chng 5

l thuyt v thoi v v tr
5-1 Hnh hc v cc gi thit v v thoi
5-1-1 nh ngha v thoi
Nhng v c cong nh c gi l v thoi. vng (cn gi l mi
tn vng) ca mt l nh so vi kch thc mt bng f < a/5, gc nghing
tip tuyn bt k ca v cng l nh.
V thoi c s dng rng ri trong k thut xy dng, kt cu v my
bay, tu thu...
Di y, chng ta nghin cu nhng v thoi dng trn hnh 5-1.
x
a
f
y

b
Hnh 5-1 nh ngha v thoi

Phng trnh v thoi cho di dng: z = F(x,y)

(5-1)
(5-2)
V c phng trnh dng
: z = F1(x).F2(y)
c gi l v chuyn. Mt v chuyn c to bi chuyn ng tnh tin
ca ng cong phng F1(x) trt trn ng ta phng F2(y).
cong chnh ca v c tnh theo k1 = k x =

1
2F
= 2 ;
Rx
x

(5-3)

k2 = k y =

2F
1
= 2 .
Ry
y

(5-4)

5-1-2 Gi thit
1. cong k1, k2 l nh, nn tch ca chng, tc cong Gauss,
bng khng K = k1k2 = 0. Gi thit ny tng ng vi vic
cho hnh hc mt v thoi trng vi hnh hc ca mt bng. Cc
ng to , trng tng ng vi ng to x, y k trn
hnh chiu bng ca v: x, y; do c th ly cc h s
Lame ca ng to bng n v: A = B = 1.
2. Chuyn v mng ca mt v l nh so vi chuyn v php tuyn
v c th b qua trong cc phng trnh hnh hc: u, v << w.
iu ny tng ng nh chuyn v ca tm.
3. Do tnh b ca cong, trong phng trnh cn bng ta b qua
nhng s hng ca ng lc un c h s lin quan ti cong
ca v (xem phng trnh tng qut 3-29).
5-2 Phng trnh c bn ca l thuyt v thoi
5- 2-1 Phng trnh cn bng
77

B qua trong 3-29 nhng s hng cha ng lc un xon c h s l cc

cong k1, k2 v ly A = B = 1 th phng trnh cn bng cn li dng:
N x S
+
+ qx = 0 ;
x
y
S N y
+
+ qy = 0 ;
x
y
Ny
Q x Q y
N
+
( x +
) + qn = 0 ;
x
y
Rx R y

(5-5)

M x H
+
Qx = 0 ;
x
y
H M y
+
Qy = 0 .
x
y

5-2-2 Phng trnh hnh hc (theo 3-37, 3-38)

Cc bin dng mng

u w
;
+
x R x
v w
;
+
=
y R y
v u
.
=
+
x y

xx =

yy
xy

(5-6)

2w
;
x 2
2w
y = 2 ;
y

x =

Cc bin dng un

(5-7)

2w
.
xy

5-2-3 Phng trnh vt l

Cc phng trnh vt l vn gi dng tng qut 3-42.
5-3 Phng trnh gii ca bi ton v thoi
Xt trng hp v chu ti trng php tuyn qn, hai phng trnh cn bng
u tin tr thnh thun nht v c dng phng trnh ca bi ton n
hi phng. Hai phng trnh ny c tho mn thng qua hm ng lc F
theo cch t

Nx = h

2
2
2
;
N
h
;
.
S
=

h
=
y
xy
y 2
x 2

(5-8)

Ba phng trnh cui ca h 5-5 kt hp vi phng trnh vt l cho ta:

Qx =

M x H

+
= D ( 2 w) ;
x
y
y

Qy =

M y
y

= D ( 2 w) .
x
x

(5-9)

Thay 5-8 v 5-9 vo phng trnh cn bng th ba, vi v chuyn, ta nhn

D 2 2 w + 2k = q n
(5-10)
c
vi k hiu ton t vi phn

2 =

2
2
,
+
x 2 y 2

k2 = k x

78

2
2
+
k
.
y
y 2
x 2

(5-11)

