
trung bnh zz = 0.
Kch thc mt trung bnh khng i u0 = v0 = 0.
Khc vi Ressner, l thuyt Vlasov khng gi thit lut phn
b ca ng sut tip xz, yz m gi thit lut phn b ca bin
dng gc xz, yz l hm bc hai.
2-19 Tm c vng ln
Cc gi thit
Php tuyn thng v vung gc mt trung bnh (gi thuyt
Kirchoff).
ng sut php zz, zx, zy theo phng vung gc mt trung
bnh l rt nh so vi cc ng sut khc nn c th b qua trong
tnh ton.
Chuyn v theo phng vung gc mt phng trung bnh, gi l
vng w, c tr s nh v l hng s trn b dy ca tm.
Chuyn v u, v trong mt trung bnh l nh so vi vng w.
Gi thit rng chuyn v trong mt trung bnh u, v nh hn chuyn v php
tuyn w, b qua lng phi tuyn ca u, v th quan h chuyn v, bin dng
ti bt k trong tm c dng
u 1 w 2
+ ( )
x 2 x
v 1 w 2
+ ( )
=
y 2 y
u v w w
= 2 xx =
+
+
.
y x x y

xx =
yy
xy

(2-52)

Kh cc chuyn v u, v khi cc phng trnh 2-52, ta nhn c quan h

tng thch gia cc bin dng
2
2
2 xx yy xy
2w 2 2w 2w
+

(
) 2. 2
y 2
x 2
xy
xy
x y

(2-53)

Quan h chuyn v u, v vi u0, v0

Chuyn v ti im bt k trong tm A(x, y, z) l u, v, w.
Chuyn v ti im nm trn mt trung bnh A0(x, y, 0) l u0, v0, w0.
Theo gi thit w l hng theo b dy tm:
w = w0 = w(x, y)
(2-54)

38

Theo gi thit phn t phng, hnh v 2-32 m t chuyn v ca mt ct

vung gc trc y cho thy php tuyn mt trung bnh c gc quay , theo
gi thit Kirchoff th
tg =

w
,
x

u = u0 - ztg = u0 - z

w
x

(2-55)

Tng t, khi xt mt ct vung gc trc x, php tuyn mt trung bnh c

gc quay
tg =

w
,
y

v = v0 - ztg = v0 - z

w
y

(2-56)
php tuyn
A0
A

z
A0
A
z

u
u0

Hnh 2-32 Quan h u v u0

S dng phng trnh hnh hc 2-52, c th vit quan h gia cc thnh

phn bin dng ti im A(x, y, z) v A0(x, y, 0) tng ng nm trn mt
trugn bnh:
2w
= 0, xx + z x
x 2
2w
z 2 = 0, yy + z y
y

xx = 0, xx z
yy = 0, yy

xy = 0, xy 2 z

vi

(2-57)

2w
= 0, xy + 2 z xy
xy

xx, yy, xy bin dng di v bin dng gc ti im A(x, y, z)

0xx, 0yy, 0xy bin dng di v bin dng gc ti im A0(x, y, 0)
2w
x 2
2w
x = 2
x

x =

xy =

cong sau bin dng ca ng theo phng x,

cong sau bin dng c a ng theo phng y,

2w
xon sau bin dng ca hai ng x v y.
xy
39

Phng trnh cn bng

Tm c vng ln, phng trnh cn bng c xt trng thi bin
dng (khi php tuyn cc cnh ca phn t lch khi phng ban u
nh trn hnh v 2-33),

Hnh 2-33 Phn t sau bin dng

S dng cc iu kin cn bng ta nhn c

=0
Y=0
Z=0
My=0
Mx=0

N x S
+
=0
x
y
S N y
+
=0
x
y

(2-58a)
(2-58b)

2 w Q x Q y
2w
2w
+
2
+
+
+ p = 0 (2-58c)
+
S
N
y
y
xy x
y 2
x 2
M x H
(2-59a)
Qx =
+
x
y
M y H
(2-59b)
Qy =
+
y
x
Nx

Thay gi tr ca ng lc ct vo phng trnh (2-58c), ta c

Nx

2
2H
2w
w
2w 2M x M y
2
+
2
+ p=0
+
+
N
+
S
+
y
xy
xy
y 2
x 2
y 2
x 2

(2-59c)

H 2-58, 2-59 l phng trnh cn bng tnh hc tng qut ca bi ton

tm bin dng ln, vit trng thi bin dng.
Cc quan h vt l
Trong bi ton n hi phng ta c quan h
xx =

E
( xx + yy ) ,
1 2

yy =

E
( yy + xx ) ,
1 2

xy =

E
xy .
2(1 + )

