Health and Design PDF

HEALTH AND DESIGN
by
STEVEN REED ANDERSON, B.S.
A THESIS
IN
ARCHITECTURE
Submitted to the Graduate Faculty
of Texas Tech University in
Partial Fulfilhnent of
the Requirements for
the Degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
Approved
Accepted
December, 2003
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank James White, chairperson, and committee members, Cherif
Amor, Stephen Faulk, and Mark Anderson for providing their expertise and support
throughout the thesis phase of my degree. In addition, I would like to express my sincere
gratitude to my family.
11
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ii
ABSTRACT
LIST OF FIGURES
vi
CHAPTER
L
INTRODUCTION
Theory
n.
m.
HEALTH AND DESIGN FACTORS
Air
Water
24
Light
31
Color
42
Ergonomics & other Health and Design Considerations
49
Conclusion
55
FACILnY
57
Facility Description
57
Case Study 1: Sea Ranch
57
Case Study 2: Seaside
63
Material Studies: Roofing and Siding
68
Zoning and Deed Restrictions
68
Sign Regulations and Landscape Ordinance
71
111
Feasibility Study and Cost Analysis

IV.
V.
CONTEXT
72
76
Region and Demographics
76
Geographic and CHmate Setting
78
Climate
78
Site Topography and Soil Conditions
85
Nueces County Beach Management Plan: 1996 Revision
89
Wetland Considerations
91
Activity and Spatial Analysis
92
SUMMARY
98
Graphic Proposal and Documentation
100
BIBLIOGRAPHY
116
APPENDIX
119
IV
ABSTRACT
Today, humans spend the majority of their lives indoors, and this has been shown
to cause ill health effects in many, due to the poor design of our residential and business
stmctures. By incorporating natural and healthy products and design ideas into our
buildings we can begin to preserve and improve the health of the occupants, as well as
the environment. My health care background, coupled with my lifelong interest and love
for building and design, will hopefully ad a unique perspective to a growing interest and
importance of the need to consider health in the design of our stmctures.
In this study. Gulf Dunes is a proposed luxury residential community designed for
the active adult. The development includes ten homes with common areas including a
community clubhouse, fitness center and pool area. A research survey was conducted to
determine which amenities would be most desirable to include in the development, which
also helped to influence the design.
The development is situated on the Gulf of Mexico south of Port Aransas, Texas,
just across the bay from Corpus Christi. The beautiful North Padre Island location allows
easy access to an abundant of year round activities in a natural environment (Figure 1).
LIST OF FIGURES
1. Southeast Gulf View, Anderson, Steven R
2.
Chemical Chart, The New Natural House Book
3.
Radon Chart, http:www.cheec.uiowa.edu/misc/radon.html
12
4.
Breathing Wall Diagram, The New Natural House Book
20
5.
Swiss Chalet, Anderson, Steven R
21
6.
Glacier, Anderson, Steven R
23
7. Big Sand Lake, Anderson, Steven R
25
8.
26
Hot Tub, The New Natural House Book
9. Bond Falls, Anderson, Steven R
27
10. Sun Zone Chart. The New Natural House Book
38
11. Light Chart, The New Natural House Book
40
12. Fall Foliage, Anderson, Steven R
42
13. Native Villagers, Anderson, Steven R
49
14. Sitting Diagram, The New Natural House Book
51
15. Lying Diagram. The New Natural House Book
53
16. Seaside Homes, Seaside
63
17- Seaside Community, Seaside
64
18. Map of Area, Pamphlet
76
19. Wind Rose Chart, National Weather Service, Dec-Feb, 1961-1980
81
20. Wind Rose Chart, National Weather Service, June-Aug, 1961-1980
82
VI
21. Wind Rose Chart, National Weather Service, March-May 1961-1980
83
22. Wind Rose Chart, National Weather Service, Sept-Nov, 1961-1980
84
23.
Cross-section of Barrier Island, Real estate brochure
85
24.
Map of Tracts, Real estate brochure
86
25.
Topographic Map of Tract, Real estate brochure
88
26.
Beach/dune System, Real estate brochure, Feb. 9, 1995
90
27.
Site Plan
101
28.
First Floor Plan
102
29.
Second Floor Plan
102
30.
Third Floor Plan
103
31.
Fourth Floor Plan
104
32.
Fifth Floor Plan
105
33.
West Elevation
106
34.
North Elevation
106
35.
East Elevation
106
36.
South Elevation
107
37.
Transverse Section AA
107
38.
Longitudinal Section BB
107
39.
Wall Section and Details
108
40.
Perspective View from Gulf
109
41.
Perspective View of Entry
109
42.
Living Room Perspective
110
Vll
43.
Living Room Perspective
Ill
44.
Presentation Layout
112
45.
View from Gulf
113
46.
View of Southem Elevation
113
47.
Aerial View of Site
114
48.
Panoramic of Site
115
viu
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The consideration of health aspects in the design of our homes and workplaces is
of paramount importance. Research indicates that people spend approximately ninety
percent of their time indoors.^ Indoor environments can pose more of a health risk than
our outdoor environments, leading to asthma, allergies, headaches, cancer, dizziness,
insomnia, immune system disorders, and multiple chemical sensitivity syndrome, to
name a few. Indoor toxins include dust and dust mites, mold, mildew, radon, carbon
dioxide, toxic chemicals, and volatile organic compounds, as well as others. The sources
of these toxins include but are not limited to carpets, adhesives, basements, vinyl
surfacing, vapor barriers, forced air heat and cooling, baseboard heat, foam insulation,
paints and sealers, moisture problems, fiberglass insulation, and particle board cabinets
and fumiture.
Theory
To help combat many of these problems, there are several factors to consider
when designing a healthy indoor environment, including air and water quality, light and
color, ergonomics, and several others. Many of these factors not only affect the physical
well being of the occupants, but the emotional and social well-being as well. While there
are several fringe ideas, groups, and organizations, including the Gaia hypothesis, Feng
Shui, Bau-Biologie, and the Green Movement, I am more of a conformist in my ideas. I
' http://www.ag.ohio-state.edu/~ohioline/ed.fact/019Lhtml
choose not to emphasize radical ideas, but instead to discuss more common sense,
mainstream solutions to the problems we face in the design of healthy stmctures. I
believe in practical solutions to design problems, preferring a stmcture that looks natural
and normal on Earth, instead of one that would look more at home on the moon. I am not
an alarmist, believing that global warming will soon tum our shoreline cities into
Atlantises. However, I do believe that a balance can be achieved, especially in the
developed nations, to help preserve the natural environment, by using healthy sustainable
materials whenever and wherever possible. Stmctures, by proper design, can be made
more energy efficient without risking the health of the inhabitants, thus saving more
money, while decreasing dependence on unsustainable, polluting energy sources. This
approach to creating healthier environments will be less likely shunned by the public, and
gradually over time become the standard.
The push toward educating designers, architects, builders, trades people,
politicians, and the public at large on the benefits of health in design will help to propel
the overall acceptance. Not only will the quality of people's health improve, but
millions, possibly billions in health care costs will be saved in the home and workplace.
Time lost from work may decline resulting in even more savings, as well as increasing
productivity at work, school, and home. The growing number of lawsuits related to sick
building syndrome, including black mold allergies caused by leaks in buildings, may also
decrease; thereby more monetary savings will be realized while protecting occupants'
health.
In this study, the health and design factors researched included air and water, light
and color, ergonomics and other health and design considerations. Problematic aspects of
the factors are detailed, but solutions to the problems are also included. The air
pollutants researched included formaldehyde, organochlorines, and other airbome
pollutants, including those from commonly-used household products. Radon, ozone,
carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide are all gases which
contribute to air quality problems. Other dangerous particles discussed include asbestos,
metals, and microorganisms.
Water and its relation to health and healing, as well as its potential harmful
pollutants, were also researched. The common pollutants in water and their adverse
effects include chlorine, nitrates, metals, fluoride, and radon. Solutions to improving
water quality, conservation and recycling were also covered.
Light, including natural and artificial sources were also researched, as weU as
ultraviolet radiation and its effects on the body. Outdoor living spaces and views,
windows and skylights, window coverings, sun tubes verses skylights, room location,
reflective interior surfaces, exterior design, HVAC systems and light, and artificial
interior lighting were all researched factors.
Color and its impact on health and emotional well being were also researched.
Natural colors and textures were addressed.
Ergonomics and other health and design considerations concluded the research.
Fumishings, and home features including counter tops, shower areas, toilets, bathroom
floor surfaces, and stairs were researched. Human sitting and lying positions and related
health consequences are also mentioned. The project site proposed in this study provided
a natural setting for addressing health issues in relation to home and workplace stmctural
designs (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Southeast Gulf View, Anderson, Steven R.
CHAPTER n
HEALTH AND DESIGN FACTORS
This chapter presents information on health and design factors related to stmctural
environments. These factors include: air, water, light, color, ergonomics and other
considerations.
Air
The Environmental Protection Agency says that indoor air is one of the top five
environmental health risks of our time.'^ Since the energy crisis of the early nineteen
seventies, buildings have been constmcted with energy efficiency as the main
consideration. This airtight constmction has helped to conserve energy at the expense of
the occupant's health and well-being. In the past, a typical building allowed an airflow
exchange rate between the interior and exterior of about one exchange per hour, but
modem constmction with energy conservation as the top priority has allowed the
exchange rate to drop to about once every five or six hours. Ironically, while the quality
of outdoor air has improved overall during the last century, the quality of indoor air has
diminished.
Pollutant levels indoors are two-to-five times, and on occasion one hundred times,
more concentrated than outdoor levels, according to the Environmental Protection
Agency."^ In the United States, the EPA has identified one thousand pollutants that occur
^ Michelle Conlin, "Is your office kilhng you?" Business Week. 5 June 2000, 118.
^ Pearson, David, The New Natural House Book (New York, NY: Fireside PubUshing, 1998),
113.
^ Michelle Conlin, "Is your office killing you?" Business Week. 5 June 2000, 118.
indoors, sixty of which can cause cancer. In Massachusetts, a special commission has
stated that it is probable that half of the illnesses in that state could be ascribed to
exposure to indoor pollution.^ The World Health Organization estimates that thirty
percent of all new and remodeled buildings suffer from poor indoor environments caused
by noxious emissions, off gassing, and pathogens spawned from inadequate moisture
protection and ventilation, resulting in sixty billion dollars annually in lost white collar
productivity from sick building syndrome in the U.S. alone.^ It is estimated that up to
twenty percent of the population may be adversely affected by indoor air quality resulting
in sick building syndrome and asthma.
Volatile organic chemicals (VOCs), out gassing from building materials,
fumiture, carpet, paint, and pesticides are all contributing factors to indoor air pollution.
Carbon monoxide infiltration from outdoor air intake vents, radon, molds and bacteria are
other major culprits. Volatile organic compounds release vapors at room temperature or
below, by evaporation from volatile liquids and by off gassing from many synthetic
solids and chemicals (Figure 2). If these vapors are allowed to accumulate in an
unventilated room, toxic levels can be reached. Formaldehyde, organochlorines, and
phenols are the most dangerous compounds and are in many indoor fumishings,
household products, and building materials.
The solutions to improving indoor air quality include eliminating toxic materials
and air conditioning systems that contribute to poor air quality, and ventilating the spaces
^ Baggs, Sydney and Joan, The Healthy House (Sydney, Australia: Harper Collins Publishers,
1996), 21.
^ http://www.arch.gatech.edu/crc/CIBW82Report.htm
^ Phillip G. Mead, AIA, "Habitat Asthma House" (Lubbock, TX: Texas Tech University, College
of Architecture, 2001), 2, photocopied.
to flush out foul air while bringing in fresh air. Filtering the contaminated air and
8
separating the rooms and devices that generate foul air are also encouraged.
(KKt
llic producticu rate of synthetic

chemicals is of truly nu'esomc
mcii^nitudc. t-roni the largely
synthetic-free world of 1925 up to the
1960s, (growth has been phenomenal
US production alone mcreasin^^
tenfold in each decade (see ri^ht). ITie
oil end)arô of 1974 slowed the trend
and world production fi<ûres have
risen only slowly in the 1980s. Even
so, by 1980, 4 million new chcmicxtls
had been recorded, of which 60,000
u'ere in common use with around 1000
heiti<^ added to this every year
' 1 * 5 ^ fXX>
1925
1935
1945
1955
965
1975
^ i ~ jOfifXK)
1985
2(NH)
Figure 2: Chemical Chart, The New Natural House Book
Formaldehyde. Formaldehyde is used as a binder and preservative which releases

