WLI SIMPLIFIEDContents Chapter 1 STANDARDS, CODES, AND SAFETY 1 Chapter? PLANNING YOURELECTRICALINSTALLATION 9 Chap Chapter? MEASURINGELECTRICITY 19 4 WIRE—SELECTING AND CONNECTING 26Chapter S CIRCUIT PRO’ Feeders and Branch Grcuits Chapter 6 CIRCUIT DIAG} Grounded Wires Wiring Diagrams Chapter 7 GROUNDING How Dangerous are Shocks! Grounding Basics 63 Grounding Overview How Grounding Promotes Sai Grounding Considerations fo Grounding-Type Reveptacles I Grounnd-Fault Circuit Interrup Lightning Arresters. 73 Surge Sup) essors for Comput Chapters IMESERVICE Planning Your Service Entranc Disconnosting Means Installing the Service Entrance Makin Emergency Backup Generators} Sround Connections Chapter9 OUTLET AND Planning Your Box Installation Boxes 100 Face Plates 106 Insali Chapter 10 BASIC WIRII Planing the Installation eeding and Connecting the W Tho-Circuit Duplex Receptacl Three-Wire Circuits 11 TION AND PLANNING 42 Ms 51 RSAFETY 62 6 ring Systems 69 (crcl) 71 and Other Elxtroniec Equipment TRANCE > PROCEDURES 107 Chapter 11. CABLE—NONMETALLIC-SHEATHED AND ARMORED 121 Nonmetallic-Sheathed Cable 121 Armored Cabli Chapter 12. TUBULAR RACEWAYS 132 noosing and Installing Tubular Raceways 132 Noalleaible Heary-Wall Conduit 133 Tubing (Thinwall Nonflesible Raceways) 136 Perible Raceways 138 ing Wires in Conduit 140 Chapter 13. MODERNIZING OLD WIRING 141 Problems of “O14 Work” 142 Wiring Methods 142 Lusialling Now Serviceand Ciscuits 144 Installing Boxes and Running Cable 146 eptaces.and Outlets 155, Installing Switches, Chapter14 APPLIANCES 158 Receptacles Teelviial Cente fae Applionces 160 Grounding of Appliances L61 Disconnecting Means and Overcurrent Protection 161 Witingof Common Heavy Appliances 162 Chapter 15. FINISHING YOUR ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION 166 Installing Devices in Boxes 166 6 Chapter 16 ELECTRICMOTORS 170 Work Capacity of Motors 170 Power Consumed by Motors 1 Types of Motors 1 1s on Farms Phase Conve 4 Motor Circuit Requirements 173 Insilling the Motor 179Chapter 17 FARMS 180 Locating the Meter Pole ("Distribution Point” in NEC Terminal Determining Size of Wire Installing Overhead Wiring 188 Installing Underground Wiring 189 Insllling Service Equipment at Buildings 190 Grounds—Location, Installation, and Spesial Requirements 192 Wiring Branch Circuits and Outlesin Farm Buildings 195, Farm Safety 202 Chapter 18 LOW-VOLTAGEWIRING 204 Telephone Wiring 204 CATV Wiring 206 Home Computer Network Wiring 207 Doorbells, Chimes and Other Low-Voltage Controls 207 Low Voltage Switches 200 Wireless Radio-Controlled Switches 210 Central Vacuum Systems 211 Chapter 19 TROUBLESHOOTING AND REPAIRS 212 Troubleshooting Fuses and Circuit Breakers 212 Updating Aluminum wiring 219 Replacing Wall Switches 216 ‘Testing and Replacing Wall Receptacles Houbleshooting Light Fixtures 218 Troubleshooting Cordsand Plugs 219 Repairing’Table and Floor Lamps 220 Troubleshooting Doorbells and Chimes 221 Glossary 223 index 231 ‘About the Authors 243 Order Form 244 Tables Table 3 Table $1 able 4-2 Table 4-3 Table 5-1 Table 5-2 Table 5-3 Table 9-1 Table 9-2 Table 16-1 Watts Consumed by Various Appliances 23, Ampacityof Wires 27 ‘One-Way Distances for 2% Volume Drop by Wi at 120Volts Single Phase 30 ‘One Way Distances for 2%: Volume Drop by Wi at 240\VoltsSingle-Phase 30 Number of Lighting Circuits 47 Determining Correct Amperage for Motors 49 Suggested Number of 120-Volt and 240-Volt Creuits 49 Interior Volume of Standard Boxes 99 Volume Required per Conductor $9) Allowable Distance (in Feet) from Service Equipment toSingle-Phase Motor for Different Wire Sizes 179Preface to the 32nd edition ‘book has been writin for people who want to Learn how to so that the finished jb willbe both comply with the National Electrical Code®. Then the finished ja able to electsical inspectors, power Supp es and others having j the matter. Flectrical witing cannot he learned by'skimming through this or for 15 minutes; neither should ihe book becorisidered a" Quick Ans Necertheless, carefil shady of this book should enable you tow farm su that it wil be acceptable «any wiring, learn how to do the jab correct one concerned. Howevey ‘The author hapes this hook will abe of considerable value in pi Job, to enable you to write sensible specifiations that wil lead ta aximuen usefulness from secre power—nowyand LO scars late Co will vei later changes that usually cost several times as much 354 in the original plans, Throughout this book I have emphasized a particular way This will help you to understand not only the e discussed, but will aso help you we solve other problems as the in 1992. This 32nd cially well qualified ition of Wiring Simplified ap W. Creighton Schwan, wha is. ultohien for undertaking th H.P.Richter Preface to the 39th edition Theabilty of HP Richterte reducea comps subjectto simple,easy to understarst ‘cms is rare, Matching that ability s improbable, but it sa challenge I seriously accep, This 39th edition reflects revisions made necessary by The many changes inthe 1999 National Flecraal Gade and by materials and metheds not covered in peevinus editions [Creighton Schwan Preface to the 40th edition 1 to carry this hook forward, W. Cre of this work Which reflected the developments in the 1973 NEC, thaough the 39th edition based an te 1994 NPC My hope is toachieve what my pe admirably in keepi Pie ch edition reflecs rhe extensive changesi Is indeed an hor outstanding job maintaining the ovntinu sors managed 50 n increasingly complex field accessible toa bvood audien e 2002 NEC, Thesechangesare both substantive and, to a degree not seen perhaps since te 1959 NEC editorial he 2002 NEC hos completely reorganized its Chapter 3 covering wiring met neaningalrosalliring methods havc new article Gesigntions|, ani i now teers twits internal sectonsand appencicesinadiflerent mannerihan before. tn addition, tmanyarticleshave been completely rewritten, Any readeratemptingtoapply prior sitions of this book to the 2002 NEC wil be very confused a nds to many helpful suggestions by its readers, and appreciated. For eit and! suggestions for improvements are grGUIDE TO USING THiS 800K Introduction and guide GETTING STARTED—THE BASICS . WIRES. CIRCUITS, AND GROUNDING: INTENDED AUDIENCE INSTALLING SERVICE EQUIPSPECIAL WIRING SITUATIONS BND PROJECTS begins with» iscussionot the types GETTING STARTED—THE BASICS 1d wiring requirements of sfind-alone manly sed in residencesand revised and expanded chaptqr on farm witing covers specialized topics such as constrocting the meter pole. firing animal huldings-and rural safety issues in aUcition io telephone and dod hell ising the chapter om low-voltage wiring now inchides general material on of mputor nebwork wiring. Thelastchapte, om roub shooting and repairs, is 2 guide nd remedying common problems uch as blown fuses ripp thes anid receptaces and lamps whonever CHAPTER 1 intend to undertake an electsfal installation but wan rmaimain the ‘an each Standards, Codes, and Safety nnd doorbells that don’t work{ information that can be: trical equipment they denpnd WEDEFEND ON FLECTRIC POWER so exteasivel in ourhornes and busines, pcwer serves in countless ways while norm ng tle danger, aw ofcn take it for gianted Yet when not used properly sletre power ean cause re etry propery seriously inure people, and even cause death STANDARDS bri power isa orusto use on when under col. We coal tb using witing and electrical equipment that eof dependable quay Equally importa ni electrical equipment must be propels Inst and maa tical pars and devices 0 speci safety stan- Jord. They should beinstalled lfm through llth states the methods proved by ical and sae io |—_—__—— + Product listings Keputable retlets and manufactures sell only mercha ] die that i ixed bya qualified clea ratory. The oldest and mo commonly recognized testing organization is Underwriters Laboratories leishoped that you find thisbook use and that your primary concerns will be doi staring on dry surfaced and ufing saety glasses), and creating insta Wher a manufacturer subrais its product to such an organization, the product he work ately Finclaling disconnceting live citcuits, hen plesay “approved not correct terminology. To determins that the product continues 9 m by (ntameoflaboratory)." Many That tats ations tha are safe to ue. Wirfig is a2 exacting practice and deserves ® : four beste sire ments in the product standards, trained field representatives periodically visit the Consult yourlacal ee al inspectorbet h made to audit production controls. Additionally, the where the f pade to audit p aud in Phone 800-841-0383 hose shown in Fig sch eli reve Corder lenmisonccet Vevclabls ex 715-285-4 sheen i Deviees itch aderwr wisadt7 E-mail i simplified.com nc. may beabbe dt stamped on still other items such as receptacle, nd toasteING STARTED —THE BASICS hapter 8 Fig. 13. Each piece is marked in some way so that the inspector or purchaser | signed. P identify the manufacturer by referring wa directory isting anut nph J proved their product meets the applicable requirements. The lstin fthe barn i in perma product indicate \ddition w UL, other certication laborator nently dry locations Lis for permanent include ETL Testing Laboratories, Inc. (now part of Intertek Testing Ssrvice wiring becausesuch c i Factory Mutual |FM),and the Canadian Standards Association (CSA); howeve by UL lise are of th UListhem sed equality itm quia “Listed” usage requirements Ihe term “liste” indicates the mershandse i c nay far surpass th bhaely meet itable and safe tf use fr the purpose ar rations for which them For example. of 1 25.0000» nd il bod befor your own ocd judgment ua would in ® FLUORESCENT | usteD ¢ 2 acini onto hock and fire, so rules have bern developed regulating ENCLOSED INDUSTRIAL CONTROL PANEL ee nevtbead deetdioic P No. : NationalElectrical Code® For «sfeinsallation, listed Jevices mustbe install wired by the National Fecrical Cod ated NEC), The NAC is simp hy aver a peniod of The NEC permits installatior aaset of rules specitving the installation and w @® INSULATED ENCLOSED rman yesh een wire SwiTcH , : usteo HCA te obese and ses rent ways, bu all wiring must bedonein one of the ways Electrical Cade’ published ed sdition ofthe Net ith the next edition to appear in 2005. Every readet surged ISSUE NO, Eft |, ses eee Sos [seit ca at ues are registered trademark & ae! a —_ Sa uie: National FreProtection Association, cow seca tee ae BA LISTED t : renumbering ection | Nar ten ct 125. 1875 w. £400314 SETTING STARTED THE BASICS ‘number mentioned inthis book may or may not b same section aurnber in an carer or later NEC. Vertical lines nthe NEC pagesindbicate material that difiers ram the previousedition, Beginning wih this eiion, the vertical lines denote all changes, including deleted material. The ‘marginal ules that used to indicate deleted material are mo longer used All methods described inthis book ein strict accordance with the lite Petr s interpreted by theauthor. Every efforthas been inspector, This book covers only the wiring of houses and mn buildings. An heaps” required by the NEC means"elways so fara pe ot wiring described in tis book is concern Study of dhe NEC is necessury and helpful, bu the NF how to wire buildings Read NEC90.1 forthe exact wording one will not teach you ispurpese, which 1¢ prathical safeguarding wf persons and property from hazards arising Irom the w NEC conta together with proper maint is essential fclectsciey. These havards are fire and electric shock. The isprovisions considered nevessry for safety, Compliance with the N ace will result nan installation essential fee tom hazard but not necessarily efficient, convenient or adequate fo hurure expansion. The NEC is not intended asa specification tor design, nor isit intended asan instruction manual forthe inexperien 4 copy of the NC without sp Alay tead alized training will ikcly be hopelesly confused vk rethey work in the field witha with code instructors, Legal aspects Neither the NEC nor theprodict stant esting lab jsas enforce! by the ories have the force of le, Howeve Palities i so authorized bythe state k nust states (and/or muni slaare) puss laws requiring that all siting rarical Code. Usually power suppliers od will not furnish power 1 bil ings that have not been proper licks on bull faulty work may complicate insurance reim citi oss. You baveno dl oice except to Follow ta law,and in doing so conscientiously you will utomatically produce safe installation Local codes The Nation #trical Codi «ovdes or ordinances, which seldom difer trom the nstional code in yeneval terms nt which frequently amend spesificprovisons. ur caample, armored cable witin is one method permitted by the NEC Local permits brstate authorities heforea wiring job can > sed in any places it ismecessary to get a permit from ¢ ytheexpensesof electrical nspe Power suppliers usually will not fu ate has been turned in Ty lectrical work on your own premises without being he 3 the law is interpreted that way, but not in others, Consul member that if a permit is required, you mus jour work. Before applying fora petri, be sur dll problems in connection with vo th. requirements, it does not,theinspector must urn d wn yous job unt any ernors SAFETY PRACTICES L sl systems in buildings must he installed in such « way that the he least possible huzaed wo the occupants ur the property-Any unigus and uses such as encountered on farms, mast be carefuly evaluated for wing quirements that promote sale for people, animal Addition lie work self must be performed safely forthe protection ofthe installer. Unless you fel confident that you can satisfy these safety objectives, it would be pest that you use this book es inch url gas, diesel fue, oF liquic propane. Be sure to check lal requirenravsfering the | Choosing the corr wattage they proxtug ate other factors 10d Dr oniya few select onderte separate the or in the case of a how to procesd, co pages 46 and farm loads, Fo) Use a generator wil permit motors to sg ppump, te woul be pa the connected load ots be sure th the entieload conn restart select eq Isolate generator not be possible for y 1 be connect solated ftom the po hock ently installed? Small portable ach asthe refrigerator freezer, and tor. There a 1 automaticaly start the generator urcefi lly transier theload|s), but f uation System Yor manlly staring the gonereier and tion, Th he entire house or tan ie you need dep: durin ight be requiced in from therestof the load, iacuits for your essential etipmes the J, the selected loads rom the total load At witha professional for information on the calculation of resident horsepower by 25 percent capacity above the proposed connected lead 10 wach oa well HU your load includes hard to-start motor centro siz tne gene order to permit the motor te start. If some of & vse will supply 240 volts, and nat 120 volts with is automaticaly started must be sie ed toit:startupas veelas continuing 1 off all equipment befo generator, and nent individually to iin main power supply hei er supplier’ lines sto protect the workers who are oul cn teen trying to ret they could receive a seriou current coming from your generator, Never attempt building by using an extension cord with two mele pl tially create this and a numberof other problems, The NEC placed at the service le ng of the presence of plc's sien ow rer hey would Th with heck with ape Drulding wall theyhave mal blades,as shown in Fig. 28, This arranger ent prevents plug blaces from being ful Fig,8-28 Flanged i I. These devices a connection s Z Grounding the generator Jkerodeas that used forthe service, If the generat led, be sure th utmoved int plish this grou teneutral position dan the rezeptasle bod n ha while the generar is energie PaINSTALLING SERVICE EQUIPMENT AND WIRING CHAPTERS. Outlet and Switch Boxes RDER TO LIMI K and fire hazard from poor connections and splices in wires, and to prctett he wir ly made or deteriorated from physical damage the Na le requires that every switch, every oullet, and joint in wires us! he enclosed im a box, and esery ectre mast b mounted on a box (with the exception of some fluorescent fixtures described on ‘Chapter 13, are for “new work”—the wiring ofa buildin id ter 13, Study new work thoroughly Te basic principles for “old wo inh PLANNING YOUR BOX INSTALLATION. Many boxes are made of metal with» galvanized finish. B materialssuch asPVC, fiberglass. an Such box norder to understand and che accesories are coveted fest because they are easier to Types of boxes foxes are calles! swited boxes ot outlet boxes depending on their shape and purpose through openings of the appropriate sare for thi purpose. The partially punched out metal that are easly certov te form openings by loosening the knockout wit Switchboxes The m > Chaptor9 Outlet and Switch Boxe with tapped bole the switches, receptacles and similar dey intalled in th o sed for Fietures he NEC requires bees toh th of least /pinch where a device such as clei to be installed, Mest fe at inches deep, but the deep 2 hevde ier and nore generally use h box holds ne device, When twa «es can be changed into a single “two in Fig. 9-2. Use the screws that ate part Pe be Outlet boxes lure 8-3 shows the most commen outle ape and availabe in three sizes: 3/indh, #-inch and 4-inch, The 4 inch sia s the most common today, permits more wires to be used, avalds cramping, and in genstal reduces the tise required for installation. [space pormits use a box a lest 1/07 even Z/oanches deep (Octlet boxes mus! always be covered. A great many different covets are availabl Sem common ones arz shawn in Fig. 9. The caver at 4 isa Blank cover for a octhat is used only to hold aspice or tap. The one at is a deop cord cover —th opcning for the drop cordisfited with a smnaoth bushi ACs ceptacle. ACE isa Keyless receptacle fora lamp. Another lamp roeeptacle Handy boxes. If an ordinary switch bor is mounted om the surface of a wall, ax ha basement ar garage, the sharp comers ofthe box and cover are a nuisanceINSTALLING SERVICE EQUIPMENT AND WIRING “i > box” and show Square boxes fe large en Figure 9-6 shows handy when man} How tocalculate forrectboxsize Vi ria.9-4 6 S146 specter emanivum aumberof (24 feet out bon must wires of the same spe permitted ina metal Sven rey om vile boc Da necrowd be ois it: Doing ore snakes the work fore diicall and time ERE ween ‘ensuing, and finsa rik shorsand E54 pl ca Pound Tile 9-1 fost ei cbc inch capaci of fhe more common standard metal wes a taken competi ound NEC Tae 314114) Nonstanudand nonmetal bas Ive thr enac ach capes aed on then re tal volume of an encoun sr rings domed covers extension ring thi ardmared th hi vlune in cul inches. Theapaceequed fareach conductor shown i Table Fig. 9-5 This box is brown aa randy box" or uly box" Use iar permanently exposedsurface wiring Seley (ube Bearcat Produc Chapter Outlet and Switch Boxes up the require Choose all volumes from Table 9-2, Then mate To find the minimum size box that is permitted, os may hoppenin condu wil) VOLUNE...... foreach fixture nike. aception four or fewer Fate wires ard one equipment grouncing wre entering the box em a domed Fsture y ramber of interns! cable compe (ig nets 0.9-11). YOLUNE...... for ary numoer of fature studs (Fg,.9-13tol.basing the volume on thelargest wi VOLUME... for any numberof hickeys Fig. 9-13 Boxter, basing the volume on thelargest wie /OLUNES..... Yor 28eh YORE OF strap containing switches recepades, pit lights, | fc basna the yolumeon largest stevie connected 1 3 device on that yoke andthan doubling tfrtuo volumes HYOUNE..... for any number of equipment grounaing conductors basing the ‘slum onthe largast equipment rounding conductoin the Box Table 9-1 INTERIOR VOLUNE OF Table9-2 VOLUME REQUIRED STANDARD BOXES PERCONDUCTOR Dulertos 4x19 ton ye a oh tau oi | :100 INSTALLING SERVICE EQUIPMENT AND WIRING Example of box size caleulation Consider a feed-thn ce location From Table 92 ch 12 AWG ware requlies 2.25 cubic inches. The g square outlet box permitted i 3 1 14-ine box, and the smallest switch box permited forth bos. Both are 14 cubic inche INSTALLING BOXES NEC 210,70 requitesthetollowingareasta be equipped with t lest some lighting controlled by aswitch:every livable room; batbrouins, hallways stairways attached parages: detaches garages if wired: and the folowing spaces if used for st or containing equipment sequiting tis, underfloor spaces, wility ‘moms hasements. In addition, each entranceinto the house must have an outd light controled bya switch inside the house All required lighting must consis permanenly installed lighting fares in bethtonna® and kitchens, but in oth Iaabuable rooms t may be proviced FY Hor o¢tanie amps plugged into receptacles atrolled by a all switch ses for switches should be located near doors so the switches ane easily acces sible as the door is opened. Consider which way the doris to swing and instal the box on the side aove the floor. posite the hinges withthe center of the box 48 t0 52 inches or receptacles, the usual heights 12 to 18 inches above the flor pace located cmvenienly fora vacuu Mounting switch boxes Boxes mast be come with nails attached. If mounting Iv secured to studs. Some boxes uckorends.Itis usualy faster to use hoxes with mountin rackets (Fig, 9-7), Always install boxes