Chng ba

L thuyt v mng k thut

3-1

Nhng gi thit
V l vt th c phn khng gian nm kp gia hai mt cong m
kch thc ca hai mt cong ln hn rt nhiu so vi khong cch gia
chng. Qu tch nhng im nm cch u hai mt gii hn c gi l
mt trung bnh ca v, di ng php tuyn ca mt trung bnh nm
gia hai mt gii hn c gi l b dy ca v. Mt trung bnh v b dy
l hai c trng ca hnh hc v. Chng trnh hc, v c bn, ch xt v
c hnh dng mt trung bnh trn v b dy hng s.

Hnh 3-1 nh ngha v mng

K hiu b dy l h, bn knh cong nh nht ca mt trung bnh l

R; l thuyt v mng thch hp khi

h
1
.

R 20

Trong l thuyt v mng tuyn tnh ta chp nhn nhng gi thit

tng t nh trong l thuyt tm mng:
Gi thit phn t thng Kirchoff-Love
Trc v sau bin dng php tuyn vn vung gc mt trung bnh, chiu
di ca php tuyn nm trong v khng thay i v vn bng b dy ban
u ca v.
ng sut theo phng b dy ca v l nh so vi ng sut khc v c
th b qua trong tnh ton.
Bin dng ca v l b, vt liu tun theo nh lut Hooke.
Nhng nghin cu ca nhiu tc gi khc nhau nh B.B Novozinov,
Gondelveizer.... ch ra rng sai s ca vic chp nhn nhng gi thit
h
R

k trn c sai s cng bc vi bnh phng ca b dy tng i ( ) 2 .

3-2

H to cong tng qut

Trong khng gian, v tr im M(x, y, z) c xc nh bi u mt
vct r(x, y, z). Nu cho quan h tham s
x = x(, , ),
y = y(, , ),
z = z(, , )
th v tr im M ph thuc ba tham s , , , gi l to tng qut.
Gi = const, = const v cho thay i, u mt r s vch nn
mt ng, gi l ng to .
Gi = const, = const v cho thay i, u mt r s vch nn
mt ng, gi l ng to .
Gi = const, = const v cho thay i, u mt r s vch nn
mt ng, gi l ng to .
45

Nh th ti mi im M trong khng gian ta c ba ng to , , .

H li to ny c gi l h to cong v trn hnh 3-2.
H to cong trc giao khi cc vct tip tuyn n v trc giao vi
nhau
e . e = 0;
e . e . = 0;
e .. e = 0..

Hnh 3-1 H to cong t nhin

Khi cc bin s thay i mt lng d, d, d th di phn t

ca cc ng to tng ng s l
ds = Bd,
ds = Cd
(3-1)
ds = Ad,
A, B, C l nhng h s bin i gia s to thnh gia s chiu di, gi l
nhng h s Lame ca h to . Ti cc im khc nhau trong khng
gian, cc tr s A, B, C s khc nhau. Chng l hm ca to , , .
H to thng dng l nhng h to cong trc giao:
Descartes (x, y, z) vi cc h s A =B = C = 1.
Tr (r, , z) vi cc h s A = 1, B = r, C =1.
Cu (, , r) vi cc h s A = rcos, B = r, C =1.
nghin cu tip, cn b xung hai mc: hnh hc ca mt cong v l
thuyt n hi trong h to cong trc giao tng qut.
3-3 Quan h bin dng v chuyn v trong to cong
Vc t chuyn v ca im M(, , ) l u(u, v, w).
Tenx bin dng ti im M l T = [ik]
Quan h hnh hc gia chuyn v v bin dng (quan h Cau chy) trong h
to cong trc giao s l
=

1 u
v A
w A
,
+
+
A AB AC
1 v
w B u B
+
+
,
=
B BC BA
1 w u C
v C
+
+
,
=
C CA CB
B v
A u
2 = =
( )+
( )
A B
B A
C w
B v
2 = =
( )+
( )
B C C B
A u
C w
2 = =
( )+
( )
C A
A C

(3-2)

(3-3)