Phng trnh lin tc ca bin dng mng c dng

2
2
2 xx yy xy
2w
2w
+

=
k
+
k
= k2 w
x
y
xy
y 2
y 2
x 2
x 2

(5-12)

Thay bin dng bi cc ng lc, biu din ng lc qua hm ng lc

xx =

2
1
1 2
[ N x N y ] = [ 2 2 ] ,
Eh
E y
x

yy =

1
1 2
2
[ N y N x ] = [ 2 2 ] ,
Eh
E x
y

xy =

2(1 + )
2(1 + ) 2
S =
Eh
E
xy

ta nhn c phng trnh lin tc ca bin dng di dng

2 2 = Eh 2k w

(5-13)
Vy, ta nhn c hai phng trnh gii ca bi ton v thoi 5-13
v 5-10 i vi hai n s: hm ng lc v hm chuyn v w:
5-14)
D 2 2 w + k2 = q n ,
2 2
2
Eh k w = 0 .
(5-15)
Khi khng phi l v chuyn, ngha l khi k x = k x ( x, y ) v k y = k y ( x, y ) , th
phng trnh gii ca v thoi vn gi dng 5-14, 5-15 nhng k hiu
ton t k2 c hiu l 2k =

(k x ) + (k y ) .
y x
y
x

C th a h hai phng trnh 5-14, 5-15 v mt phng trnh i vi

hm chuyn v nh sau:
Tc ng ton t 4 vo 5-14 4 D 4 w + 4 2k = 4 q n
D 4 4 w + 2k 4 = 4 q n (*)
theo 5-15, ta vit li * thnh
D 4 4 w + 2k Eh 2k w = 4 q n
(5-16)
D 4 4 w + Eh k2 k2 w = 4 q n
Nhng trng hp c bit
V tr trn thoi bn knh R
th 5-16 tr thnh

D 4 4 w +

k2 =

Eh 4 w
= 4 qn .
R 2 y 4

V cu thoi c bn knh R
th 5-16 tr thnh

1 2
R x 2

2k =

(5-17)

1 2
1 2
1
+
= 2
2
2
R y
R x
R

Eh 4
w = 4 qn ,
2
R
q
Eh
w= n ,
4w +
2
D
DR
q
4 w + 4 4 w = n .
D

D 4 4 w +

=4

vi
Bi ton tm
79

12(1 2 )
.
4h 2 R 2

(5-18)

Trong phng trnh 5-14, 5-15 cho cc cong kx, ky bng khng, ta c
bi ton tm mm v nhn c h phng trnh Karmal
qn
,
D
2 2 = 0 .

2 2 w =

gii cc phng trnh ca v thoi, chng ta cng c th dng li gii

gii tch hoc li gii s. Phn ln li gii gii tch c p dng cho v
c mt bng ch nht, bn bin lin kt khp hoc ngm (dng nghim
dng chui lng gic nh nghim Navier i vi tm...). Cc li gii s
c tin hnh theo phng php sai phn hoc phn t hu hn.
Th d 5-1
Tm gi tr vng ti chnh gia mt v thoi hnh tr c mt bng hnh
vung, bn bin ta khp, chu ti trng php tuyn phn b hng s.
Li gii
D 4 4 w +

Phng trnh gii l 5-17:

Eh 4 w
= 4 qn .
R 2 y 4

x = 0, x = a th
w = 0; Mx = 0
y = 0, y = a th
w = 0; My = 0
Chn dng nghim tho mn iu kin bin

iu kin bin

w = Amn sin
m =1 n =1

mx
ny
sin
a
a

Ti trng cng c khai trin theo chui lng gic kp

p = p mn sin
m =1 n =1

vi

p mn =

4
a2

a a

mx
ny
sin
a
a

p( x, y) sin
0 0

mx
ny
sin
a
a

Khi ti l lc tp trung P t ti im K(a/2, a/2) chnh gia v

m
n
4
P sin
sin
vi m, n s nguyn l
2
2
2
a
m
n
4P
(m 2 + n 2 ) 2
sin
sin
Amn = 2
Phng trnh 5-17 cho