so their front arfac oft ol wal If the ho is not adjacent Chapter Outlet and Switch Boxe: 101 Mounting outlet boxes Ifthe box iso be isle near a sul use an outlet ting bracket such as shoven in Fig. 9-7. Ifthe be between studs or josis, use a hanger of the type show in Fig. 9-8 Irs adjustable stud sid 1 the position wanted, push the stud th i length and has a fi mit. Remove the center knockout in the box, lide the stu nigh the knockout andarive the locknuton the inside ofthe box secusely home. Then nail the hanger 6 the studs or joists the front edge of the box (or the cover mounted on iti isthe type shown in Fig, 9-0) will be lush with the wall or ceiling as shown in own in Fig, 9-10, 9, Even handler are preassembled hoxes with hanger ay 4 Fig. 9-10 sores preassembled with hangersare often used. Wiring at boxes egardless.of the wiring method you use le 6 to 10 inches of each box, The length depends on your choice of twa he wire tothe torminal sew as discussed ancl shown in Figs. 4-13 and 4-14. The NEC minimum is in two parts. The wite c uunding wires, as with Type NM cable) must be atleast omector or cable sheath, and they mustbe longenough to extend.a least 3 nck side the box, The only exception (other than for very large boxes) is for wires hat haven spices or connections, but merely pass through thebox, usually fr sonay 1 racewy- These wiees heve no miaimam leng Anchering connectors Whea csble of any syle is aecultes Waak 4 Ge bred to each box th nd pose aINSTALLING SERVICE EQUIPMENT AND WIRING The connector at A is used for ordinary purposes, the one at B or a sharp 90-degree tum, and the one at C when two pieces of cable must enter the same knockout. To anchor the cable, fist remove the locknut fram the connector. Attach the connector to the cable with the clamp serew as in Fig.9-12,then sip the connector through the knockout. andinstallthelockt theboxas shown in Fig. 9-13, Besure to drive the ocknut down solidly so the on itactunlly bite into themetalofthebox toform agood continuous ground. Sorne newer connector designssnap into and hold tight to standard knockout openings, ‘equiringno locknut. Some boxes havebailt-in clampsthat securely hold the cable centering the box, making separate connectors unnecessary Typical basesof this kind ate shown in Fig ea @ I-11 Connectorsused in anchoring able totoses, Fig8-12 Connectrisfest, Lr [ tuchee tthe cable 8) - mneansofacamp sre, Fla. 9-13 Connector Doxby miesniatalockny Chapter 9 Outlet and Switch Boxes Fig-14 Win Doves ot ms type. separate coonecins ae not wed, The boxes have clamps to tld the cable jure studs Soul lightweight fitures are often mounted rectly onoutlet boxes, anchoral by serews entering the“cars ‘ofthe bswcasexplsined at rhe beginning ofthis chapter under the heading “Switch boxes” Other fluures commonly mount tofixture bars that ate secured te the box eas. Heavier fixtures hes additional support, Install a fixture stud (see Fig. 9-15) in the back ofthe bex using stove bolts. This unnecessary i a hanger (Fig. 9-8) is used to support a bex mounted between Nuts oF joie, With « fatuse aial, « hiskey may be needed benween the stu and flere. Fistures above 50 pounds (or heavier if the Dox is so listed) must be supported directly by Fig.9-45 the building structure studand icky Boxes for suspended celling (paddle) fans Boxes fr the support of eviling rs must be listed for the purpose, Fans weighing more than 35 pounds must be supported independently of the box, unless the bor has been listed for additions wight. Consider sing a bex listed tor fan support at every ceiling outlet location whevea paddle fan might beinstalled aa hter date, becauscinstallinga fan support bocatan existing out} can be difficult Boxes forrecessed fixtures 1/the bottom of your fixture willbe flush with the Celing ics called a recesed fisture” If your rseesed Fixture includes a junction bor marked for 60°C branch circuit wiring. ordinary branch crcuit wiring can be connected direct 1 it,and most recessed fixtures availble tocay have such boxes. Be sure to ebserve any fill or other restrictions om the number andl type of wires allowed in such boxes, because they will not be f any staklard size. See page 169 nChapter (5 before install Boxes for interchangeable devices Up to three interchangeable devices can be installed in an ordinary single-gang box. Figure 9-16 shows a faceplate with thee openings, and an assortment of devices such a¢ switches, receptacles. and ights.Platesare also available with onc ortwo openings. The plates supplied ‘metal strap with three openings on which you can mouat any combination104 INSTALLING SERVICE EQUIPMENT AND WIRING fone, two,0r three of these specially sized installed in as evices. The gle gang box. Thros standard devices would require a three-g box which costs more. takes more spaceand requires much more installation time Cautions Remember that the nur of wires entering any box i listed review pages 98-99 on calculating minimum size boxes. When ‘enough for the wires necesary to connect to three devices on one strap, use a 4Linch-suare box and a single gang plaster ring as shown in Fig. 9-4 . Fig 9-16 irecichongesble ues permit 3 suitches. find the ks to be instilled in a sngle rg box, Nonmetallic outlet boxes Nonmetallicboxes, for reasons of cost, have lgely supplanted metal bores in today’s marke, particularly for resent occupancies, In suklition to cost, nonmetallic bones aelargely immune to corrosion, and for surface applications usinghoxesa BVC, berglassor other nonmetallic material provides insurance against shock, When metal boxesare used in barns and similar locations, they tend ws rastevituct lis canduit Ako, shea uscd with nonmetallic shethed ‘able, metal box thats poorly grounded tecomes hot” when i hu wine becomes accidentally groundedinsie it. Any person oranimal touching the box wil receive a shock that can be dangerous to humansand even mare so to animals, Nonmetallic boxes (and covers arestown in Fig, 9-17, Usethem as you would metal bowess however the NEC does not require that cable be anchored with connectors ‘o single-gang nonmetallic switch boxes i the cable is supported within 8 inches of the bex measured along the cable sheath, ani the sheath extends into the bor at last 's inch. Atother than single-gang nonmetallic boxes, the cable must be secured tn the box. a it mas. be to all metal boxes, (Anchoring. discussed on pages 101-102 th connectors is Other nonenetalic hotes are shown in Fig. 9-18, Boxes with hubs, like the one at Jeftare forsurtace wiring, and with the proper covers theyare weatherproof. Boxes with knockouts can be used either concesled or exposed. Note that nonmetallic buns cles from metalic boxes it hattherdon indardized sizes, This comein ‘meansthatin order w decide onallowable ire fil you have to dothecaleulations 4258 Chapter. Outlet and Switch Boxes 105 covered earlier in this chapter, based on the actual volume of each box which will be marked on the inside ofthe box plates oF covers ate ed when using nonme talc boxes particularly in corresive Nonmetallic locations, LFmelal faceplates re us they muste grounded, Which is more or less automatic with cecepracles, because the mounting strap s usually ‘uanectod to the grecn grounding terminal. Toggle switches equirea special switch having a grounding terminal on the mounting strap to which the grounding wite inthe nonmetllc-sheathed cable must be conne SELECTING SWITCHES While all common switches have the general appearance shown in Fig. 2-1, there arieties that you should understand: Fig, 9-18 PVC boxes wah imegal hubs and with standard knockout ate Single pole is used to turn a light on or of from one point. I has tw terminals and the words ON and ont on te hanele Tiree- way is used to turn alight on or off ftom twe separate locations. It as three termini oe tha wiring if three-way switches see } pages 30-58 Few-wy is used in combination with three-way when light must bet cor off from more than two locations. Use three-way switches 2 1wo of the points, ard four-vwayal the remaining points The four-way has four terminalsand.a pain, Unlabeled handle, For the wiring of four war switches see pages 58-60) Switeh ratings Switches are designed for use at an amperage and voltage not higher than the limits stamped into their metal mounting yokes. Some switches : are rated "104 125V-SA 250V" indicating thatthe switch may be used to control leads not over 10 amps i the voltage isnot over 125 volts but only 5 ampsif the wot 0 volts: Mostarerated 154 120V'or 158 12022770 ‘Other switches are avaiable for higher amperages. Grounding for switches The yokes ofall x described below, are required tobe grounded irstalled ornot. will be grounded, The switch yoke nent grounding conductor must be connected 4a plain, unable hry series mmnrneateenann ishigher But not over gle Switches including dimmer: that a metal faceplate, whether an hegrourded to theg grounded neta ox, oF an equi termvinal serew on the yoke. “Wpes.of switches snitches with a variety of 5 In addition to the common general-ase switches there are sures thatenhance comfort, convenience, and od here, ‘The mestcornmenly used sich today vealed the safety, Some of these are descr ‘AC general-usesnap switches ‘ac general-use snap” typein the NEC. It iesery quiet in operation and lastsa longINSTALLING SERVICE EQUIPMENT AND WIRING ' for any purpose with two exceptic INSTALLING SERVICE EQUIPMENT AND WIRING must not be used to control tungsten filament lamps (ordinary lamps) at voltages abov tsb) if used to cont a motor, it may be used only up to 80 percen of its ampere rtin | AC-DCgeneral-use snap switches Cer ssle switches are called ace general | ing, it isan ac | ase in the NEC. Ifthe switch doesnot have “AC” atthe end ofits 4c type. This style may be used on de-only citeuts as well ason ac wiring was installed many yeats agagthe switches are likely yeac-ic type. It able ac-only ty CHAPTER 10 ‘of ther fils, you may replace it with the more reid av Loe sche Sin re te wih yeni i Basic Wiring Procedures | fe, possibly 20 years, andl consumes so lite power that it costs pethaps one cent ee IN RESIDENTIAL AND FARM wiring the great majority of new wiring today Quietswitches Ordinary switches can makean audible click when tured onand st eS aucune Gane fae ein yh ph se I i. The “ac general use" switch is very quiet. Alo availuble is a completely silent Pee eee aca etter CAL Gece odes el a | es a ce ee ae pre De rp ed | alas adrulresthe let echnlel wsoingtoiatw Hovererirnonl cable operate unsealed ina vetcalpstion : : zt petty ae Dimmer switches Wise it might be desirahleto contol thelevel of brightness, Se tel pagan eng wil tha ect a ian ha placed with special dimming itches, Sone dimmersate designed to beused only pot permitted for new work since the 1975 NEC, ie only fr eeoncions in exiting | (One inexpensive type of dimmer switch pro 4-o1t=LoW positions and © ' hb Wh) cin apo ves Fano weds woe http angcpae 9] _—aSaemermesromntonet moe eyes Yh | switch; not a three way. The somewhat more expensive type controls brightaeas ronmetallic-sheathed cable i used almost exclusively. Itis also ased extensively in || cumtinuousy fom olf ofall brightness. Sore meee avaiable he the | sienersand age buldingy though high-iec contruction afin ees metalic ' way types replacing one of a par of thice-way switches rnathods Follow local eastom.[f you are not sure, const qualified local ahorities i] FACEPLATES Many wiring procedures are the same regardless of which sysiem is used. These Receptacles and vith when instill revered wth Fcepltes (loc proceed ia thi chapel ordre he th wal plates) of the type shown in Fig 9-19. These are avalabe in molded plastic ; ‘oughly. The diagrams and explanations in thischapter use cable asa model but the ! wild i aiadorison of cor aas Sher atc ached ac Wao principe ppl generally iol wrigsyoens Deals pec cable orca | rac Use ihe bind you lk ost Metal faceplates must be greunded rrchovs ace desea in Chapters and 12 —— PLANNING THE INSTALLATION Betore doing any actual wiring, you must make a plan. Decide upem the lecation a) © fe Gen oie neous common i itadeegi HedaVICEEQY ling out, Fas andis included here a pa ye not recommended swisehes are preferred IP MENT AND WIRING comp ied in Chap run the black wite from s110 INSTALLING SERVICE EQUIPMENT AND WRING FEEDING AND CONNECTING THE WIRES Hyouareusing ll needto remember the important NEC requirement described here regarding wire color in making connections at switches. Following tha, the basic guidelines for making conn ions apply to ether vable or sonduit, White wire re-identified as black wire in switch loops {i Fig, 4 if yo disreggrd the cable running to C, outlet Bis the sme that in Fig 6-5, 0 a detaled ‘explanation may seem unnecessary. However, according to everything you have learned up to this point, and as shown in Fig. 10-2, both wires from outlet B 1 switch S-B shouldbe fac, bur the two-wirecable that you are goingto use contains ‘one black and cne white wire. How can you comply with the NEC requirement NEC 200.? permitsa white wireto be used where a black wite should be used—but only ina switch loop ithe cable runing from an outlet toa sith}, and the white wire must he re-identfiee as black wheteverit is visible and accessible, This can be accomplished by painting, rapping with black tape,o seeving the wirewith atube ofeither black plastic insulation removed froma larger wire or with plastic sheink bing applied witha heat gan. Regardless of whether the white wie is reidentified ‘ornot(the NEC prior to 1999 did not require this), it must heused asthe wire running totheswitch frum theungrounded conductors Jas dhe guides, ever Une eves. That means the connections at the outlet will always be white to white and black to natural black, avoiding the hazard of reverse polarity ai ¢ serew abell ig.10.4 OutetBofFlas 10-1 and 10-2 Thisisan for receptacle. Se Fig. 10-6 for importa: diagram itshowshaw ta connect white anexampk wreincasietatte smten Ureidentifed as blac Wiring at outlets and switches | is cas) 1 ake the right connections if you remember that each fictuze must have one white and one black wite connected to it, and if you observe the following simple seps: 1. At the switch, connedt the two wires of te cable to the switch, 2. At the outlet, connect the white wire ftom SOURCE to the fixture, & usual At the outlet, conncet the flack wite from sOuRCe tothe wiite wire ofthe cable that runsto the switch. and re-identify the white wite ax black, Thisis the onl cease where a white wire may be connected t0 a black, Connect the black wite of the cable that runs 10 the switch to th The two wires tunningon to the next outlet ire connected tothe two incoming vires (rom source) in the outlet box—black to black, and white to white Chapter 10 Basi Wiring Procedures When outlet Bic properly installed according to thes five steps. twill be s shown in Fig, 10-4, which complies with NBC20 Outlets C; D, and E are wired as shown in Fig. 10-5. Revepacles have double terminal screws so thatthe tws wires from two different piecesof cable can ea Deattached as shown. In the case of G, it necessary to connect theee different wires to each side of the receptacle, but there are only two terminal screws. NEC 10-14(a ts more than one wite under one terminal screw. Splice all the blacks together and all the whites together, adding a short pee of wire called a gta” tothe white st and another tothe black set, and connvct these pigails to the receptacle terminal screws, See ptacleouletsare cay to connect a this clagram shows Outlet Fin Fig, 12, ifyou disregard the cable running on tothe next outlet G, fs the sane s Fig. 6-H in Chapter 6. Wire it shown in Fig. 10-6, Bun waite «able fram the atest the first three-way switch S-F-1 and throc-wiecable from uhere tothe second three-way switch S-F-2, Again you meet te problem of the proper cnlors of vite. Remembering the steps outlined in consection with outlet +, simply connect the white wire from SovRck (which inthis case isthe white wire frum outlet C) tothe fixtures usual. The other wire on the ficure must be black, soconnect the black wire ofthe cable that runs on fo the frst with S-F-1. At the ‘oulet:thewhitewire inthe cable that runs onto the switch is reidentified as black und cannected tothe incoming black wire from source. The edble that runs on to the next outlet G must also be sonnected, black wice te black and white ts white af che eae Fram ceutce (Fram C). This completes the wiring of the outlt F The sow tches sill need to be connected {wo different cables end in the box for S-F-15 a nwo-wite cable and a three-wize cable, making five wires altogether. Tso of them are white: splice them together sothere will hen bea continuous white wire from F to S-F-1 ty 5-F-2, where you connect itto the common or marked terminal ofthat switch and re identify a black wherever i s visible, Connect the black wite in the canle between F and S-F-1 to the common or marked terminal of the first switch S-F-1. That leaves unconnected wires in the cable from 8-F-1 and $-F-2: thered and the black Goninect thers tothe temnaining terminals ofeach switch it dos not matter which color goes to which terminal on the switch, That finishes the wiring,rT AND WH identified as black Black — — oe White Fig.10-6 Thewiting of outlet FolFigs 19-1 and10-2,ith henna way switches the the outlet Theis the diogram 0 when us 00'S ofthe wires in ths cbte Compe with Fig 6-14 Studycaretulyt you are installing four-way switches follow the diagramsot Figs.6-19 and 6-21 White wire may be re-identified where atherwisea wir of adifferent color w be required Outer Gis exactly same as outigtf ard should be wired in the samme way Feed-through switch box In 21] the outlets wited so fir x cable fist to the outlet bor and fixture, then on to the switeh. When you 0 cuilet 70 Fig, 10-2, you will see that the cable runs frst to the switch S-H ane then on to outlet H. This combination is even simpler to wite tha athershecausc thee is no problem with the colors af the wire as yrscan see Fig. 10-7 showing this outlet compleiely wired Splicing for additional outlets You sivvor install allitional outlets beyond H by simply connecting the black and shite wines of the cable for the nswe 6 tothe black and white wires in outlet HH, because then the new outlet would be turned an and off by switch 5-H Nowever, you can add an sdfirional outlet by tapping in switch 5-H; splice the wires of the cable for the new outle to the incoming cable from ( shown in Fig Kd-8. Another isto rum three-wire cable fram St 1 He splice the twe ult tobickand whit in H, shown in Fig. 10.9. be spliced to any existing fe eae urs Rett the leh 4 Fig. 10-8 Tapping in arc Tonew outlet) Fig. 10-9 Running three wie cable From o Ay spleing white to white, and black to black—as long as each wire can be traced all the way back to su without inteeruption hy switch Three-way switches substituted for single-pole ts simplemuaiter io subst singe-pole ram, uy Hig (-lU:thestaring pointisan outer a iy wine wth two wines ready fara sitch a single-pole switch isto be used, conaect it tothe two ends of the wires as at thees-way switches are tobe used, substitute the combination of B Adding a switch to an unswitched outlet If jou want to adda switch to a diagram that shows an outlet permanently aynnected without a switch, cut th black wire, That gives you two ends of black wire to which the switch eonnects,or two ends to which you will splice the t0-wite cable that runs 0 the swte ites from outlet tobe controlled | A Original“4 INSTALLING SERVICE EQUIPMENT AND Win Junetion boxes Sometimes its ne. sary to make aT nin cable when there isalong tun and no convenient uth from which to art the T branch. Use an ulet box; run the three (ormmore) endo cable into it: splice all black wires together and all white wiees together: cover with blank cover as shown in Fig.9-44, an the Job is finished. A junction box is showe 0) Fig. 10-17 Ajunctionboxcemanson ‘TWO-CIRCUIT DUPLEX RECEPTACLES imp plugged into a receptacle alles contnolled by a wall switch, These two circuit duplex eceplacies) meet the NEU requirement for switeh-con alle le rooms other than kitchens and buthiooms. Many brands of ordinary acles are constructed s9 you can, during installation, cange them te the two-ciretit variety by breshi duplex re ‘our a sina brass portion between not” (hrass colored) terminal screws. Tho wiring diagram 0-12, using 2 split receptacle inthis way does not sity because the same cievuit breaker or fuse llimetely supplies both halves of the dulex receptacles shown, If that isnot the case new AActull), a the drawing makes phaceitan tn differen NEC rules have made the installation much more problematic Thange in the 2002 NEC places a very significant condition on the use ‘oF multiple re ibe 1 Cuplex as a separate device) connected to more than one branch circuit, A means t A major leson one yoke (this the technically correct way to a split duples recoptacle—the NEC counts each half uf Fig. 10-12 Two Chapter 10 Basie Wiring Procedures us dionnectall ungrounded conductors arriving atthe receptacle must be provid the panelboard. Theoretically, this could be a multipole circuit breaker or ide of multipole switches for multe circuits unle 1 installed