toxic bad smelling vapors at room temperature, thereby polluting the air. Formaldehyde
is used as a bonding agent and adhesive in timber and plastic products; a preservative in
paper products; carpeting, fumishings; and a finish for clothing and bed linen. Urea-
Ibid.
formaldehyde foam insulation (UFFI) used prior to the mid nineteen seventies is
especially hazardous, and has now been banned in some countries.^
Formaldehyde also is a potent mucous membrane irritant affecting the nose,
throat, and skin. It may also cause headaches, dizziness, nausea, and breathing problems
and is also a suspected carcinogen. It has been found to desensitize people to other
chemicals, so they begin to react to smaller and smaller exposures, triggering chemical
sensitivity.^ Long-term exposure to UFFI vapors can also cause depression.
Plaster, cement, and plasterboard made from phosphogypsum all contain
formaldehyde. Healthy alternatives would be to use natural gypsum plasterboard or lime
plaster. Chipboard, fireboard, hardboard, particleboard, and plywood used in fumiture,
shelving, floor decking and wall finishes all contain formaldehyde. These materials emit
formaldehyde vapors, especially when the product is new, and in hot humid climates.
The use of solid wood, like poplar, or low formaldehyde boards would be a healthier
altemative, as would purchasing rattan, bamboo, or wicker. Another healthy alternative
would be to purchase and use antique fumishings in the home, as all out-gassing occurred
long ago.
Fabrics and fibers made of synthetics like polypropylene and polyester used in
carpeting, underlays, upholstery, bedding and clothes also contain formaldehyde.
Insecticides, soft plastics, fiame-retardants, crease and stain repellants release
formaldehyde vapors. Avoiding synthetic products, especially wall-to-wall carpeting and
using natural untreated materials such as cotton, Hnen, and wool are healthier
^ Pearson, David, The New Natural House Book (New York, NY: Fireside Publishing, 1998), 64.
'" http://www.hhinst.com/Artfloor.html
altematives. Adhesives including glues and mastics used for wall and floor tiles,
fumiture assembly, weather sealing, and wallpaper pastes are other materials containing
formaldehyde. Toxic vapors are mainly a concem during the application and drying
phases. An altemative solution would be to use traditional non-chemical glues, or waterbased acrylics with low solvent content.
Organochlorines. Organochlorines are compounds of hydrocarbons and chlorine,
which form the basis of many synthetic chemicals. Organochlorines are found in
pesticides, cleaners, air fresheners, preservatives, and polishes, and are the most toxic and
persistent of the VOCs, remaining active for twenty to thirty years. ^^
Other Airbome Pollutants. Polychlorinated biphenols (PCBs) are known
carcinogens; polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a plastic that can off-gas into stored food; and
chloroform and chloramines are toxic gases. Chloramines are released when household
bleach and ammonia-based cleaners are mixed together. Other hazardous VOCs include
ammonia, turpentine, and acetone in solvents, naphthalene in mothballs, and chlorine in
bleach. ^^ Strong smelling vapors from VOCs are irritants to skin, eyes, and lungs,
causing headaches, nausea, and damage to the central nervous system. Organochlorine
vapors irritate the skin, can cause depression and headaches, and may cause liver and
kidney damage. Chloramine is potentially deadly.
1^
Phenols or carbolic acids are found in disinfectants, resins, plastics, and tobacco
smoke and are caustic contaminants. Phenolic synthetic resins are found in hard plastic.
" Baggs, Sydney and Joan, The Healthy House (Sydney, AustraUa: Harper Collins Pubhshers,
1996), 50.
'^ Pearson, David, The New Natural House Book (New York, NY: Fireside Publishing, 1998), 67.
'^ Ibid.
10
paints, coatings, and varnish containing formaldehyde. Phenols are corrosive to the skin
and damage the respiratory system.''^
Vinyl plastics used in floor and wall tiles, electrical equipment, imitation wood
paneling, and wallpapers emit formaldehyde and vinyl chloride. Using natural
altematives including cork, linoleum, mbber, and paper are healthier options.
Commonly-Used Toxic Household Products. Oven and carpet cleaners, polishes,
bleaches, disinfectants, detergents, air fresheners, dry cleaning, cosmetics, and personal
hygiene products contain formaldehyde, phenols, vinyl chloride and other irritants and
toxic substances. Use of natural waxes, polishes, herbal shampoos, and scenting a room
with flowers or bowls of potpourri, pomanders, and fragrant essential oils are healthy
altematives. Indoor plants, such as English Ivy, Boston fem, the date palm, and the peace
lily help to filter formaldehyde and other VOCs from the air.^^ Before moving into new
constmction, including remodeled spaces, it is recommended to "bake out" the building
by tuming the heat on high and airing out the house for one month before habitation. If
this is not possible, good ventilation and operable windows are a must.^^ It has also been
shown that the use of hepafilters and ion generators help to filter VOCs.
Radon. Gases, both naturally occurring and combustion, play a role in affecting
the indoor air that we breathe. One of the major naturally occurring gases leading to ill
health affects is radon. Radon is a colorless, odorless, and practically inert gas that is
present in the ground of many areas of the country and can account for up to fifty percent
' Ibid.
'^ Mead, Phillip, Lecture note, 30 January 2001.
'^ Ibid.
11
of the radiation received from natural sources (Figure 3). Previous studies have shown
that Iowa has the highest average radon concentrations in the United States.
Radon is a
serious contaminant, which infiltrates the home via dust, water, natural gas, and some
building materials. There is no accurate way to predict if a house will have a radon
problem, until it is actually tested. Testing is only done after the building is completed.
Figure 3: Radon Chart, http:www.cheec.uiowa.edu/misc/radon.html.
'^ http:/www.cheec.uiowa.edu/misc/radon.html
'^ www.hhinst.com/Artgeneric.html
12
Radon inhalation damages lung tissues and long-term exposure is linked with
cancer, now thought to be the second biggest cause of lung cancer after smoking.
Children's respiratory systems are still developing, and they have higher respiration rates
than adults, causing them to inhale more contaminants than adults and this makes
children more vulnerable to radon. ^^ It has been estimated that radon kills five thousand
people every year in the United States alone.^^ Radon sources include many building
materials such as certain bricks, cement and aggregate made from uranium or phosphate
mine trailings or stone, particularly granite. Fortunately, most of the aggregate used in
the United States contains little or no radon. For the most part, concrete in our country is
91
radon free, or nearly so.
Water and natural gas are also sources of radon, and the steam
from a shower in an enclosed bathroom can concentrate radon levels up to forty times
that in other rooms.
Keeping a home well ventilated, especially in basements and slab-on-grade
homes, and sealing up cracks around pipe entrances are helpful. Using course gravel
with a pipe ventilation system under the slab with a vapor barrier or sealing the concrete
with Radonseal^^ are also options. The best way, next to not Hving in a radon prone
area, would be to elevate the house on stilts. Local health and safety authorities should
be contacted for information on radon concentrations in the area of the proposed site.
'^ http://helpfrom.nea.org/esp/resource/iaq.htm
^ Baggs, Sydney and Joan, The Healthy House (Sydney, Australia: Harper Collins Publishers,
1996), 181.
^^ www.hhinst.com/Artconcrete.html
^^ Pearson, David, The New Natural House Book (New York, NY: Fireside Publishing, 1998),
117.
13
Ozone. Ozone is another naturally-occurring poisonous gas. It is unstable and

has a penetrating odor, however, it protects the earth from dangerous ultraviolet radiation.
Ozone is generated by photocopiers, printers, fax machines, exposure of polluted air to
UV radiation, and apphances with bmsh-type motors. ^^ Ozone is also created
electronically in nature during active thunderstorms as the electrical discharge creates
that positive sweet smell that we understand as clean, fresh air.^"^ Ozone decays rapidly
into oxygen, but small amounts of exposure can be a serious irritant to the eyes, nose,
throat, and respiratory tract.^^ To lessen the threat of exposure, use less electrical
equipment in the home, and keep it away from sleeping spaces.
Carbon Monoxide. Of gases produced by hydrocarbon combustion, carbon
monoxide is the most deadly. It is odorless, colorless, and poisonous, and is given off
from the incomplete combustion of gas flames, wood, coal and tobacco smoke, as well as
vehicle exhausts. Carbon monoxide reduces the absorption levels of oxygen to the brain
causing headaches, dizziness, nausea, and loss of appetite. Carbon monoxide accounts
for about fifty percent of all accidental poisoning deaths in the United States, disabling
96
another ten thousand.

N0/N02_ Nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide are strong smelling toxic gases from
incomplete combustion of gas flames via cooking and heating appliances. Nitrogen
^^ Pearson, David, The New Natural House Book (New York, NY: Fireside Pubhshing, 1998), 67.
^^ http://www.pacm.com/pureair/ozone.htm
^^ Pearson, David, The New Natural House Book (New York, NY: Fireside Publishing, 1998), 67.
^^ Gary Gene Olp, AIA, NCARB, "A Natural Approach to lAQ," Environmental Architecture. 6.
14
dioxide is the most toxic of the nitrogen oxides, having serious effects on the respiratory
system.^^
Sulphur Dioxide. Sulphur dioxide is a pungent gas present in coal and wood
smoke and emitted by paraffin (kerosene) heaters. Sulphur dioxide is largely responsible
for urban smog and is the main factor in the development of acid rain. Sulphur dioxide
28
rarely occurs at dangerous levels, but it can exacerbate breathing difficulties.
It is
important to have all gas, oil, and coal heating and cooking systems well ventilated to the
outside. Replacing existing systems with electrical or pilotless gas appliances is also an
altemative. When building a home, one should locate the garage separate from the house
to avoid combustible and other toxic materials.
Other dangerous particles affecting the quality of our indoor environments are
asbestos, metals, and microorganisms.
Asbestos. Asbestos is a naturally occurring hazardous fiber mined from
calcium magnesium silicate. In the past, asbestos was used as an insulation material, in
asbestos-cement roofing, wallboards, water pipe insulation, boiler pipe packing, paint,
and fireproof gloves.^^ Asbestos is now banned in many countries, but is still found in
older buildings. Asbestos fibers are very small and cannot be seen with the naked eye
and can be present in dust. Air bom asbestos fibers are a serious health risk and if
inhaled over a long period of time asbestosis and cancer can result years later.
^"^ Pearson, David, The New Natural House Book (New York, NY: Fireside Publishing, 1998), 67.
'' Ibid.
^^ Baggs, Sydney and Joan, The Healthy House (Sydney, Australia: Harper Collins Publishers,
1996), 144.
15
Metals. Metals including trace elements of lead are all threats to our
health. Toxic levels of metals in the body have also been attributed to headaches and
breathing troubles. They can enter the body through inhaled dust, water and food and
accumulate to toxic levels. Lead is present in exhaust fumes, and is particularly harmful
to children. According to the Center for Disease Control, between three to four million
children under the age of six have lead levels in their bloodstream high enough to cause
leaming disabilities, lowered intelligence, and behavioral problems.
Lead and cadmium

31
can cause damage to brain and nerve tissues, and cadmium can also affect vision.
Microorganisms. Microorganisms present in dust include disease-carrying
bacteria and vimses, molds, fungi, spores, pollens, and dust mites. These
microorganisms not only can spread infections and diseases, but also are the major cause
of allergies and asthma. Poorly maintained air conditioning systems can house the
organisms and can spread infections, thereby causing building related illnesses. In April
of 2000, a Legionnaire's outbreak from bacteria blown out of the Melboume aquariums
air conditioning system killed four people and infected ninety others.^^ Condensation in
bathrooms and kitchens provide breeding grounds for molds and fungi with their spores
drifting with the dust to cause musty smells, and can trigger allergic reactions, along with
pollen, dust mites, and animal dander. Sensitivity to dust is often found to be the cause
for respiratory problems such as asthma.
^ Gary Gene Olp, AIA, NCARB, " A Natural Approach to lAQ," Environmental Architecture:86.
^' Pearson, David, The New Natural House Book (New York, NY: Fireside Publishing, 1998), 67.
^^ Michelle Conlin, "Is your office killing you?" Business Week. 5 June 2000, 118.
16
Adverse Effects. Sources, and Solutions. As previously mentioned, asthma is a

major health concem. Around 1900, asthma was considered rare, but it is now estimated
that one in twenty now have the disease.^^ From 1980 to 1995, asthma cases doubled and
seem to be a growing concem in industrialized nations. Forced air heating and cooling
systems are a contributing factor to asthma and allergies. An altemative would be to
install a floor radiant heating system, which doesn't move dust or harbor air
contaminants, and it doesn't reduce the amount of negative ions in the air. For cooling, a
wall unit air conditioner would be favored, as fresh air is used with an easy to replace
filter and no ducting system is involved. The use of hepafilter purifiers and ion
generators seem to be of benefit.
Wall-to-wall carpeting in homes and offices is another major contributing factor
to asthma and allergies. Not only do they release VOCs, but carpets also harbor dust,
dust mites, molds, fungi, spores, smoke, and a variety of other irritants. Scientific studies
have measured ten miUion microorganisms per square foot in carpeting, leading to its
description as a "sea of microorganisms." When moving across carpeting, you can
imagine a cloud of hving creatures being dismpted with each step. For an adult, this
cloud will be several feet below nose level, but for children playing on carpeting the
effect will be much more severe. A child allergic to mold or dust mites should never play
on carpeting. Other children should avoid playing on carpeting in order not to be
sensitized to these allergens.^"^
'' Ibid.
^ www.hhinst.com/Artfloor.html
17
Cleaning carpets can actually aggravate and worsen the situation. Vacuuming
stirs up the dust and redistributes it, while shampooing and steam cleaning introduce
moisture which breeds more of what the cleaner is trying to eliminate. The use of hard
smooth surface flooring, like hardwood, ceramic tile, and stained concrete that can be
easily cleaned would help to improve the health of allergy and asthma sufferers. The
addition of strategically placed area mgs that could be shaken out, beaten, and exposed to
UV light to kill off dust mites could be used if areas of carpet are needed.
Stachybotrvs. Humid and damp indoor conditions are breeding grounds for mold
and fungal spores and dust mites. The areas most involved include poorly ventilated
areas such as closets and shower areas. If one lives in a humid or tropical region, this is
especially a problem, unless proper venting and window ventilation is incorporated.
A major health concem of late is the presence of black mold in many stmctures
throughout the country. Black mold, or stachybotrys, is potentially fatal and grows
wherever water meets an organic building material like wood or paper, especially in
poorly ventilated areas between walls. Again, this phenomenon has been propelled by
the use of non-breathable materials and airtight constmction since the 1970s. The molds
potential health effects range from cold and allergy-like symptoms to skin rashes,
inflammation of the respiratory tract, bloody noses, fever, headaches, malaise,
neurological problems, and suppression of the immune system.
Recently in Lubbock, Texas, at least nineteen families had to move into a motel
while their homes were being stripped of stachybotrys. One family discovered that their
18
recently purchased twenty-eight hundred square foot home was caked with black mold.
The estimated cost to rid the home of stachybotrys was fifty-eight thousand dollars.^^
To rid a stmcture of black mold, the source of the moisture must first be eliminated,
whether from a leaky pipe or roof. Then the mold must be removed by using a bleach
solution, and all the damaged materials, sometimes including walls, ceilings, and carpets
must be tom out and replaced.^^
Roofs constmcted with at least a three inch in twelve inch slope with an eighteen
inch overhang are recommended over a flat roof, which will eventually leak. Gutters and
downspouts are recommended with the downspouts emptying at least ten feet away from
the stmcture. All buildings should be built on the highest point available on site.
^^ Blaney, Betsy, "Mold drives local families from homes," Lubbock Avalanche-Journal. 16 May
2001, llA
36
Ibid.
19
Roof
Battens and
counter battens
Roofing felt
Bitumen impregnated fibreboard
12.7nim (9/16 in) plasterboard
Intetiocking clay pantiles
200mm (8 in) cellulose insulation
Vapour control sheeting
25min (1 in) vertical timber

board and batt cladding on
battens and counterbattens
Breather paper
12mm (1/2 in) bitumen

impregnated 6breboard
_ 200mm (8 in) cellulose insulation
3mm (] / 8 in) medium

board sheathing
12.7mm (9/16 in) plasterboard
Figure 4: Breathing Wall Diagram, The New Natural House Book
A building's air quality and healthfulness is also dependent upon the building's
ability to breathe (Figure 4), which helps the air exchange rate and decreases
condensation. The use of natural materials such as wood, timber, stucco, plaster, and
20
adobe allow air and moisture to permeate or be transfusive. The use of natural and
organic latex paints and finishes as opposed to non-breathable synthetic oil-based paints
are preferred. Paper wallpaper and grasscloths are recommended over vinyl wallpapers
to allow the air moisture exchange so that moisture does not build up between the inside
and outside of the stmcture. By properly choosing materials that breathe, instead of
lining a house with plastic nonbreathable materials, a stmcture can allow air and moisture
to pass gradually through, so that a healthy air exchange can be maintained without
losing energy efficiency. This is tme of the homes of the past, including this thousand
year old Swiss chalet (Figure 5), when all-natural materials were used for construction.
Figure 5: Swiss Chalet, Anderson, Steven R.
21
Outside air temperature and humidity, the prevailing winds, and the pollens and
pollutants that they contain have an effect on our comfort and health. Ragweed pollen is
most prevalent in August and September throughout the country. In the Southwest part
of the United States, pollens from trees, including oak, mesquite, and cottonwood are
worse from March through June. Bermuda grass pollens seem to be the most irritant
from April through November. Pollen counts seem to be worse in the moming and on
clear windy days. Humidity and moisture tend to lower pollen counts.^^
Throughout history, philosophers and enlightened individuals have had much to
say about wind and air quality. Hippocrates felt that wind affected health and that
different directions of wind had different qualities. He felt that cold north winds were
hard on the throat and caused hardening of the bowels. He also felt that towns that faced
the west were not healthy. But he concluded that the northeast wind was the best and
cleanest wind. Four hundred years later, Vitmvious, a Roman architect, determined that
wind passing over swampland was undesirable, and that alleyways and streets should not
be parallel to the wind. Florence Nightingale felt that air quality within a hospital should
be as good as the air outside of the hospital, thus using extensive window ventilation was
encouraged.
Even Frank Lloyd Wright liked to raise the living spaces in his designs to
get to the "good air."