Thay bin dng bi bin dng ca mt trung bnh theo biu thc 2 xx =

E
2w
2w
[

)] ,
z
+
+

0 , xx
0 , yy
y 2
1 2
x 2

yy =

E
2w
2w
+

z
+
[

)] ,
0
,
0
,
yy
xx
y 2
x 2
1 2

xy =

E 1
2w
[

].

z
0 , xy
xy
1 2 2

ng lc mng c tnh theo nh ngha 2-7a

40

N x = xx dz =
h

h/2

h / 2

do

2w
E
2w
{
[

)]}dz
+
z
+

0 , xx
0 , yy
y 2
1 2
x 2
E
[ 0, xx + 0, yy ] ;
Nx =
1 2
Eh
Ny =
[ 0, yy + 0, xx ] ;
1 2
Eh
0, xy .
S =
2(1 2 )

(2-60a)

Tng t, c biu thc ca ng lc un xon

Mx = -

Eh3
2w
2w
[

];
+
12(1 2 ) x 2
y 2

Mx = - D[

hoc

(2-60b)

2w
2w

];
+
x 2
y 2

My = - D[

2w
2w

];
+
y 2
x 2

H = - D(1 )

2w
;
xy

C th vit biu thc ng lc un xon theo k hiu thay i cong

(2-60c)
Mx = - D[ x + y ]
Mx = - D[ y + x ]
H = - D(1 ) xy
2
w
x

Qy = D 2 w
y
Qx = D

Theo (2-58)

(2-60d)

2-20 Phng trnh gii ca bi ton tm vng ln

Phng trnh
Phng trnh cn bng 2-58a, b c tho mn nu ta t
Nx =

2F
2F
2F
N
=
S
=

;
;
y
xy
y 2
x 2

(2-61)

Hm F(x,y) gi l hm ng lc, c ngha tng t hm ng sut Airy

trong bi ton n hi phng.
Thay gi tr 2-61 ca ng lc mng vo phng trnh lin tc ca bin
dng 2-53 v vo phng trnh cn bng 2-59c, kt hp vi cc biu thc
ca ng lc un xon 2-60b, ta nhn c h 2 phng trnh i vi hm
ng sut F v hm vng w:
4 F = E[(

2w 2 2w 2w
) 2
],
xy
x y 2

2F 2w 2F 2w
2F 2w
D w = p + h[ 2
+

2
].
xy xy
y x 2 x 2 y 2
4

K hiu ton t vi phn phi tuyn

41

(2-62)

L(f,g)=

2 f 2g 2 f 2g
2 f 2g

+
2
xy xy
y 2 x 2 x 2 y 2

(2-63)

th h phng trnh trn c vit li l

E
L( w, w)
2
D 4 w = p hL( F , w)

4F =

(2-64)

2-64 l phng trnh gii ca bi ton tm mng theo cch gii hn

hp v gi l h phng trnh Karmal. H gm hai phng trnh vi phn
phi tuyn cha 2 n s: hm ng lc F v hm vng w. Phm vi ng
dng ca phng trnh kh rng ri: bi ton tnh hc ca tm mng c
vng nh, c vng ln v bi ton n nh. Cc hng s khi tch phn
phng trnh c xc nh theo iu kin bin vit cho hm ng sut F
v cho hm chuyn v w. iu kin bin cho w c trnh by trong
bi ton tm mng cng, di y ch trnh by iu kin bin vit cho
hm ng lc F.
iu kin bin i vi hm F
Hm F lin quan ti ng lc mng nn ta ch xt cc iu kin trong mt
phng trung bnh, nh vi hm ng sut Airy trong bi ton n hi
phng, bao gm iu kin bin tnh v iu kin bin ng.
a
iu kin tnh hc
Trn chu vi mt trung bnh c php tuyn l vi cc cosin ch phng lx, ly
c ti trng f*(fx, fy ) th ng lc phi tho mn iu kin cn bng
N x l x + Sl y = f x*
Sl x + N y l y = f y*

(2-65)

biu kin bin ng hc

Trn chu vi mt trung bnh cho bit cc chuyn v u0, v0. Gia chuyn v
mng v ng lc mng c quan h 2-60a, vit li theo hm ng sut
dng:
v
2F
Eh 3 2 u 0
(
=
N
=
+ 0)
x
2
2
1 y x
y
y
u
2F
Eh 3 2 v 0
=
N
=
+ 0)
(
y
2
2
1 x y
x
x
2
u
v
F
Eh 1
( 0 + 0)