adjacent to the panelboard. However, test knowledge no such switches a sotbeused t supaly uch enléple the only practical a e : multipole circuit breaker. In the case of a multiwite branch circuit, this isa wutit ences one of the functional advantages of the traditional multiwire branch circuit, namely if one citcut trips the others stil connected Inaddition if wo 2-ire cireuitsartive at the device yoke, these cir ts must sil om e multipole circuit breaker. Inthe casco! thedining reom spi ribed p thesmall-appliance branch creultconne reciptocle di viously, the multipole circuit breaker require here means to thsoutletcouldnorbe multiwired with a second small-appliance branch cieuit, contrary to the waual configuration. Think carefully about the implications ofthis rulechangein planning your insta tionsof the NEC. it applied only tomultiwire branch cies and only in dwelling occupancies. Now it applis in all ccuparcies, and any sime rice than one branch circuit supplies more than one receptacle on a vommor as, shether ornot in amine configuration, The concern i that an untrained ‘THREE-WIRE CIRCUITS tmmis of material cost, installation time, and voltage drop. installing one 3-wire isuit offers many benefits 0 An re, [20-vot circuit consistsof two wires—the grounded wireand there is total of four wires as shown in Fig. 10-14 in which 1 hol srte as shown in Fig. 10-13. When two such 2- ines Band C arethe grounded sites. and the wires A and Dare bot wives cormected fs of SOURCE, so that the voltage between A and (95.240 voll, bu! betwsen A and Band alo between B and Citie 120 volts [Rut note that the twa grounded winee B and C are connected together a th eutral busbar in your service equipment. Since they are connected together a heating point, they hecove in effect one wire. Why use twe? There iso need ortwo, Use one wite and instead of two 120-volt,2-wire circuits you will haven 1207249-vole circuit Fig. 10-15. Be suretha! each receptacle nected to the neutral wi connected to the two hot wires Inaalling « 3-wire circuit 4 mater uces thINSTALLING SERVICE EQUIPMENT AND WIRING 1S.amp 4 Fig. 10-13 One 2 wie, 120-val load ‘orcut caning iSamps. eas oF 120/24 ing Same Teams isa Samo: jose as D Pisamp: trig. 10-15 one. ste == cares ro curert, The NEC ISamp teem is “multivire branch Inthistoch fare equal, anny ne current a all eo One 3.wire citcuit is especially rrcommended in plse of two | forthe small-appliance circuits discussed in Chapt is long. a fogs rap isacon 5.1rthecireuit ard Hight or as feeder ta a detach ages 24-29), Other lnals commonly served by $ire dishwashorand waste dispose, the miccoweave oven and kit ry buikling, walt Hleration (see tr heater and the range and dryer. Even other general-use cncuits c panelboard as 3vite cialis tothe first one oF two outlets, tof to become two 2-wire circuits Connectingbttheservice Great care musthe taken toconnect wires and & to opposite legs of the incoming service-entrance wires, Norm ies only asmall number oFmperes, or no curtentat all {the loads and B and N, happen tc be identical. But f you connect 4 and the wine Nea between A a le of the incoming possibly as much a5 40 amps if 12 AWG wire is used: its insulation aye and fire might result Remember the grounded wice ix ne cults atreceptacieand lighting outlets \When aiding recep wire circuit, the neutral must be especialy watched. A eveptacle alscrews on each side, When wiring bwo-wite circuits it sthe usual CChopter 10 BasicWing Procedures "7 when wiring with cable. But in wiring three-Wire circuits, this mus pot he done because removing «receptacle, such a for replacement, would then salt ina break inthe neutral wite during the ume there is no connection to the ceptace, Tis would in turn place all he receptacies connectedto one eg (beyond the receptacle temporarily removed) in series with those connected to the othe legal t 240 volts, Appliances would malfunction and be ruined or atleast badly Maintaining a continuous groundin three.wire circuits Ii sing conduit ‘continuous wite with a loop as shown in Fig, 4-17. When using cable, there is hioway of misking a lop 50 you must make a pigtall splice as shown in Fig. 4-15 Camnect the ends of the white wires of two lengths of cable toeach other and to another short piece of white wie, the opposite end of which yeu then connect to vod practice to pigtail bath the the white terminal screw of the receptacle I is grounded and hot wires a) all receptacles where you would uibepwise use the Owe terminalson each side for {ceding through. In this way the removal ofone receptacle dogs mat interrupt service tother seceplacles downstream, nor do the downstream receptacles depend on the terminal scraws or push in connestionsas a substitute fora good splice. Pigtail neutral at lighting outlets also, so thatreplacinga fixture wil not open the neutral 1o downstream outlets Installing split-wired receptacles on three-wire circuits “The split-wired (also ntacle chown in Fig. 10-12 can also be installed on the ‘onphaseA,theother on praseB (Fig. 10 sled ne cteet) Uhre-wire circuit, wired with one bal ind common neutral, This soften done in the kitchen, where two small-appli- sare required, He ure that the branch-cineuit disconnecting dope hot wires with asingle operation of the hand shat fitire maintenance at these outleis can be done ster. ance receptacle cic maansat the panelh DETACHED GARAGES AND ACCESSORY BUILDINGS iahing and recepracte reyuitements for garages and accessory buildings are ssl on page 15 as wel asin this section, The feeder from the house to th. detached building may be ran underground or overhe Running underground or overhead wiring If 1unpig the feeder under round. you may use Type UF cable, which can beburied directy,or ular ci wices with" W" inthe name can be installed ina raceway such a rigid nonmetallic PC) conduit, The fesder must be buried atleast 1Sinches below grade See further discussion in the chapter on farm wiring.on pages 189-190, 1 you are going to use ovethead wiring, there are several ways tht the wites can be brought out of the house and inte + separate garage or accessory building ure 10-16 shows a very convenient entrance cap requiring only a single bose tugh the wall, The cap is ased at both ends ond is suitable for use with cable wn You can also use condait hy running it directly int the fitting which8 INSTALLING SERVICE EQUIPMENT AND WIRING. One-piece head Connector cable Fig. 10-16 The easiest way of bringng wires into'2 garage or simioe balding st we ti special envance ca. _ Shown in Fig. 10-17 another way of usingan ordinary entrance cap (assed for Wiring forlighting andreceptacles (or ightinagaregs or accessory building tha can be controlled borh there.and at the bose, three wites need tobe ran from thehouse and a three-way switch installed atesch end, wired as shovrn in the basic diagram of Fig, 10-18 on the next page |. short pices of condait, and an outlet box inside the bulling, For receptacles that operate independently ofthe garage lightsa they ar lwayslive ‘whether the light is on or of, four wises ate required between house and garage. Follow the diagram of Fg, 1-19 Calculating feeder wire size Feeder wfhe sie i based on the sive of the load itmust catty To calculate the load ofan accessory building that isa woodworking shop.machineshop, ceramic shop, greenhouses, .be sare to ictade the nameplate Totings of all the equipment—unless it s aone-person shop where only one tool willbe used at a time. In that case instead of adding sll the tools together just add {inthe tool with the highest ampere rating. Provide plenty of ght calculated at not less than 3 watts per square foot, and add 180 voll-amperes far each general-use recepiacle, Don't forget outside lighting so you can safely get hack to the howe after dark IF the accessory building is some distance from the house, calculate the ctwill nt he undersia voltage drop.or use Table 43, so the fe Dutt box Fig. 10-17 Ancther methed Locknut and bushing afesterng # bulding, ving an ordinary entiance cap, condut Ne eee Conduit ripple CChapler 10 Basic Wiring Procedures lig Fig. 10-18 Diagram fo garageightfedby3 wires from mouse with 39a) fig, 10-1911 3 ‘eceptacie that is ‘abe permanently anizadded A ies re reeded Grounding Whee ihereisequpmentinthegrage oro euchedbuiing Thrrngies grounding (ntl bow grounding recep). her eat the Taner naling grounding cecwode anda groundngelcrodecondac crenseqarte cquiprent punelngconiucereresathe two balding Siz the oningeetrodeconduc hese ny you woul ie iar zondisor sretin erie tng he ciasson on hb oc in Chapter hut bss on (ee etng oe iki fom no and whee et ping sch ter Haare eeherotedng thepmrnda condatr ate congue rare Pincondaer ase ifrnngalin te NEC Te ?50122 e@amps. use 3 10 ANG wire circuits up ANG respestively larger cireuitsup 0 10Damps,usean 8 AWG wire and For even anger circuits (up Dams) ase a 6 AWG wite. These sizes pertain to copper wires rele to the table in the NEC for other circuits or if row are using aluminum grounding wi Disconnecting means You must supply # local discones + building on the property ling, The NEC does relex the separate buildings and structares fed from anv family dv ic example, ou caa Use smap Switches as leven an accessory building 10 a sin rulesa litle for residential applcatio fees120 INSTALLING SERVICE EQUIP ENT AND WING disconnects instead of eqaipment suitable for useas service equipment [the nar ust be grouped and marked t nutbuikling app Ungrounded ns located ata radi A snap switch is a permissible disconnecting means, including a three-way switch with no identifiable o=t The switch wearer ofeupply auch wstheovechead light, NEC | 10.22 allows some basis for omitting this marking However, Ifyou do provide the marking you won't be challenged sins receptacle unat will supply a freezer, and the owner wants to be assured dhatit won'tbe tamed of inadveriently Assure there will also bea light oled from the house and the garage us ngthree-way switches. Mark the three way switch in the garage Laci end run the receptacle fee Ubrough 2 sin shap switch in another box near the three-way switch, perhaps at an odd height, 3 fect above the Bo prechaes inadvert, Der the otheg sreasherprvot egiik BaF i eration, and matk it AFF DISC oF simi. INSTALLING SERVICE EQUIPMENT AND WIRING. CHAPTER 11 Cable—Nonmetallic-Sheathed and Armored ASLE CONSISTS OF TWO OR MORE wires assembled togaer and enclosed he two most common f of their characteristics, gs and " womenclature, se pag roved locations and installation method: forthe two types are dese NONMETALLIC-SHEATHED CABLE Neametllic-she > Simple w install without special foe srl cont oe ic often called“Pamex which les ‘one manutactures, Phere are three kinds, which ‘he NEC cls ype NM, Type NMG, and Type NMS, rade name iype NMS is comparatively now. The "S* stands for signaling, and refers to an ‘tots for vse in applications coveredin NEC AT 72 the so-called “smmarthouse”echnology: Ase ction set of signing cond ic generation of household appliances featuring address volves uniquely configured reesp 1 appropriate appliances installed puter chips for central corto. Te witiny lets that remain de-onergized unless in is drawing ts appropriate curren nature, and other than a few prototypes, no such hhoases have come on the general market. However there are anumber of wiring es that provide for computerized control of specific outlets. As this Book there isa major controversy brewing over whether Type NMS cabling pera re, « aren'tallowed within the same cab be used for this other control method. AS a ol conduct Where used SM cable in Fi wcibed briefly under22 INSTALLING SERVICE EQUIPMENT AND WIRING exposure tothe weather and notto be huried in the ground, Type NMC maybe used instead of Type NM anywhere. ase is eyuitedin damp or corrosive loations sah srdiscussed in Chapter 17."Farm Wiri asharnsandother firm buildings furl damp basements, id so on, stall tas you would ordinary Type NM. In some localities it may be difficult te locte Type NMC cable, In that case use Type UF which ievery similar doesn't cost mach mote, and ray be used wherever Iype NMC may be used. In addition, it my be used in wet locations or buried directly inthe ground. Type UFisdscussedin more detail in Chapter 17 00 pages 59-190 Building restrictions There hasbeen a dramatic change in the allowable uses Type NM cable in the 2002 NEC. Type NM can now be used in any building permitted ta be of Types II, IV, or V construction, even if x Type Io I, provided the cable is located beaind the same sort of thermal barrier normally required for ENT (Fig. 12-7| in high-rise buildings, There is no NEC waiver forbuildings with asprinker system, asisthecasefur ENT, however: building codes generally permit more extensive builings w be constructed as Type Ill, LV or Vit afull sprinkler system isin place, This isthe first time the NEC has put building construction types atthe center of a rule governing the use of a witing method, Refer vo NFPA 220, Surndard om Ties of Bung Construction, for th 2s follows: . somplets descriptions They aresuimmarived ‘ype 1—All sructural membersare nonzombustible (or limited-combusible) and have fire ratings generally of three ar four hours (less in some cases) depending on the specific usage ‘Type ff—All stsuctural membersare asin Typel but erally drops to two or one hours (less in some eases) depending on the specific weg, ype [di—Allexterior bearing wall are aoncombustile(orlimited combustible) and have fire ratings of atleast two hours, but be of approved combustible mates, {interior structural elernents can TypelV—Allexterior and combustble) and interior columns, bears, girders, arches, trusses, oors and roofsare of heawy timber vonstraction without concealed spaces, or besring walls arc noncombustible [o¢ linited Type V—Buildings constructed of approved combustible materia that for som structural elements is subject to a minimum one-hour fre resistance rating For about thitty yi nonmetallic sheathed cable could not be used any in any building that exceeded three floors above grad in eontrast to ENT, this restriction applied whether or not the wiring was concealed behind a fre finish, The only exception was inthe sascof «one t twn-family building, where i could be used rezardless of total height. This restriction became the subject of intense snd continuing national debate: Some jurisdictions imposed further restrictions, ind some others removed the height limitations entirely. Be sare 0 review your NEC changes are likely tobe subject to controversy in Chapter 11. Cable—Nonmetallic Sheathed and Armored 123 local code adoption proceedings This change won't maiter very much for single family homes, but it may influence the choice of wiring method in many high risecondominiums and light commercial applications, in addition t9 many larger appications beyond the scope of this book. Ampacity restrictions Although the individual conductors must, by NEC rule, have a 90°C temperature rating, the final allowable ampacity must not exceed that given in the 6U°C column (refer to Table 4-1). This restricts the number of cables that are “bundled” for longer than 24 inches, This includes routing more f single hored holes. You need to consider thaa one cable through a success thisrequirementin a hasement, for example where you might he tempted to run large numbers of cables back co the panelboard thzough a set of holes lined up through the floor joists and ending at the panel. As a practic mater, putting NEC310.15(8)(2)/a! together with 240.4(B|(|) under this restiction means that her through a farcommen applications you can’t put mors than four cables to = Batt, cabines individual creuits eabinet Fig. 13-1 Het thecaiinlequpment int Fla 3-2 Herethe cabinet fhe cd equpmer. eared eves oriyasa junction box. contrfor i eign he renvicaequpmenttisanlyatoad : trom box tobox. Inall wiring the NEC rays beeen and he nla ruta sche use the enclosure asa junction box. Ifthis's impractical, proceed as follows ifthe wiring wed armored oF sonmetallic shesthed cable, iomove the locknut inside the cabinet, pull the eable connector out of is knackout, and temporarily screw the locknut om ite sonncctor If the wiring was in wana exnnne ce bushing alae the etaesinente beasts } i inside the cabin, pull the conduit out 0” the knockout, and place the bushing pateang plaster vo fll gaps after the fn the end ofthc conduit. After doing thison each branch sicuit remove the old wring she | equipment completely Selecting bexlocation nlociting cutis, conser that all wires must The new equipment will ontsina mai ‘of the branch circuits, old and nev plus2few spares, But the wites ofthe ol cgcuits will not reach the new equipment. Where the old equipment used to be located, insall junction box anempty seel cabinel ofconvenient size,8%'3 inches larger seneedewithstslcoverRunthewinsetheoldcieuisinto th junction, Uy a breaker plus ether breakers to protect eae aes be fshed through walle and clings ariek chook cane Sia ot Dele Cmca mb ita eine CaneavuiteLindklwork hesvich mocatersngle i83 ANCHpe cbc ra andoierbonsaresupporteddecy‘e'or}04 ANG Type abe using the original cables with their connectors, or the original conduits Then run sepaatecablesfomthe nowequipmenttothejuncton box. one foreach sy ielscaiy by cee te lah wc Sicuitandof the sume sie sth orginal wires Conneetibenewwirestotieukd, ne tthe devas chon the locations forthe openings atta. A black to black, white to white. using “wipe nuts" orathersolderless connectors. See location fairy close to joists and studs is best because there che wall materials are she ant hear ay ested ivilleranil “ Mounting switch boxesin ath-and-plasterconstruction _Insawingopenines from the box, but the box itself must be groanded, ! itch boxes in walls ad ceilings of lah and-plaster construction, remember INSTALLING BOXES AND RUNNING CABLE : hat the nth of sith bow apprise sith of ath tb Ni cs ia bene ingle aa abc Ba pb he ce eee pou reno compl fi cf ie Liging ouetboxes mas be aslitleas inchdeepasshown nig 1-3 but deeper Se ee cin leaner (bake bates should be used wherever possible. Cable is sinaply pulled into the walls and anchored to the putlet and switch boxes. E ] Cvs are commoily aseds the best choice is flat head sheet metal screws piece must he « continuous length Neal so : *hat have the entire shaf hreaded), Remove one width ofanother on eaeh end of th pening, igure 13-4 sb the wrongand the tight ways fake a mark on the wel approximately where the switch oF receptacle is ta be located. Bore a small hol through the mark, Insert a stim wire and probe to make nd that ther pace all around, Enlar the hole t9 locate the center of one lath—this will locate ‘opening. Then mark the rea of your opening, about inches by 34 inches. Hore inch holes at apposite «or dat the center af he centers ofthe holes rus be on the lines ofthe outline at st more than half of h hole will be outside of 1 for cutting 1 LNG SERVICEE Fo, 2UIPMENT AN Winn insaling serch bo 3 Mademizing Old he aths from the plaster, lean iy Mounting switch boxes indrywall construction Dr nough twaccept screws ais ath-and-plaster construction, Mount the bos neat stud (use Aalst cls on the ends ofthe box so that when instaled the box will b flu with the wall surf Connecting the cable _Inboth types of construction boxes ith beveled comer ni cable clamps are convenient but seldem practical, The bevded corners usual reduce the capacity of the box below NEC minimums, anal are vedora used tod Bring the cable into the be and tighten the clamps letting shout 10 inches o calle extend out of the box If using bexes without clamps, install the connector ‘onthe cable, lt the eannector projet into the bos through aknockout near th box, and install the locknut after the box is installed. Be sure the box isc h and the knockout far enough back forthe cable conmactor to clear Anchoring switch boxes. Iie following three ods can be used in both lath-ane:- plaster and drywall vont oil pul ouveid Tighe fem against the wl <. iP siraps shown in Fig. 1 the wall opening and push \ opening, taking care not of the straps inside the wall. Then ‘of ach strap down Be 3 cebent ly aver the edge of the bor and li? gig. 3. 1 ily against the inside walls saubeds eects ne150 INSTALLING SERVICE EQUIPMENT AND WIRING Fig. 13-7 Another ny of supporting sich bores, walboate., 8 A psi cf these saps supports w wet boxin Mounting outlet boxes in ceilings If there is open space sbuve the celing on ‘which the box is ta be installed, and if theres no floor above (or there. floor in which aboard can easly belied), proveed asin new work using hanger and the usual 1sinch-deep box. See Figs. 9-8, 9-6, 9-10, The only difference is that you vill be working fiom above {all the work must be done froin below, the method depends wn the ceiling construction, the lneafian of the outlet, and the weight of the Exture, Denes supporting fixtures weighing more than a few pounds must be fastened to the builting structure, One method is shown in lig. 13-9, For lightweight fixtures the ceiling itselfcan support the box. Use one af these methods: (1) !s-inch-deep box, surfice mounted, supported by a ceiling joist using sctews; (2) !