:

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2008




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:
: ,
.
.


(. 6 - 36)
-
1.
1.1. .
1.2.
2. .
3.
4.
4.1. (
)
4.1.1.

(1967).
4.1.2. ,

(1968).
4.1.3.
(1972).
4.1.4. ()
(1975).
4.1.5.
(1979).
4.2.
4.2.1.
, (1963).
4.2.2. (1968).

4.2.3.

(1977).
4.3.
4.3.1..
().
4.3.1..
5.
5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
5.4.
6.
6.1.
6.2.
7.

(. 37 - 42)

1.
2.
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.

( . 4 3 )

1.

1.1. .
20

.

,

,
,
,
.

,
,

V1 V2.

.
, 1956,
,
Moby Dick, , , ,
, .. .
.
,
6

 , . , .
, , ,
. 1956
, ,
, ,
. , ,

.
( )
.
1919 1944,
,
,
.

(),
, 1
1957 31 1958. ,

66 1,
,
.
,

1955
,
.
1957 1958 ,

, .
,
,

.
,
,
, , 1959,
, COSPAR (Committee on
Space Research), .

(,

),

(, , . ., , ),
,
.
Spoutnik I, 4 1957,
,


,
.
1957 (Spoutnik II ), 1958 ( Explorer I
) 1959,
Lounik I, Lounik II Lounik III, 1959, . 1961
Vostok I , Youri
Gagarine, John Glenn. ,

, Apollo

. 1969 Apollo 11
Niel Armstrong . 1970-73

1

, . -., ,

 ( ) ,
. 1980 ,
,
, .
,
,
, ,
, , .
1.2.
Spoutnik I,
,
, 13

,
.
, 1149 (11 1957)
,
,

.
, 1958, 1348 (13 1958) ,
(ad hoc)
, 18 2, 1472 (12
1959), ad hoc
(Committee on Peaceful
Uses of Outer Space- COPUOS),
3. 1962
,
. , 60
. . . , -, 1990, . 98.
2
www.un.int
3
Ibid.

 .

, consensus.
1961, ,
1721 (20 1961),
,
,

. ,


, ,

, ,

,
.
. ,
1884 (17 1963),
,

,
. , 1962 (13 1963),
, ,


, ,
.
, ,
,

10


.
2. .
(outer space)
(air space).
/

.
,
, ,
. ,

. , ,
. H. Goodwin,
(air space) (outer space),
, ,

.
, ,
50, , ,
. ,
/
. , ,
,
.

,
, ,
, , (- ),
, , , (-

11

 ) , 4 1976,
35.800 .
5, (scarce natural
resource),
.
6.

,

, ,
50 .,
, ,
, , 100 .
7. , ,
8.
, ,
, , ,
, ,

,
,
9.

, . http://www.jaxa.jp/library/space_law/chapter_2/2-2-1-2_e.html
-- (geostationary synchronous orbit)
36.000 . (22.300 ) .
. Declaration of the First Meeting of Equatorial Countries, 3 December 1976,
http://www.jaxa.jp/library/space_law/chapter_2/2-2-1-2_e.html. , CHENG, B., Studies in
International Space Law, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1997, . 455-456.
6
. -, ., , . , ,
2007, . 45 CHENG, B., Studies, op. cit., . 455.
7
. , ., , . .., , 1996, . 250.
8
. VERPLAETSE, J.G., On the definition and legal status of spacecraft, 29 JALC, 1963, .
131-139.
5

12

3.
, 1957,
,
, , ,
,

.
,
,
.
10,
,
,
,
, , 11.

,
. , ,

,
9
. FRANTZEN, C., Utilisation de l avion spatial et droit arien, RFDAS, 1991, . 507 .,
VERESHCHETIN, V.S., Utilisation de l avion spatial et droit de l espace, RFDAS, 1991, . 515
.
10
,

, ,
13 , : 1149/1957

1348 (XIII)/1958 (A/C.1/L.220/Rev.) Ad Hoc
, 1472 (XIV)/1959
,
1721 (XVI)/1961 1962
(XVIII)/1963
1884/1963

. , . CHENG, B., Studies in, op. cit., . 84-86, 100103, 125-149. , TAUBENFELD, H.J., The United Nations Ad Hoc Committee on the Peaceful
Uses of Outer Space, 53 AJIL, 1959, . 877, GARDNER, R.N., Outer Space: A breakthrough for
international law, 50 ABAJ, 1964, . 30, SCHICK, F.B., Problems of a Space Law in the United
Nations, 13 ICLQ, 1964, . 969.
11
. , ., , op. cit., . 248.

13

, .


. , , res extra commercium12 ,
,
, ,
, terra firma. ,
terrae firmae
, 13,
, , 14
.
, , ,
,
,
,


( ) .
12

. CHENG, B., Studies in, op. cit., . 81-84.