=S =
2
2 xy y
xy
x
1

Bit iu kin bin theo u0, v0 c th chuyn sang iu kin bin

theo F. Tuy nhin, vic thc hin iu kin ny ni chung l phc tp. V
th nu iu kin bin trn mt trung bnh cho theo chuyn v th nn
chuyn sang cch gii bi ton theo chuyn v (n s chnh ca cch gii
l cc chuyn v mng u0, v0 v vng w).
2-21 Bi ton n dnh ca tm hnh ch nht
Phng trnh n nh
Tng t thanh, tm ch nht chu lc nn theo 1 phng cng s c th
b mt n nh: mt trung bnh trng thi cn bng ban u ca tm di
tc dng ca cc lc nn trong mt phng c th khng cn bo ton c
42

dng phng khi tm chu cc nhiu ng nh a n lch khi v tr ban

u, tm b on, cong i nh ch trn hnh v 2-34

Hnh 2-34 S on ca tm

Phng trnh v cch gii bi ton n nh ca tm c xt tng t nh

bi ton Euler i vi thanh thng, tuy mc mc phc tp c nhiu hn
v l bi ton hai chiu. Xt cn bng mt vi phn tm trng thi on,
trn cc cnh s c cc ng lc dc v ng lc un, khng c ti trng p,
phng trnh cn bng c vit trng thi bin dng s c dng 2-59c
bit:
2
w
2w 2M x M y
2H
2w
N x 2 + N y 2 + 2S
+
+
+
2
=0
xy
xy
x
y
x 2
y 2

thay vo y biu thc 2-60b ca ng lc un tnh theo w, nhn c

phng trnh c bn ca bi ton n nh tm:
D 4 w N x

2w
2w
2w
N
S

2
=0
y
xy
x 2
y 2

(2-66)

Nx, Ny, Nxy cc ng lc, ng lc trt ca tm, cng tng ng l cc ti

trng dc trc x, trc y v ti trng tip trn bin tm.
Phng trnh c s dng tm ti trng ti hn ca tm ch nht chu
cc lc nn dc trc x, dc trc y hoc lc trt. iu kin mt n nh
c hiu l s tn ti ca nghim w khc khng. Trong mc tip theo, ta
s xem xt mt bi ton xc nh lc nn ti hn ca tm hnh ch nht.
Tm c bin khp, chu nn theo mt phng (hnh 2-35)
Xt tm ch nht bin ta khp, chu ti trng nn trn bin vung gc
trc x vi cng l hng s px. Khi ny Nx = - p v 2-66 c dng
D 4 w + p

2w
=0
x 2

(2-67)

a
p

b
y
Hnh 2-35 Tm chu nn dc trc x

Chn dng nghim tho mn iu kin bin:

43

w = Amn sin
m,n

mx
ny
sin
a
b

(2-68)

m, n: s nguyn, l s na bc sng hnh sin trn chiu di a, b

m
n
m
D 2 [( ) 2 ( ) 2 ] ( ) 2 p = 0

Phng trnh cho

p=

Tr s ti trng s l

D
2

a2

[m 2 + 2 2 n 2 + 4

n4
]
m2

vi t l cc cnh

(2-69)
a
b

Lc nn ti hn l tr s cc tiu ca 2-66, cc tiu s t khi cho n =1,

ngha l tm b vng theo phng y vi na bc sng hnh sin,
p=

2D
a2

[m 2 + 2 2 +

4
m2

(2-70)

dp
4
= 0 khi m 3 = 0 hoc m = = a/b
dm
m
2
h
D
2
(2-71)
pth = 4 2 =
E( )2
2
b
3(1 ) b
h
pth = 3,6 E ( ) 2
(2-72)
b

Kt qu cui cng
Ly = 0,3 ta c

Lc ti hn tnh theo 2-72 c ly vi tr s m l nguyn, tc l khi t s

hai cnh l nguyn.
b
b
b
b

p
Hnh 2-36 Dng on ca di ch nht

Nu tm vung a = b th tm b vng theo na bc sng hnh sin i vi

c phng x v y. Vi di ch nht di, hnh nh s on ca thanh s nh
trn hnh 2-35: di c vng theo nhng vung c cnh bng b rng.
K
8

m=1

m=2
m=3

m=4

4
2
0

a/b
1

12 4

Hnh 2-37 th quan h K(a/b)

By gi ta xt bi ton khi t s = a/b khng nguyn.

44

C th vit li 2-67

p=K

vi

K=

2D

(2-73)

a2
(m 2 + 2 2 +

4
m2

(2-75)

th K ng vi cc gi tr khc nhau ca m trn hnh 2-37 cho thy

cc cn di ca K. Khi t s a/b 2 c th ly K = 4.
Li gii ca cc bi ton tm tr s ti hn ca ti trng tip tuyn trn
bin cng nh t hp cc ti trng nn php tuyn theo hai phng, ti
trng php tuyn v tip tuyn trn bin tm c th c trong cc sch
tham kho, chng hn cc cun sch kinh in n nh h bin dng
ca A.C Volmir, n nh h n hi ca S.P Timoshenko.

45