European architects and developers stress the need for fresh air in the design of
their stmctures, and are ahead of America in this realm. Although initial building costs
are higher, sometimes up to fifty percent higher than in the US, the payback comes in the
^^ Mead, Phillip, Lecture note, 24 April 2001.
^^ Mead, PhiUip, Lecture note, 16 January 2001.
22
form of healthier more productive people. A recent Danish study showed that typists
increased their output by six percent in offices with cleaner air."'^ It is not only what is in
homes that can affect the air we breathe, but it is also the quality of the outside air that
affects the occupants as well. By eliminating, ventilating, filtrating, and separating, and
in choosing the building location, a major impact can be achieved in goveming the
quality of the air that is breathed.
Figure 6: Glacier, Anderson, Steven R.
^^ William Echikson, "Why the air and light are so much better in Paris."Business Week. 5 June
(2000), 124.
23
Water
Like air, water also sustains us, and is fundamental for the existence of life on
Earth. Water is seen as a purifier and as the ultimate solvent, with human bodies
consisting of over two-thirds water. The Earth is mostiy covered with water, but of that,
less than three percent is fresh and most of this is locked up in ice caps"^ (Figure 6).
Fortunately, like air, much of the water is cleaner now than it was several decades ago.
Humans can last only a few days without water, which is why many people over the
centuries chose to settle near water. Many towns, cities, and great metropohtan areas are
located near lakes, rivers, and oceans.
Water is not only used for our own nourishment, but also for the nourishment of
plants and animals. Water is also used for bathing and as an antiseptic. The sight and
sound of water is relaxing and soothing and helps to lower stress and decrease blood
pressure. I personally believe that to search out and be near bodies of water is not only
desirable, but is also innate. This may help to explain why my parents, like many, have
their homes on a river, lake (Figure 7), and the Gulf of Mexico. Although views of plants
and nature have health benefits, some studies, including an Ulrich study on water and
views in nature, show that residents of nursing homes are happier and heal better if they
have views of water or pictures of water scenes hanging in their rooms. Lava lamps and
aquariums incorporated into our intemal environments also have calming, therapeutic
effects.
40
Pearson, David, The New Natural House Book (New York, NY: Fireside PubUshing, 1998),
100.
24
Figure 7: Big Sand Lake, Anderson, Steven R.
Health and Healing. The health and healing benefits of water have always been
highly valued, and hot and cold springs, with their unique mineral contents, have become
a focus of spas and resorts around the world.'*' Many homes today are including pools,
steam rooms, hot tubs, saunas, and Jacuzzis for their health and social benefits (Figure 8).
Swimming, as well as walking, is one of the best exercises to help to maintain lifelong
fitness, without overstressing the joints. Hot tubs and Jacuzzis help increase circulation
and relax tight and stressed muscles. Steam rooms and saunas combine physical revival
with mental relaxation by helping to open up the pores in our skin and by triggering our
sweat glands to rid our bodies of excess toxins.
41
Pearson, David, The New Natural House Book (New York, NY: Fireside Publishino, 1998)
100.
25
Figure 8: Hot Tub, The New Natural House Book
Moving versus Still Water. Water has been used for centuries as a design element
to create feelings of well being and harmony. The sight of a swimming pool or garden
pond adds an aesthetic quality to an environment. While the water is calm, it can mirror
the sky and nature surrounding it. While moving, such as in streams, waterfalls, and
fountains, soothing stress reducing sounds result (Figure 9).
26
Figure 9: Bond Falls, Anderson, Steven R.
Effects of Water on Air in the Home. Water incorporated into the home
environment helps to regulate humidity, increases the percentage of beneficial ions, and
purifies and cools the air. This is especially important in dry arid regions, but less
desirable in humid coastal areas. Water is also the most efficient heat transporter and
store and is used in solar design and many forms of heating and cooling, including floor
radiant heating. "
Pollutants in Water. The water allowed into homes to be consumed is of primary
health concern. Most substances like minerals, salts, trace metals, nutrients, bacteria and
organic matter found at low concentrations in our drinking water are of little concern, and
^" Pearson. David, The New Natural House Book (New York, NY: Fireside Publishing. 1998),
100.
27
may be of health benefit. However, at higher concentrations some of these substances

may be toxic.
The Environmental Protection Agency has identified more than seven hundred
regular pollutants in drinking water. Of these, twenty are known carcinogens."^^ Water
supplies can be contaminated by industrial waste dumping and land fiUing, effluents and
radioactive wastes, agricultural pesticides and fertilizers, municipal toxic wastes and
sewage, leaks from underground tanks and pipes, and household toxic wastes and leaking
septic tanks all percolate into rivers, lakes, and groundwater supplies and degrade them.
Common Pollutants in Water and Their Adverse Effects. Synthetic organic
chemicals, nitrates, metals, fluoride, and radon are all common pollutants.
Chlorine. Chlorine is a common synthetic, which is added to water as a
disinfectant. Adverse health effects of chlorine include heart disease, arterial plaque,
bladder, bowel, and stomach cancer, reduced absorption of vitamins C and E, and birth
defects."*"^ Benzene and trichloroethylene are other suspected carcinogens found in water.
Chlordane, a pesticide, a mutagen, and carcinogen can also be found in water supplies.
Nitrates. Nitrates leach into rivers from chemical fertilizers. Nitrates are
particularly dangerous to babies and infants, reducing the oxygen and the blood, and
nitrates may also cause stomach cancer in adults 45
104.
^ Baggs, Sydney and Joan, The Healthv House (Sydney, Australia: Harper Collins Publishers,
1996), 209.
104.
28
Metals. Metals including lead and aluminum are both found in water. Lead is
usually found in old pipes and in the solder used in copper pipes. As mentioned
previously, lead is particularly harmful to children, causing brain and nervous tissue
damage. Aluminum is added to the water supply during the treatment process. It has
been linked to cancer, and more recently to Alzheimer's disease. Cadmium, mercury,
and copper are also becoming more of a problem in our water supplies.
Fluoride. The use of fluoride was added to much of the world's water supplies to
help prevent dental carries. But according to independent researchers Morton Walker
and Kurt Donsbaki: "Many studies have shown that a level of about one part of fluoride
per million parts of water (the concentration added to some of the drinking water) can
cause a host of disorders including cancer, allergies, kidney and heart disease."
Radon. Radon is a naturally occurring element found in some ground water,
mainly from radon rich deep aquifers, tunnels and spas. It can irradiate the digestive
system if exposed to in large doses by drinking. It is more hazardous when released into
the air by being heated or by shower spray when inhaled.
There are three primary ways to reduce the amount of contaminants in drinking
water including activated carbon, reverse osmosis, and distillation.
Activated Carbon Filtration. The most common method is by activated
carbon or charcoal cartridge filter. These filters are relatively inexpensive but need to be
changed on a regular basis as to avoid bacteria breeding in the system. These filtering
'*^ Baggs, Sydney and Joan, The Healthv House (Sydney, Australia: Harper Collins Publishers,
1996), 209.
29
systems do not take up to much room and can be placed under the kitchen faucet cabinet,
and/or installed at the source of the homes water.
Reverse Osmosis. Reverse osmosis utihzes a three-tank filter system.
The first filter removes dissolved soHds, the second filters pollutants, and the final carbon
filter removes organic chemicals. These systems can be slower to use and can be
expensive.
Distillation. Distillation involves boiling water and condensing its vapor.
It produces the highest purity of water, but it is the most expensive. Also the water is
lacking in taste due to the lack of mineral content, some of which are beneficial.
Conservation/Recycling. To maintain as much healthy water supply as possible,
it is a good idea not to waste pure supplies. The addition of water saving devices to
toilets, showers, and faucets are easy and cheap ways to save clean water. Purchasing a
front-loading washing machine can save 25 to 35% of the water used in older machines,
and can clean just as well. Installing a water meter to the home has shown to reduce
water consumption by forty percent.^^ Meters are also good waming signals of a leak.
Collected gray water from clothes washing, bathing, and similar tasks, or collected
rainwater can be used to water landscape or for irrigation purposes."^^ Rainwater that is
collected off of the roof can usually be suitable to wash the car, as well as for filling
swimming pools and hot tubs. These ideas for conserving rainwater are not only
beneficial for the environment as a whole, but also will lower water bills.
^'^ Pearson, David, The New Natural House Book (New York, NY: Fireside Publishing, 1998),
109.
^^ www.arch.gatech.edu/crc/ClBW82
30
Light
Natural light plays a significant role in maintaining health and well-being.
Florence Nightingale felt that light was essential to both health and recovery of patients
and that second only to their need for fresh air, was their need for Hght. She also felt that
the cheerfulness of a room and the usefulness of light in treating disease are all
important."^^ The presence of natural light helped to nurture and sustain health, while the
absence of light or darkness was tied to sickness and ill health. It was found that rickets,
osteoporosis, depression, eating disorders, dental caries, various types of cancer, heart
disease, and other illnesses were in part caused by a lack of natural light. Phillip Hughes
PhD., a specialist in neurological sciences, physiology and psychology claims that light is
a nutrient and that it is essential to life and the whole endocrine system.^
By the end of the eighteenth century, many cities including New York were
erecting skyscrapers built too close together, sacrificing natural light and air. It was New
York City in 1919, that first adopted building codes which stipulated how tall and how
spread apart buildings could be. This action helped to establish the codes by which all
modem buildings and cities are constmcted today.
Ultraviolet Radiation. There are three kinds of ultraviolet radiation found in
natural light. Near UV (UV-A, 320-380nm) at the violet end of the spectmm is
responsible for the tanning response in humans. Mid UV (UV-B, 290-320nm) activates
the synthesis of vitamin D and the absorption of calcium and other minerals. Far UV
'^^ Nightingale, Florence, Notes on Nursing (New York, NY: Appleton and Co., 1860), 84 & 85.
^ http://www.sumeria.net/health/light.html
31
(UV-C, 100-290nm), which is mostiy filtered out by the earth's ozone layer, is
germicidal, killing bacteria, vimses, and other infectious agents.^^
Many studies have shown the benefits of exposure to UV light. A study by John
Ott, PhD, emphasized the importance of balanced high quality light on mice longevity.
Under pink fluorescent Hght, the mice lived an average of 7.5 months, and they lived 8.2
months under cool white (standard office) fluorescents. However, under full spectmm
fluorescents with balanced, trace ultraviolet, they lived 15.6 months, and under natural
sunlight they hved 16.1 months, almost twice as long.^^
The Department of Education of Alberta, Canada, studied over a two-year period
four different kinds of light in five schools. The study found that students under full
spectmm light with trace ultraviolet learned faster, tested higher, grew faster, had one
third fewer absences due to illness, and had two thirds fewer cavities than expected.
A University of Illinois study on the effect of ultraviolet radiation on physical
fitness was conducted over a ten week period. The experimental group's cardiovascular
index improved 19.2 %, the motor fitness improved 15.4%, and the group had half the
colds of the control group.^'Ôther studies have shown that exposure to UV light lowers
blood pressure, increases the efficiency of the heart, improves EKG readings and blood
profiles of those with atherosclerosis, and reduces cholesterol. It has also been found that
exposure to UV light assists in weight loss by stimulating the thyroid gland, which
^' Liberman, J, Light: Medicine of the Future (Santa Fe, NM: Bear and Co., 1991), 140.
52
http://www.lightforhealth.com/
'' Ibid.
'' Ibid.
32
increases metabolism and thus bums more calories.^^ Exposure to UV light has also been
proven to be an effective treatment for many diseases including psoriasis, tuberculosis,
black lung disease, asthma, rickets, osteoporosis, depression, dental caries, some cancers,
and many other diseases.
UV hght exposure has also been shown to increase the level of sex hormones. In
a study at Boston State Hospital, Dr. Abraham Myerson found that ultraviolet light
increased male hormone levels by 120%. UV light also increases the level of female
hormones. UV light also activates solitrol, an important skin hormone. Solitrol works in
conjunction with the pineal hormone, melatonin, to control the body's responses to
sunlight and darkness. Solitrol, beUeved to be a form of vitamin D3, works with
melatonin antagonistically to generate changes in mood, circadian rhythms, and seasonal
reproduction. Solitrol also influences many of the body's regulatory centers as well as
the immune system. ^^
Improper, or lack of high quality full spectmm light, has also been shown to be
responsible for Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), Pre-Menstmal Syndrome, winter
blahs, suicide, and many other conditions. SAD is a condition that has been observed
since the early part of the twentieth century. During the winter months, affected
individuals feel depressed, slow down, and generally oversleep, over eat, and crave
carbohydrates. In spring and summer they are elated, active, energetic, and generally
55
Liberman, J, Light: Medicine of the Future (Santa Fe, NM: Bear and Co., 1991), 142.
^^ Liberman, J, Light: Medicine of the Future (Santa Fe, NM: Bear and Co., 1991), 143.
33
en
function well,
h has been shown through studies, that broad-spectmm light therapy
with wavelengths between 280-320nm allows the skin to produce vitamin D.^^
Vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium from the diet. The skin makes vitamin
D when exposed to the sun. Typically, fifteen minutes of sun per day is enough to
produce adequate vitamin D. However, clothing and sunscreen prevent the skin from
making vitamin D. People in northern climates may not get enough sun, and may have to
add more vitamin D to their diet. Vitamin D can be found in oily fishes like tuna,
salmon, and sardines, as well as in eggs, Hver, fmits, and dark green leafy vegetables.^^
A study of elderly veterans was conducted to determine if extra sunlight would
increase their ability to absorb calcium from their diets. All of the men received
approximately 200 lU per day of vitamin D in their diets. One group was exposed to full
spectmm lighting, while the other group had ordinary indoor lighting with no UV. The
group with no UV had a 25% decrease in calcium absorption, while the group receiving
UV absorbed 40% more calcium from their diet.^^
Although exposure to sunlight and full spectmm UV light has many health
advantages, it seems that recently only the negative effects of exposure are emphasized.
It is suggested to not only limit sun exposure, but to cover up and wear sunscreens and
sunglasses at all times when outdoors. Sun exposure can damage the eyes causing
cataracts and macular degeneration. Skin can age prematurely, which may be tme, but
^^ Norman E Rosenthal, MD, David A Sack, MD, Constance J Carpenter, BS, Barbara L Parry,
MD, Wallace B Mendelson, MD, and Thomas A Wehr, MD, "Antidepressant Effects of Light in Seasonal
Affective Disorder," American Journal of Psvchiatrv 142:2 (February 1985): 163.
^^ http://www.biopsvchiatrv.com/dvit.htm
^^ http://www.helioshealth.com/osteoporosis/vitamin d.htm/
^ Liberman, J, Light: Medicine of the Future (Santa Fe, NM: Bear and Co., 1991), 140.
34
that exposed skin is more susceptible to skin tumors and maUgnant melanomas may not
be tme.
A study by John Ott in conjunction with the research department of the Wills Eye
Hospital in Philadelphia showed that the cells of the eye need low levels of ultraviolet
radiation exposure to divide and remain healthy. The indoor lifestyle, coupled with the
excessive use of sunglasses, may be blocking out the necessary UV radiation needed for
normal cell division, thus resulting in certain degenerative eye diseases, such as macular
degeneration.^^ In a study conducted at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical
Medicine, England, and the University of Sydney's Melanoma Clinic, Sydney Hospital,
Australia, researchers found that the incidence of malignant melanomas was considerably
higher in office workers than in individuals who where regularly exposed to sunlight due
to lifestyle or occupation. It was found that those who had the lowest risk of developing
skin cancer were those whose main outdoor activity was sunbathing. Twice the risk of
developing melanomas was found in office workers who had to work indoors all day
under fluorescent lights. It was concluded that in both Australia and Great Britain that
melanoma rates where high among professional and office workers and lower in people
working outdoors.^^
It appears that a moderate amount of sun and UV exposure is beneficial overall.
This fact should not be overlooked when designing homes and offices, considering the
amount of time spent indoors.
^' Liberman, J, Light: Medicine of the Future (Santa Fe, NM: Bear and Co., 1991), 149.
^^ Liberman, J, Light: Medicine of the Future (Santa Fe, NM: Bear and Co., 1991), 151.
35
Outdoor Living Spaces and Views. The incorporation of outdoor patio and
screened porch areas adds outdoor living spaces and encourages occupants to go outside.
By increasing extemal window wall area and decreasing intemal rooms, an abundance of
natural light can flood our indoor spaces. Also an important benefit of increased window
area is the opportunity to have nice views, which can decrease the stress level of the
occupants. Studies have shown that for hospital patients, poor views may slow recovery
time and increase pain.
Windows and Skylights. Avoid the use of tints on windows and skylights and
design them so it is easy to keep them clean to help the transmission of light. The
incorporation of bay windows and window seats, especially comer window seats, in the
design can also add a natural light refuge area. Locating windows near the edge of a
wall, floor, or ceiling tends to allow less glare and reflect more light on adjacent surfaces.
Locating windows in the middle of the wall tends to cause more glare and contrast
between light and dark surfaces, and can lead to eyestrain and headaches. Raising the
height of windows is more effective than widening them because more sky area is
gained.^ It is best to have natural light coming from several different directions in a
room. Having windows on two sides of a room plus a skylight to the rear of a room
would be desirable.
Window Coverings. Window coverings should be kept to a minimum. If privacy
is needed, various types of blinds including miniblinds, vertical bUnds, and honeycomb
^^ Ulrich, Roger S., "Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments," Journal
of Environmental Psychology 11 (September 1991): 204.
^ Pearson, David, The New Natural House Book (New York, NY: Fireside Pubhshing, 1998),
133.
36
blinds are reconmiended, still letting in as much natural light as possible. Lightweight
cotton valances can also be used on the bottom half of a window to allow privacy yet
allow as much daylight and views as possible.
Suntubes versus Skylights. Incorporation of natural light into inner rooms cannot
only be achieved by the installation of skylights, but by sun tubes, which are flexible and
easy to install. Although these tend to be more energy efficient, they don't let in as much
natural light as skylights, and they tend to be more expensive.
Room Location. It is important to consider the location of rooms when designing
because of the importance of natural light (Figure 10). It is favored to have the bedrooms
facing east to capture the moming sun, which helps the occupants wake up. Moming
light is most effective in regulation of sleep pattems. The body needs a high amount of
light along with a boost in body temperature in order to wake up. Locating the kitchen
and breakfast areas to the east is also recommended for the same reason. North facing
rooms have an advantage of having less glare, but also receive less natural light, unless
skylights are added. North facing rooms are many times reserved for rooms where less
awake time is spent, such as bathrooms, storage rooms, laundry rooms, and closets. The
south and southwest sides of the home should be reserved for areas that most time is
spent, such as living and family rooms. This arrangement will help to maximize the
occupant's exposure to natural Hght.
37
Evening
Morning
To gain the most from natural light, site