Cc , , l bin dng di tng ng theo phng e, e , e

, , l mt na bin dng gc trong cc mt phng to .
46

3-2, 3-3 l quan h chuyn v-bin dng trong h to cong trc giao.
Trong h to Descartes, thay x, y, z v A = B = C = 1 ta
nhn li c cc quan h hnh hc tuyn tnh nu chng 1.
Chng minh
Xt chiu di phn t MN vi im M(, , ), N(+d, +d, +d).
Hnh chiu trn cc trc
ds = Ad, ds = Bd, ds = Cd
Chiu di phn t
ds 2 = ( Ad ) 2 + ( Bd ) 2 + (Cd ) 2
(a)
Cosinus ch phng ca phn t
l = ds /ds; m = ds /ds; n = ds / ds

Hnh 3-2 Phn t chiu di MN

Sau bin dng, phn t chim v tr M1N1.
im M(, , ) tr thnh M1(, , )
= + a, = + b, = + c,
a, b, c l thay i to ca im M, l hm ca cc to . Ta gii hn xt chuyn v b: a,
b, c c tr s nh, cng bc b dy h.
im N( + d, + d, + d) tr thnh N1 (, , )
= + d + a + da,
= + d + b+ db,
= + d + c + dc

a
a
a
d +
d +
d

b
b
b
db =
d +
d +
d

c
c
c
dc =
d +
d +
d

vi cc vi phn da =

Ti im M1 cc h s Lam s thay i so vi ti im M v ly bng

A
A
A
a+
b+
c

B
B
B
B1 = B +
a+
b+
c

C
C
C
C1 = C +
a+
b+
c

A1 = A +

Sau bin dng, phn t c cosin ch phng mi l l1, m1, n1.

Chiu di phn t sau bin dng trn trc e
l1ds1 = A1(**-*)
= (A +

A
A
A
a
a
a
a+
b+
c)(d +
d +
d +
d )

Khai trin v sau khi rt gn cc biu thc, lm tng t cho cc hnh chiu ca chiu di
phn t trn trc e , e, ta nhn c

l1 ds1 = lds[1 +

v A
w A
A u
A u
1 u
+
+
] + mds
( ) + nds
( )
A AB AC
B A
C A

47

1 v
w B u B
B v
B v
+
+
] + nds
( ) + lds
( )
B BC BA
C B
A B
1 w u C
v C
C w
C w
+
+
] + lds
( ) + mds
( )
n1 ds1 = nds[1 +
C CA CB
A C
B C
ds12 = (l1 ds1 ) 2 + (m1 ds1 ) 2 + (n1 ds1 ) 2
(b)
ds ds
Bin dng di ca phn t tnh theo nh ngha = 1
ds
ds
ds 2
hoc
do
1+ = 1 ,
(1 + ) 2 = 12
ds
ds
1 ds12 ds 2
Xt bin dng b, c th vit
=
2 ds 2
m1 ds1 = mds[1 +

Thay gi tr ca ds2, ds12 theo cc biu thc nu trn, ta nhn c

= l 2 + m 2 + n 2 + 2( lm + mn + nl )

1 u
v A
w A
+
+
,
A AB AC
1 v
w B u B
=
+
+
,
(d)
B BC BA
1 w u C
v C
=
+
+
,
C CA CB
B v
A u
2 = =
( )+
( )
A B
B A
C w
B v
2 = =
( )+
( )
(e)
B C
C B
A u
C w
2 = =
( )+
( )
C A
A C
, , l nhng bin dng di tng ng theo phng e, e , e (tng ng vi cc trng
vi

hp

l = 1, m = 0, n = 0

l = 0, m = 1, n = 0
l = 0, m = 0, n = 1)
, , l mt na bin dng gc tng ng trong cc mt phng (e, e ), (e , e), (e , e).
(d) v (e) l quan h chuyn v-bin dng b trong h to cong trc giao.

3-4 Hnh hc cc mt cong

Phng trnh mt
Trong khng gian ba chiu, phng trnh cc mt cong cho bi hm ca
hai bin s c lp, chng hn trong to Descarte cho di dng
v hng z = z(x,y) hoc F(x,y,z) = 0
(3-4)
mt phng khi hm 3-4 l tuyn tnh
mt cong khi hm 3-4 l phi tuyn
mt cu
x2 + y2 + z2 = R2 ,
mt yn nga
vct

z=

x2 y2

p2 q2

(3-5)
r = r(,) = x(,)i + y(,)j +z(,)k
i, j, k l cc vct n v ca h trc to ; to x, y, z l
cc hm kh vi cp mt ca hai bin s c lp , v ma
trn cc o hm cp mt c hng hai m bo s c lp
tuyn tnh ca cc vct o hm ca r theo ,
48

r
r
r r
0
x

(3-6)

Gi th mt cong cho di dng vc t 3-4.