Eh
2
2
a
D( ) 4 (m 2 + n 2 ) 4 + 2 n 4
a
R
16 Pa 2
Tnh vi 1s hng m =1, n = 1
A11 =
Eh
16 D 4 + 2 a 4
R
2
16 Pa
16 Pa 2
x y
wK =
w=
sin sin

Eh
Eh
a
a
16 D 4 + 2 a 4
16 D 4 + 2 a 4
R
R
2
400 Pa
A13 =
Tnh vi m = 1, n =3
Eh
10000 D 4 + 81 2 a 4
R
2
2
16 Pa
x y
400 Pa
x
3x
w=
sin sin
sin sin
Eh
Eh
a
a
a
a
16 D 4 + 2 a 4
10000 D 4 + 81 2 a 4
R
R
p mn =

80

16 Pa 2
400 Pa 2
+
Eh
Eh
16 D 4 + 2 a 4 10000 D 4 + 81 2 a 4
R
R
2
400 Pa
A31 =
Eh
10000 D 4 + 81 2 a 4
R
2
1296 Pa
Amn =
Eh
104976 D 4 + 81 2 a 4
R

Tnh vi m = 3, n =1

Tnh vi m = 3, n =3

w=

5-4
V tr trn
5-4-1 Phng trnh c bn
Xt mt v tr trn c bn knh y R.
Ly ng to theo phng ng sinh x, ng to theo
phng ng trn chu tuyn nh ch trn hnh v 5-2, ta s c
A = 1, B = R v R = , R = R
x

Hnh 5-2 V tr v h to

Phng trnh cn bng: phng trnh tng qut 3-25 tr thnh

N x
S
+ qx = 0 ;
+
R
x
S N Q
+
+ q = 0 ;
+
R
x R
Q x Q N
+

+ qn = 0 ;
x
R
R
M x H
+
Qx = 0 ;
R
x
H M y
Q = 0 .
+
x R

(5-19)

Phng trnh hnh hc

Cc bin dng mng

Cc bin dng un

u
;
x
v
w
+ ;
=
R R
v
u
.
xy = +
x R
2w
x = 2 ;
x

xx =

81

(5-20)


w
(v
);

R
v
1 2w
= (
+
).
R x 2x

=
x

(5-21)

Phng trnh vt l
Sau khi thay bin dng bng chuyn v, ta c quan h ng lc-chuyn v:
v
Eh u
w
[ + (
+ )] ,
2
R R
1 x
u
Eh
w
v
N =
[
+ + ],
2
x
1 R R
Eh
u
v
S=
+ ),
(
2(1 + ) R x
Nx =

(5-22)

2w 2w
+
(
v)] ,
x 2 R 2 2
2w 1 2w
M = D[ 2 + 2 ( 2 v)] ,
x
R
1 2 w 1 v
+
H = D(1 ) [
].
R x 2 x

M x = D[

5-4-2 Php gii theo chuyn v

Trong php gii theo chuyn v, ba n s chnh s l cc thnh phn
chuyn v u, v, w, cn ba phng trnh .
Trc ht, tm lc ct t hai phng trnh cn bng th 4 v th 5
M x H
+
,
x
R
H M y
Q =
+
,
x R

Qx =

Thay vo phng trnh cn bng th ba, nhn c

2
2M x
2 H M y N
+2
+

+ qn = 0
xy
R
y 2
x 2

Kt hp hai phng trnh cn bng u tin, ta c h ba phng trnh

N x
S
+
+ qx = 0 ;
x
R
S N Q
+
+
+ q = 0 ;
x R
R
2
2M x
2 H M y N
2

+ qn = 0 .
+
+
R
xy
y 2
x 2

(5-23)

Thay cc ng lc bng quan h vt l 5-22, ta nhn c h ba phng

trnh i vi ba n s chuyn v u, v, w:
(5-24)