bedrooms facing toward sunrise, breakfast
rooms to the early morning sun, and
kitchens, living rooms, and smspaces anyiiAterein the sun zone. Store rooms can
take advantage of the no-sun zone. Jlie

diagrams and cross-sections (top) give you
an indication of the increased light penetration when you add a splayed reveal to a
new or existing window.
Figure 10: Sun Zone Chart, The New Natural House Book
Reflective Interior Surfaces. Interior design choices can also influence the
amount of light to which the occupants are exposed. The use of mirrors on interior walls
helps to reflect light ushered in from exterior wall windows and skylights. Choosing
smooth surface and shiny flooring material and wall coverings tends to reflect any natural
light admitted to a room. Light colored interior decorations, fumishings, paints, and
carpets help to reflect daylight off of interior surfaces.
Exterior Design. Exterior design elements can affect the amount of natural light
entering the home. The incorporation of light window wells to below ground living areas
38
helps natural light penetrate to those below ground Uving areas. Light colored paving
and siding materials around windows helps to reflect light indoors. Keeping shmbs,
trees, vines, and plants away from windows let in hght. To capture the maximum amount
of winter sunUght, yet still have necessary shade from the heat of the summer sun, grow
only deciduous trees, climbers, and bushes near windows on the sunny side of the
stmcture.
The addition of outdoor or indoor water areas like pools, fountains, ponds, or
reflecting pools help to reflect natural light indoors.

HVAC Systems and Light. Many of these ideas help to increase natural indoor
light, however they will need to be balanced with the heating and cooling needs of the
climate. Although the goal is to maximize the amount of healthy natural daylight into
any stmcture designed, there will always be a need to incorporate artificial lighting as
well.
Artificial Interior Lighting. There are three basic types of artificial lighting:
general, task, and atmospheric. General hghting includes the basic overhead central
ceiling light fixture, usually unattractive, but provides quick Hghting for short room stays.
Task Hghting is needed where concentrated, near Hght is needed such as at a desk or near
a chair or sofa where reading might be done. Task lights include spotiights, minispotHghts, and desk lights. Atmospheric lighting is usually accompHshed by using lowlevel Hghting, where the source or bulb is covered and concealed. The use of dimmer
switches helps to control the level of light, and can be an energy saver. For best results,
as in natural lighting, the Hght source should come from several locations and directions.
'' Ibid.
39
The use of several types of lighting, including down lighters, up lighters, or spot lighters
for the best Hghting effects is suggested.
Various types of artificial light produce different color spectmms of light, which
needs to be considered. The lighting color can affect the color of walls, ceilings, and
furnishings, and can affect and influence the mood and atmosphere w ithin the home.
ww^^
L*lcra\
\ iîbic liu'ht
i )jvh-hi
IiiLfindcitcni h i n p
Fluorescent m b c
VÂ
:i*i*^
Full-s >CLtrL.ir
tt
MH
v,--;-
^^'-ffl|p
I <iit^ tht spectral distribution

of the colours of dayliihi cis the
iwrni. yoii can sec liow different artificial lights compare
Incandescent lamps ordinary
lightbiilbs arc heavily
weighted toward the red end ot
the spectmm and liai'C little
blue or tureen liiiht. Tliis is
why these lamps îve a yellow
cast. In fact, most d the electricity used produces infrared
U|p
WOvi
heat rather than li'ît. Riioresceni li^hi is the rarrse it

has more ultrai'iolct, blues,
and i;recfL< and less yellows and
reds, although
"warm-white"
tubes correct tht "coldness " of
the lij^lit- niectnaty used produces mostly liglu and tubes are
much cooler. Full-spectrum
lamps more closely resemble
the spectral balance of Ja)'liglil
and Its ullranolel
component.
Picture 11: Light Chart, The New Natural House Book
40
Characteristics of the Three Types of Artificial Light Sources. As noted in the

accompanying chart (Figure 11), the fuU spectmm lamp most closely resembles the
natural light of daylight. The incandescent lamp, ordinary light bulbs, is heavy in red
light and has Httie blue or green Hght. These lamps give a yellow cast because of this,
and most electricity used produces infrared heat rather than light. Fluorescent tube
lighting is the reverse with more ultraviolet, blue, and greens with less oranges and reds.
New warm white tubes can help to correct the coldness of the light and are becoming
more popular. These tubes are more energy efficient than the incandescent bulb, because
the electricity used produces mostly light instead of heat, and are therefore much cooler.
Full spectmm lamps have the advantage in that they emit slightly higher levels of
the UV than other types of artificial lighting. This can be beneficial to those who are
indoors often and don't get to take advantage of outdoor natural light. Fluorescent
lighting, even though energy efficient, has been reported to cause irritability, eyestrain,
headaches, allergies, and hyperactivity. Ruorescent lighting can also dismpt the
electromagnetic field within the home, and has been linked with increased incidence of
melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and cataracts. One study of children showed a
thirty two percent drop in hyperactivity when fluorescent lighting was removed from
their schools.^^ If fluorescent lighting is needed, the use of full spectmm tubes is
recommended.
^^ Baggs, Sydney and Joan, The Healthy House (Sydney, Australia: Harper Collins Publishers,
1996), 169.
41
Figure 12: Fall Foliage, Anderson, Steven R.
Color
Color, along with light, can have a major impact on our health and emotional well
being. Many cultures have used color as a healing agent for thousands of years. The
Egyptians attributed certain colors to their gods and used the sun's rays for healing. The
illnesses were diagnosed as being partly due to a color imbalance and were treated b\
bathing the patient in the deficient color. The drinking of water exposed to absorb a color
from the sun's spectrum and the use of colored gemstones were also prescribed. Color
42
occupied an important role in the heaHng practices of China and India from early times 67
Some healers like to use the colored rays only, but some also like to keep the color
around the patient in the food they eat, the clothes they wear, and the color of their
surroundings.^^
Although not widely accepted, chromotherapy is sometimes used as an adjunct
method to treat a wide variety of diseases by color. The rays of the sun contain seven
different colors including violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red (Figure 12).
These are natural colors which are highly beneficial to the maintenance of health and for
healing diseases. According to practitioners of chromotherapy, the cause of disease can
be traced to the lack of a particular color in the system and health can be restored by
applying color to the body, similar to the ancient beHefs.^^
Today, color therapy is often used by designers to invoke a certain response or
mood. Color therapy is based on the fact that physiologic functions respond to specific
colors. This principle can be especially important when it comes to advertising, or trying
to increase customer's appetite when in a restaurant.
Market research has shown, as a general mle, that certain families of colors
convey a certain image, atmosphere, or feeling to most people. Warm colors such as red,
orange, and yellow are usually seen as active, dynamic, and youthful. They also can
70
denote extroversion, expressiveness, practicality, and vitality.
Cool colors like green,
blue, brown, and earth colors are seen as passive, static, and conservative. They also
^"^ Pearson, David, The New Natural House Book (New York, NY: Fireside Publishing, 1998),
138.
^^ http://www.newage.com.au/librarv/Colourl .html
^^ http://www.peacefulmind.com/color therapy.htm
^ http://www.peacefulmind.com/color therpy.htm.
43
generally show more sensitivity, peacefulness, as weU as an inward and intuitive nature.''
High intensity colors are often associated with potency, strength, and masculinity,
whereas low intensity or pastel colors are linked to soft, gentle, and feminine products.'^
Objects that absorb aU wavelengths and do not reflect any are black. Objects that
reflect all wavelengths and reflect everything are white. Between black and white is
color. Colors are wavelengths of energy that appear as color because of the potential of
the object to either absorb or reflect the energy.'^
Red and Pink. Red is a powerful color that is associated with vitality and
ambition. It can help overcome negative thoughts, but it is also associated with anger.
Too much red may make us feel irritable, impatient, and uncomfortable.^"^ Red also
stimulates brainwave activity, increases heart rate, respirations and blood pressure and
can excite the sexual glands.
Pink is emotionally soothing and calming, and gives a
feeling of gentle warmth and nurturing. It lessons feelings of irritation and aggression,
surrounding us with a sense of love and protection. It also alleviates loneliness,
despondency, over sensitivity, and vulnerability. While red relates more to sexuality,
pink is associated with unselfish love.
Pink also is used in diet therapy as an appetite

77
suppressor, relaxing muscles, and relieving tension.
Pink is also a color which has had
proven results. As part of a weight control program, at Johns Hopkins Medical

'' Ibid.
138.
^^ http://www.peacefulmind.com/color therpy.htm.
^''http://colortherapv.homestead.com/files/What the Colours Mean.html
^^ http://nh.essortment.com/whatiscolor rime.htm
^^ http://colortherapv.homestead.com/files/What the Colours Mean.html
44
University in Baltimore, patients were given a bubble gum pink color square, which has
shown to suppress appetite and stress related snacking. This same color has reduced the
violent tendencies of prisoners as well as having calmed excitable mental patients.'^
Orange and Yellow. Orange is considered a joyous color. It stimulates the mind
and is a wonderful antidepressant and can lift spirits.'^ Orange is also a color of energy.
It is used to increase immunity, to increase sexual potency, and to help in all digestive
ailments, chest, and kidney diseases. Orange is not a good color for people who are
easily agitated.^^
Yellow is a happy, bright, and uplifting color. It is associated with the intellectual
side and the expression of thoughts. It aids the power of discernment and discrimination,
memory and clear thinking, and decision-making and good judgment. It also helps good
organization, assimilation of new ideas, and the ability to see different points of view. It
Q 1
builds self-confidence and encourages an optimistic attitude.

relieves depression, and stimulates appetite.
Yellow also energizes and
Since yellow is supposed to improve
memory, one might try studying by writing notes on a yellow legal pad.
Green and Turquoise. Green helps us connect with nature. We instinctively seek
out green when we are under stress. It creates feeling of comfort, laziness, relaxation,
and calm.^^ Green may also be good for general healing because it stimulates growth so
"^^ http://colortherapv.homestead.com/files/What the Colours Mean.html
^" http://www.newage.com.au/librarv/Colour 1 .html
^' http://colortherapv.homestead.com/files/What the Colours Mean.html
45
it may be good for helping heal broken bones, and re-growth of tissue of all kinds.^ And
if total relaxation is desired at the end of a long day, one might soak in the tub in a
bathroom painted green. Turquoise is an invigorating, cooling and calming color, and
one that we associate with refreshing cool oceans. Like green, turquoise is good for
mental strain, and tiredness, or feeling washed out. Turquoise is also helpful for
feeHngs of loneliness, since it heightens communication, sensitivity, and creativity.^^
Blue. Blue is a cool, calming color and is associated with a higher part of the
mind than yellow. It makes us feel calm and relaxed as if being soothed by the deep blue
of the night sky. Light and soft blue makes us feel quiet and alleviates insomnia. Blue
also inspires mental control, clarity and creativity. Midnight blue has a strong sedative
effect on the mind.^^ Blue also lowers blood pressure and decreases respiration.
If
QQ
exposed to too much blue, one could feel cold, depressed and sad.
Studies have shown
that when dismptive children were placed in blue classrooms, their aggression subsided
dramatically. Another interesting report stated that when officials in England switched
the color of bridges in London from black to blue, the rate of suicide there decreased by
fifty percent.
Indigo, Violet, and Pumle. Indigo, violet, and purple have a deep affect to help
calm and pacify patients suffering from a number of mental and nervous disorders. They
are also very sedative colors, and can bring peace or combat shock or fear. These colors
are associated with art and music, mystery, creativity, sensitivity, spirituality, and
^ http://www.newage.com.au/lihrarv/Colour 1 .html
^^ Ibid.
^"^ http://nh.essortment.com/whatiscolor rime.htm
^^ http://www.newage.com.au/lihrary/Colourl -html
46
QQ
compassion.
Magenta helps spirits soar when feeling despondent, angry or fmstrated.
It is a spiritual color associated with compassion, support and kindness. Magenta can be
too relaxing, so might be avoided if chronically depressed.or introverted.^^
Black and White. White reflects all wavelengths and is the color of ultimate
purity. It is a protective color bringing peace and comfort, helping to release emotions,
thoughts, and spirit. Too much white, however, can be cold and isolating because white
separates us from other people.^' White is also the best reliever of pain.^^ Black absorbs
all wavelengths and is the color of comfort, protection, and mystery. It is associated with
silence and the infinite. Black may also prevent us from growing and changing. Often
cloaking in black tends to hide us from the world.^^ Black exudes self-confidence,
power, and strength.^"^
Grey and Brown. Grey is associated with independence, self-reliance, and selfcontrol, and acts as a shield from outside influence. However, grey has a negative
feeling: grey clouds, fog, and smoke. Grey is the color of evasion and non-commitment,
since it is neither black or white.
Brown is the color of the earth, bringing a sense of stability and alleviating
insecurity. However, it also relates to bottling up emotion, a retreat from and a fear of the
outside world, and also narrow-mindedness. This also results from a lack of self worth.^^
^^ http://colortherapy.homestead.com/files/What the Colours Mean.html
^ Ibid.
'' Ibid.
^^ http://www.newage.com.au/library/Colourl .html
^^ http://colortherapy.homestead.com/files/What the Colours Mean.html
^'^ http://nh.essortment.com/whatiscolor rime.htm
^ Ibid.
47
Physiological Impact of Color. In the interior design of the home or office, the
psychological impact and health qualities of color should be a consideration. Although
the study of color is not an exact science, it seems as though color can be a powerful
therapy. As a general decorating mle, warm colors seem to advance and tend to
dominate the cool colors, which appear to recede. These attributes come in handy when
wanting to modify the shape or proportions of rooms, for example, making the ceiling
seem lower, or a long, narrow passage or room seem shorter. Light colors and tones tend
to make a room look larger, while bold, dark tones have the opposite effect. Dark tones
can make a small room feel oppressive, but make a large room more intimate. Warm
colors can make a sunless room more cheerful, while cool colors can make a room
exposed to a lot of sunlight seem more comfortable.^''
Keep in mind when choosing colors for a room that the room's natural daylight
and how it changes during the day will have an effect on the room's color. Also the
texture of the various components and fumishings in the room will cast different color
shades as the natural light changes.
Natural Colors and Textures. In a healthy home and work environment, it is best
to leave the natural materials unfinished, to allow the natural colors and textures to be
revealed. If finishing is desired, it is best to try to use natural wood stains, transparent
color washes, and natural paints and dyes. Not only are natural finishes volatile organic
chemical free, but they don't harm the environment in the process of production like
traditional manufactured products.
97
Pearson, David, The New Natural House Book (New York, NY: Fireside Publishing, 1998),
141.
48
One of the best ways to incorporate color naturally into a room is b>' the addition
of plants and flowers into a living space. Not only will they add beauty and textural
interest, but most plants will help to purify the air and add that green relaxing quality to
the indoor environment.
Ergonomics and Other Health and Design Considerations.