Ibid.
14
. :
)
,
1967, Outer Space Treaty, 1967,
[ 670/1970 ( 208)], )
,
, 1968, Astronauts rescue Agreement,
1968, [ 189/1974 ( 350)], )
, 1972,
Liability Convention, 1972, [
563/1977 ( 75)], )
, 1975, Registration Convention,
1976, )
, 1979, Moon Agreement,
1984,[ (2006) ]. , . United
Nations Treaties and Principles on Outer Space and other related General Assembly Resolutions, Status
of International Agreements relating to Activities in Outer Space as at 1 January 2006, Addendum,
ST/SPACE/11/Rev.1/Add.1,
Austria.
,

,
http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/SpaceLaw/treaties.html,
http://www.islandone.org/Treaties/BH766.html,
http://www.unoosa.org/pdf/publications/ST_SPACE_11_Rev1_Add1E.pdf,
http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/global_security/rescueagreement.pdf,
http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/global_security/liability_convention.pdf,
http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/global_security/registration_convention.pdf,
http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/SpaceLaw/moon.html, http://www.greaterearth.org/laws/moon_try.htm.
13

14

4.
4.1. (
)

.
, ,

,

.

,
, (1967, 1968, 1972, 1975
1979),
.
4.1.1.
,
(1967)15.
1967 Outer Space Treaty (OST)
1967, 27 1967 10
1967. 670/197016.
1967
,
Corpus Iuris Spatialis,

. 1967
, ,
15

Treaty on principles governing the activities of States in the exploration and use of outer space,
including the moon and other celestial bodies, 1967.
16
208/9-9/3-10-1970.

15

 , ,
, ,
, ,
.

1962 1963,
1967 .
1967
. ,
III ...

, ,
,
,
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,
,

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1967,
III ...


, IV
.
16

, ,
.


.
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,
1967 .
, , ,

, .

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,
,
. ,
, .

17,


. , , 1960,
,
,
, ,
, , ,
, , .
1967

:

17

. Gore, 3 1963, , .,
, . . . ,
-, 1995, . 220.

17

,
( I).
,

, ,
. , ,
,

.

( II). ,
,
.

( III).

,

.

:
,

.

( IV).

,
,
, .
,
, , ,

18

 . IV ,
,
, . , ,
IV,
,
.

( V)

( VI),
,
.

( IX),

, ,

.
,
1967, ,

1967.
4.1.2. ,

(1968)18.
, 1968 Rescue Agreement
1968, 22 1968 3
1968. .. 189/197419.
,
,
18

Agreement on the rescue of astronauts, the return of astronauts and the return of objects launched
into outer space, 1968.
19
350/20-11-1974.

19

 V 1967,
, , ,
, ,
. ,
, , ,

.
, ,
1944 ( 25)
12 ,
.
, , 1968
XIII 1967,
,
( VI)
, , ,

.
, VIII
, IX, X XI

.
4.1.3.
(1972)20.
, 1972 Liability Convention
1972, 29 1972 1
1972. . 563/197721.
,
,
VI, VII XIII 1967,
20

Convention on international liability for damage caused by space objects, 1972.

20


.
1972

. ,
,
,
( II).
. ,
(
) ,

,
, ( III).
,
22.
1972
, , ,

( XXII).

1967 VI.
1972

1952
23.
4.1.4.
(1975)24.

21

, 75/12-3-1977.
, ., op. cit., . 256.
23
- , ., op. cit., . 210-214.
24
Convention on registration of objects launched into outer space, 1975.
22

21

 , 1975 Registration Convention

1975, 14 1975 15
1976. . 3131/200325.
, VII VIII 1967,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, .
,
(, )


( II), .
,
, , ,
,
, ( IV).

,

.
, 1975,
()
, , ,

.
4.1.5.
(1979)26.
, 1979 Moon Agreement 197927,
18 1979 11 1984.
25

79/4-4-2003.

22

 (12 ),
, . ,

.
1979, hard law
,
1967, , , ,

. 2 ,

, .. 1970

...
1979

. ,
, ,

,
,
1982 ( 136-140)28.
, 4, . 1 1979,


.,


1967 1.
, 11, . 1 1979,
,
26

Agreement governing the activities of states on the Moon and other Celestial bodies, 1979.
. U.N. Doc. A/34/664 of November 12, 1979.
28
, . , ., -, .,
, - - , . , .
, , 2003.
27

23

 ,
,
.
,
29

.
4.2.



.
, , ,
, ,
.
4.2.1. ,
(1963)
, 1963
( 1963)30,
.
1 1963,
,

, , ,
, (
) ,
, ()

29
30

. , ., op. cit., . 258.

, . .

24


.

- , IV
1967, . ,
,

, .
4.2.2. (1968)
, ,
197031, , , .
,
,
, 1967
.
4.2.3.
(1977)
,
( 1978)32,

,
.
1 2 ,
,
,

. , 3, . 1,

31

.. 437/1970.

25

. , (
3, . 2),

,
, ,

.
4.3.
4.3.1.
4.3.1..

(ICAO),

, 1960,
.
, 1960,
(Meyrin), , , ,
, .. , , , , , ,

. 1962, ,
, , , ,
1964,
(European Space Research Organisation ESRO).
,
, .

32

. 1362/1983, 78/22-6-1983.