-inch-devp box, surface mounted, supported by fixture stac on har hanger (Fig. 9-8) which has ‘been poked up through a hole (which the box eovers) and laid across the wood laths (Fig. 13-105 (3) !s-inch-deepbox, surface mounted, supported by to Uhvough ceiling, cithes lath ana plaster or drywall (Fig. 13-1]: (4) 1 box with eats, ash mounted, supported by a U-clamp (Fig, 1}-12), When using « surface-mounted “-inch- _Wallbracket_y.5, 7 aleacy wired switch y ul “ g Cable} inside wall wall Baseboard bord | | _csble Opening behind baseboardvst INSTALLING SERVICE EQUIPMENT AND WIRING. «able in atopening C, drop it down at Duntilit comes out at E. Even if there isan ‘obstruction at D, asis usually the case it is easy to bor + the board has been lifted, Ititis impossible to lift the foorabo cable musthe gottenaround theo 1 Dsomne other way. An opening must be made ince the wall Sometimes it the point marked No, bycuttingthraagh the wall, and next chiseling away part of the obstruction. Pusha pat C Pullitoutof C unl the opposite end isat opening D. Then carefully push 2t down inside the wall until the end shows up at E. You then have @ continuous fish tape from C around D to EA ‘of fish tape into this opening ih the eabie tothe fish tapeat one end, pull t the opposite end, and fish it through the wall untl you have 3 continous cable from C to & Sometimes itis easier to dothis from the oppesite side ofthe wall, as at point marked No 2, boring upward Yarough the obstruction as shown by the dotted arrow. Then using fish tape, pullin the cable as before After the cable has been fished, patch the wall andthe jab is finshed, IF the opening Fis not directly blows point D, but isto the be oF left, an the cable over to the proper point abe # (ithe floor board above can be removed) and drop down. Ifthe looring cannot be removed, drop from 2 down to the baseboard: behind the hasehoard run over toa paint below opening E. and then ran upwand io E the joists of the ceiling run wn in Fig. 13-18 here Isagain achoice of routes, Ifthe floor abe can beremaved. follow Rot Jokes through the joists through which the cable lifted, make an opening at point X, dewp the below, run it behind the baseboard, aroand the fom there upward to £ the wrong direction, boring to rua. Ifthe for cannot be ble down at X to the baseboard ner to a point below E, and No twa houses ate alike, so you will simpl getting around obstructions. Temporary o all cases you will probably wse more mater ings ofien have to be made, and in I than you would for new work. The cost of afew extra feet of cable fora lange route is insignificant compared to the additional time it would take you 1 follow the shortest route Fig. 13-17 A let, problem in running cable fram openine Cin celina, around comer at B te Fins wal Fg. 13-18 Atright.chokeofrcutesforcable in Chapter 12. Modemizing Old Wiring 159 INSTALLING SWITCHES, RECEPTACLES, AND OUTLETS Replace old receptacles if they are damaged or if you wish te change the colo Dptions for replacing two-wire receptacles are given in ths section. Much conve o existing outkts and adding new nience can be gained from adding new switl outlet t cxstingircuits New outlets should beonly for reateraccessibilty —be sure they are aot used to add to the total oad on a circuit Replacing old two-wire receptacles Where there is no younsling means in paces: (1) two-wite the box, there are three options for replacing two-wire reveptacles.(2)three-wire receptacles grounded tothe grounding eictrodesjstem (3) GICL type receptacles. I you select, added receptacles supplied rthe grounding electrode conductor, GFCE type ceceptactes, the NEC requires that any n from the GECI receptacles must be marked Gect exorctro and 80 QU [Adding switches to existing outlets The connections je the present outlet willlook a great deal ke the left-hand partof Fig 13-19. There may be more wires inthe box than shown, but there will b only ewo wires connected to the fixture. ‘one white and one black. In the right-hand part of Fig, 19-18 is shown the same utiet after the addition of the switch. To make the proper connections at the fictare, open the black wire splice tothe fixture, thus producn two new ends of ware, These two mew ends are connected to the two wires in tae eable which runs lack wire from the fistureis connected tothe black wire n the new piece of cable; the Dlack wire of it able wh vans up w the orginal outlet thx, connected to the white wire re-idantified as black in the sew piece of cable. sneral practice, bat is the one case where the NEC permits @ This is contrary 10 black wite o be atach for an explanation ofthis NEC requirement, Ifapsirof three-way switchesis to beadded instead of asingle-pole witch, proceed as outlined abawe except authe per of three-way switches as discussed in connec tion with Fig. 10-10. Jy white See Fig, 10-4 and the surrounding discussion original Quilet with switchadded Fig. 12-19 Proper method of cing a single-poe switch 1 anerising outlet.156 INSTALLING SERVICE EQUIPMIENT AND WIRING Adding outlets figure 13-20 illustrates an added receptacle outlet, end Fig 13-21 illustrates an added lighting outlet. The end of the OURLE—must be Fun oan ex ble—marks ing outlet box which contains in addition to the white wire, a black wie which is alway bot, IF you are in doubt as to whither one ofthe black wites in any bax. isalways hot, it isa simple matter to check Turn off the main jwitch. Remove the cover andl the receptacle or fixture fiom the box from hyod plan iorun, Takethe tape off th connectionsand leavethe exposed ends of wire sticking out ofthe box. Using two soMlerless connectors tempararily connect ich wireto one af the leads of a neon teser ofthe type shown in Fig, 19-2. Now turn the main switch back on Ihe tester continues to ight, the switch controlling the uutlt ison pardlessof whether you have found your source forthe new outlet Be se 1 the power aff aga before working am the wire tb Fig, 13-20 ring of a new baseboard sscoptace Fig 13-21 Whing for aceling outlet Alternatives to conventional outlets If you dav wish to undertake an ‘extensive modemicing effort consider the folowing solutions to several common problems, ‘Twotto-three-wireadapters What ifynu live nan older house with only non. ground and You want to use an appliance with a three Wire cord tnd a three-prong plug? An alternative to replacing or adding outlets is 1 use a“two-to-three-wire” adapter shown in Fig: 13-22. Note that it has a green terminal lg om its sie, Remove the faceplate and thea test to establish that the bow s grounded. Using the test light shown in Fig. 19-2, insert one wie in the ‘arrow slot in the receptacle and touch ths edge of the metal box with the «ther wire. If the bor is grounded the lamp will ight. Replace the faceplate, plugin the luprer and reinstall the serew through thegreen lug, whichis then in contact with the mounting yoke ofthe receptacle This pe dure is by means the complete ‘equivalent of having grounding receptaciesin yout home, butt does petit vouto use appliances with three-prong plugs, and dass provide somedgree of pi gas the receptacle yoke ig undead tothe grounded meal box. Bu if your home nf that incades on equipment rqpnding conductor 1s with a sepa Chapter 13 Modesizing Old Wiring Grounding tug grounding conductor, it would be fr Soogesttesc’s OFmmmmnS covuse adding 2 grounding wire fom the green terminal of the recepta to the grounded metal switch box as Jiscussed on pages 125-126 recep, on a circuit that dors not groin log te se with an ordinary Se rarcaupenst sone Nocwil “Mepade be ka advertising the psec eine pups because GEC! protection provides shock proton wl Sf protected outlet connection is presenta a protect nota ground ouatlats that the Multioutlet assemblies Few homes have all the recep ‘occupants would ike. The muioctletassembiy in Fig, 13-28 makes outletsaval able at intervals nf 6 0 24 inches.as desired. It consist» of a smetal channel with ssiresand rceptaclesalreadyinsalled.Infiving momsthe chanel canbe installed r elsothe whele dlireily hove the basebeard with molding added above the chanel, s0 th asscibly appears to be part of the baseboard. In a kitchen itis installed abowe the Counter at 4 conventent neigh! tor applances. Simlar surface 1acewiys ae ara able in nonmetallic form, They ate easily installed, light in weight. and come with ‘scernplete line of fittings, siiches,and receptacles. Fig. 13-23 Matiouner assembly [ 2 8B provides closly spaced mulile Handy boxes If expose surface wiring is acceptable, you can use the “handy” tity boxes shawn in Fig. @5, using any apprepnste wing methoc. Extension ings | Whecthe ne wringmay be ermine expose sin as ts mies convenient to use an extension ring, whch is like an outlet bor withouta| ringto the lash box, then run cableor conduit for the new sun irom the extension ck, Remove the fixtute ofthe existing outlet, mount the ext ring, Replace the fixture on top ofthe ring See Fig. 1-24 Fig 12-24 Lsingocer sn wong may Be \exensionring New outlet! INSTALLING SERVICE EQUIPMENT AND WIRING CHAPTER 14 Appliances WIRING REQUIREMENTS for some common appliances are explained in this hapter. Appliances are connected to the power supply either by a cord and plug ‘orby permanent wiring Coré- and plug-connected appliances include t re readily portcble, such as toasters and vacuum lcancrs, Some large appliances are permanently connected, and others come equipped with 3 cord and plug to facilitate servicing, Kitchen ranges, clothes diyers and similar appliancesare located ‘onindividual circuits. Some appliances are stenedin place through plumbing connectonsor other installation conditions examples are water beaters, fil burner moines, and central air cond that is When you are in the market for a new major electrical applisnce, consider the more energy-efficient tnodels being offer, The initial cost may be higher than for a conventional applian in power used over the life of the appliance will more than make up for the higher price and wil help to conserve energy. To encourage the use of more eff but the saving int appliances, some power suppliers have incentive programs such as «cash payment for junking an old refrigerator, ‘or a rebate for an approved appliance purchase RECEPTACLES Receptacles are rated in amperes and vols ting indicates the following may be used at any voliage up to but not over rated at 250 volts—may he used only a voltages over 125 but aot over 250 Fated at 125/250 volis—may be used onlrfor appliances that operate at 120/240 volts and that require a neutea wire eucaing to the app Figare 14-1 chow receptacles labeled A through L, Except for A, al ‘lt receptacles have a third opening tor the third prong on ‘equipment grounding wire as discussed tales Fand have third op he grounded neutra ning forthe third prong on i Chapter 14 Appliance 19 Note thata plug that fits A willalso fit 8 or G a plug made for Bll abo fit Gbut 1g made specially for C ill not it Aor B. All of the other confi Hd S0R350V ( oe el 504 125/250 PFA 308 12572507 amps havea dismeta ef Fig 14-1 Anassortment of receptacles Tose rated at 15 end inches Tose rtedat 3 ane 8 amiashaveaciameterof22 ‘heoptning marked sor the quipmentgroundingwire:tneonemadked Ws rat miesthore mane & Y.6rZ weer the hotccoTtwres. AtA is shown what used tobe the typical 15-amp receptacle (asually made in the duplex configuration and is now used only for replacernen's, The the third opening forthe third prongon a three-prong, the same as A, except ith plyg—for connection of the equipment x ‘eeptack. At Disa 30-amp receptacle for larger 12 wunding wite.At Cisa similar 20-a imp and 50-amp sp. 20-amp, 30 At, FG and H are shown respectively 130: reeaptaces for loads operating at 240 volts, Note that cach i provided with an opening for the equiprient grounding prongon «the ion That pong and that opening must never be used for 2 neutral wie if the appliance Dperates 2t 120/240 vos rather than at 240 volts At Fand j ate shown 30-amp and 50-amp receptacles for appliances operating at 120/240 volts, The 30-amp receptacie is used mosty for cles dryers, and the s¢-amp Feceptack for rangeson existingececuits. At Kand Law three-pole four wire, 125/250.volt eceptactes for new dryer and range circuits.160 INSTALLING SERVICE EQUIPMENT AND WIRING These are noc the only receptacles availble. There are dozens of othersintwo-wire three-wire, four wire, and even fve-wite types. Besides the ordinary variety, there are others designed so the plug cannot b poved without firs twisting the phig it Some special-purpose types not used in ordinary wiring are designed so that only a plugand receptacle ofthe same brand wil fit each other Receptacles come in a variety of mounting methodsto fit various boxes. pl wth flush and surface types. The 50-amp receptacle is shown in both the surtace mounting type and ush-mounting type in Fig. 1-2, which also shows typical ug (om lft) with “pigtail” cord attached. These are used mostyin the wiring o! wlectric ranges, A similar 30-amp receptasicis used for clothes dryers, Fig. 14-2 Ranges ore of the type shown here Thepigtaleconnectedte gf 1 the range, then pluggee INDIVIDUAL CIRCUITS FOR APPLIANCES The National Bectrical Cade (NHC rulesaze quite complicated regarding when an you wil be flowing the NEC ral if ou provi separate cielo each Uf the totlowins ? Range (or separate oven or counter-mounted cooking units Water heater Clothes dryer (Clothes washer waste disposer 20-vot permanently connected appliance rated at 12 amps (1440 watts Any 240-volt permanently connected applian Any automat ed motor such as 4 well pap Any central heating equipment such asan furnace (although suxiliery equipment such as humid Ives can use the sime Chapter 14 Appliance 6 GROUNDING OF APPLIANCES he following appliancrs mustalways be grounded per NEC 251.1 14(3) refrigerator, ficeaer, si conditioner, clothes washer, clothes dryer, dishwesher. waste disposer, simp pumps, aquariums,personal computer and fax macite. This grounding is -eapersen can touch both th especially important ifthe appliance isintalled jppliance and the ground or a grounded object. For this reason the NEC specif fc. LN concrete floor, even ified, i considered the same as he actual earth.) For afety always ground your appliances heon exception to allof this sisted equipment protected withasystern f double insulation. This equipment will be distinctively marked, and its attach- nent plags will not have @ grounding pole, That is, they will mate with the A configuration of Fig 14 Aster in this The grounding of ranges les a hhapter. For other appliances. if they are supplied with a cord qounding wire, and a plug with « groundi [pounding receptacie, that i all that i required {there ism cord and plug the circuit wires ran directyto the appliance, and f the wiring ss armored cable or in conduit, chevk sw make appliance is grounded {o the junction ox on the appliance to which condi armor is anchored. But i the wiring method is by non must use cable with the bare grounding wire, and the bure be connected t the fram: alc-sheathed vale, you rounding wire must the case ofa water heater on afar if the wiring isgrourded to ¢ driven ground fodbut there ssome bu nect such pips withthe ~< water pipe—no mattsrhow shor—you mustintercon= round rod, This san essential step to prevent difference iscussed 1 and to minimize danger rom lightaing. Thisisd voltage b snore detail in Chapter 17,"Earm Wiring DISCONNECTING MEANS AND OVERCURRENT PROTECTION, xd with some means of discounceting it completely Feery appliance must be provi From the circuit and rmust be peevided with overcurrent protection Portableappliances Theplug and reveptaclearrangemeatisallthat is The plugand receptacle must have a rating in amperes and wots at least a ts that of the appliance. ‘Small permanently connected appliances Ifthe apyliance is rated at 40( watts of less hpor less), the branch cireut overcurrent protection i suficent. Nospecial dsconnectingrncans is required. Range hood fans and bathroom exhaust fan are examples of small permanentiy connected apphances. Large appliances, not motor-driven Vials mountec electric heaters anv62 INSTALLING SERVICE EQUIPMENT AND WiRING ircuit breaker, orby fuses mountedon apullout block, mo speci action is need, {the Creuit is protected by plug fuses, you must install, or each appliance, separate switch othe general ype show in Fig. 17-6. The switch need not be ting wh mepine, A circuit breaker may be used instead. Of course, do not inscall a fuse or bre ie inthe ~ me fuse for 120-vol appliances and two fses for 2 Largemotor-drivenappliances For motors that are not sutomaticallystared diskwashers, ashe dian 1c) proceed as if the apphance were not motor Arven (ee previous paragraph), But he motors aatomatically start 4 water pump or anair conditoner, then provide bu load provetion sated at not over 128 persent ofthe ampere rating ofthe motbE 40 protect the motor aginst overload or falure to start (see Chapter 16, Meters") While nt required bythe NEC itis wise 10 provide an individual cicult fr each suiomatcaly started motor —_ nor separate motor over WIRING OF COMMON HEAVY APPLIANCES The NEC docs aot restr the methods wed ‘conduit or cable as you choose. e . 1 the appliance isto be connect by card and plug. un your cae upto the receptock, which may be ether fush-mouned or surface-mounted he NEC demands that the reeptce he leat within 6 ft ofthe intend locaton dhcapplianee; wich pod panning sould Beposile ta locate ewn cee simplifying installation of he apne White wie reidentifed for use ar blackwire White viesnsy bewsed forthe grounded wie Dut that wire does nt 240 ws Therefore he oly n to any appliance operating at vires running toa 240-velt lead may be any color except white ur green. When you use 2 two-wire cable to connect 2 240.volt load, the cable contains one black wire and one white wit nat the white wire must net be instructions to reidemtby the wire used. What can be done olkowe NEC 200-7 ribed on page 110 Provision for grounding of appliances on existing circuits NIC 25.140) ‘makes an important provision that applies only to exist ary parate ovens) and dryers, their fra Hee nes may be grounded to the neutral circuit xluctor provided it 10 AWG or heavier. See NEC 250.140. Moreover. for these appliances and no others, you may use service entrance cable with a bare neutral, provided itruns from the applance direcly tothe service equipment Ranges and dryers are 120/240-volt appliances, and the neutral wite carries ‘urrent in normal operation. Three-wiee service-entran sitewith a bare which the neutral does not run, provi rt in chapier 14 Appliances 18 Ranges Insome ranges.and iallolderrangesva surface burner operates ‘on whether it turned to low, medium, or high heat 120 oF 240 volts, depend inamanner that makes it The individual burners ae connected within the range impossible forthe neutral wire wo carry a8 many amperes asthe two het wires. For h han the hot wires, For most anges, two 6 AWG plus 1 LOAWG neutral are occasionally used Surface ate at 240 volls and have steples contol. The acon, the wiresto the range usally include « neutral that isonesize smalle 8 AWG neutral are used for smaller ranges, two 8 AW aunnerson most modern ranges op rcuttl is still needed for operating the lock, timer, oven light Run your circuit up to the range receptacle of Fig, 14-2 this is rated at 50 amps, 1 4 tothe receptacle using a pigtail cord shown, inthe same illustration, This also serves s the disconnesting means Groundingtherange The NEC requitesthat the frame ofthe range be by ancans of a separate green (or bare) grounding wire wing a fout-ware cord 50 volts. The range is connec sounded and plug (unless it permanently connected). On existing circuits the range is permitted to be grounded through the neutral wie,in whicx casea bonding strap is connected between the neutral wire and the frame of the range, and the cord and plugarethree-wire, The requirement to use four-wire supplies for ranges took fet with the 199 NEC. Check thatthe bonding strap snot connected in new insallations where afour-wire cord is used. Receptacle outlet for gasrange lnsslla receptacle outlet for « gas range. This receptacle, which can beon the small appliance circuit, ir the Supply Of 2 ga3| ‘ignition system, lights, clock, an timer. Sectional ranges the ten consisting of oven plus burners, toward individual units. The oven is a separate ‘unit installed in oom the wall. Groupsof burners ina single section are installed jv oF om the hitchen counter where convenient. This makes for a very flexible arrangement and permits you To use Imagination inaying outa custom-designed hitchen. The NEC’ calls such seperate ovens "wall mounted evens,” and the burners ‘counter mounted coaking units” Here they will be referred to merely as ovens 1 is away from complete self-contained ranges and cooking units or counter ua LUnlice selé-contained ranges, ovens and cooking units are considered fastened in place. They mayall be ether permanenily connected or conl-anc-plug connect. iwc basic methods are used in the wiring of ovens and cooking units Suppiying 4 separate circuit for the oven and another for the cooking unit is one metho amp circuit forthe oven and evoking sgardiessof the wiring The alternate method isto install one 5 unit combined. Aay trpe of wiring method m mnethod