The air we breathe, the water we drink, and the amount of natural light u e recei\ e
all have a major impact on our physical well being. However, an often overlooked aspect
of our health is the physical surrounding to which we are subjected. These are things that
we see, feel, touch, and use on a daily basis, including cabinetry, furnishings, bathroom
fixtures, and other architectural features in our homes and offices. If our physical
surroundings include an element of poor design, our health both physically and mentally
can suffer. This section touches on other more specific and customized aspects of health
and design. It was included in part due to the author's health care background and
interest in designing overall healthy environments.
Figure 13: Native Villagers, Anderson, Steven R.
49
Fumishings. Home and office fumishings are probably the most obvious
offenders, and can have a major impact on our health and comfort. Westernized society
has conformed to sitting on chairs, while much of Eastern society, including native
pacific islanders (Figure 13), sit on the floor. By sitting cross legged or Indian style on
the floor, the spine tends to stay straighter and breathing and circulation are more relaxed.
It also keeps the body more flexible by incorporating additional sets of muscles into play.
This contrasts with our Westemized tradition of sitting on poorly designed fumiture
which encourages bad posture.
Consequences of bad posture from sitting on poorly designed fumiture include
back, neck, and shoulder pain and stiffness, headaches, and numbness and other radicular
symptoms in the arms and legs, as well as circulatory and respiratory problems. These
are problems that can be alieved or eliminated by proper fumiture design.
Low level seating has been gaining in popularity in the West. Low tables and
reading and writing desks with sloping worktops are used with firm cushions or low
stools (Figure 14). The tilting seat of the chairs promotes good posture by maintaining
the lordotic lumbar curvature, as well as not giving a backrest to slouch against.
50
^jnany of us sit badly and cause

'nxhes unnecessary fatifûe and backache.
I^d of slouciiin^ in the "banana" posi'^{beloti'), sit on a firm chair that
ports the lower back (below centre), or
îl posture back chair (ri^ht). With a
^tation table and stool (below ri^^ht) you
f-pur legs and feet on a soft mat.
iiiBoirrcct sitting position
Correct sitting position
Mediation stool and table
Figure 14: Sitting Diagram, The New Natural House Book
While sitting in all fumiture, the body should be free of tension, with good
support for the lumbar spine, or low back. The seat should be firm and wide enough to
support the back of the thighs without digging into the knees, and high enough to allow
the feet to rest lightly on the floor. When relaxing, an angle of more than ninety degrees
between the hips and the lumbar region of the spine is usually the most comfortable. The
chair or sofa back should support the whole length of the spine as well as the head.
Filling the voided lumbar area with pillows or blankets resembling a reclined posture can
prevent slouching in a chair or sofa.
The height of the seat is important. If the seat is too high, the feet are dangling
and extra pressure is put on the posterior thigh region. If the seat is too low, one is forced
51
to cross the legs, which can add tension to the whole body. Overall, sitting is one of the
worst positions for a person with severe low back pain. Lying down or reclining would
be more comfortable. A chair designed for office use should support the small of the low
back. The height of the seat and backrest should be adjustable, the seat should swivel,
and the base should be stable and have castors for movement. A footrest can also help to
Hft the thighs to a more comfortable position.^^
Preventing CTDs and RSIs. The average person working at a keyboard can
perform fifty to two hundred thousand keystrokes a day. These small repetitive
movements can disturb the delicate balance of the muscles, tendons, and ligaments in the
hand and cause cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs), also known as repetitive strain
injuries (RSIs). The use of proper keyboard and pointing device techniques, rest breaks,
and properly set up workstations can significantly reduce the risk of an ovemse injury.^^
Lying/Sleeping. Next to sitting, sleeping or lying down in bed is how we
spend approximately one third of our lives. The importance of a proper mattress that
encourages proper sleeping posture cannot be overlooked when it comes to something as
important as sleep. Choose a mattress and base that provide the right support, not too
soft, and not too hard. Generally, the heavier the person, the firmer the support should
be, and couples may prefer separate mattresses on the same base. If a person is a side
sleeper, the key is to try to maintain and support the spine so that it is parallel to the
mattress, or horizontal. If the mattress is too soft, the spine wiH tend to sag; if it's too
'* Pearson, David, The New Natural House Book (New York, NY: Fireside Publishing, 1998),
204.
http://ergonomics.ucla.edU/Ergowebv2.0/articles/rsianatomy.htm
52
hard, the spine wiU tend to bow up putting pressure on the downside shoulder and hip.
The head also needs proper support with a piUow to keep it aligned with the rest of the
spine and to prevent stress and pinching of the neck and shoulder.
If a person sleeps on his or her back, the key is to maintain the natural curves of
the spine parallel to the mattress. If the mattress is too soft, the spine will sag and the
neck will flex forward upon the chest affecting respiration. If the mattress is too hard, the
spine will flatten out and leave an unsupported gap between the lumbar spine and the
mattress (Figure 15).
^ h e wrong bed Ifil is difficult to roll from side to side, the

Mattress is too soft and not ,(,'<f t(,' enou<;lt support; old beds are
& likely to he weak. 'I he spine will then curve downward as
Sf-JH a liammock (above), whether you sleep flat or on the side.
m hoard under the mattress may help. If you can slide a hand
^s$i\y under the small of your back when lying flat, the mattress
is too hard. Tlie spine will then he too straight and will curve
upward when you lie on your side. Tliis type of bed causes
discomfort in the hip and shoulder joutts and strains die natural
of the spine, leading to back problems in later life.
The right bed 'litis supports the spine udiilc allowing the hips
and shoulders to he comfortably in their natural curvature. The
spine should form a shallow S-shapc when you lie fat, and a
straight horizontal line when you lie on your side (above). Ilie
position of die neck and shoulders is al.<o extremely important:
the cervical spine should be straight when you Itc on your side,
curved gently upward when on your back. Use a pillow, neither
thin nor bulky, that supports the nape of the neck and correctly
aligns the head. If you have neck strain, try an anatomical
pillow, a ncckroll, or butterfly pillow.
Figure 15: Lying Diagram, The New Natural House Book
A good night's sleep not only depends on the quality of the bed, but also on the
peacefulness of the atmosphere. In design one should consider placement of the
bedrooms in the most remote area of the home, preferably toward the back away from the
busy street. Also of more recent concem is the possible link between electromagnetic
53
radiation and the incidence of leukemia and cancer. The bedroom is a potential source of
this radiation from electric wiring, alarm clocks, radios, and power sockets. If possible,
design the room so that the bed is as far away from these potential hazards as possible,
including high voltage extemal and main incoming cables.'^
Counter Tops. Many of the kitchen and bathroom counter tops in our homes are
not at the proper working height for the occupants. If possible, custom design separate
vanities in the master bathroom to accommodate the height of the individual user. In the
kitchen, the primary cook should have the height of the counter tops custom designed for
him or her. Improper height of counter tops, like improperly designed fumiture, can
stress the spine and lead to ill health.
Shower Areas. In addition to the height of vanity counter tops, bathrooms have
other health and design issues to consider. Access to the shower areas should be
unencumbered by a ledge or a lip, to avoid tripping and to allow free access of a
wheelchair if one day needed.
Toilets. The choice of the height of the water closet has health implications. The
high handicap toilets are much easier for those with arthritis and other handicaps to get
on and off. But these high toilets create an unnatural position of which to defecate, that
can lead to constipation and hemorrhoids. The lower standard toilets also put less stress
on the posterior thigh, thereby lessening the chance for varicose veining in the lower
extremity. The more natural squatting position to a hole in the ground of many cultures
past and present is a healthier altemative.
' ^ Pearson, David, The New Natural House Book (New York, NY: Fireside Publishing, 1998),
217.
54
Bathroom Floor Surfaces. The bath floor surface, like in the kitchen, needs to be
a non-slippery surface due to the presence of water in these areas. Since much of the
time in the bath and kitchen is spent standing, it is important that the floor surface have
some cushioning to prevent fatigue and stress in the feet, legs, knees, hips, and low back.
Rubberized mats that can be easily cleaned are excellent choices for these areas. Sunken
Hving rooms and other areas of living level change can present areas of danger in the
home. In most cases, sunken living rooms pose an increased liability for the homeowner,
in addition to being more costiy to build. Although sunken living areas help to separate
living spaces and are thought to add drama, there are other more practical ways to go
about achieving the desired effect.
Stairs. If well marked and well lit, stairways with handrails on both sides are less
of a hazard than many areas of the home. If the stair design is a seven inch rise and an
eleven inch mn, most people will be accustomed to this and less likely to fall or trip.
Walking up and down stairs, instead of using an elevator, also has the added benefit of
cardiovascular and aerobic exercise. The incorporation of a home gym or exercise room
into the home will also be a healthy adjunct to the stair walking.
Conclusion
As Americans, we are fortunate to have the freedom to choose where and how we
Hve. Choosing the country, the state, the climate, and the city or town in which we live
has an impact on the quality of our lives and the lives of our famiHes. Our physical
environmental exposure can have a dramatic impact, not only on our physical well being
but our social well being as well. What we see and are exposed to every day where we
55
live and work can have a dramatic impact on us physically and socially. We can choose
to live in a natural mral environment where the air and water is purer, the sights are more
serene, the sounds are more subdued, and the smells are sweeter. Or we can choose to
live in a more polluted urban environment cluttered with electrical and magnetic fields,
over stimulated with colors, lights, sights, and sounds, and air and water that may not be
up to par.
Fortunately, no matter where we live, we can design a stmcture that is not only
pleasing to the eye, but one that will be beneficial to the health of the occupants, and the
environment. It has been said that the home is our largest investment, but it should be
our safety and health.
56
CHAPTER m
FACILITY
This chapter presents the description of the proposed residential community, case
studies, material studies, zoning and deed restrictions, sign regulations and landscape
ordinances. A feasibility study/cost analysis is provided.
Facility Description
Gulf Dunes residential community wiH incorporate many health aspects in the
design of its homes and community clubhouse. Preserving the grounds to maintain a
natural environment will be an emphasis in the design. Where practical, the building
materials used in this project will be natural and sustainable. The use of natural materials
will allow the stmctures to breathe, thereby affording the occupants a healthier intemal
environment. The extemal goal will be to blend and harmonize the stmctures with the
natural surroundings.
Air, water, light, color, ergonomics and other health considerations will be major
factors in the design of the facility.
Case Study #1: Sea Ranch

The Sea Ranch is a 5000-acre development on the Califomia coast 90 miles north
of San Francisco Bay. The development began the first phase of constmction in 1966,
bordered by a 10-mile long jagged coastiine on the west and Highway 1 to the east. Sea
Ranch is a master plan community designed to enjoy the quiet open character of the
57
Pacific and its natural shoreline. The community consists of a 10-unit condominium
complex, traditional single-family home sites, and two recreation centers.
Observations:
-Community roads on forested hillside designed to minimize visual intmsion.
-Lots situated for views and private vantages.
-Plantings included Cypress hedgerows for windbreaks at right angles to the
ocean and natural grasslands.
-Houses were tucked up to the hedgerows for climatic protection in the cool
and windy environment and to utilize the dominant tree lines to organize the
diverse forms and taste in building.
-Restrictions prevented jarring colors and reflective finishes.
-Climatic factors included sun wind and exposed topography. The wind is
constant from the NW over cold ocean water creating a cool climate with
summer fogs and lots of shade, with sun a welcomed sight.
-Overhangs were not desired, they created wind shadows.
-6 houses were clustered on the windward edge of a hedgerow. These houses
had shed roofs sloped to pitch wind over the warmer south facing courtyards.
-Garden walls linked the houses together to keep the courtyards warmer.
-Southem exposure highly desirable.
-Arrangement of units should act as windbreaks.
-Road screened by trees or walls where unit privacy affected.
58
Building criteria:
-Interior spaces open for a more spacious feel
-A dark fireplace center.
-An open solarium/porch that can be closed off from the weather.
-SimpHfied kitchen/ bath combination.
-Sleeping areas throughout living space
-Light openings placed for view effects and to create a feel for larger space.
-Large dead storage areas placed in carports to avoid reducing already small
unit square footage.
General recommendations:
-Units sited to reinforce natural landforms and scale.
-Cars grouped in courts to simplify road stmcture and to maintain a workable
unit adjacent to the ground, and be a positive unifying feature of the clusters.
-Units working together to make a large-scale composition.
-Materials used rough and simple, even in kitchens and baths
-Units wiU have large bulk architecturally on site and are not to be hidden or
made to merge with the land.
Condominium criteria:
-Challenge to preserve the character of the landscape while housing more
people in less space than single-family housing.
-24' cubes
59
-Numerous skylights with glass bays, terraces, decks, and walled gardens
enclosed to protect against the wind.
-Each unit varied, with its own personality but linked to whole.
-Heavy timber frame constmction with rough sawn exposed
-10"x 10" columns
-4"x 10" girts
-4"x4" cross-braced
-Interior rough sawn vertical boards
-Exterior vertical redwood boards
-Interior fumishings painted bright colors
-Loft sleeping divided into 2 bedrooms
-Cars in walled compound under simple sheds
First recreation center criteria:
-Small swimming pool
-Tennis court
-Keep design from intermpting sweep of landscape
-Keep small and inexpensive
-Shield the pool and the court from the brisk and strong north wind
-Create warm feeling to make the pool and court inviting by reshaping the land
into wind-free pockets.
-On the north side of the pool a two-story redwood wall was constmcted with
buttresses to act as a wind dam.
60
-Spaces between buttresses were enclosed and covered with redwood

shingles or translucent plastic roofs to form locker rooms, showers, saunas,
and storage.
-Seedling pines were planted in natural grasses to screen the center from the
road.
Second recreation center criteria (built in 1968):
-Built adjacent to the stable bam to shield the wind from the pool.
-More complex than the first center
-South side of the pool provided wind shelter for the courts.
-3 central towers
-1 for men's sunbathing
-1 for ladies outdoor sauna and slide
-1 standing element marking the pool and terminating the vista of the
sunken walkway to the beach.
-Saunas provided for men, women, and family
-Tennis courts dug into the land with berms for wind protection
-Wooden reef for sunbathing adjacent to pool
-Tower for mechanical storage and a water slide for children
-Pool island divides 25-meter Olympic area from less serious swimmers
Two single-family homes were constmcted by the development, each having its
own personality. One house is tumed outward to take in the forest and long vistas. The
second house tums in around a sky lit platform to create a floating greenhouse. The
61
interior walls are of native resawn fir and the floors are a dark tile. The siding and
roofing materials of these and other homes in the development are mostly wood shingle,
with some of the roofs being sod covered. This idea intermingled the man-made and
natural landscapes.
The condominium complex was developed first, and then individual lots were
sold for the single-family homes. The well-organized and successful campaign to sell the
lots led to a need for more recreational facilities; therefore the second recreation center
was built, along with horseback riding, and a swimming area down by the river.
MLTW/Moore, Lyndon, Tumbull and Whitaker Architects
The Sea Ranch, Califomia. 1966
Text by WilHam TumbuU; Jr.
Futagawa, Yukio, Global Architecture (Tokyo: Edita Co. Ltd., 1981).
62
Case Study #2: Seaside
Figure 16: Seaside Homes. Seaside
Seaside is a planned community located in the Florida panhandle Gulf coast,

located halfway between Panama City and Ft. Walton Beach. The 80-acre beachfront
site development broke ground in 1980. The residential architecture of the community is
Southem vernacular, including picket fences, galvanized metal roofs, wxôden clapboard,
board-and-batten, or shingle exteriors (Figure 16). Screen porches with large overhangs
and vertical window patterns with real operable window shutters w ere also to be used.
Anyone could be hired to design and build a house, as long as adherence to the strict code
w as achieved.
63
The environment was planned and designed to draw people out of their homes to
create a neighborly atmosphere. The porches tend to draw people out, and the town
center was within walking distance from every home. Safe streets with large boulevards,
with comfortably scaled buildings, native landscapes, and walking paths all are special
features of Seaside.
The community features a pool pavilion, town square, post office, amphitheater,
workshop district, art colony, restaurants, shops, offices, and residential apartments
(Figure 17). Gazebos are also located at the end of blocks and beach pavilions also add
to the neighborly atmosphere. Seaside has been honored with several awards and has
drawn buyers from all over the world. Seaside is known as a new town with old ways. It
is considered a holiday town with no factories or industry. Cars stay parked and the
residences and guests stroll, while all age groups mix freely, adding to the charm and
popularity of Seaside.
^ri-*i'''
. i >. ;-. s V-**' ^
Figure 17: Seaside Community, Seaside
64
Code criteria and home features:

-Houses had to be low and freestanding
-Wood frame constmction
-Exposed rafters, no soffits permitted
-Deep front porches oriented toward prevaiHng warm weather breezes and
gentle roof pitches with deep overhangs. May also have back and side
porches.
-Cottages to be built off the ground to allow air circulation.
-Naturally ventilated with passive solar
-Painted in pastel colors with contrasting trim
-Windows square or vertical
-Shutters real and operable
-Landscaping sand and native scmb, not grass
-Each house has its own picket fence, which may not be duplicated on the
same street.
-Towers on homes add to the skyline and afford views for land locked homes.
-Roofs with an 8/12 pitch with deep overhangs for ventilation and sun
protection and for ease of waterproofing and looks.
-Facias may not completely cover rafter tails.
-Roof cladding materials must be either wood shake, metal shingle, cormgated
sheet metal, v-crimp sheet metal, or standing seam metal sheet.
-Metal roofs may not be painted
65
-Flat roofs only allowed when accessible from an adjacent enclosed space.
-Shake shingles did not age as well near the beach, so most homeowners
selected the use of tin roofs.
-Windows vertical with stmcturing bars. Casement, awning, or double hung.
-Individual windows and porch openings must be square in vertical proportion
not less than 1:1.5- constmcted of wood or wood with metal or plastic
cladding.
-Only tme divided lights permitted, no snap-in types.
Material considerations:
-AU wood exposed to weather must be cedar, redwood, cypress, or pressure
treated pine. Non-treated pine can be used only when properly finished to
prevent moisture rot.
-Chimneys must be made of masonry, brick, or sheet metal.
Other considerations:
-Footpaths throughout Seaside are to be dirt and sand for pedestrian traffic.
-No lawns except at the town center, eHminating the need for fertilizers, excess
water usage, and maintenance.
-Native landscapes with oaks, magnolias, wax myrtle, yaupons, local vines
and flowers, and coco palms are aU encouraged along with the planting of
gardens.
-Pampas grass, beach sunflowers, pentas, pittospomm, verbena, and sumac are
other native plantings.
66
Seaside code defined 8 specific building types with space requirements:

-Type 1- Large central square area with retail on the ground and residential
above.
-Type 2- Small pedestrian square with office use, some provision for
apartments and retail, up to 4 stories.
-Type 3- 2 uses determined by lot size and location. Warehouses, storage,
workshops, and small shops.
-Type 4- Large lots with large freestanding buildings with substantial
outbuildings at the rear. Includes private houses, small apartment buildings,
or bed and breakfast inns.
-Type 5- Large lots that contain several buildings, planned as coherent
groupings.
-Type 6- Suburban section of Seaside. N-S streets with views of the sea,
freestanding houses and small outbuildings at rear for guesthouses and rental
units are encouraged.
-Type 7- No view of sea, lots smaU and less expensive, 0 setback on one of
side yards.
-Type 8- Gateway or focal points in town, permit greater height and freedom
of placement on lot and greater variety allowed within residential districts.
Brooke, Steven, Seaside (Louisiana: Pelican Pubhshing Co., 1995).

Mahony, David and EasterHng, Keller, Seaside: Making a town in America
(Princeton: Architectural Press, 1991).
67
Material Studies: Roofing and Siding

In the consideration of roofing and siding materials to be used in a Texas Gulf
coast residential development, the climate is the primary consideration. Being near
Corpus Christi, Texas, the proposed beachfront development is in a humid subtropical
region. Hot, humid, and salty breezes are common, with a potential for annual hurricanes
an important concem. Rarely does the temperature fall below 32 degrees Fahrenheit, so
freezing and thawing is not a factor in choosing the best-suited materials.^' The roofing
and siding materials chosen for this project need to withstand constant heat and humidity,
salt corrosion, sun, and hurricane force winds.
Combining practicality with durabiHty and appearance, a white-coated
aluminum/galvanized metal, a built up clay/concrete tile, or slate roof with an 8/12 pitch
good choices for the projects roofing material. The best suited siding and extemal wall
material choice includes the use of wood and wood shingles, in part due to its
breathability, and its ability to absorb wind movements. The research materials
substantiated my conclusion along with the professional opinions of Ron Mathis of Acme
Brick and Mike Carrizales of Spec Building Materials Corporation.
Zoning and Deed Restrictions

The proposed Gulf Dunes development lies within the Corpus Christi Extra
Territorial Jurisdiction, but outside of both Corpus Christi and Port Aransas city limits.
The property is located on Mustang Island, in Section 2, a subdivision of Nueces County,
'' Smart, Steve, Interview; National Weather Service, Corpus Christi, TX, February 23. 2001.
68
Texas. The protective covenants and deed restrictions were created for the purpose of
carrying out a uniform plan for improvement of the unique environmental and ecological
setting.
A planning and architectural control committee consisting of three members,
including an officer of the landowner, a registered professional engineer, and a registered
professional architect is set up to oversee, approve, and enforce the controls of the
project. No building or improvement of any nature, including the moving of sand, can be
performed without the approval of two of the three committee members. The specific
mles of the planning and architectural control committee are spelled out in section 2 of
the State of Texas, County of Nueces Deed Records, Vol.1437, pp.868-869.
The general land use of the property must also conform to the general permitted
use criteria as set forth in the Corpus Christi Zoning Ordinance. The zoning ordinances
were established with the comprehensive plan for promoting the health, safety, morals,
and general welfare for the city of Corpus Christi. They were designed to lessen
congestion in the streets; to secure safety from fire, panic or other dangers; to provide
adequate light and air; to prevent the overcrowding of land; to avoid undue crowding of
populations; to facilitate the adequate provision of transportation, water, sewerage,
schools, parks, and other public requirements. They have been made with the reasonable
consideration, among other things, given to the character of the district and its peculiar
suitability for particular uses, and with a view to conserving the value of buildings and
69
land encouraging the most appropriate use of land and buildings throughout the city of
Corpus Christi, Texas.^^
The general land use ordinance specific for this property states that no portion of
the property shall be used for parking, storing, or selling of mobile homes, house trailers,
or any movable unit similar to a mobile home or house trailer, or for using same as a
residence, business, storage facility, or for any other use of any nature whatsoever. The
zoning ordinance will govem other general design criteria such as the applicable height,
bulk, location, parking and other regulations. Other mles include constmcting
underground utilities, and permitting no outdoor toilets. All buildings must be of new
constmction using all new materials.
The activities permitted on the subject property are also spelled out. No nuisance
activity is to be carried out on the property. No temporary stmcture can be used as a
residence, dwelling, or place of business. No dumping or collecting of mbbish or trash
can occur on the property. Also the use of the property as a junkyard or storage area for
vehicles or any other type of equipment or material is prohibited. The emission of
noxious or offensive odors, dust, or particulate matter, the emission of offensive or
disturbing sounds or noises, and the discharging of polluting liquids, gases, or solids is
also prohibited.
The improvements constmcted must be of design and quality to withstand wind
loads of forty pounds per square foot, so as not to cause undue hazard to neighboring
stmctures. No building, seawall, stmcture, fence or improvement of any nature
'^ Corpus Christi Zoning Ordinance, no. 6106, 18* Ed, Aug. 1999, 1.
70
whatsoever may be constmcted seaward from the vegetation line. No seawall, building
or any other permanent stmcture or improvement intended for human habitation can be
constmcted within fifty feet of the vegetation line, or building line. Other specifics can
be found in the deed records, vol.1437, pp.869-871.
Sign Regulations and Landscape Ordinance

The Corpus Christi Zoning Ordinance specifies sign regulations and landscape
requirements for the development property. The proposed project is classified as "R-A'"
one-family dwelling under article 4C. The signage permitted is to be temporary nonilluminated of not more than four square feet pertaining to the lease, hire or sale of a
building or premises on which such sign is located. Additional signage is permitted on
the entrance to the property since it is located on a primary highway. The standards are
spelled out under the Highway Beautification Ordinance, no. 21973.
Landscape requirements were established by the Corpus Christi City Council.
The council declared that a goal for the city was to provide an optimal quality of Hfe for
all citizens of Corpus Christi by improving the appearance of the city through increased
public and private landscaping, reducing city Htter, and encouraging efficient water
conservation techniques and practices in the appHcation of these requirements. The
minimum required landscaped area is thirty percent of the total street yard for the
development property. Additional landscape requirements are noted under article 27B of
the Corpus Christi Zoning Ordinance.
71
FeasibiHtv Study and Cost Analysis

Costs:
Land
$300,000
Site Development
Engineering
$15,000
Sewer and Water
$20,000
Lift Station
$100,000
Roads and Parking
$70,000
Platting and Zoning $20,000
$225,000
Typical Residence with Two-Car Garage
Square feet per unit: Approx. 2500
Cost per square foot: $111.95
Cost per unit: $245,939
Cost for 12 units: $2,951,274
Clubhouse with pool and hot tub
Square feet: Approx. 2800
Cost per square foot: $96.90
Cost: $355,319
Dune Walkover with Observation Deck-Cedar
Cost per square foot: $20
Cost: $20,000
Gazebo-Cedar
Cost per square foot: $30
Cost: $30,000
Total Cost:$3,854,593
Square foot residence and clubhouse data based on RS Means 2001
Income:
Gulf Front Residences: 6 units
Cost per unit: $245,939
72
Cost per lot: $150,000

Total Retail Cost: $395,939
6 Units @ $395,939=$2,375,637
Gulf and Pond View Residences: 6 units
Cost per unit:$ 245,939
Cost per lot: $75.000
Total Retail cost: $320,939
6 Units @ $320,939=$1,925,637
Monthly Residence Fees:
$200 per month, beginning at move-in
$500 per month after completion of clubhouse (After 12'*^ residence
completed)
Initially one spec/model home will be built on a Gulf front lot. Based on a similar
development in the area, Beachwalk 1 and 2, it is estimated that one unit will sell per
month. It is estimated that the first unit will take one year to complete, with one unit
selling per month after that. The final 12* unit is estimated to be completed 3 years after
the groundbreaking of the first unit. The clubhouse will then be constmcted at
completion of the 12* unit. It is assumed the Gulf front units will sell first. Insurance
and taxes will be covered by the monthly fees and are considered to be a wash in the
feasibility study.
InitiaUy borrowed $790,939 at 7% for 30 years
Land cost
$300,000
Site development
$225,000
Spec house
$245,939
Dune walkover
$20,000
$790,939
1'* unit (spec) completed

2"'' unit sold one month later
3''^ unit sold one month later
4* unit sold one month later
sold for $395,939

$395,939
$395,939
$395,939
73

$395,939
$395,939
$320,939
$320,939
$320,939
$320,939
$320,939
$320,939
Profit Estimate:
$5262 per month 1^ year expense
Then sell Spec at 12* month for $395,939
$63,145
$2627 expense for 13* month for balance of $395,000 at 7% interest

Then seU 2""^ house for $150,000 profit including lot
$395,000-$150,000=$245,000 at 7%
Then sell 3^^^^ house for $150,000 profit including lot
$245,000-$150,000=$95,000 at 7%
Then sell 4* house for $150,000 profit including lot
$95,000-$150,000=$55,000 profit
Then seU 5* house at 16* month for $150,000 profit including lot
$55,000-h$150,000=$205,000 profit
Then sell 6* house at 17* month for $150,000 profit including lot
$205,000-i-$150,000=$355,000 profit
$355,000+$75,000=$430,000 profit
$430,000+$75,000=$505,000 profit
Then seU 9* house at 20* month for $150,000 profit including lot
$505,000+$75,000=$580,000 profit
Then sell 10* house at 21'^ month for $150,000 profit including lot
$580,000+$75,000=$655,000 profit
74
Then seU 11* house at 22""^ month for $150,000 profit including lot
$655,000-h$75,000=$730,000 profit
Then seH 12* house at 23''* month for $150,000 profit including lot
$730,000+$75,000=$805,000 profit
Then borrow $355,319 to build the clubhouse, and $100,000 to build the electronic
security gate entrance, gazebo, and finish landscaping at 7% interest for 30 years. The
payment of $3029 per month will be covered by the $6000 per month collected by the
monthly homeowners' fees. The remaining approx. $3000 a month will be used to cover
taxes, insurance, utilities, and maintenance of the development.
Estimate of profit/expenses:
$75,145 expended first year including interest, taxes, and insurance
$4,888 expended second year including interest, taxes, and insurance
$60,000 expended during first and second year for marketing
$140,033 total expenses
$805,000-$ 140,033=$664,967 total estimated profit of development.
75
CHAPTER IV
CONTEXT
Region and Demographics
This chapter presents the context for the project. Demographic information for
the region is included, beginning with the project location (Figure 18).
Âustwell
'srtfe
.V G<56se IsianjB State Park

,-'
Aransas
r adre island National Seashore
L
End no
Kenedy
Figure 18: Map of Area, Pamphlet
76
The development site is located on Mustang Island (Padre Island), fronting the
Gulf of Mexico to the east, and State Highway 361 to the west (Figure 18). It is located
on one of the most scenic beaches in America. The metropolitan city of Corpus Christi
lies west across the bay approximately twenty miles by car, while the quaint fishing
village of Port Aransas Hes eight miles to the north.
Corpus Christi is a beautiful bay front city of about a quarter of a million people.
Its economic base consists of retail and commercial trade, department of defense
installations, health services, tele-services, electronics, steel fabrication, petrochemical,
agribusiness, and a growing visitor market. Corpus Christi is also the nation's sixth
largest port.
Port Aransas is not only a popular fishing locale, but it is an annual home to more
than five hundred species of birds, making it one of the most popular birding destinations
on the continent. Shopping, horseback riding, cmises, including a gambling boat,
restaurants, surfing, sunsets, and un-crowded beaches also help make this area a popular
tourist as well as retirement destination.
In the last four to five years, property values have doubled on the Island. Major
projects on the horizon that should further increase property values in the area include the
raising of the JFK Causeway, the primary route to Corpus Christi when not covered by
high water. The only other route to Corpus Christi is by ferry through Port Aransas,
which is out of the way. This project will provide a dependable route to the city aUowing
Corpus Christi residents to move to the highly desirable island.
77
The Packery Channel project is another key to further development on the island.
At present the only navigable ship channel connecting the Gulf of Mexico to Corpus
Christi Bay is through Port Aransas. The Packery Channel is located on the south side of
Corpus Christi Bay and south Mustang Island. By dredging the channel and making it
navigable for ocean going craft, development on the south side of Mustang Island should
take off.
The Corpus Christi Intemational Airport is also undergoing major improvements
to further enhance the marketability of the greater Corpus Christi area. This is not only
important to attract and keep businesses in the area, but it is an important link to families
of the many retirees who are choosing to relocate here.
Geographic and Climate Setting