26

4.3.1..

,
1961 (30 2 ),
(, , .. , , ,
, , ),
,

. ,
1962 , 1
1964,

(European

Space

Vehicle

Launcher

Development

Organisation ELDO),
.
4.3.1.. ()
, ,

33),

. , 30 1975, , ,
34,
30 1980.
, ,

, .
33

, , , , , , , , , ,
, , , .
34
, . http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/SP1271En_final.pdf

27

 17 : , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
, , 2005 16

35.
,
, .
4.3.2.
, , ,
, , , ,

,
.
:

1972 (22-30 )36,
1977,
.
, , 1972,

.
1972 (Liability
Convention) 37,
. ,
, ,
,
1967, ,
, .
35

. http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/sites/AREZ3_Greece_0.html
. Non-Military Exploitation of Space and Technology Cooperation Agreement between the United
States and the USSR, 1972, http://moscow.usembassy.gov/links/print_history.php
36

28


,

. :

1972 (ABM Treaty)38
1974,
39.
ABM
, , ,
(land based weapons) (space based
weapons). , V ABM
, ,
( )
, , .
,
1972 (SALT I), , ,

1979
(SALT II).
(START I),
199140, 1994.
(START II) 1993,
199641
200042. ,

37

. , ., op. cit., . 261.

ABM Treaty 2001, .
http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/sites/AREZ3_Greece_0.html
39
ABM Treaty, . , ., op. cit., . 228-238. ,
http://www.un.org/spanish/Depts/dda/disarmament.ppt
40
. Cook, A. B., Europe since 1945, An Encyclopedia, Vol. I, p. 45-48,
http://books.google.com/books?id=ox_gXq2jpdYC&pg=PA46&lpg=PA46&dq=american+soviet+agre
ement+1972+for+peaceful+use+of+space&source=web&ots=nboJ1E4_Hr&sig=73GUQhbnLmv0d41
GhUOArVF4zOY#PPP1,M1
41
Ibid, . 48 http://www.nato.int/
42
. Timeline of Russian-American Relations, 18-20th centuries, Embassy of the United States,
Moscow, Russia, C:\Documents and Settings\user\Desktop\Timeline of Russian-American
Relations 18-20th Centuries.mht
38

29

ABM 2001,
START II (14 2002)43.
5.

, , ,
, ,
.
, ,

, , , ,

, , .
5.1.
, ,
.

, .

, , ,
,
/
. 1967 , ,
. I
.
, ,
.
,
, 1967
43

Ibid.

30

1972,
( ),
, , , ..

, .

,
, ,
, , ,
.
5.2.
, ,

,
.

,
,
.
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.
, XXII 1972


, , ,

44.
44

, . .

31

5.3.
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), , ,
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, .

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1967 ,
.
,
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, .

.

, ,
. ,
, ,
32

 . ,
,
1968
. , ,
,
.
5.4.

. ,

1967 ( I V),
1979 ( XI).
, I 1967,


. ,
V ,
() .
, XI 1979,

.
, . 45,

,
,
I 1967:
.

45

. , ., , op. cit., . 268-269.

33

6.
6.1.
.
VI 1967,
, , ,
,
. ,

,

. , ,
,
.

.
, , VI ,
,
,
.
6.2.
1967
.
VII , ,
,

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, .

34

 1972 ,
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,
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. , , , ,
,

( III).
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.
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,

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,
,
. .

.
: 1967, IX,
,
,
, ,
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. ,
IV,

, ,
35

 (
COSMOS 954, 1978,
).
, 1972
,
, , ,
.

36

1.

, .

,
.

,
,
.
,
, 46.
47 (
),
,
.
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2.1.

46

, .. , .., /
.
47
, ,
, /
...

37

 1775
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1861
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, 1865, ,
48,
.
, 1875
.
, ,
, 1906,
49,
, , .


(1932)50, :
, , ...,
(International Telecommunications
Unit ITU).

,
(1947)51,

52.

48

13 1886, `.
(1885).
49
1912, `.
50
1936, 370.
51
1949, 964.
52
,
: 1952 , 1959 , 1965 , 1973
( ITU), 1982 , 1989
, 1992 , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 .

38

2.2.
,
, .
:

, (frequencies)
(bands),
53
,

(. safety)

,
.
53
,
/ (orbit/ spectrum resource). ,
, (. 33 , 1982).

39


, . 1992
( ),
: ,
, ,

, .
, ,

(International

Telecommunications

Regulations)

(Radio Regulations),
, , .
190 ,
.
(Recognised Operating Agencies),
54.
(Sector
Members). ( )
(. )55. 650
.
,

.

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(Plenipotentiary
Conference), .
,
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40

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3)
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2.3.

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41

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).

42



()
,
, 1967. [.. 670/1970 ( 208)].
() ,

, 1968. [.. 189/1974 ( 350)].
()
, 1972. [.. 563/1977 (
75)].
()
, 1975. [. 3131/2003 ( 79)].
()
, 1979. [ ].
,
,

http://www.unoosa.org/pdf/publications/STSPACE11E.pdf

43

link