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AC Motor Protection
AC Motor Protection
AC Motor Protection
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19
19.1
19.2
19.3
Start/Stall protection
19.4
19.5
19.6
19.7
19.8
19.9
Bearing failures
19.10
Undervoltage protection
19.11
Loss-of-load protection
19.12
Additional protection
for synchronous motors
19.13
19.14
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External Faults
Unbalanced supplies
Undervoltages
Single phasing
Reverse phase sequence
Internal faults
Bearing failures
Winding faults
Overloads
1 9 . 2 M O D E R N R E L AY D E S I G N
The design of a modern motor protection relay must be
adequate to cater for the protection needs of any one of
the vast range of motor designs in service, many of the
designs having no permissible allowance for overloads. A
relay offering comprehensive protection will have the
following set of features:
a. thermal protection
b. extended start protection
c. stalling protection
337
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T = Tmax (1 - e-t/)
where:
i. undervoltage protection
j. loss-of-load protection
k. out-of-step protection
T = KI R2 (1 e t
19
where:
1 9 . 3 T H E R M A L ( O V E R L O A D ) P R OT E C T I O N
The majority of winding failures are either indirectly or
directly caused by overloading (either prolonged or
cyclic), operation on unbalanced supply voltage, or single
phasing, which all lead through excessive heating to the
deterioration of the winding insulation until an electrical
fault occurs. The generally accepted rule is that
insulation life is halved for each 10 C rise in
temperature above the rated value, modified by the
length of time spent at the higher temperature. As an
electrical machine has a relatively large heat storage
capacity, it follows that infrequent overloads of short
duration may not adversely affect the machine.
However, sustained overloads of only a few percent may
result in premature ageing and insulation failure.
Furthermore, the thermal withstand capability of the
motor is affected by heating in the winding prior to a
fault. It is therefore important that the relay
characteristic takes account of the extremes of zero and
full-load pre-fault current known respectively as the
'Cold' and 'Hot' conditions.
The variety of motor designs, diverse applications, variety
of possible abnormal operating conditions and resulting
modes of failure result in a complex thermal relationship.
A generic mathematical model that is accurate is
therefore impossible to create. However, it is possible to
develop an approximate model if it is assumed that the
motor is a homogeneous body, creating and dissipating
1
t = log e
2
1 (I R I )
I eq =
(I
2
1
+ KI 22
where
I1 = positive sequence current
I2 = negative sequence current
and
negative sequence rotor resistance
K = ---------
positive sequence rotor resistance
at rated speed. A typical value of K is 3.
Finally, the thermal replica model needs to take into
account the fact that the motor will tend to cool down
during periods of light load, and the initial state of the
motor. The motor will have a cooling time constant, r ,
that defines the rate of cooling. Hence, the final thermal
model can be expressed as:
338
t = log e k 2 A 2
) (k
Equation 19.1
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1 9 . 4 S TA R T / S TA L L P R OT E C T I O N
I eq
I th
3 of the
where:
100 000
10 000
Te1
=60min
e2
mechanical problems
Te1 Te2=54min
Te1=T
Te2=48min
1000
T =T =42min
=36min
e1 e2
100
10
T =T
Te22=30min
Te1=T
Te2=24min
Te1
=12min
Te1 e2=6min
Te1
e2=1min
1
thermal threshold I>
10
Ieq in terms of the current
339
19
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Current
Speed
Switch
Information
Trip
Command
Time
1
0
Time
1
0
Time
1
0
CB Closed
Current
Speed
Switch
Information
Trip
Command
1
0
Time
1
0
1
0
Stall time
setting
Time
Time
10
Time (s)
19
0.1
0.1
1
Current (p.u. )
10
340
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0
Time
No. of starts
0
Time
Supervising time
Supervising time
Start lockout
0
Time
Inhib. start time
341
19
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1 9 . 5 S H O R T- C I R C U I T P R OT E C T I O N
19
Figure 19.5.
protection
c
a
b
c
Flow of
current
Ia
Ib
Ic
Ia+Ib+Ic
MiCOM
P241
Downstream
Figure 19.5: Residual CT connection
for earth fault protection
1 9 . 6 E A R T H F A U LT P R OT E C T I O N
R stab =
Upstream
a
where:
Ist
I0
Rstab
Rct
Rl
342
I st
IO
( Rct
+ kR l + R r
Equation 19.2
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k = CT connection factor
(= 1 for star pt at CT
= 2 for star pt at relay)
Rr = relay input restistance (ohms)
The effect of the stabilising resistor is to increase the
effective setting of the relay under these conditions, and
hence delay tripping. When a stabilising resistor is used,
the tripping characteristic should normally be
instantaneous. An alternative technique, avoiding the use
of a stabilising resistor is to use a definite time delay
characteristic. The time delay used will normally have to
be found by trial and error, as it must be long enough to
prevent maloperation during a motor start, but short
enough to provide effective protection in case of a fault.