Corpus Christi is located near Longitude 97.3 W, Latitude 27.7 N. The same
subtropical latitude as Tampa Bay, Florida. The weather is distinctly south Texas.
Corpus Christi is midway between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. One hundred fifty
miles to the northwest is San Antonio, one hundred fifty miles to the west is Laredo, and
one hundred fifty miles to the south is the Rio Grande Valley.
Climate
The climate conditions vary between the humid subtropical region to the northeast
along the Texas coast and barrier island and the semi-arid region to the west and
southwest. Temperatures at the Intemational Airport, which is about seven miles west of
78
downtown Corpus Christi, may be substantially different than those in the city during
calm winter momings and during summer aftemoon sea breezes.
Peak RainfaU Months. Peak rainfall months are May and September. Winter
months have the least amount of rainfall. The hurricane season from June through
November can greatiy affect the rainfall totals. Dry periods are also a frequent
occurrence in the area. Several months during the years of record have had no rainfall, or
only a trace. Snow falls an average of about one day every two years.
Summer Months. There is little change in the day-to-day weather of the summer
months, except for the occasional rain shower or a tropical storm in the area. High
temperatures range in the high 80s to mid 90s, except for brief periods in the high 90s.
The sea breeze during the aftemoon and evening hours moderates the summer heat. Low
temperatures are usually in the mid 70s. Momings are generally warm. Summertime
temperatures rarely reach 100 degrees near the bay or Gulf, but occasionally do in other
parts of the city. Temperatures above 100 degrees are frequent about 30 to 60 miles to
the west and southwest. Summertime aftemoons are more pleasant than momings
because they are usually clear and windy. In the summer season the region receives
nearly eighty percent of the possible sunshine.
Fall Months. The fall months of September and October are essentially an
extension of the summer months. November is a transition to the conditions of the
coming winter months, with greater temperature extremes, stronger winds, and the first
occurrence of northers. The winter months are relatively mild, but with temperatures
sufficiently low to be stimulating. Temperatures below 32 degrees seldom occur near the
79
bay or gulf, but are more frequent inland. January is the coldest month with a prevailing
northerly wind. The most extreme cold weather, in which the daytime highs do not
exceed 32 degrees, does not occur more than once every three or four years. The earliest
occurrence of a temperature below 32 degrees is in early November and the latest
occurrence in the spring is mid to late March.
Humidity. Relative humidity, because of the nearness to the Gulf of Mexico, is
high throughout the year. However, during the aftemoons the humidity usually drops to
between 50 and 60 percent.
Tropical Storms. Severe tropical storms average about once every ten years.
Lesser strength storms average about one every five years. The city of Corpus Christi has
a feature not found in most other coastal cities. A bluff rises 30 to 40 feet above the level
of the lowlands area near the bay. This serves as a natural protection from high water.
Protection for the main city is now fumished by sea walls.
Hurricanes. Chief hurricane months are August and September, although tropical
storms have occurred as early as June and as late as October. The majority of the storms
pass either to the south or east of the city. Tomadoes are an infrequent occurrence in the
area, and hail occurs only about once a year.
80
WIND ROSE
DEC-FEB 1961-1980
CORPUS CHRISTI RP
STATION "12924
ex
LEGEND
3 i KT - 3 KTS
ES ". KTS - 7 KTS
Eg 8 KTS - iO KTS
PERIOD OF REPORT
YEfiR(S) RNRLYZEOr
MONTHSHOURS OF DRY
11 KTS - 13 KTS
EX) 14 KTS - 18 KTS
BB aSOVE 18 KTS
1951
OLC
0000
1980
FE8
2300
Figure 19: Wind Rose Chart, National Weather Service, Dec-Feb, 1961-1980
81
WIND ROSE
JUN-AUG 1961-1980
CORPUS CHRISTI RP
STRTION 12924
PC
LEGEND
1 KT - 3 KTS
4 KTS - 7 KTS
6 KTS - 10 KTS
11 KTS - 13 KTS
ES} 14 KTS - 18 KTS
R80VE 18 KTS
PERIOD OF REPORT
YERRISI RNRLY2ED;
nONThS
HOURS OF DRY:
1951 - - 1980
JUNE - - RUG
0000 - - 230C
._)
Figure 20: Wind Rose Chart, National Weather Service, June-Aug, 1961-1980
82
WIND ROSE
MAR-MAY 1961-1980
CORPUS CHRIST I HP
STATION .12924
CSC
LEGEND
I KT - 3 KTS
4 KTS - 7 KTS
: ^ 8 KTS - 10 KTS
' OS 11 KTS - 13 KTS
' EXi 14 KTS - 18 KTS
: m R80VE 18 KTS
< E3
IKS
PERIOD OF REPORT
YERR<SJ RNRLYZED:
MONTHSHOURS OF DRY-
1961 1980
MRR
-- MRY
0000 -- 2300
Figure 21: Wind Rose Chart, National Weather Service, March-May, 1961-1980
83
WIND ROSE
SEP-NOV 1961-1980
CORPUS CHRISTI RP
STRTION 12924
D<
LEGEND
EZ3 1 KT - 3 KTS
5S 4 KTS - 7 KTS
3 KTS - 10 KTS
11 KTS - 13 KTS
14 KTS - 18 KTS
RBOVE 18 KTS
PERIOD OF REPORT
YERR(S! RNRLYZED:
ilONThS
HOURS OF ORY-
1951 -- 1980
SEPT -- NOV
0000 -- 2300
Figure 22: Wind Rose Chart, National Weather Service, Sept-Nov, 1961-1980
84
TYPICAL CROSS-SECTION
OF A BARRIER ISLAND
(Muslang/Padr* Uland)
2-9-95
ORASS
FLAT
CORPUS
/-uniSTl BiY/
CHRIST* BAY/
LAOUNAAORE
BARRIER FLAT/
SAND FLAT/ BACK ISLAND
WETLAHOS "JN^S
j
I
'
1
'
!
I
'
I
'
BAWWER
pÂT
WETLANDS
I
I
I
I
,
'
I
^ BACKOUf*
I
FOPEOUHe ^
..
FOWeOOME
I RCGE
l
/
--^-vÂ^
'
I
'
I
BACKBEACH
(ORY BEACH)
FOREBEACH
(WET BEACH) ,
'
I
I
'
^""-^ ^
MEXICO
I
I
Figure 23: Cross-section of Barrier Island, Real estate brochure
Site Topography and Soil Conditions

The development site is located on a barrier island (Figure 23). The uniqueness
of this location presents many challenges for development. The dune and wetland areas
present the biggest and most involved aspects and will be covered in more detail later.
The development site is an 11.87-acre rectangular tract measuring 300 by 1730
feet. State Highway 361 borders the west boundary, and the east boundary is bordered by
the Gulf of Mexico. An undeveloped tract similar to the development tract borders the
north side of the tract, and the new Episcopal Diocese of West Texas Conference and
Retreat Center borders the south side (Figure 24).
85
Figure 24: Map of Tracts, Real estate brochure
The topography of the site is a dynamic one, in that it changes w ith the forces of
nature much more rapidly than an inland site. The soil condition for the entire barrier
island is that of fine sand. This fine sand is easily blown about by strong winds causing
blow out areas, which can significantly change the topography over a relatively short
period of time. Although hurricanes can cause rapid and extensive seawater damage to
the topography of the island, including extensive w ashout areas from the Gulf to the ba\.
the wind damage can also be quite significant. It is for this reason that as much
vegetation as possible must cover the sand from the vegetation line inland, and that if an\
86
sand dunes are leveled, vegetation must immediately be planted to cover the exposed
areas.
At present, the western half of the property is relatively flat. The eastern half,
especially the side nearest the Gulf, has elevated areas due to the presence of large sand
dunes. Overall drainage is toward the western, low-lying area of the property (Figure
25).
87
P .3'<
',. \^
^-m..m m ssS'
y
\
$>
; C
i.i
/;.
A..
'^;52?^/.
i\(
> .-*
:. \ '
U'/
/
/^^v^.
^
v^
"GULF
N
Figure 25: Topographic Map of Tract, Real estate brochure Note: Arrows indicate
direction of overall drainage.
88
Nueces County Beach Management Plan1996 Revision

The Nueces County Beach Management Plan was adopted by the Commissioners'
Court of Nueces County in 1995 and modified in 1996 with several objectives. Providing
for safe and healthy beaches for use by the public and to preserve the natural resources of
the coastal environment are the primary objectives.
However, the primary reason for the creation of the Beach Management Plan was
to provide for the preservation and creation of dunes. The preservation and creation of
dunes along the gulf side of the island provides a natural seawall. This natural seawall of
dunes is to be continuous, except where there is a manmade seawall or public beach
access roads are allowed. The adoption of this plan provides for a congruent and overall
plan to help protect public and private property from storm devastation, especially
hurricanes.
89
BEACH/DUNE SYSTEM
2-9-95
DUNE
PROTECTION
LINE
Figure 26: Beach/dune System, Real estate brochure, Feb. 9, 1995
The dune protection line was established as a line running parallel to the mean
high tide line, located 1000 feet landward. This area is called the dune protection zone
(Figure 26). Since the environment is dynamic and ever changing, the Commissioners'
Court has to review the location of the line at least once every five years or after a major
storm, to make sure protective dune structure is still present.
Unless the Commissioners' Court properly issues a dune protection permit, no
person shall damage, destroy, or remove a sand dune or a portion of a sand dune seaward
of the dune protection line, or kill, destroy, or remove in any manner any vegetation
growing on a sand dune seaward of the dune protection line.
90
The process of obtaining a permit can take up to six months. The first step is to
fill out an application with detailed plans and documentation of the proposed
development including the topographical, survey, grading layout, photography, FEMAflood plain rate maps, and mitigation plan for new structures and submit them to the
County Judges office. After approval by the Judges office, the application must pass
through the public works department. A Beach Advisory Committee then reviews the
application before forwarding it to the General Land Office and the Attorney for the
General Land Office. If approved to this point, the application is forwarded to the
Commissioners' Court. If approved by the Court, a letter of approval is granted from the
County Judge. If the Court doesn't approve, the application is sent back to public works.
In the case of the proposed development, it would fall under a Master Planned
Development due to the size of the project. Master Planned Developments may request
approval by submitting a comprehensive plan containing maps, drawings, narrative,
tables and other information about the proposed use of the site. A fee of five hundred
dollars is levied for applications involving less than twenty-five individual family
residences will apply in the development of this project. All other regulations and
requirements are detailed in the Nueces County Beach Management Plan.
Wetland Considerations
Barrier islands can contain large areas of wetiands, especially during the rainy
season. These wetland areas are created where water is trapped between the gulf side
dune system and the bay dune system. For a developer, the wetiand areas can present an
obstacle, because of the federal regulations against filling in wetiands. These regulations
91
can add delay and excessive paperwork to a project. The US Army Corps of Engineers is
the federal agency that regulates wetiands. They intensely scrutinize projects that destroy
more than half an acre of wetland. Prior to 2000, a developer could fill up to three acres
of land before being scrutinized.
The United States has roughly 100 million acres of wetlands, including marshes
and swamps. Once viewed as worthless and even unhealthful, wetlands are now known
to be a valuable habitat for fish and birds. They also filter pollutants from water and help
to control flooding.*^
The proposed site of the development contains some wetland area. This will not
interfere with the overall development of structures, but will be incorporated into the plan
to enhance the natural environment.
Activity and Spatial Analysis

Typical Residence: The units' main level will be elevated approximately 10 feet
above grade. All ceiling heights will be at least 10 feet, with the exception of the garages
and dormered upper level units.
Main Level
Foyer:
Net square feet: 128
Activities/Use: Transition space from outside, circulation pathway
Special Features:
Formal guest entry
Use of durable natural materials
Light and airy
'^ Associated Press, "New rules crack down on filling in wetlands," USA Today. 23 March 2000.
92
Library:
Activities/Use: Reading, quiet study
Special Features:
Extensive use of natural materials including bookshelves and
wainscoting
North facing for even light source and to avoid direct light damage
to books
Stairwell:
Net square feet: 96
Activities/Use: Transition area between levels
Special Features:
Four foot wide treads
Four by eight foot midway landing
Abundance of natural light
Non-slick flooring materials
Living:
Activities/Use: Formal entertaining
Special Features:
Natural wood burning fireplace
Large windows for natural lighting and ventilation
Views of Gulf
Use of natural materials
Dining:
Activities/Use: Formal entertaining and dining
Special Features:
Kitchen:
ActivitiesAJse: Food preparation
Special Features:
Use of easily cleaned natural materials
Views of Gulf
Abundance of natural light and ventilation
Padded mat flooring where standing
Southeast location for moming sun
93
Family:
ActivitiesAJse: Casual living/entertainment area
Special Features:
Views of Gulf
Southem exposure
Bath:
Net square feet: 64
Activity/Use: Grooming for guests and main level accessibility
Special Features:
Use of natural durable materials and non-slick flooring
Shower for guest use and if library used for extra bedroom
Hall/Gallery Areas:
Activities/Use: Transition area between rooms
Special Features:
Durable natural materials
Central corridor, extending from one end of home to the
other
Upper Level
Bridge/Hall Areas:
Activities/Use: Transition area between rooms
Special Features:
Three story views from bridge of Gulf and lower level
Natural lighting
Loft Office/Bedroom:
Net square feet: 96
Activities/Use: Extra sleeping, computer area
Special Features:
Open to area below
Three story views of surrounding area
Master Suite:
Activities/Use: Sleeping, private retreat
94
special Features:
Dramatic three story view of Gulf
Bright natural light and ventilation
Isolated from other areas of home
Master Bath/Closet:
Activities/Use: Grooming, dressing, clothes storage
Special Features:
Two person shower
Two person Jacuzzi tub
Dramatic views of Gulf
Light and airy
Use of natural materials, non-slip flooring
Guest Suite:
Activities/Use: Sleeping, private retreat
Special Features:
Natural lighting and ventilation
View of Corpus Christi bay and skyline
Guest Bath/Closets:
Net square feet: 88
Activities/Use: Grooming, dressing, clothes storage
Special Features:
Clubhouse: The unit's main level will be slab on grade. All ceiling heights on main level
will be ten feet.
Main Level
Lounge/Meeting Room:
Activities/Use: Parties, meetings
Special Features:
Abundance of windows for natural light and ventilation
Views of pool and pond
Use of natural durable materials that do not mst
Fitness CenterAVeight room:
95
Activities/Use: Physical conditioning