Khi cho = const, thay i th u mt vct r s vch nn ng to
nm trn mt cho.
Khi cho = const, thay i th u mt vct r s vch nn ng to
nm trn mt cho.
en
e
e
y
z

Hnh 3-3 H ng to trn mt cong

Cc ng to , to nn mt mng ng to .
V tr mt im trn mt cong M(0, 0,) l giao im ca hai ng to
: ng ng vi tr s = 0 v ng ng vi tr s = 0.
Vct tip tuyn n v ca cc ng
r
r
e = r v e =
r

.
r

(3-7)

H ng to trc giao khi e . e = 0.

Di dng thng s th phng trnh ca mt ng nm trn mt 3-2
= (t)
c cho bi
= (t).
Mt phng tip tuyn, php tuyn
Phng trnh mt phng tip tuyn ti im M(, ) nm trn mt 3-4 l
x-xM y-yM z-zM
x

=0

(3-8)

ng vung gc vi mt phng tip tuyn c gi l php tuyn ca

mt cong ti im M ang xt. Vct php tuyn n v l vc t
e x e
en =
(3-9)
e x e
49

Dng khai trin ca vc t php tuyn n v ti im M

(

en =

z x z x
x y x y
y z y z
)M i + (
)M j + (
)M k

x y x y 2
y z y z 2
z x z x 2

(
)M + (
)M + (
)M

(3-10)

H ba vc t n v e , e, en hp thnh mt tam din thun.

Giao tuyn ca mt cong v mt phng cha php tuyn c gi l tit
din php tuyn. Qua im M trn mt cong s c v s tit din php
tuyn m tm cong ca chng u nm trn ng php tuyn en, phng
trnh cc tit din php tuyn cho theo vc t c dng:
r = rM + ken
(3-11)
Cc dng ton phng ca mt cong
Nghin cu hnh hc mt cong l thit lp cc biu thc tnh chiu di,
din tch v gc hp gia cc ng nm trn mt cong cng nh php o
cong, xon ca cc ng ny. C th thy loi yu t th nht s
khng thay i khi mt cong b un cong, gi l cc yu t ni hnh hc.
Loi yu t th hai s thay i khi mt b un cong, gi l cc yu t
ngoi hnh hc. C hai loi yu t ny c biu din qua mt s cc h
s gi l cc h s ca dng ton phng.
Trn mt cong, xt ng s cho bi phng trnh 3-5 (xem hnh v 3-3)
di phn t ds = dr
nhng
nn

r
r
d +
d

r
r r
r
dd + ( ) 2 d 2
ds2 = dr 2 = ( ) 2 d 2 + 2

dr =

ds2 = Ed2 + 2Fdd +Gd2

(3-12)
Biu thc 3-12 dng xc nh chiu di c gi l dng ton phng
th nht ca mt cong. E, F, G l cc h s ca dng ton phng th
nht.
ds = dr
r + dr

Hnh 3-4

Vi phn chiu di ds

Nu k hiu
(3-13)
A = dr/d ; B = dr/d ; C = F = dr/d . dr/d
2
2
2
2
2
th
ds = A d + 2Cdd + B d
Trong h to cong trc giao, theo IV-5, th C = F = 0, do
50

ds2 = A2 d2 + B2d2
(3-14)
Chiu di phn t ng , khi = const, l ds= Ad
(3-15)
(3-16)
Chiu di phn t ng , khi = const, l ds = Bd
Hai biu thc va vit cho ta ngha ca cc h s A, B : chng l nhng
h s bin i gia s to thnh gia s chiu di ng to v c
gi l cc h s Lame, ca h to . Chng hn trong h to Descarte
(x, y, z) th cc h s tng ng l: 1, 1, 1; trong h to tr (r,,z) th
cc h s tng ng l: 1, r, 1.
Chuyn sang vic xc nh cong ca cc tit din php tuyn trn mt
ti im M. Trn hnh 3-3 k hiu en l vc t php tuyn n v, ng
tip tuyn Mt, r v r + r l vc t to im u v im cui cung s,
R l bn knh cong ca ng, nghch o ca bn knh cong bng
cong v, theo nh ngha, l

k=

1
2h
= lim 2 khi s 0.
R
s

d/2
ds

R
r + dr

Hnh 3-5

nh ngha cong

Trn hnh v, c th thy h = s

= hcen r = en r .
2

r dr + dr2/2
nhng en.dr = 0, nn

h = en(dr + dr2/2)
h = en dr2/2

cong k s l

k=

en = e x e

1
2h e .dr 2
= 2 =
R ds
ds 2

dr 2 = (

r 2 2
r r
r
dd + ( ) 2 d 2
) d + 2

Sau khi thc hin php nhn, ta c th vit li biu thc tnh cong
k=

Ld 2 + 2 Mdd + Nd 2
Ed 2 + 2 Fdd + Gd 2

(3-17)