Cable gland
Cable box
SEF
(a) Connection
Chap19-336-351
No operation
SEF
(b) Incorrect wiring
Time
Fuse
Contactor
breaking
capacity
E/F relay
Current
(a) Incorrect
Operation
SEF
(c) Correct wiring
Time
Fuse
Contactor
breaking
capacity
E/F relay
Current
(b) Correct
343
19
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Ia1
Ib1
IR1
-jXc1
IH1
Ia2
Ib2
IR2
-jXc2
IH2
19
Ia3
Ib3
IH1+IH2+IH3
IR3
-jXc3
IH1+IH2
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Vaf
Restrain
IR1
Ib1
Operate
Ia1
Vbf
Vcpf
Vbpf
Vres
(=-3V
Vo)
IR3
H1+ IH2)
Vapf
Chap19-336-351
345
19
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A-G
S
S
A-G
A-G
G,F
V
B-G
C-G
G,F
G,F
V
C-G
B-G
C-G
B-G
19
V
RES
RES
B-G
A-G
C-G
C-G
Z
RES
A-G
SO
2Z
S1
+Z
SO
+3Z
+2Z
L1
B-G
A-G
B-G
RES
C-G
x3E
+Z
LO
+3Z
Figure 19.10: Residual voltage earth fault protection for resistance-earthed system.
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= R1 p + R 2' p
(2 s )
) (
2
+ X 1 p + X 2' p
0.5
= R1 p + R 2' p
) + (X
2
1p
+ X 2' p
0.5
= R1n + R 2' n s
) + (X
2
1n
+ X 2' n
0.5
= R1n + R 2' n 2
) + (X
2
1n
+ X 2' n
0.5
where:
suffix p indicates positive sequence quantities
and
suffix n indicates negative sequence quantities
R1 + R '2
j(X1 + X '2)
[(1-s)/s] x R'2
R1 + R '2
j(X1 + X'2)
[(s-1)/(2-s)] x R '2
1 9 . 8 F A U LT S I N R OTO R W I N D I N G S
347
Chap19-336-351
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1 9 . 9 R T D T E M P E R AT U R E D E T E C T I O N
RTDs are used to measure temperatures of motor
windings or shaft bearings. A rise in temperature may
denote overloading of the machine, or the beginning of
a fault in the affected part. A motor protection relay will
therefore usually have the capability of accepting a
number of RTD inputs and internal logic to initiate an
alarm and/or trip when the temperature exceeds the
appropriate setpoint(s). Occasionally, HV motors are fed
via a unit transformer, and in these circumstances, some
of the motor protection relay RTD inputs may be
assigned to the transformer winding temperature RTDs,
thus providing overtemperature protection for the
transformer without the use of a separate relay.
1 9 . 10 B E A R I N G F A I L U R E S
19
1 9 . 1 2 L O S S - O F - L O A D P R OT E C T I O N
Loss-of-load protection has a number of possible
functions. It can be used to protect a pump against
becoming unprimed, or to stop a motor in case of a
failure in a mechanical transmission (e.g. conveyor belt),
or it can be used with synchronous motors to protect
against loss-of-supply conditions. Implementation of
the function is by a low forward power relay element,
interlocked with the motor starting device to prevent
operation when the motor is tripped and thus preventing
a motor start. Where starting is against a very low load
(e.g. a compressor), the function may also need to be
inhibited for the duration of the start, to prevent
maloperation.
The setting will be influenced by the function to be
performed by the relay. A time delay may be required
after pickup of the element to prevent operation during
system transients. This is especially important for
synchronous motor loss-of supply protection.
1 9 . 1 3 A D D I T I O N A L P R OT E C T I O N
F O R S Y N C H R O N O U S M OTO R S
The differences in construction and operational
characteristics of synchronous motors mean that
additional protection is required for these types of motor.
This additional protection is discussed in the following
sections.
1 9 . 11 U N D E R V O LTA G E P R OT E C T I O N
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Quantity
Value
Rated output
Rated Voltage
Rated frequency
Rated power factor/efficiency
Stall withstand time cold/hot
Starting current
1000kW CMR
3.3kV
50Hz
0.9/0.92
20/7s
550% DOL
3/2
250/1
4s
5.5s
25/75 min
Solid
Circuit Breaker
Chap19-336-351
211
250
= 0.844
349
r = 3 x 1
19
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Cold Thermal
Hot Thermal
S/C
Locked Rotor
Stall
Start Current (100%V)
Start Current (80%V)
100
19
Time (sec)
10
1
0.1
0.01
1000
0.01
1
Ith/I (pu)
10
Time (sec)
10
0.1
10
Current (A)
10000
350
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V
kW
kVA
A
%
s
A
A
A
250A
Contactor
P211
CT
Cable
Unit
A
s
%
s
s
M
(a) LV Motor Protection - contactor fed example
1000
100
Time
Parameter
Value
Standard
IEC 60034
Motor Voltage
400
Motor kW
75
Motor kVA
91.45
Motor FLC
132
Starting Current
670
Starting Time
4.5
Contactor rating
300
Contactor breaking capacity
650
Fuse rating
250
(a) LV motor example data
Parameter
Symbol
Value
Overcurrent
Disabled
Overload setting
Ib
4.4
Overload time delay
I>t
15
Unbalance
I2
20
Unbalance time delay
I2>t
25
Loss of phase time delay
<Ip
5
(b) Relay settings
Table 19.3: LV Motor protection setting example
where
Chap19-336-351
19.14.2.1 CT ratio
10
4
I/IIb
trip time
start current
351
19