uscd, the frame of the oven or cuoking unit must be grounded. be use Where aseparate ctcuitisinstalled fortheoven, use wire with he ampacityrequited by the load. The oven wil probably be rated about 4.500 watts, whieh at 240 volts s equivalent to about 19 amips.s0 12 AWG wite wonld be cutable. At the oven, the ireait wires may run directly to the oven, but some prefer to install a pigtail e164 INSTALLING SEAVICE EQUIPMENT AND WIRING anda receptacle, Note that because the pug and receptacle are concealed behind an appl nee that is fastened in place, the plug will not serve asthe disconnecting means as it does when installing a self-contained range To wire the cooking units. proceed exactly 2 for the oven, using no smaller than 10 AWG wire. Thissize wire hasan ampacity of 30 ampsand will provide a maximum, of 7.200 watts, which will tke care of most cooking units. Use a pigtail cont anda receptacle if you wish to make i easy to service the unit Ifyou install asingle circuit for oven and cooking units combined, it mus! bea thre: wire, S0-amp circuit, Any wiring method wy be used, including servise-entrance «able witha bare equipment grounding conductor. The receptacles mast hethe 3 amptyp shown in ancl may be flush receptacles installed in outlet bexes,or the sarfacetype 4-2. The circuit wll be a6 in Fig. 1-3. The wire to the receptacles nus be the same size as the circuit wires. But the wites from the receptacles tothe ‘ver or cooking unit may be smaller, per NEC210,191A4)(3) Exception L, provided they are heavy enough for the load, not smeller than 12 AWG (0 AWG if used for grounding) and not longer than necessary to service the appliance Thereceptacles ae not required but they may be coaveniert for installation. The oven or cocking unit nagy Le onnected directly w the circuit wites inthe janction boxes. The NF «exception permits smaller wires between the junction box and theappliance under the sume conditions specified for when receptacles are used. oe A lenetion bees amr rcuit breaker S0-3mp wires break: me med! ences 0 J Pigiall cords — a [3] ‘Over counter unt Fig. 14-3 itiscommon to pronde separate realtor oven and counter units but beth may ‘be pled on one circu as shown Glothesdryers An electvisdryeris 1201240 volt appliance. Wire forarange ‘The NEC requires three- pole four-wire, srounding-ype, 30-amp receptacle see ‘Kof ig. 14-1), and four wice pigtail cord similar to thet sed Fora range but with smaliet wies. The plug and receptacle serve asthe disconnecting mneans Grounding the dryer or exisingcircuts only, NEC 250.140 permits the frame ofthe dryer toe grounded tothe neutral ofthe three wires its net smaller than AWG, Service-entrance cable witha bareneutral is permitted whereit runs rem the service location directly o the dryer rexeptacl. For these existing applications ‘only. three-wire receptacle may be used (configuration I of Fig & 165 chapter 14 Appliances 65 or easier servicing, Cletheswashers Washers are equipped with acordand pity soprovidea20-amp grounding receptacle on 3 20-amp circuit, No sepa ateswitch psi ierheatrs C110 941 eure thteadsepet eoncaine wer tie carr more mst pt exec 8 pes oft branch cut se estos rm sn he ach conus bu Jones Thing atety oles 67 mpsbat 87 398 9th aes an othe comin bals mst eal to fdet and ‘chelate per NEC 213A and 2902110 Lok at the water heater terminal box for a marked temperature rating for the branch eiccuit wires If there is ao marking, the circuit wiring can be IW (or BG than iin its designation ther 60°C wire). but it marked 73°C, then wea wire withan 'T ie ‘or FIET if marked 90°C), For further informstion, see NAC Article 310. Where higher temperature wiresae require its common to spice the ordinary branch “geuik wires ina junction box near the water hecter io short kangthsof the higher temperature wire extending tothe heater, ‘ reduced a ith het Trsome oelites ponerfor henting terse aeduced at it oaeced the et tough asp ecialyoprtel wich amsed by ree pfiee he wah comocs th hetero te pover ie nay daring eed hoe ch day or several pert sy hoursenh, omer cannot aera ie intaloson ts of he ype do the wing aad describe ceertatte wre sould serfom the pone spr ine sch instead ofINSTALLING SERVICE EQUIPMENT AND WIRING CHAPTER 15 Finishing Your Electrical Installation ALL THE WIRING DESCRIBED in previous chapters is done as the building progresses Installation of switches, receptacles faceplates, and fixturer consid sed finishing work—uswally occurs only after the walls have been papered or painted. The finishing portion ofthe workisa very small and usualy imple part of the total job, INSTALLING DEVICESIN BOXES Figure 15-1 showshow ts mount aswitch and itscover plate, Theswiteh is mounted in the awitch his sing machine sere th mowwith theswiechThe plate isthen ‘mounted on the switch using screws that come with the plate. Insect any swite or receptacle and you will se thatthe hols for the screws that hold the device to the box ure elongated rather than round. Ihisallows the device wo be mourted on 3 true vertical oven i the box was installed crooked (see Fig. 13-2). lr P foun Fig. 15-1 The switch or other device is rs Fig. 15-2 Flongsted halos in strap low devices to be mounted 2 Ina crooked on Adjustingboxes Cur wallopeningsascun alter installing the boxes, Th Jy to minimize the patching needed perimeter gap between box and wall surface can be o more than ls inch wide. Bates mus be installed sa the front edges are no more ham“ inch behind the surface of the finished wall oF ceiling if these consist of noncombustible materials (material that wll ot burn). In ll other eases b CChepter 15. Finishing Your Electrical Installation 167 careoe example, when installing rmustbe flash withthe wall orceling surface. Ta Cornbustibe paneling directly over existing drywall—every devicebox in theroomn willikely end upin violation. Tosolve this problem, there are tush box insert extend the reach of recessed bones. These inserts, if made of metal, end up very losto the energized terminal screws onthe sides of devicesané putting cectrial tape over the device screws isa sensible precaution. In general the NEC requires lush device Ears|le on wal surface tobeheld securely atthe wallsuriace For hanefaster ean (se Fig 15-3) tat i £ - ifmot mop oF the wal serie and bring the bor’ device othe proper eleven ihe L 1) ‘of thew ie behind thesurface: You can easily break off the cars ifthey arein thes, Ifthe wall surfs is too damaged to aspportthe plaster No 6 washers under the yoke to support it even with te wall SSAnSEE CDOUR ig. 15-3. Paster easare helpful ining 2 device Mish wit the wal surface rover afterconnecting the wires aswitch or hug the back ofthe device: Then whe thestifmess of the wies i thes by Ue Lack afthe devies and net .gloose connections Here isa sip that can save you alotof trouble: ecepiacl, fokl the wires around to tight you push the device inte place, the rests ance omtere loose connection, especialy a receptacles, result by the sting terminals. ‘when an acceptably tightened terminal screw i loosened 2s the de, ima place in the box ice & pushed Mounting faceplates When mounting faceplate, don't craw 1p too tightly aged. Plates very narrow strip of material between the twa fon the mounting screws, The common plastic plates are easty da for duplex reeeplaces have o openings iF yu turn the screw too tightly you wil crack this bridge pte, This isanother reasonto observe the NEC requirement in406.4(A) tormount lyat the surface ofthe wal nd ruin the flush receptacles eo they ae “held HANGING FIXTURES Tithe possible waysto hi iglightfistures all depends on the construstinn ofthe particular fixture. With the g al information given here you should have no trouble because fitings to suit the part sually supplied by the manfactu Connecting the wires On some fixtures one wire white, the other black Thoth are the same color. butone has colored tracer thread woven into the cavering of the wire. The white wire, or the wire with the trce,alears ces either tothe bck wize in the box wie in the bos. The ath (of 0 the switch, Connect the wires from the fixture to the wies in the box using168 INSTALLING SERVI LQUIPMENT AND WIRING ‘Mounting on boxes The NAC requicss that all Axtures be mounted on outlet bores. Very simple small fixtures can be mounted directly on the boxes using screws supplied with the fixture (see Fig. 15-4), Somewhat larger fixtures «fien and 15-6. Surface-mounted fluorescent fixtures ay havea cable the ead of the Fixture, and suspended f ay be cord and ph fd fistures may be «rd- and plug-connested to.a receptacle in aceiling box conduit enter Ceiling : Box canopy Fig. 15-4 Small fintures can be mounteadrecty onthe outlet box strap Fig. 15-5 Sometimes 9 strap it frst mount en the boxthen thefntureisrounted onthe stop Steps with FIgAS-® Anethermemedot groundingterminal areavalablefornonmetal bxes. meuntingafture Intheeventyoumountalarge thantescent fixtureditecly era recesed box, ith Ue fixture supported by the structure ofthe building and not the box, the NEC requires access ta the witing inthe box without rernoving the fixture. This may ‘mean punching large (-inch or so) hol in the back ofthe fsture lined up with the box opening to provide this access Don't forget to install a bonding jumper from the box to the fixture to maintain grounding continuity - Sui arger fixtures ate commonly hung directly on a fixture stad mounted in the back of the outlet box, or on the fisture sd thet is part of the hanger on which the box 1s supported. The stem” ofthe fixture is threaded ta fit the fixture sta She the canopy dawn the stem. When the work at the outlet box is finished and all connections made. side the canopy up to conceal the wiring. See Fig. 15-7 Wall brackets or mounting a wall brecket fire not exceeding 6 pounds in weight, wo No.6 machine screws may be used, Use a switch box asia stitch or receptacle were being installed. With the wallbracket you will find a mounting stp, a short thrcaded nipple. anda knob (or alo crewin pi : og heavy scewin placeof thenipple and knob), Mount thestrapon the bo, then incall he fiture on the strap. Sometimes Chapter 15. Finishing Your Electrica Installation celina : — Fixture wires Fig, 15-7 The fxtwe is supportec on the Facute st Thestorn af the future site stud 4 Sxture stud is mounted in the back of the boxcin place ofthe strap. [che wal is ‘combustible (if can burn asin the ase of wood), the spacefram the bax to the ‘eigesof the fixture per NEC 410.1 2muste covered with noncombustibie material such as sheet metal, (With some pan-type fixtures the noncembustible material ‘usally iberglass,comes with the Fistare.A pan-typefictare mountson the surface ‘ofthe celingand extends beyond the outlet bux. De sureto run tc Fixture wires 30 the fiberglac is betweon the wires and the carahntihlehndlding anfsee.) Recessed fintures portion of aroces firure muse ingalled atthe mugh-in sage the work, rather than after the cling finsh is onand painted. Mostresidental reese fsiureshavea connection box spaced away from the faguretoallewconec- bisn to oninary branch circut wiring. However some are marked with atemperature roting forthe branch-circut wiring which may require thst vou use a wire with an or HH in itstype designation (TH, THW:75°C; THN, NHHW: 90°C). Be sure the finture is spaced at least inch trom the joists or other combustible material {excep' al pointso! support) and that it wil not he anketed ty thermal insulating materials, which will peevent the escape of hea (unless the fixture istmarked “Type 1C® meaning it will nat overheat even when blanketed with thermal insalation. Do pot iasal lamps larger than the size marked on the recess finture berause the ‘Mitional heat will damage wire insulation and could start a ir, Track lighting Decorative fixtures to "wash? walls with light, highlight art bec, or ilaminate wall-hung paintings can be installed anrvhere along surface ‘mounted or flash track. Many types of fixtures are avallablefor a great variety of decorative lighting functions, Power to the track is supphed irom a ceiling outlet Porch fixtures. fixture installed on the ceng of an ourdoor porch must be rharked assuitable fora dammplocation. [tis installed the sameas an indoor fixture ia wall bracket fixture is exposed to the weather, be sure x1 iste, marked as “antuble fora wet location, and installed so that mo'stare canset penetrate behind ihe fixture and ener the building wallsSPECIAL WIRING SITUATIONS AND PROJECTS, CHAPTER 16 Electric Motors FOR SAFETY, EFFICTENCY,AND ECONOMY thesizeand typeof motor you choose should he based on the requirements of thejob it will be performing, This chapter slscusses the work capacity power consumption, and installation ofthe types of ‘motors commonly used in homes and on farms Speval attention is given to safety factors, including grounding and protecting with overload devices, WoRK CAPACITY OF MOTORS the capac ofa motor to do wkisbaedonishorspuversartigand oveond caparigand pe ree mar Sa ha eaperges te Horsepawer \ motor isan honcpowor (hp) One horsepower defined fs the wath eae 33,000 pounds one fot (00 fou pounds none trina One Roverpwer sequal to 746 sate Typiel honcpeer ratings ae included in the descriptions of motor types in this chapter. - Startingcapactyy Noor can dle fr ore power whl suring than hey cana il ype The proportion varies withthe fe of mnie ome pes have Sartng tongues ouror ve ties reser tn at fll see, Natural the pees onsel during he tating prtd are much higher ha lade ane all spew Insclctinga motor. ts important to cone machine star ad The mtr wilheat up quick ito hey starting londpeversfom achlng full speed. “ . Overload capacity Amos ny gol tr wl develop fam 18 nes itsnormalhorscpowe for short prods afer cog w ll speed. Ts 1 motor is usually able to deliver 1 hp for perhaps 15 minutes if 2 1p fora minute, andy ven bp afew end. No motor shoul be deliberately veaded continuously because overloading leads to overheating, which shortens the life of the motor. Bur this ability ofthe motor to deliver more than is ated horsepowteris| very convenient. For example, hp may be just right for sawing lumber, bat when «tough knot is ed tothe saw blade the moto: can instantly deliver: hp and then. drop back to its normal '; hp after the knot has been sewed: Chapter 16. Electric Motors m Replacing gasolineengineswith electricmotors _Unlikeanclecric moton.a gasoline engine hus no overload capacity: That is why its often possible to replace 1 5-ap gasoline engine with a 3-hp electric motor. Ifthe gasolme engine always ‘runs smoothly and if i seklom labors and slows down, it can be replaced by a engine is always laboring at its maximum pawer, the motor it replacesit should be ofthe same worsepower as the clecric motor af a lower horsepower. But if the engine because no motor wil last long if it must continuously deliver its ested horsepower Speedofelectricmotors The most common speed for 260-Hz motoristheo retically 1,800 apm. Actually the motor runsat alittle over 1,754 ppm while idling andsomewhere between 1,725 and 1,750rpm while delivering itsrated horsepower. When overtoaded the speed drops sill more. If orerloaded too much, the motor filly stalls, The spesd of ordinary se motors cannot be regulated by rheostas or ‘witches, but there are solid-state controllers for regulating thespeed of some ae ed motore are abtaimsble, but they are expensive special-purpose motorsand are not described here How temperature rise affects operation A 10-hp motor made today ist ‘much bigger than a 3-hp motor made 50 years ago. This is posible because of advances made in the heat-resisting propertcs of insulations onthe wires used to ‘wind the motor and insulations used to separate the winding: from the sel in themotor. Other advanceshave led to reduced air gaps and to improved magnetic proper of the laminated stee! usec An the pole plete. Tidus santana will ran Fuzh hotter without being damaged, but motors should alwaysbe installed where they wil have plenty of ar for cooling. single phase motors. Special variable sp Motors have stamped on their nameplates a “service factor” -anging from 1.00 to 1.5. Multiply the horsepower by the service factor. The answer tells you what hosepower the motor can safely deliver continuously in a Tacation where the temperatures not over 40°C (14°F) while the motors not running, That means the motor might develop a temperature of over 100°C (212°F the boing point ‘of water ut twill nt be harmed. 5; snller motors have Mest motors of I hp or larger have a service fctor of 1 higher service factor, come as igh as 1 35.A motor works ost efficiently and lass longer if operated 2 its rated horsepower POWER CONSUMED BY MOTORS A motor isa rotating machine that converts electrical energy tom A motor delivering | hp—746 watis—isactually consumsingabaut 1,000 watts fom the powerline The diference of 254 wattsislostas heat inthe motos, rstion inthe beatings, the powertha it takes to run the motor even when itisidling, and other important to remember this disre installing ical energy ancy between watts delivered and motor and when considering12 SPECIAL WIRING SITUATIONS AND PROJECTS Theamper. eda om the oer line dependsonthehovepover delveedby hesitate font the amperes case in motos he poner face (ee Glory en Be conddsed Your cnt forthe power sas on ws casual 304 mut itmomenalconsumsseeral tins tsratedcurrent Atritcomes pt sped bari perminedtoile deveringno ln oroune abt hl ratacurey ated erent sconsured whem them orisdetvering irate hoepner and isoverlogded or underloaded. The waits ae notin propor ‘TYPES OF MOTORS Choose the type of moter that is suitasle for the job end the available power source. Lesctibed here are common se motots Features to consider are size starting ‘capacity initial cos, operating cost and ease of maintenance, ‘The ditection of rataton can be changed on ac motors.On a repulsion-anduction motor. shift the position of the brushes, On other types of se motors, reverse two ‘of the wires coming from the inside ofthe motot. If the motor must be reversed often, 2 special reversing switch can be installed for the purpose. igle-phase motors The motors most commonly found in homes and on farms ate called single-phase motors hecause they operate on the usual 120/240. volt, single-puase current, They are nox usually availabe in sizes larger than 7° hy althougha few larger ones are made. The throe types described in this discussion perate only on single-phase a. Larger single-phase motors are ‘often dual-voltage, meaning they ate j BAB ee ABC designed to be operated at either | || 240 wos The motor his four lead Connected one way thenntor operates at 20 vobs;conneced heather wayt operates at 240 vols, Se Fig. 16-1 120 20v— If there isa choice, always operate your motor atthe higher voltage. At 240 volts it will consume oniy half as ‘manyamperesasat120-volts, With ny given wire size the voltage drop will be enly one-fourth as great (measured as a percentage? on the higher voltage than it would be on the lower voltage Spli-phase motors This is 1 simple type of motor, which makes it relatively trouble-free: there are no brushes, no commutator. It is available only in sizes of hhp and smaller. drawsa very heavy amperage while tarting. Once up t full speed, the split-phase motor d Fig.16-1 Byreccrectingthelesd terror canbe used an ether 12001 240 volt clopsjustas much poweras any vther type of motr,but itismotable to start heavy loads, Thereloredo not se ttodrive any machine that ‘chapter 16 Eleciie Motors 3 is hard to start, such asa dee against compression. Use it on any machine that is easy to start or on one where the load thrown on after the machine i upto full speed It isentirely suitable for inashing machines, grinders, sawsand lthes, and general lity use Capacitor motors This is similar to the splt-phase type, vith the addition of s capacitor ora condenser that enables ito start much hunker loads. There are several grades of eapacitortype motors avaiable, ringing fem the home: work: shop type which starts load from 1's to 2 times as heavy a the split-phase, 10 the heavy-duty type which will tat almost any type of foal, Capacitor motors usually re more efficient than split-phas, using fewer wats per horsepower. The amperage consumed while starting s usually less than half that of the split-phese type: Capacitor motors are commonly used only in sizes up to 10 bp. Repulsion-induction motors This \ypeo% motor. properly called the repulsion siart.induction run" motos i commonly caled 2 repasior-induction or Rt motor, “Available in sizes up to 10 hp it has avery high stating capacity and should he wed for heavier johs—it will "break loose” almost any kind of hard-starting machine. The starting curtent iy the lowest of all the single-phase types of motors. These motors havea commutator cnnnected tothe windingson the rotor which allows for precise positioning ofthe rotor pole (by moving the beush positions) in relation tothe fla polesto prodace masimirn starting torque, Comrutatorsand brushes requie skilled maincenance. With the increased availability ¢F three-phase power, tse of RI motor is deorasing. ‘Three-phase motors These motors ars the simplest ard most trouble-free type made and, as the naracimplies, operate only on three-phase ac. Thrve- phase rotors in sices “hp and larger ost less than any other typ so use them if yout Jave three-phase current avalable, Do not assume because you have athrec-wire vce that you have three-phase current; wove likely you have theee-wite, 120) 240-00 fm doubt, consult {your power supplier. LARGE MOTORS ON FARMS (On farms, motors of 10 hp, 25 hp and even larger are required. But many farms have only a single-phase, three vite, |20/240-voltservie. That provides only 10 high voltage lines to the farm and only one transformer. Single-phase motors Shp id larger require an unusually high number of amperes while starting, and the ha moter. well pumg, or an air compresr tbat has to start single-phase current, See discussion om page 24 line and teansformer often are ton small o stat Before buying ever a 5-hp single-phase motor,check with your power supplier to see whether the Lin and the teansformer serving your farm are large enough to aperatestuich 4 motor. Ifyou operate the motor only a comparatively few hours per reat, your power supplier will object to installing a heavier Ine and transformer, In few localities, at least sume of the farms are served by a three-phase line, providing thiee transformets and three wies tb the farm. If you ate fortunate tough to have three-phase service, your probleme are solved. Use three-phase2 ‘SPECIAL WIRING SITUATIONS AND PROJECTS ‘motors which are simpler in construction su they cost considerably lessthaa singh Phase motors and rarely have a service problem, Note: If you ha Pr hree: phase service, you will have three-phase power at 240 volts available in addition to the ‘usual 120/240-volt, single-phase for lighting appliances and other sll load, Tday'sthree-phase distribution practices rs increasingly movingin thedlirection Cf 208Y/120-valt ystems, in which the voltages between the neutral and all three ungrounded conktuctors are equally 120 volts. The older 240-vole systems have 120 volistotwoof the ungrounded condactors fram the grounded conductor, and 208 olts othe third. This makes it more dificult for the power supple tobalance the 120-volt loads on their systems,and it eeatesa potential hazard if the property ‘owner inadvertently connects 2 120-volt load incorrectly at 208 volts PHASE CONVERTERS ‘What can you do if you need larger motors but have only the usual single-phase, 120240-volt service? A phase converter permits thiee-phase motors to be oper ated on single-phase line. The phase converter changes the single-phase power into asort of modified three-phase power that will operate oidinary three-phase smotorsandat the same time greatly reduce the starting. In other words, when operating at umber oF amperes required while phase mowr with the help of Phase converter. the same sngle-phace line and transformer thst wouldbarely stact hp single-piase motor will start a 7?