82

 w
1 2
2u 1 2u 1 + 2 v
+
=

+
+
qx ,
2 R 2
2 Rx R x
Eh
x 2
1 + 2u
1 2v
2v
w
+ 2 2 +
+ 2
2
2 Rx R
2 x
R
3
2
2
1 2
w
w 1 v
2u
]
q ,
k 2[ 2 2 + 2 +

2 x 2 R 2 2
Eh
R
x
4
u
v
w
4w
4w
3v
3v
1 2
2
2 w
+2 2 2 + 2 4 2 3 2 ]=
+
+
+ k [R
qn
R x R 2 R 2
2
x 4
x
R
R
x
h2
.
vi k hiu
k2 =
12 R 2

Vic gii phng trnh c tin hnh theo phng php na ngc
bit trong cc chng trc, di y ch trnh by mt bi ton.
Xt mt v tr chiu di L nm ngang, ng cht lng c trng
lng ring , lin kt hai u ti hai u x = 0 v x= L tho mn iu
kin v = 0, w = 0, Nx = 0, Mx = 0 (hai u b l y cng ta khp trn
bin) nh trn hnh v

2R
x

L
Hnh 5-3 B cha nc hnh tr nm ngang

Chn nghim theo chui lng gic, tho mn iu kin bin

mx
L
m =1 n = 0

mx
v = bmn sin n sin
L
m =1 n = 0

mx
w = c mn cos n sin
L
m =1 n = 0

u = a mn cos n cos

Bi ton ch tn ti ti trng php tuyn

vi
q n = R (cos cos )
qx = q = 0
Khai trin ti trng php tuyn theo chui lng gic kp

q n = p mn cos n sin
m =1 n = 0

vi

p mn =

p mn =

4R 2
2RL

mx
L

2 L

(cos cos )ddx

0 0

8R(cos sin n n cos n sin )

mn 2 (n 2 1)

83

ly m = 1, 3, 5..n = 2, 3...

4R
(sin cos )
m 2
2R
=
(2 sin 2 )
m

pm0 =

vi n = 0, m = 1, 2, 3 ....

p m1

vi n = 1, m = 1, 2, 3 ....

H ba phng trnh vi phn tr thnh phng trnh i s

amn[2m22 + (1- )2n2] - bmn(1 + )mn +cmn2m = 0
=0
amn(1 + )mn - bmn[(1- )m22 + 22n2] + cmn22n
amn3m - bmn32n + cmn[32 + 2(m22 + 2n2)2]

=-

(*)

p mn L2 t 2
.
4D

trong
= L/R
v
= t/2L
Xt trng hp cc s liu c th: = (v cha y cht lng), mt trn
thong (khng chu p lc hi), R = 50cm, L = 250cm, t = 7cm
Khi = , vi n = 0 (m = 1, 3,..) th p m 0 =
am02m22 +cm02m
bm0(1- )m22

=0
=0

am03m + cm0[32 + 2m44]

nghim

cm0 =

vi

A=

4R
v (*) tr thnh
m

=-

p m 0 L2 t 2
RL2 t 2
=
4D
mD
a m0 =

a m 0 ; bm0 = 0;

At
2m [3 (1 2 ) + 2 m 4 4 ]
2

2RL2 t
.
2D

Tng t, ta c th nhn c cc biu thc ca am1, bm1, cm1 nhng phc

tp hn. Bng di y cho kt qu tnh mt s h s vi n = 0 v n = 1
1
3

2.10 3
At
57,88
0,1073

0,00503

m am0

wmax = c10 + c11 Nx,max= 19,68

N,max= 1607,7
Mx,max= - 5657,5
M,max= - 1763,7

2.10 3
At
1212
6,742

cm0

0,562

2.10 3
At
49,18
0,1051

a m1

0,00499

2.10 3
At
66,26
0,0432

2.10 3
At
1183
6,704

bm1

c m1

0,00122

0,5245

c30 - c31 + c50 + c51 = - 11,7687 /E

(N/cm)
(N/cm)
(Ncm/cm)
(Ncm/cm)

84

(cm)