Special Features:
Cardiovascular equipment
Free weights
Natural lighting and mirrors
View of pool and pond
Kitchen/Bar:
Activities/Use: Food and beverage preparation and serving
Special Features:
Restrooms/Showers/Saunas:
Activities/Use: Pre- and post swimming and workout grooming
Special Features:
300 sf each for men and women, each with own 50 sf sauna
2 lavatories, 2 showers, 2 water closets, 1 skylight per
unit
Handicap accessible
Office/Storage:
Activities/Use: Cleaning equipment storage
Special Features:
Separate from activity areas
Upper Level
Efficiency Apartment
Activities/Use: Living area for maintenance/staff person
Special Features:
Full bath, kitchen, and open bedroom, living area
96
Spatial Analysis
Clustered housing to Gulf, south side of property. Majority of property dedicated to open
space.
sf =square footage
Typical Residence
Main Level:
Foyer/Closet
Library
Stairwell
Living
Dining
Kitchen
Family
Bath
Hall/Gallery Areas
Upper Level:
144 sf
192 sf
96 sf
224 sf
168 sf
168 sf
224 sf
64 sf
128 sf
1408 sf
Lower Level: Unfinished
Bridge/Hall Areas
Loft Office/Bedroom
Master Suite
Master Bath/Closet
Guest Suite
Guest Bath/Closets
Main Level
Total
Detached two car garage
640 sf
120 sf
96 sf
280 sf
168 sf
168 sf
88 sf
920 sf
1408sf
2328 sf
576 sf
Clubhouse
Upper Level:
Main Level:
Lounge/Meeting Room
Fitness Center/Weight Room
Kitchen/Bar
Restrooms/Showers/Saunas
Office/Storage
Efficiency Apartment
900 sf
900 sf
200 sf
600 sf
200 sf
3200 sf
Main Level
Total
Other Clubhouse Features:

32x16 foot lounging/volleyball pool
8x48 foot 2 lane lap pool
8x8 foot hot tub
Other Stmctures:
Dune walkover with deck
Pond Birding Gazebo
1000 sf
100 sf
97
400 sf
400 sf
3200sf
3600sf
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY
This chapter includes a summary of the results, purpose and design of the study.
A graphic overview of the project is provided.
Summary
The original plans for Gulf Dunes included 12 individual homes, with a separate
community clubhouse and recreation area. The site was problematic, in that it was long
and narrow, with only 300 feet of Gulf frontage. There was no practical way to arrange
12 individual homes, so that all could enjoy a view of the Gulf. The final design evolved
into a resort-like 5-story, 10-unit complex, with an integrated clubhouse recreation area.
The thesis research focused on health and design aspects of habitable stmctures, many of
which were included in the final project.
Both indoor and outdoor air quality were factors considered in the design of the
project, especially with the high humidity and mold problems associated with coastal
constmction. Air circulation around the residential units and through "breathing" walls
were implemented to improve air quality within the homes, by increasing the air
exchange rate and decreasing condensation. Natural exterior materials were used where
possible, including the use of wood shingle siding and slate roofing. The interior use of
solid oak cabinets with natural material countertops and solid oak doors, trim, and
flooring also helped to improve indoor air quality. Elevating the units also helped to
improve air quality by catching breezes from every wall of a unit, with windows located
98
on all four sides of every home, with no attached common walls. Elevating the homes
also helped to get them off of the damp ground associated with coastal living.
Water as a health and design factor was also included. The psychologically restful
sounds and views of the Gulf afforded from each unit were a primary consideration in the
stacking of the living units. Also incorporated was water as a form of physical exercise
with the inclusion of an outdoor lap pool, volleyball pool, and hot tub.
The living units also incorporated a major health factor of natural light in the
design. The master suites and kitchen/breakfast eating areas all were situated to grab the
moming sunlight. The main living areas were also designed to follow the sunlight
throughout the day, depending on where most indoor time would be spent. Many large
windows and an extensive use of French doors, all with transoms, help to let natural light
into the living spaces.
Color was also a design factor considered. The interior and exterior colors were
chosen to blend in with the natural surroundings. The blue-green slate roofing was
chosen to mimic the sea, and the earthy wood siding was chosen to blend in with the sand
of the site. Although individual owners are allowed to customize their own interior
colors, the recommended hues are all light toned with natural color palates.
The two lower levels of both units B were designed to be handicap accessible,
including the bath and kitchen bar areas. The inclusion of two elevator towers and a
handicap accessible ramp to all recreation areas is also included for easy access to all
areas of the complex. The fitness center located on the lower level of the clubhouse
affords an opportunity for a homeowner to improve and maintain his or her physical self.
99
In the fitness center shower areas, his and her saunas were included. The complex
grounds also include walking trails, a birding gazebo, and a dune walkover, all designed
to bring homeowners out to enjoy nature, fresh air, sunlight, and other health benefits.
The survey (Appendix) interviews conducted with participants representing ten real
estate firms helped to determine the amenities that were to be included in the project.
The results listed in order of importance to potential clients were as follows:
Garage/carport, private patio/deck area, one level living, ocean/gulf view, nature/walking
trails, pool, hot tub/spa, patio home living, common activity room, private garden areas,
workout facility/weight room, mid rise building, and sauna/steam room. Also mentioned
were security, tall ceiHngs, and bright living spaces. These amenities were included in
the final design of the Gulf Dunes project.
Graphic Proposal and Documentation

The following graphic documentation provides an overview of the project (Figures
27-48). The site plan, floor plans, elevation, and a panoramic view of the Gulf Dunes
project are included.
100
, \
Figure 27 Site Plan
101
'.../
::!
gt.._ J ' -.nfe.
FIRST FLOOR UNITS A AND B

iCALi- 1/14'= I - v '
Figure 28: First Floor Plan
rv
I imiK
'^^^M.:/
'=-''""-=*l?'
' I- vtiL,^'|-.SI.^--J
l<^-<^
il^..
:::^
SECOND FLOOR UNITS A AND B
Figure 29: Second Floor Plan

102
'^n
v^-
ra^,4 "5^*
jl
l& s6
THIRD FLOOR UNITS C

v./es- :/i<- - r - c-
Figure 30: Third Floor Plan
103
J^ ;
y-i-L^
Li:
iviyj?-ayi)4rfTMT7
*'/
.-.;;; rii-.:(..- i^'^'
FOURTH FLOOR UNITS D
Figure 31: Fourth Floor Plan
104
'$
FIFTH FLOOR UNITS 0

r J-
Figure 32: Fifth Floor Plan
105
ft
WEST ELEVATION
Figure 33: West (Entry) Elevation
NORTH ELEVATION
Figure 34: North Elevation
^fÂ
Si^^vii-:
EAST ELEVATION
A U :
I. . ! ,
Figure 35: East Elevation
106
-C
P'rf^'yj^;T^~^?rB
..i-JL^riMli. I ;
SOUTH ELEVATION
-jx* i*m
a-
Figure 36: South Elevation
QispEk^â^ssa
^ V(^^.:H i-rflfei; |r-;r.s]|.^

SECTION AA
Figure 37: Transverse Section (AA)
SECTION BB
saj;:
Figure 38: Longitudinal Section (BB)
107
Figure 39: Wall Section and Details
108
..j..U,Mm^*.^}il
VIEW FROM G<OtT^
Figure 40: Perspective View from Gulf
ENTRY VIEW
Figure 41: Perspective View of Entry
109
Figure 42: Living Room Perspective
110
Figure 43: Living Room Perspective
111
J...
F?-
GULF DUNES
HEALTH AND DESIGN THESIS
STEVEN REED ANDERSON
TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
FALL 2 0 0 3
Figure 44: Presentation Layout
112
Figure 45: View from Gulf
Figure 46: View of Southern Elevation
113
Figure 47: Aerial View of Site
114
Figure 48: Panoramic of Site
115
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Augenbroe, G., & Pierce, A. (1998, June). Sustainable Constmction in the United
States of America. Retrieved April 10, 2001, from
http://www.arch.gatech.edu/crc/CIBW82Report.htm
Baggs, S.& Baggs, J. (1996). The Healthv House. Sydney, Australia: Harper Collins
Publishers.
Blaney, B. (2001, May 16). Mold drives local families from homes. Lubbock
Avalanche-Journal. 11 A.
Bower, J. (1989, July). The Floor Plan for Health [Electronic versionl. East West. 55.
Retrieved April 10, 2001, from http://www.hhinst.com/Artfloor.html
Bower, J. (1994, Febmary). Healthy Constmction Recommendations for Healthy People.
Retrieved April 10, 2001, from www.hhinst.conVArtgeneric.html
Bower, J. (1991, May). Concrete and Health [Electronic versionl. Indiana Builder, 2.
Retrieved April 10, 2001, from www.hhinst.com/Artconcrete.html
Brooke, S. (1995). Seaside. Louisiana: Pelican Pubhshing Co., 3.
Conlin, M. (2(X)0, June 5). Is your office killing you? Business Week, 114-128.
Echikson, W. (2000, June 5). Why the air and light are so much better in Paris. Business
Week, 124.
Field, R. (2(X)0, May 25). Residential Radon and Lung Cancer Case-Control Study.
Retrieved June 27, 2001, from http://www.cheec.uiowa.edu/misc/radon.html
Gloth, F., Alam, W., & HoUis, B. (1999). Vitamin D vs broad spectmm phototherapy in
the treatment of seasonal affective disorder [Electronic version]. Journal of
Nutritional Health and Aging. 3(l):5-7. Retrieved June 27, 2001, from
http://www.biopsvchiatrv.com/dvit.htm
LaMuth, J. (n.d.). Indoor Air Quality: Molds and Dust. Retrieved June 27, 2001, from
http://www.ag.ohio-state.edu/~ohioline/ed.fact/0191 .html
Liberman, J. (1991). Light: Medicine of the Future. Santa Fe, NM: Bear and Co.
Mead, P., AIA, (2001). Habitat Asthma House. Lubbock, TX: Texas Tech University,
College of Architecture.
116
Mead, P., AIA, (2001, January 30). Lecture note.

Nightingale, F. (1860). Notes on Nursing. New York, NY: Appleton and Co.
Olp, G., AIA, NCARB (n.d.). A Natural Approach to lAQ. Environmental Architecture,
1-17.
Pearson, D. (1998). The New Natural House Book. New York, NY: Fireside Publishing.
Richardson, J. W. (2000). Real Estate Brochure.
Rosenthal, N. E., Sack, D. A., Carpenter, C. J., Parry, B. L., Mendelson, W. B., & Wehr,
T. A. (1985, Febmary). Antidepressant Effects of Light in Seasonal Affective
Disorder. American Journal of Psvchiatrv. 142:2.
Smart, Steve (2001). Wind rose chart. National Weather Service.
Ulrich, R. S., (1991, September). Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban
environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 11.
Color Therapy, (n.d.). Retrieved June 27, 2001, from
http://www.peacefulmind.com/color therpy.htm
Essential Ozone, (n.d.). Retrieved June 27, 2001, from
http://www.pacm.com/pureair/ozone.htm
Healthv School Environments: Addressing the sick building syndrome, (n.d.). Retrieved
June 27, 2001, from http://helpfrom.nea.org/esp/resource/iaq.htm
Light for Health, (n.d.). Retrieved June 27, 2001, from http://www.lightforhealth.com/
Prevention and Treatment, (n.d.). Retrieved June 27, 2001, from
(http://www.hehoshealth.com/osteoporosis/vitamin d.htm/
Repetitive Strain Injuries, (n.d.). Retrieved June 27, 2001, from
http://ergonomics.ucla.edU/Ergowebv2.0/articles/rsianatomy.htm
The Healing Power of Colour, (n.d.). Retrieved June 27, 2001, from
http://www.newage.com.au/librarv/Colourl.html
The Psychology of Colour, (n.d.). Retrieved June 27, 2001, from
http://colortherapy.homestead.com/files/What the Colours Mean.html
117
The Role of Light in Health, (n.d.). Retrieved August 4, 2003, from

http://www.sumeria.net/health/light.html
What is color therapy? (n.d.). Retrieved June 27, 2001, from
http://nh.essortment.com/whatiscolor rime.htm
118
APPENDIX
SURVEY USED FOR STUDY
119
Dear Sir or Madam:

I am a graduate student at Texas Tech University's College of Architecture woridng on
my master's thesis. My thesis project is a gulf front residential devdopment on Mustang
Island enqjhasizing health aspects in the design. I would greatly apprjiate a minute of
your time and expertise to help rank on a scale of 1 to 10 (I being most important, 10
being least important) various amenities that mature clients looking at gulffrontproperty
would export to find in a new developmît I will be using theresponsesto help in the
process of designing my project TTiank you very much for your prompt reply.
Sincerely,
Steven R Anderson
Amoiity
Rank
l.Pool
2. Termis Courts
3. Hot tub/spa
4. Workout facility/weight room
5. Sauna/steam room
6. Private patio/deck area
7. Ocean/gulf view
8. Common activity room
9. Shuffleboard
10. Horseshoes
11. Private gardoi areas
12. Nature/vralking trails
13. One level living
14. High rise building
15. Mid rise building
16. Patio home living
17. Garage/(îport
Additional suggestions for amenities:
You may either respcMid by email at sraswedcOl @vahoo.com or print out survey and mail
to Steven R. Anderson, 1001 University Avenue Unit 349, LuWjock, TX 79401, also any
qiKStions you may call 806-535-3083.
120
PERMISSION TO COPY
In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a

master's degree at Texas Tech University or Texas Tech University Health Sciences
Center, I agree that the Library and my major department shall make it freely
available for research purposes. Permission to copy this thesis for scholarly purposes
may be granted by the Director of the Library or my major professor. It is
understood that any copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not
be allowed without my further written permission and that any user may be liable for
copyright infringement.
Agree (Permission is granted.)
Disagree (Permission is not granted.)
Student Signature
Date

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HEALTH AND DESIGN

HEALTH AND DESIGN FACTORS

Ergonomics & other Health and Design Considerations

Case Study 1: Sea Ranch

Case Study 2: Seaside

Material Studies: Roofing and Siding

Zoning and Deed Restrictions

Sign Regulations and Landscape Ordinance

Feasibility Study and Cost Analysis

Region and Demographics

Geographic and CHmate Setting

Site Topography and Soil Conditions

Nueces County Beach Management Plan: 1996 Revision

Activity and Spatial Analysis

Graphic Proposal and Documentation

1. Southeast Gulf View, Anderson, Steven R

Chemical Chart, The New Natural House Book

Radon Chart, http:www.cheec.uiowa.edu/misc/radon.html

Breathing Wall Diagram, The New Natural House Book

Swiss Chalet, Anderson, Steven R

Glacier, Anderson, Steven R

7. Big Sand Lake, Anderson, Steven R

Hot Tub, The New Natural House Book

9. Bond Falls, Anderson, Steven R

10. Sun Zone Chart. The New Natural House Book

11. Light Chart, The New Natural House Book

12. Fall Foliage, Anderson, Steven R

13. Native Villagers, Anderson, Steven R

14. Sitting Diagram, The New Natural House Book

15. Lying Diagram. The New Natural House Book

16. Seaside Homes, Seaside

17- Seaside Community, Seaside

18. Map of Area, Pamphlet

19. Wind Rose Chart, National Weather Service, Dec-Feb, 1961-1980

20. Wind Rose Chart, National Weather Service, June-Aug, 1961-1980

21. Wind Rose Chart, National Weather Service, March-May 1961-1980

22. Wind Rose Chart, National Weather Service, Sept-Nov, 1961-1980

Cross-section of Barrier Island, Real estate brochure

Map of Tracts, Real estate brochure

Topographic Map of Tract, Real estate brochure

Beach/dune System, Real estate brochure, Feb. 9, 1995

First Floor Plan

Second Floor Plan

Third Floor Plan

Fourth Floor Plan

Fifth Floor Plan

Wall Section and Details

Perspective View from Gulf

Perspective View of Entry

Living Room Perspective

Living Room Perspective

View from Gulf

View of Southem Elevation

Aerial View of Site

Figure 1: Southeast Gulf View, Anderson, Steven R.

llic producticu rate of synthetic

Figure 2: Chemical Chart, The New Natural House Book

Formaldehyde. Formaldehyde is used as a binder and preservative which releases

Figure 3: Radon Chart, http:www.cheec.uiowa.edu/misc/radon.html.

radon free, or nearly so.

Ozone. Ozone is another naturally-occurring poisonous gas. It is unstable and

another ten thousand.

rarely occurs at dangerous levels, but it can exacerbate breathing difficulties.