-hp or possibly even 10-hp three-phase rmotar. anda fineand traneformer that would handle 10 hp single phoce motor (Gi sucha moor could be found) would probably handle 2 15-hp or 20-hp three- phase motor. The National Electrical Code (NEC) requirements for phase converters are in Acie 455, Phase converters are expensive but their cost is partially offset by the lower cost of three-phase motors and the inctcssed labor efficiency gained when larger machinery can be use Twotypesofconverters The sate npeof phase converter has nomoving pars «acept relays. It must be matched nize and type with ie one particular mo‘ar 19 be used with its generall.there mast heone converter foreach motor. The rotating type of converter Jooks bie a motor, but ca't be used a§ & motor. Two 240-valk, single-phase wires run into the converter;th-ee3- phase wires run out aft. July several motors can beused atthe same time. Ihe total horsepower cf llthe motors inoperstion atthe same time can beat leas: double the horsepewer rating of the converter, Thus if you buya converter rated at 15 hp, you can use any number of three-phase motors totaling not o +30 1040 hp, but the largest may not be more than 15 hp—the rating of the converter. The converter must be started first, ther the motors, starting with the largest and then the smaller ones. Required horsepower ratings Somc words of caution ar in order. A th phase motor of any given horsepwwer rating will not start ac heavy a load when Dperated from « phase converter asit will wen operated from a true three-phase line, For tha reason, itisoften necescaryto se motor one size larger than i neces sacy forthe running load. This does not significantly inerease the power required chapter 16 Electric Motors Ws to run the motor once it is started. The converter must have g horsepower rating 9 least as lange os that ofthe largest moter. “The voltage delivered by the converter varies with the load on i. Hf no motor is connected to the converter, the three-phase voltage supplied by it is much highe: cof 240 volls, Donotrun the converter for significant periods ‘without operating motors at the same time or it will be damaged by its own high Soitage. Do not operate only small motor fromaconverterratedat a much the motor or rcluve it life. Is thantheinpatvol horsepower because the high veltage wil dama ‘good practice to make sure the total horsepower of all the motorsoperating at one Times at lest half the horsepower rating ofthe converter Check with your power supplier before buying a converter; some do not fivor or permit converters, convertersate permaited the line and the transformer serving yout fur nuust be big enough tohandle all the motors you propose to use (MOTOR CIRCUIT REQUIREMENTS. Separate circuits are recommended for individual motors that are not part of an applanceif they arc of more than hp, whether directly connected ur belt driven. {se Table -2,adapted fiom NEC Table 130, |48,to determine the motor's amperage Frety motor mast have 9 disconnecting mcans,a controller to start and stop it shovt-citcuit and ground fault protection, and motor overload protection in case bf overinad or failure to tart Several of these are often combined, Disconnecting means very motor must have at least onediseonnectang means capable of eompleelyisolating the motor fron allungrounded venductors 0it can be maintsined safely. Tae NEC ruleson motor disconnecting means fall into two ‘clegories. First, the disconnecting means rust be suitable than thiseaty, and second, it must be located where those who may need to operat it will be able to ddo so promptly. That concept is more fully explained under the neading “In sight from requirements? at the end of this discussion of motor eirait requirements Aceeptable motor disconnecting means generally used on project within thescope ‘of this Book include the following devices: Mowr-citcuit switch—A switch, rated in horsepower capable of interrupeing the ‘maximum operating current afa mator ofthe same horsepower tating asthe switch al the rated voltage. The device must be listed wo quali Ciraait breaker—The circuit breaker in the panelboard, or separately mounted, qualifies Maldedeasesvitch—A nonastoratic circuit breaker, Molded cas switches contain the witching mechanism and manual-operable handle of circuit breakers, but 0 thermal or magnetic sensing mechanism that would cause an automatic trip. Meatwal motor controller additionally marked SUITABLE AS MOTOR DISCONNECT contrlled Figure 16-2 sows some manual motor cont manually and haye OFF and oS: positions, they do not qualify as disconnecting ‘means without meeting adil qualiticaions because th ers, Even though they178 SPECIAL WIRING SITUATIONS AND PROJECTS ‘of construction from motor circuit switches The NEC allows them in ts circu stances. The first, covering snall motors, alloyfsthem tobe used as disconnects for motorsof 2hp or less ust a¢snap switches (decribed later in thislist). The second, ‘orsringlarger motorsallowsthem tobe usedjs disconnect if they are on theload side ofthe final branch- the conduit. Run i for» the ncuteal, top of the pole rectly to the ground rod at the bottom of the poe, termi nated as shown in Fig. 17-2, fvis usually run tucked in alongside the conduit as farasit goss, then to ground, In somelucaities itis stapled tothe pole on the sid Ground wire Filtrerch after é inspec Fig 17-2 Thetep ofthe Fllche wench afters 1 should end up below the uraceofthe ground sinew ctl. the groune rod scoppe" use only acoper lame, Pe Istng For todayslarger services using pole-top disconnects anid CTS just ean dhe ground vere straight down the pole. Pratectit i of he pol, with U-shaped heary plasticcoverings.orrunitin rigdnonmetalic onduit- If vou use metallic conduit, make sare both the top and bottom ends are bonded tothe enclosed ground wireas described in Chapter 8 (under Bondingat the service entrance”) or the ground wire wlllose « good purtion of its effective ress. Complete the installation using the procedure covered laer in this cheprer under ‘Burying the ground rod” How to deterraine the sze of the ground wire is Fa chap cd under its win heading in Chapter § remember that ifthe ground wire DETERMINING SIZE OF WIRES AND SERVICE Wires ofthe proper size must run trom the yard pole to individual buildings. A ‘nirance will not havea meter. The service entrances musthavethe corres rain sl correct ampysities must be determined forthe wires run thbuilding and for the wires on the meter poe. the NEC provides specific method for determining the amnacity of the wires ‘unning fiom the pol: to any farm building with two or move circuits The minimum pole and mining the rating ofthe service equipmem! at that build of wires on the pole f based on the tora load on al wit: tie wite sizes determined by using che formule that fellows are the mininyurs permissible by NEC. You would he wise ta install larger sizsto allow for futur. pansion, Number 10 AWG wires acceptable for spans up (030 feet, and 8 AWG. jor longer spans For very long spans, ie an extra poe. If the wires ate installed in northern areas on a hot summer day; remember that @copp willbe acouple when the temp slack so insulators will not be pulled eff bataings during witte. ite 100 feet long ‘isassurned that the building will have a three=wire,120/240.volt sevice, so the lotal amperage a shown in Table 5-2, For al walls fron ights.add about 20 percent 10 140 volts must be determined. or motors, use the emperage cube loads, start withthe wattage For lights you can fe lamp size you intend to use. tase the watts rating of fluorescens dutermine the fluorescent the lamp itself the ballastads from 15 t0 pacent. For receptacles, allowing 209 watts for cach will bile since ther wil ot all be used at the same time. Then divide the total wats by defines only the power consumed probably beon the safe 4) and you will have the amperage at 240 vol Nae: Suppose in a building you have six 120-vot, 15-amp crcuits for i receptaclestheoretically making a total of 99 amps (6 » 15) st 120 volts rapsat 240 vols, Bat the circuits won tal heloaded to capacity at thesame time, so stead athe 45 amps, use the total as determined by the preceding paragraph, 41 show hem imum service foreach farm building Ni< tocompute the load for service conductors and service equigment for each farm building (except the house whichiscompure as any other house and thetotal farm lead. For each building to which wies run from the pole (except the hows What Size Service” in Chopter §) first Jetermine the amperage a 240 volts of all loads having any likelihood of operating at the same time. Erter the amperage at ‘a then proceed with sleps fc h eand186 a. Amperage at 240 sot ofa carne at the sme tine, ncading moto. © a includes the largest motor in th ~ oa entrees e the large Jere 125% of the: — triprapee a ans 4. Add at0 bor c, whichever is applica 7 Amperage at 240 vaits of all other Joacs im the building oe { Torat of dye — ar ‘ Lng your est From above lect find ine minimum see! serie tre from the flowing choceS 10 a bulcng, 11:30 orlossanditihere arena 1 AWG wir MEG IS NEC miner switch and6AWG wire /tsover sobur under 90 usa 6 W's fess than Sande overt lis Sos of me new 6 amps pls 2: together 60 plus 30(804 ofthe nen for atetal of 0+ 30 1 5095 aps amps ormare, 2 cruits wsea Samp swsten ane re threeor more drcuts wiea 6-am2 p ards anc wie Jel cogether 100% of he fist amps Jemainder For example ifs 140d pcs 556 ofthe emsiing 20 ames) B switcacc wire with ampactyof95 ifs over 6oamps start with 1008 d zssso! the remainder ate For exam Sof aade 81 St Fhe rere atomlot75 130+ 10: T15amps Uf ‘ating and wrewith corespondine Calculating minimum size of wt mined the sizeof the service ex ‘ies on the pote from the top of supplier's wires, down tothe meter are connected to the wites leading and the main disconnect must bel above. The total number you enter ‘minimum rating of the swatch or bf ampacty of the wires on Jd S05 0F the isto ampsore plus Fars and es 100 amps start witnthe 10S ofthe resin tO efor for reaker of noiess an 15-3mp ole he calculations above deter hg. Now ler us doteriine the size of ere they are connected 1 the power up o the top of the pole where they ual buildings. The wires on the pole 2h to handle all the loads calculated P of the following calculation is the used) at the pole, and the minimem Proceed as follows using theamper: ined in the previous calculation: 1. Highest fall the amperage fo an if ing ced ne bos determined in previous calculat 0 2. Second highest amperage smpeat 76 = 5 tmramgnetanerace arosai65% pa 4, Total ofall other buildings oo 5. Total all above 8 6. Add the house, as figured in Chapter pin 7. Tomlots«6 aes Chapter 17 Farms 187 oe} fewo or more buildings have the sare function, consider ten ase building for the purpose above or example # thre are tao broader houses raquiing 85 and 60 amos tespectvely consider them as @sngie bulking feqiing 15 amps Ha other buising fequres more than 10S amp enter 10S amps step} bore. hiae2 listing the amperage for ary ore bulking he aperage rouse is the lated amperage norte ating of the switch Used For eampieifot any Dulsing you Suiemined @hinmum of35 anpsbutyou use 2 6O-amp cwitch ecause thee in Sie between 30 anpsandi zp) use 35 amps not 60 amps Use current transformers for modern high-capacity installations If she service at the poleis rated at 200ampsar more (line7 of the preveding calculation), ins very'large wires running from the top othe poke down to the meter and in tothe tp. That is both expensive and clumsy: Iti not necessary to run 1 —insiead use a current transformer (CT Av ordinary translormer changes the voltage in its secondary ingin ei a much lower current suck linge ites down to the tsprimary wa different wots Ina current teansformer, the current flow’ its primary is reduc ints secondary, Most curzent transiormers are designed so that, when properly installed, the Curventin the secondary wll neverbe more than amps A typical current transformer, shown in. Fig, 17-3, has the shape of a doughmut 4 10 6 inches in diameter Te hae anya single windings the secondary. The lnadwire (in which the current {sto be measured) is run through the hole of the doughnut and becomes the primarr Assuming thatthe transformer hasa 200:5 ratio, foruse with « 20-amp fervive.thecurreatin the secondary willbe bs ofthe curcent inthe primary Ifthe ‘amps wall Now in the secondary fit is 100 400-amp service, fig.17-s Acureotusntonne: cvttent in the primary is 2 amps, amps in the primary, 2/samps will low in the secondary: For the transformer would have 3 1005 ratio. ‘One current transformer is installed atthe top of the pole, wih the two hot wires running through the hole. Four small 14 AWG wires run from te top ofthe poleto themete (which must be ofthe type stable for use witha current transformer! ‘vo from the secondary of the current transformer end to from the hot wires for the voltage. The meter operates on a total of not more than 5 amps but the alsof the meter will show the actual Kilowatthours consumed. A wing diagram asshown in Fig. 174 Covstion: Tae secondary terminals ofthe transformer must abveys be short-sireited wile any current is flowing in its primary If connected to akilowatthour mete, the meter constitutes a shor circuit, As purchased, the transiormer will probabl havea short-cireuiting bracross its secondary terminals this mast not be removed until the transformer is connected tothe meter. Ifyou were to touch the terminals of such 4 meter that is not short-circuited, you would ind a dangerous voltage of many thousands of vols.88 }PECIAL WIRING SITUATIONS AND PROJECTS nan installation us transformer atthe top ofthe pole iF you ako want a switch a Pol, install 1€ st the top. Such wle-op switches are operated Line Front view [| ‘teat T i bby a handle near the ground level.connextel through a rod to a L®. the switch a the top as shown in Ar Fig. 17-1. Note that the cures transformer is installed in the : same cabinet with the switch ans Such switches are abo available = in the double-thraw type, as . equired if 4 standby gen Petodsof paver 9.37-4 Wing diagram showing one wansfomer econ 120/240-0h service INSTALLING OVERHEAD WIRIN stirlyarvunda rong bare eed walter One pleats stay consid equ sed or ovarbed span iomancovered previous he NEU wi ire requires only oneinsl | preferable ty thrce separate wires Its now farm buildings generally and its available allosingitto he used «n four-wite ser oversitas Arle 396," Messenger Supported Jon using it for service drops for yeas rr For support ng” and power sup pliers have equicedclearana: of orerhead serv wie rom grades given in NEC 230.241), ing om the farm, the clearances at Bsfallows 1 feet above ied grad silat which wires might be reached. . 12 feet above residential prope driveway subject to truck traffic Sees B foot ver commercial o# farm ies subject to truck tvalic is referenced. Overhead ion abut or cross farm property the Nf ionsl Electrical Sift I ANSIC2-1997 ind distribution lines of the power supplier Jearences may have 1 be increased on the thats unusually high, such as grain au ind conveyors, Danger ct dlectric line with well Pipe. Proper layout an aise when working under an en: ent, grain probes, irrigation pipe, and well ical distribution sysiem with relation othe ines can sve lives by minimizing exposure nthe over structures and proximity tothe pow ial shock, Consult with ar See pier 17 Farrne 189 INSTALLING UNDERGROUND WIRING itis becoming more common for service entrances, and ako for wites berween thildings to be put underground, producing neater installaions. Undergrosnd wiring arcatly educes danger fom lightning and eliminates the problem of long, ing down under ie loads in northern areas spuise Underground seiring uses either conduit orspecial cables designe for direct burial The cables hav very tough outer layer, The NEC ree They are available in both single-conductor and molt-condvstor confi Special moisture-tesstan insulation on the condastors, with a nizes two types. which are described below. USE and UF cable The most commion cable for underground witing is Type USE (Underground Service Entrance), which has been used for mary years. Its hewn in Fig. 17-5. Another type, type UF (Un a an underground feeder, bu! must be protected by fuses o” bn aya service entrance conductor Howe denground Feeder), nay be used th Type UF could be used on underground cuns from pole to building if protected Fuses ot breakers =p fig. 17-5 Type USE cables desioned to be buried directly In the ground without frther prone or kind, Type UF i substantially the same m qppearance as they are two diferent Kindsof eable. locations but nat for direct bur ln the multi-condu Type NMC shown in Fig. 4-58, Never Iype NDIC may be used in dry;moist or damp anderground. Tepe LF may be huried directly n the groundand may aso be used wherever Types NM ani NMC mar be wed ou cal Minimum depth Use commonsenscin insillingany kind of und NEC 300.5 covers the minimums depth to which it must be buried. For residtntial installations the minimum depth is 12 inches, provided the cable is protected by 0 ups oF less and is protected by a GFCL If not 30 be buried a minimam of 24 incites which is abo the ndividual 4 the cable mist ‘quited forall nonresidential installations IT you tbe might be disturbed my close together In locations where the wires, keep th ss roadways, oF where it crosses culivat sqper and lay a board or similar protective material Faure digging), bury it ahowe the cable before filing the trench, Plaed in the teach above the underground wiring allows a reduction in co by 6 inches, although this isnot the case in areas su pot siretch the cable tightly lay t soit curves sratklike from side fo side. To avoid conductors, creen any gravel or rocks out of the material used for eral, a 2-inch thick ran of concrete 1 to vehicular sexess. Do damage 1 th ackailing the trench, or better Yet use clean siyer send190 Ifyou are using 2 raceway, the but 1 inches. These distances beco dieect-burial cables, at 18 inches un inches under public roadways and measured between the top ofthe rac be deeper by the thickness ofthe wi installed 12 inches above the sondu the conductors in the future Protecting with conduit at gro| -5e from the ground, the hone against physical darmage. Run the cabl + conduit busing a the boi shagp 2 short vertical S-curvein each wite reswhere theconduit was cu moves under the action