Mu s l dng ton phng th nht ca mt cong.

T s c gi l dng ton phng th hai ca mt cong. Cc h s ca
dng ton phng th hai l
(3-18)

51

2x 2 y 2z
2x 2 y 2z
2x 2 y 2z

2 2 2
2 2 2
y
z
1 x
y
z
y
z
1 x
1 x
L=
M =
N=

AB
AB

AB

x
y
z
x
y
z
x
y
z

Nh vy, dng ton phng th nht v th hai cho php ta tnh c

cong ca cc tit din php tuyn ca mt cong.
Ti im M cc tit din php tuyn khc nhau s c cong khc nhau.
Tit din php tuyn c cong cc tr k1= kmax v k2 = kmin c gi l cc
ng cong chnh. Hai ng cong chnh c kmax, kmin s trc giao nhau.

en
M
Hnh v 3-6

ng cong chnh trn mt

Ly hai tit din php tuyn bt k u v v trc giao nhau ti im M, ta c

cc lng bt bin:
(3-19)
ku + kv = k1 + k2
ku . kv = k1 . k2
(3-20)
nh ngha v cong trung bnh Ktb v cong Gauss K:
(3-21)
Ktb = ( k1 + k2)/2.
(3-22)
K = k1 . k2.
Khi mt cong bin dng, cong cc ng trn mt s thay i nhng
cong Gauss khng thay i. Theo du ca K ta phn loi mt cong:
* Mt paraboloide
K = 0. Th d mt tr, mt nn.
* Mt elliptic
K > 0. Th d mt cu, mt ellipsoide.
* Mt hyperboloide
K < 0. Th d mt yn nga.
Tn ti nhng mt c cong hn hp, chng hn mt xuyn.
H to trn mt cong trng vi hai ng cong chnh c gi l h
to cong chnh.
Vic bit 6 h s v hng ca dng ton phng cho php ta xc nh
c hnh hc ca mt cong chnh xc n v tr ca mt trong khng gian
(c th chuyn ng mt cong nh mt vt th tuyt i cng trong khng
gian nhng cc yu t hnh hc ny khng thay i).
Su h s ca 2 dng ton phng khng phi l c lp, chng phi
tho mn iu kin Caudassi-Gauss, iu kin ny c din gii nh sau:
Ly h to , trng ng cong chnh c cc bn knh cong R, R.
L h ng trc giao nn F = M = 0.
Theo biu thc 3-13, cong ca ng v ca ng tng ng l
52

1
L
L
= = 2;
R E A

1
N
N
=
= 2
R G B

(3-24)

iu kin Caudassi-Gauss c vit di dng h ba phng trnh sau

1 A
A
( )=
R
R

B
1 B
( )=
R
R

(3-25)

1 A
1 B
AB
(
)+
(
)=
A
B
R R

lm th d, chng ta xt mt trn xoay cho trong h to tr r, , z

nh trn hnh 3-5.
x = r(z)cos
y = r(z)sin
z=z
Chn hai tham s = z v =.
ng z s l ng kinh tuyn.
ng s l ng v tuyn.
z
y
x
r 2
) = ( )2 + ( )2 + ( )2

x 2
y 2
z 2
dr
E = ( ) + ( ) + ( ) = 1 + ( )2
dz
z
z
z
x 2
y 2
z 2
F = ( ) + ( ) + ( ) = r2

dr
A = E = 1+ ( )2 ; B = F = r ; C = 0 .
dz
E=(

Mt tr c phng trnh r = R =const A = 1; B = R

Mt nn gc nh 2, phng trnh r = ztg A = 1 + tg 2 ; B = ztg .

(a)

(b)

(c)

Hnh v 3-7 Cc ng to ca mt trn xoay

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