of frost. In at the end or make other arrangem} movement on the conduit rscr As lh thisto prevent riser movement thre pushing through concentric knocko The wp of dhe conduit may end 31 screwed into thethreaded openingin location otdoors, installa seevice he cond inside building, termina and continue with Type NMC eal service equipment ca grounded bos or cabinet the conduit bushing. f the conduit endsinsicea end of thecondiit, il the outside en from entering the building through INSTALLING SERVICE EQUIPIMENT Atthe house and each building ser meter to install (because the meter Entrance at house Let the service above the insulators: rom there itrun house. Where there from theneutralbusin the service dis isan undergrowa| pipeclectrode with an additional el the two together. if there is less tha then the driven rod becomes the pr ECIAL WIRIM SITUATIONS AND PROJECTS depths are ht as great, and depend on the nly 6inches of coverand RNC all wiring methods. even for iveways and parkingaress and Jparknglots. ote that the cover dimension is jveyand gradffeyclso the actual rench must pion. Where service conductors mn is requited to be frgrcund, a sto provid ind level ground port herever underground cabh fs mus: be specially prowected pitstaringbelow grade: Install against damage fom possible leenters the conduit, provide th settles oF toplace an expansion fing p help ition, be éamageasthee. nls 1 accor jh frost he sor doing, he bottom bd of the typ pi aa june 17-9, NEC 300.5) 5 1g oF ground setlement from un which case the comcast socket. fit code at adifferent shown in Fig. Js box as shown in Eig. 17-1, p! on. Of course, the conduit nduit does not terminate na ded by a chump or groanding nt no higher than the outside IFivends from that po net I he must be gro paling at ap with a cals compourd to prevent water ATBUILDINES p the yard pole there must he fribed in Chgfver 8, except that there is no hr the pole lentrnce cab or the conduit end a «py js irectly toi service equipment inside the i ictal waterfpine run the ground wire to it onnectenclo fxd, probabl dea pal water pipe unde but the installation wil look upplement the wate rodor pipe, bonding Chapter 17 Farms mnded 10 side the building must be much the sume, Beaute the water piping the electrode and the neutr ide the house is the same as in other houses, and has already been covered in other chapters. Be sure to install plent new appliances thefuture- Spare circuits installed sil ‘expansion and toaccommos the start are a good investment; adding ther ater can bec Entrance at other buildings How to determine the servce entrance siz for individual buildings is discussed earlier in this chapter beginaing on page 185.1f there are more than two ciruitsthe NEC roquiresa 60-amp svitch asa minimum, Be ure to observe NEC grounding requirements as outlined extern thischaptct ote that per NEC 225.36 Exception in garages and outbuildings on residential op ety the disconnecting means may be an ordinary switch (single-poe, three-way + usa in buildings serving primarily a residential purpose, as distin buildings used primarily i the businessef farming. Buildings guished from oth ving primarily residential purpose Allother buildings must havea conventional disconnecting means that will open ated in oron the buildiag, and may beether include a yarage orsmokchouse althe ungrounded wires. emayl newitch ora cincuit breaker andit mite suitable for use as ervice cquipment os evidenced by list rieNLT, Ifthe building is ferved by swe 120-vull wires including a grounded wire, usea single-pole switch ‘or breaker If served by hr dowhle-pole dash or beeabar: Haw todeteemine the unypeteralingo! the switch or breaker i covered ater inthis chapter. Tapping service wiresat buildings | Ifabuilding contain: asubstantiatioad,t should be served by wires direct fiom the pole, When two buildings are quite close teach other with nether building having a substantial oad, both can be served bya single st of wires from the pole, Naturally ugh for ihe comisined lad of both buildings. At the service insulators ofthe frst building, «run the wireson to the second building, asshown in Fig. 17-6 At pok. wires (or snl the two hot wires) us make tap a the second building, proceed asi the wires came directly from bulding ie ni n the first building and ryn thers to the second building,192 the second building if ‘olks tap only two wi shown in Fig 17-7. 1 oadso that 120/ The wires to the 1 Size asthe wires from tl and ground ste required the GROUNDS —Locario} SPECIAL REQUIREME! Hefore proceeding with mation on grounding i in Chapter. Wheregroundsareredffred and a each building. Loser he installed a the pole af requirements For other b not contain equipment 4 asareceptace), no gro (be grounding Install ground at ea Orman encguipnnaat siveasthecircait wire see the grounding tof Thisgrounding wie Wire must be c able, and to any oth 2dditional electrode Wherefeediago pte Pipe rans between th Duilding must he insu pipeor other groundi Installing groundrods at every point where a gt substitute The usual fn 1 steel core and a copper Galvanized sce! pipes ac inspector, Pipe mustbe at )wo rods oF pipes. or long round that will serve its is recur engttom another, wo buildings the grouy fed from the enc osure a dlectiods, rd must ry stmll and requites ofy 126 including the grounded! ond building has a cof ts are desirable, tap off building mus’ be oft pole. A separate service second building INSTALLATION, AND. Tir siting, farm sing cigs. Ifa building con must be grounded te d. Forall athe building asis dome at th ung wine wel die ps. (For circ sar the end of Uhapte snot ceplace thegroundpu circuit wire. The grounding ‘o metalic undergrou reat fectioses existing at the. ing wires should be andi n underground pip nstalled, prthe yround isa rod a sron the outsides, driven pble avcondingto the su tradesize ones, may haveto be dri are litle better th SPECIALWIRIN} SITUATIONS AND PROJECTS Fig. 17-7 Useacoppe: infor. ground clama with Landings roquiredatthohouse 4 vate pole,one ground must another groundat the Bpuse, NEC 250,22 outlines the sit and does less of circumstances (such buildings, follow one of tase pole and a the house, {cic wires. rrmusthe thesame fs over 30 amps,oefor feeders, 10, and NEC Table 250.122.) xl water piping, where ava uilding o: to a supplemental }s hore and directs posible ere metal pipingsuch as water fied conductor at the sccond id nat connected to the water pg isnot conveniently located Jsround rod can be used 26.9 st inch in diameter with br least 8 fect into the ground, lec, but not alwaysto the local } 8 feet into the yround. Often en tosecure alove-tsisan fc used, they must be at least ‘one. Connect the two r Chapter 17 Farms ” Bonding to water pipe and other electrodes Nove tha there sles than To eet of metal underground water pipe in direct contact with the earth. it does rot qualify a a grounding electrode. Since metal water piping inside the building to the grounding etc Hess oflength,andanotheraxceptable electrode sycase electioe, driven rod oF pipe mast be bord ic, in practice you must in every case bond together the water pipe, regard (grounded metal building urhuried plate if the ground rod is copper-coated, use a clamp made of copper or brass ifthe sgrcund is galvanized ion, use 2 clamp made of galvanized iron, Ae ion lamp 7-7 a there are othe shown in Fig, 8-23;0ne copper type is shown 19 Fig similar to that shown in Fig $23 Bonding raceways to enclosed grounding or grounded)conductors Al J to the equipment groandirg conductor of the ded circuit vr the raceway is continous to an enclosure, the receway termination. ie portion may be talc racewa’s must be bond fed circuit, or in the caseof service raceways. to the enclosed gro! cond tthe enclosure will do this automaticaly, However, the met discomtinacus, avin the commoncase where 4 metal elbow is wed in a nonmetallic conduit ran to prevent the pulling line from sawing through the inner radius of theelbovrin« bard pall. The NEC ackiesses this problem in several ways bolatet thatal cbnwsneed act be bonded i they ac buried, measure to all points on the ‘how, not less se 18 inches. In addicion, on the load side ef the service equip. tment onl. metal ethos instaled for this purpose need not b: bonded if they axe raped! in at least 2 inches oF concrete Finally, for isolated metale portions fa ger on a pole, ou can installa clamp on the metallic portion and extend a ideas farasnecesary conductor along the outside ofthe raceway up ths grounded or grounding conductor asthe case twreach sn accessible portion of th ray be. Normally such bonding conductors cannot eacced 5 fost in length, but iss Burying the groundrod Grounds musts permanent, so se extreme care It thet installation. The NFC requires thatat least fest of adriven rod bein contact earth so ¢ wandard -foot 1od and the connection oitmusthe buried II you mi the conneetion to be accessible, sea longer od and Dalld a box or provide hallow well around the clamp location to protect i from physical damage. The round rod is driven about 2 fet from the poe (or building) aferattench about a fot deep from ro¢ to polehasbeen du tottom ofthe trench, The ground wien the bottom of the trench. then to the ground clamp on the rod. After inspection fre trenchisfiledinand theTod, the damp,and the botiom ead ofthe ground wire tema buried. See Fig-1 ‘yout wil have ermuch better ground {you install two or three interconnected rods atleast 0 fect apart, pecial exception The top ofthe tod is few inches ebose the eof the pole or build snsdown 2. Remesher that sng livestock should be installed s0 that seepage from Grounds in buildings ho themical action in animal waste docs not satura the ground around the rodPECIAL WIRING SITUATIONS AND PROJECTS time eats up the wire, the damp, and somtimes even the tod, so wh good ground turns out to be no ground at al Equipotential planes—protecting against stray voltage [uc tothe sensi tivity oF livescack to very small “tingle” vb alae in ese sat nde ply) coniamen sea ‘ : clement is be onde 0 meta ssoanding decode tain the bulinguing6 ANC ening) coped In the case of ditt confinement areas, the equi age eared jor placed under) aerete floor and th rene of ential plane may be omnited if ‘concrete surfaces are detrimental to animal well-being” I they a protection must be substituted. nes Rememner that grounding ste ty which equipotemal plans shou b connected is usually (referto the distribution point dis api electrically separated from neutral Ee Heil eneiete ae gradients by surrounding the liveste re : with bond extent siry currents enter the area, the conductive m *s : ils shoul allt ther need not arise on the farm rae soa ef there are well: documented ecamples of stray bution systems Ree si wee fe, dont eater the vlogs is 2.5 volts at the cow's rear hooves, as Jong. m ae Connector Thin wall condule EMT) Connector Fig. 17-46 How to change from ane witng mth io another Install cove on the box ine completion FARM SAFETY Inruralareas ts wiseto take precautions, piste Parad of dathnessighning, and fire. Consider the following safety ade — om for your nstalltio Installing yard lights Fer frm wilfasonc or more yard lights For coave ience and accident prevention. Figure 17-4 a0 ns Wah pee end ad Ig pow ceneled wry ot eels +k an a dav teu fd ona ple hgh as ng wall. Unless automatically controlled, « yall fight should be controllable rom at sto pas fehl op hrc rig Th ihe wes evshown ni La iscararyn the NEC eed yan pay npg thc eron the meter pls inaaten, wingman nant rounded an aproprite unmet sfnngconacr A pes tale aif ae ind ‘materials, especially if it is controlled from several points. Ordi MWA “J arb ltl eno hat en lgereve mute for mecha igth for long overhead spans. It is prac o seltlngac cine gage 29, Wi coped ay fygrerbe joel comptes wih NEC 410541) aad opr al crgrouded weston te Mee baat Ie phe operas ony a a relay butt cannot be used t control one Fig. 17-17 Photo-cell contralied, high pressure sodium yard ights contribute te convenience and salty of these fixtures conr ‘Snot an issue on 120 inci, bt wil beon Chapter 17 Farms 203 Lightning protection With ther isolated, scattered buildings and high struc- tures such as silos, farms are particularly vulnerable to lightning strikes which can ‘euse heavy damage to electrical installations and can star fires. As noted on page 164, a nearby ground stroke (the term for ali do extensive damage to electrical inaallations even if they ar tuuingbol that sitsthe ground) can not hit direct Installing surge (lightning) arresters_\hile proper grounding greatly reduc ve, properly installed lightning aresters {more comretly cal 1 NEC) reduce the probability of damage to very low level eof inexpensive arrester is about the size ofa baseballand bas three Leads, theextent of dam On Connest the whit service disconnect. If the feeders from pole to buildings ar quite long, instal Another arrester at each building; install ton the service equipment, letting the aeck"ol the arrester project into the equipment cabinet through a knockout (the neviral wire; the other two to the hot wires in the main tor service qjaiprent using circuit breakers—and where there are two adiacent spare spaces for plug-in breakers—there is a surge arrester wailable shaped lke « tyo-pole circuit eeker that can simply-be plugged into the min bus, witha wire tuto connect tothe neutral bus. This emovesthe dilemma ofwhereto connect the ‘wines fromthe arester described in the previous paragraph, because NEC 110.14(A) requires that terminal for more than one conductor be identified as such, Bonding alightning protection system Some faemsemplaya lightning protec- tive system that consists of lightning rods (officially termed “strike terminstion trites” un the rool and heavy conductors eancing dawn tnadriven rod electrode “The grounding electrodes for both the lightning protective system and the electrie service mustbe:L)cifferentclectrades, but then 2) those different electrodes mast teal honda together. Installing ight ning protection systems mnvelvesa different NEPA standard and requires specialized tearing, Water pump—fire safetyconsiderations Frery farm willhoveawaterpump. ik serves to provide water fr all the usual purposes and is ¢ tremendous help in axe offre. But during a fire, quite often powerlines between buildings fail end fuses blow so thatthe pump cannot run just when it is needed most. Tat failure ‘an be avoided byadcingan independent feeder tothe pump location, sift were fire pump. Simply artange another feeder from the distribution peint directy to the pamp, preferably using an underground wiring method for reliability. Fire pumps are exhaustively covered in NEC Article 695, and geven the fect that this Jump woul be routinely used for orher purposes, it could not for many reasons technically qualify as such, Nevertheless most inspectors would say thatthe second jeder to the pump location is permissible under NEC 225.30(A)(1). You would, owever,nced to pata sign at both the pump disconnect Incation andthe main >ilding fede disconnect location explaining at each location that an additional oure: oflocal supply islocated at (specify the other location ad is function). That ‘ved into thinkingthe entitebuilding 1as been disconnected ‘say noone willbe dev atker opening switehes at only one of the two locations.SPECIAL WIRING SITUATIONS AND PROJECTS CHAPTER 18 Low-Voltage Wiring LOW-VOLIAGE SYSTEMS DISCUSSED HERE operate at less than 100 volts, with most at well under 100 volts. Telephones and doucbells are commen ecamples OthersincladdeCATY, lighting outlets using transformers, wireless radio-controlled sive, central vacuum sysiem controls, some thermostats, and data processing signaling circuits The technically correct term is limited energy or linted-power fem, because even av s/sem with cough amperage runningthrough sal ‘wires isa fire hazard, But law voleage is a more familiar rm to matty Critical safety considetations apply tothe syste in this chapter Fist, make sure the power source tn any of these © “Clas 2° or is derived from listed computer equipment and wsel for data inter hhange, suchas computer network wit rams, oven 3 deviehell trameinrmen i ited a 1g This means it has been investigated fo safety from fre or shock hazard. The only exception is communications circuits (Gelephone systems) connected (9 a centzal station (or wired in¢ similar manner), batall network-connected telecommunications equipment must he listed Second, never place Class 2 (or telephone or computer nctwork) wiring inside 8 power raceway, even if you use one of the wire types suitable for line voltage (Class 2 wiring may enter an enclosure to terminate at relhy that controlsa power circutt, but even then it must be restrained so atleast a inch at separalion is ‘maintained from the power wiring, Normal however listed eyuiptnent has two ‘entirely separate compartments, or els a solid grounded barrier herween the two clases of use, For example, Ifyou are wiring a furnace, run the power cirut in described in Chapter 12. Run theClass 2 contol circuit of vonvenicnce, NEC XW.11/B)(2) allows power raceway to support cif that eabie is used to control the equipment sup by the power cireuitsin the raceway: Ths petmission dacs not apply to any other sceways, and never to power cable assemblics fone of the wiring meth ‘TELEPHONE WIRING. Thesepe w separation nt between the lephonecempany "set and the customer's k premises is called the demarcation point. Everything on the ner 204 ’ Chapter 18 Low Voltage Wiring 205 mints thepropety and responsi of ticle compar. Equpmentand Tghenngan wage sages In the aes dane bythe use. Chesk with your ae lephone company about local practice. You can have the telephon thewiringinside! ut the charges are typically high. Instead, you could hire ntelectnical contractor ora communications contractor todo Tse workinside your home or you can dot yourse Safety precautions If you decide to install telephone wirirg yourse safety precautions should be observed. sphore ground isto the same electode ay the power ground, Make sure the Ifitian' make sure thot the two clctrodes are bonded together with a 6 AWG copper wire Discomnect the telephone line al the demarcation point or take a telephone handset off the hook to prevent the phone from ringing. Telephone voltages an reach dangerous levels when the pone is ringing. during. lightning storm berause of the danges Donotinstall or use telephon of shock to yourself and damage to equip Telephone cable List cablesincluge Types CMP for use inair hanling duct IR forrsers between floors; CM and CMG for general use but not snd orplenumssC3 for plenumsor risers, ME muluipurpo ‘EX for use only in dwellings and installed in rc tise and general ws vs 21 plenn When steppe; epin mind thatthe 221024 AWG sizesare catvely delicate soe is needed to avoid nicking the wie. (tis safer to use terminals that displace the insulation rather than ones that require it to be stripped. Wiring methodsformultipleoutlets There aretwo general methodsof wiring for eeveral telephone outlets, One is tora everything in parle! (asarc the lights inFig.6-7). Troubleshootingat later dateon such asystem isdifficult. The ot nivthod isto run a separate eable to each telephone outlet ftom the demarcation point, This method makes it easier to upgrade later, (Copper conductorsane twisted together in pars to minirireindustion and cross ak and to reduce interference Fiom neurhy sources such as notors. Two. three, ‘or more pairs of conductors are un in one cable. Although a single pair is all hat is necessary to operate a single telephone, it is wise to run maltiple pairs to each putt to accommodate Future uses suchas intercom, speed dialing, call forwarding, ‘altiple nes, and other features at one telephone. One pair could be used for a computer modem, another fora fax machine. The standard cclor code for twisted puis is greenired. black/yellow, and white/blue. More sophisticated station wireis increasingly being use that uses color banding with complementary colorsin each en pairs replaced by a blue wire with white twisted paz. For example, the rede binals and a white wite with blue bands the black/yellow isreplsed by orange withwhite and white with oranges and the white/blus is replaced by green/white and \white/green. When makingconnections, always match the colorsol the wiresto the color markings on the terminals uf outlets and on other telephone equipment Now construction nsider edding two or more telephone lines in new construction so you can have separate lines for uses such as computer modems and fox machines, Also instll plenty of phone outles whether they appear tobe needed or not. For convenience,every floor should have telephone outlets inclading the basement. These outlets can consist of pull wires from near the demarcation point roach outlet, The outlet needs onlyto be a plaster ring covered witha blank plate that can later be changed to a telephone jack when needed, The telephone jacks that you installat the wall outlet are larger than the jacks bat into the telephone bodies and handsets Wall jacks are simple to connect. Fach camponent will come with clear installation instructions. Alkernatively, cable can be installed ifthe pull-wire msthed is impractical. The best way to do the ob i touse outlet bones and empiy electrical mstalic tubing, or eee tuscal nonmetallic tubing which allws for changing the cable at some future time Place telephone cal fe atleast 12 inches away from the electrical cable running, through your house to minimize noise and to eliminate any possi ofthe tele- phone wiring contacting line voltage. Dont mistake electrical cable for telephone ‘able, which is about the size of a drinking trav and is very flexible. The telephone Relay Hee it 2394 2 Facies r — AY Outlet box a =| \ pte} — >! \ rantomer Tao) “Soe \ \— Fxtue Fig. 18-7 Typical emote control circus mths ase withthe out cote atfourlcstions Dr tranformers used forthe entire house Te same circuit often wed for emotecoro! yarns. alse be dane by radin-operated Switching of loads plugged into receptacles ssitches, The receiver plogs into a wall out, and the load piugs into the rovsiver ‘The sender ca be up to 90 fect aay. HF you: uae more than one of thee Fadio~ controlled switches be sure each operates on a different frequency o they will not inlecfere with each of (CENTRAL VACUUM SYSTEMS The motor of a central vacuum system is staried by the closing of a low-voltage control circuit when an inlet is opened and the vacuum hose connected. A metal tank containing the motor and @ collection beg is permanent wired in utility room or in an attached garage. Airtight hose abet I/s inches in diameter i un 0 The wall inlets are gasketedso tet when notin tncthcy do not leakairintothe system. Newer units sometimesako haves 120-valt connection atthe bose ile! designed to accommodate aline-oltage beater barat the attachment end. These require a hard-wired connection ta local lighting oF receptacle circuit. Remember, however, that the 20-amp small-appliance circuits ele to this topic in Chapter 5) must not haveany ther loads connected to them, wall inlets in convenient local wwaich meansif one ofthese outlets isin the kitchen or dining the hose attachment must not come from the adjacent receptaae IE SPECIAL WIRING SITUATIONS AND PROJECTS CHAPTER 19 Troubleshooting and Repairs THIS CHAPTER EXPLAINS how to diagnose problems with existing wiring und how to make sommoa repairs crimes sbleshociradeorblls and chimes Chet breakers Trubleshooing use or ult eo Cords Froublernar Doatbels Troutiesnoctng a cd nd roalsanachimes Fuses Trovteshocing’ ® Lamps—table and Noor Fecaring Lighe focutes—celtng: fluorescent and incandescent Pluss Tiouteshocring coat Recepsacles—wal twowre and thee-ire le anc fs Troubeshocring light tures gs Testing and epociguwalireceotaces Switches wal single pole anc Arcicing waliswcnes ‘TROUBLESHOOTING FUSES AND CIRCUIT BREAKERS The diferent types of fas 49-15. A fuse blows or a breaker trips for one of two reasons. Either something id circuit breakers are reviewodin Chapter an pages connected to the circuit is defective, thus draw anaxcescivenumber of amperes, fr there are to0 many lights, appliances, or mators connected at the same time, ‘overloading the cincui Vatu ‘Mows or breaker trips quickly exerrtime a particular applian in,especiallyifit makes no difference whe the appliance is defective. Often the defect is in the cord. If the appliance has removable ord, try ad itis plugged intoa ditt st corchifthecond is permanently attached, only caret Chapter19 Troubleshooting and Repairs 23 te defect. Rally twisted and worn conds must be replace inspection wil lo fot repaired, See “Troubleshooting Cords and Plugs” un this chapter on i VF a fuse blows when a motor (as in 3 home workshop) is turned on, that motor that consumes only 6amps whileranning may kaw over 30am) few seconds while starting. Substituting a time-delay fuse might solve the problcrn. I the fuse continues 9 blow, spect the cord. Check taste that the motor earings haveoil. (Some motors havessaled bearings never requiring ol.) Pebaps th belt is we tight, erthe machine that, ‘motor drive: lacks il, incressing the load on the motor and increasing theamperes beyond the sate point. F fuses blow or circuit breakers trip from time to time on any one circuit For no 7 sent reason, itis likely that the cireit is simply overloaded. You will need to nect some of the oadon that circuit. The wise procedure would he to install ube aay be in the wiring of the circuit suitor ground mus an additional circuit, Aliernat protected hy that particular fuse orresker. and the short c be luceted and repaired. Diagnosing blown fuses suallyby looking aca fuse youcan cellificisblown ind what made it blow —an overload or v sh Plug fuses ‘To cl ifs plug fuseisblovea, look through the glass window on top tn ‘mal fase you will see a small fink of metal, usually with anarrewer portion in the middle esshown ia A nf Fig. 19 1.1 the fuse has Ulawn becauseof an ordinar verioad, it wll have the appearance ot Bun the seme usta ‘of the link is gone. If the inside of dhe window is spattered with metal a in Ci bs bloan because ofa shart ci ae and correc. te cause of the short circuit hefore replacing the fuse Time-delayfuses It yourfusesarcot th time-delay type show in Fig. 5-3, note taccoied springin o normal fas. All Type Snontamperabe fseshave this feature Tnthat case, you rust ives as do some conventional plug fuses shown in Fig. 3-2 f such a fuse blows, look at the spring, [Fit sill extended, the fuse bas blown because af a short cia I che «pring is contracted So that its coils touch each other. it has blown because A 5 c fig. 18-1 Plug fuse: Aroma} Bblown because af avetoac ¢aa SPECIAL WIRING SITUATIONS AND PROJECTS: ' Chapter 19 Troubleshooting and Repairs 25 Cartridge fuses These rarely show any outward sign of having blown, Test 1m place with a neon tester, or remove the Fuse Fam the fusehokler and test it with a The neon eer in Fig. 19-2 can he used to test fuses in their holders if you can get at the terminals ofthe fuseholder. With the cicult on, touch the hwo leads of the tester to the two terminals of the fiseholder Irthe light in the tester glows, the fuse is blown. Itt does not glow, the fs not blown, If the cartridge fuses are installed ins fuse-holding pullout block, note that the pullout block usually has small holes through which the leadso the tester can be nserted without removing, the block from its holder Fig.19-2 This inexponcve neon teitlghtein be eed on ether 110-vlt or 246 val cals ana sats handy fortestng fuses contains atinyreenDulothatconsuuresontthesmalest fracton of wart and lasts mary thousands ofhaurs/AWSeenv name ih contin Fesier is pleura ip Big 11-7, Th use this type of tester you must fist _move the fase from the fusehalder using aplastic fuse puller. Hf the uses ae ina pullout block they can safely be entoved from the pullout block without the need for fare puller Then touch the esters prod to rhe metal ferrule or Blade at one era of the fuse, and touch the alligator clip tothe other end Fhe lamp lignts, the fuses god. If the lap dacs not Tight the fuse is bloven. Resetting Fig. 5-6 A fow brandsaremaiteso the hance returnsto the tt position when the ‘breaker trips, anditisoaly nevessury wie itback w the o¥ position (instead of forcing it beyond 01" before ceurning tte oNas in most brava). Labeling fuses and circuit breakers | sheling will be especially wif home is provided with fuses because hen & fuse blows i s sometimes dificult to determine exactly which one has blown fF your fuss ircuit breakers Mostbreskers are reset after tripping as shown in clase, wher light rac is apparently without power you can go-quickly tothe right fuse and replace t, When abvesker trp it easy to see which onc has ripped butlabelsare luceful when you want to turn afTa particule circ 4 now site. In fact, the NEC requires (in 408.4 and 110.22) this srt of ctcuit eason such asinstalling th fussholder or breaker with x number. Then proceed by trict and mie which outlets are contro ed by which fuse or breaker. Remove ane fuse, ortura off onc brcaker, and find out exactly which outletsare then dead. When you have determined which outlets are controlled by each fuse or breake, make upia listand secureit tothe inside cover of your fase or breaker cabinet. The st might read sormething like this: 1 main fuses (pulourbiock 2 Large bedioom and hallight and recepraces 3, Smallbedroor lghts ane receptacles ar batroom ight 4 Bathroom receptades 5 Receptacles intving toom and celina ightsin kitchen ang cing tom 6 Bottom halvesot al itchen receptacles, and allreceptacles i inieg 00m 7 Tophsles ofl kitchen reoptaces All cement hts and receptacles 9 Range (outout Hock 10 Clothas dryer pullout boc) 11. Winer heater (oulout bloke 12 Chas washer 1. Spares for future new drut UPDATING ALUMINUM WIRING ‘Old technology” (pre-1972) aluminum witein the branch circuit sizes, 10 and 12 AWG, had a coeltiient of expansion that caused it. expand and flow away from ‘beneath a terminal screw when heated by current unning throught. Then, wha it coled, the connection would be louse. To compound mater oxygen Would sett the aluminum a the los terminal, and lumminu oxide,¢ 1on-conducion, ‘would form on the exposed aluminum wire. Not every termination belasyed inthis wha, but enough did that by November 1971 the aluminum alloy used in electrical Condivctors was changesl and the terminations on switches reccptaeles ess resigned, Somealuminun wiring iastlletions nay need wo beupéated in onder topeevent the possible development of nose connections, excessive overheating, an fie Ifthe [5-amp and 20-amp branci circus in your dvelling were wired trith aluminum conductors: a review of the section on alumimim wirmg on page 32 will be helpful as you prepare to evaluate your installation. Tnspect all of your reseplaces and switches to see if they are marked COFALR, F they are not, you should replace them with devices having the CO/ALK marking or reconnect thea with copper pigtails, Inreplacing the switches and receptacles, Ife aluminum wire i copper-lad any kindof terminal may be used, Terminal are discussed om pages 35-38) Push-in terminals, shown in Fig.4-16, may be used with 14 AWG copper or copper-cled aluminum, but iot with ordinaryaluminum. Receptacles marked CO/ALRarenot xy to find and may have tobe special ordered. the alteretive method isto “pigail” a short copper jumper to connect to each coiteh or receptacle terminal, emg sare 10 use splicing devices listed for use with Doth aluminum ard TPs way the aluminum circuit wirewil rot depend on the device terminals for continuity. A pigtail splice is shown in Fig. {-15,but the twist-on splicing device shown there may no! bel listed toconnect copper and alueinum, One that is sted 2 tool-appiied pressure connector that sirician iy do the work. This is not a do-it-yourself job for spper in corbin requires a trained216 SPECIAL WIRING SITUATIONS AND PROJECTS the average homeowner. There ate now listed twist-on wire connectors that make this s much simpler propesition than in pas. Be sure to follow the installation instructions carefully particularly regarding the allowable wire combinations For example, at this writing all the available wife combinations available inthe Usted device inchide at least one copper wire along with the aluminum ones Consulta qualified slectrcal contract ifyou feel your alan needs attention and you cannot find CO/ALR devices able for use with aluminum wires ined house the new connectors suit REPLACING WALL SWITCHES. Wall switches can wear out with constant use. Replacement is simple. First turn off the main switch orbreaker forthe building, oral least unscrew the fuse or trip the breaker that protests the sicuit on which the switch is installed. Never work with hot wires, Remove the faceplate over the switch, then remove the two screves bolding the switch to the hos. Pal the switch out ofthe bos. Replacing single poleswitches _Itheswitch yousne replacing sa single-pole ‘ype.itwill ave only two terminal screws, Loosen the screws. remove thewires and connect them 10 the two screws of your nem switch. Ir makes no difference which ‘ite goes 19 which terminal Be sore the loop on your wires is tamed clockwise around the screw (see Fig. 4-13). Reinstalthe swtteh in the hos and reinstall the ‘faceplate, Replacing thres way awitche: _Fths mitch you are roplacingsthe thse type. itwill have three terminal screws Oreo them will hea dark, oxidized color. such dacker than the others Indisconnesting the wites, make careful note which ‘wine runs tothe dark-colaved screw ofthe old switchs that wire must run to the ‘dark screw on your now switch, Itmakes mo difference to which sctews the other ‘boo wites ere connected. ‘Some switches do not haveterminal serews;instend the Wiresare pushed inioupen- ings onthe switch, To remove them, just push a screweriver with asmall bladeinto the slot near the openings for the wires and pall thei ou, TESTING AND REPLACING WALL RECEPTACLES To determine if a receptacle is iv, insert ths two leads on the neon tester shown in Fig. 19-2 into the two openings ofthe receptacle if the lamp lights, the circuit islive.IFthe lamp docstt light, you should sonsider whether the receptacle could bbe worn out. Its interinrcontactsmay he heat so they no longer make good contact withthe blades of a plug in whch case the receptacle should be replaced. If your receptacles are ofthe grounding type. in Fig. 7-11, insert one lead ofthe tester Into the ound opening on the receptaci and the other lead first into one of the ‘590 parallel openings, then the other. Ifthe ceveptace i propery installed, the tester should light when the second lead of the tester is inserted into the ni slot that leads wo the hot wire to she receptacle, bur nor whem i is inserted into the wide slot connected ta the grounded wire Chapter 19. Troubleshooting and Repairs 27 Avin replacing a switch, turn off the main switch or breaker of the building, oF a reuitom which the least unscrew the fuse or turn off the breaker that protects the receptacle is installed. Remove the faceplate, remove the nwo screws holding the receptacle to the box and pull herexeptaceoutof thebox. Note that twill ave two siver-colored terminal screws (called the" white"terminals) and two brass terminal screws. Like switches, some receptacles have no terminal sews. Remove the wires as described under switches. I your new receptacle has terminal screws, connect the white wines tothe silver-colored screws, the others to the brass screws. Itthe receptacle location is one that requites GFCI protection under the present ‘Nasional Electrical Cade (NEC) bathroom basin, outdoors.atkitchen counters oF bersink, garage. in crawl spaces and attics haringequipmentrequingservicing— the replacement must be GHCI-protected, Replacing two-wire receptacles Ihe receptacle youarereplacingisthe olid- {shioned kind fortwo-prong plags only), the replacement method depends ox the tps of wire used in your house. I your house uses wiring methodsthat provide for ‘ejuipment grounding, replace the receptacle with a groundingrype receptacle. Run awire from the new receptacles green terminsl tothe box in which its insalled lunles the roeptack is ofthe rypespecialy designed to be acceptable for use without the grounding wire. Hf the box is not grounced, you may replace the recepiacle vith anoxher nongrounding type, or witha three-wire receptcle grounded to the ‘grounding electrode system cr to the grounding destrode conductor. You may labo use 2 GECI receptacle, ut you must mark it or the wall plate) No LQUIPMENT Ghounb, Youmay aso ue a conventional grounding (three-wire receptacle there {sGFCI protection ahead of it either asa feed:- through GFC1deviee or as a GECL sircuit breaker. In this ease, mark the receptacle location No PQUTPMENT GROUND and Grr PROTECTED, In either case, note which wite(s} run to the brass terminal screws of the old receptacle and connect them to the brass screws on the new receptacle, Connect the other wirels) (which should Ine white) to the silver-colared screws, fold the wires behind the receptacle see" Preventing loese connections’ on pege 167}, and reinstll in the bos. Replacing three-wirereceptaclas _{fycur receptacle isthe grouncling type for three-prong plugs, be sure the same wire that connects to the green serew of your «ld tcceptace is connected to the green screw of your new receptacle, Unless ths is done. the receptacle wrongly connected and can be very dangerous. there is no ‘bond wire, make sure that the boxisgrounded,and then either usea receptacle with yoke or make the bonding connection 2s shown in Fig. LI=3. ‘Testing for faults in three-wire (i.e. with ungrounded, grounded, and groundingwires) circuits A se-wie circuit analyzer shown in Fig. 19-3, ll indicate if the three-witecieuit iz correctly wired. Possible fults—open ground, pen neutral, open hot, hot round reverse,and! hot/neutral r-verse—are indicated byvarious eombinations of lights on the tester. Codes on theanalyoer package wil tive the reason For the wiring fault so you will know how tofix the problem. The roundi all28 SPEAL WING SITUATIONS AND PROJECTS ’ chapter 19 Troubleshooting and Repairs 219 reversed connestionsare easly cortectef The opens ay be dificult to track dow, but ils that a conductor in a cable is open bet The open will probably be Found at a x junction hoy or poor connection a rom the outlet where the tester show back halfway tothe panelboard and ts pen still shows up, you know the tout that point and Une panelboard. By divi run in half and testing the remainder e should be able w locate the touble. isberween ‘TROUBLESHOOTING LIGHT FIXTURI Be sane to observe any maximum lamp oon fixtures, and relamp with the prope particulary imp pnttype fixtures having lampe close tf Many fires have started due the heat lamyps with too-high wattage Repairing fluorescent fixtures long with twa 40-wall\unular lamps. cach Iam, The starer will be found ne lamp doesnt light, or flickers, or glow starter, To remove a starter, rotate it 9 Replaceit with anew starter tha has the} If replacing the starter does not climinay atthe ends eeplace the lamps. The us lamp 90 degrees in either direction an} Replace with the same length and watt A lamp sucket tha is cracked or broke ditconnected before working on a sock must beremoved to getat the sockets af socket is supported and sonnected. I ‘match, and install the new socket If it sul does mot ight, and you have pages 17-18 for s discussion of the o ‘consider replacing the whole finture, new fixture. To replace a ballast, ist di supports, asually two bolts and wing nu both electrically and physically. Make sur fixtures designed for compeet fuoresce Fig. 19-3 Aulvoe wircircuit analyzer i used to test for faults in the wining to three fre ceiling, wire crue ecepeices too-large Spery msn me) tan with cecssed xt usual istze for residential use i 4 Feet ne older fitares may have a larer for ‘heend of and behind cach lamp. l'the the ends, the fist place to Took is the ees counter-lockwise and pull out hmevwattage as marked on the ol starter, the rouble, or ifthe lamps are blackened >i-pin lamp is remove by rotating the Jen siding the lamp out of the socket. as marked on the old lamp, must by replaced, Be sure the circuit is ‘The pan or cover over the fixture body their wining, Carefully observe how the he old one to the store to be sure of a Jrsinated everything but the ballast (see ation of Huoreseent lights), you might acement ballast often cost more than a ranect all the wites and then loosen the Again, be sure the replacement matches ve fixtures grounded propery. The new lamps roughly the se of incandescent lampsao have ballasts, bur they are mich smaller an the eatin ones f long tubes, ‘some old faorescent desk lamps havea pushburtonswitch that functions asa startet Tre button mustbe held down fora fewseconds to pre-heat the lamp Other than this witch, the other elements are similar to those ofthe larger fixture. Repairing incandescent ceiling fixtures _ If your incandescent ceiling fixture ‘does not light the first thing to do is to check the lamp inthe ficture. an replace Hatt has burned out. The next suspectis the wall switch, wich may have failed. Replacing the wall switch is covered earlier inthis chapter. It possible the center contact in the lampsocket may have lot its pringdue to heat or it ay have become corroded. With the power offgently ifthe center vontact to restore some of the sSpingin it and lean off any corrosion witha bit of sandpaper. Loose connections tothe ciecuitwiresare a possibilty bat natacommon occurrence—an impropesty installed solderless connector may hare come loose TROUBLESHOOTING CORDS AND PLUGS coer yank on «ord to unplug something Because his pas Ie tes ine he cord Sooner oer sone of hess f the ie vba an you wl ane sorta A fase il by and your son il ined Inset, gp the pg isl and pl tout ofthe sep Unpig tppiancs eh reovabe cords theresa athe thn th ‘When oving he cord om te applic, grasp he ug ise ised of pulling the od Damaged cards thetisasrousdangerofbuth itéand:shek roma worn ot saat record esr to dan ocionalsiy cekol your eenson sa spanecnede and ors on Hr an temps tng pad ira sreoeddunaetlades aed or worn outer jt rhe appesrnce of damage ‘bibeweimerhjale Using uh acon mghtbe compared to rngacsr wk rng wortout es tht ight out ab Snes uve rumsaaey Don yo eparthecord~replec nse if pss 808 “Iba orcs ikea hating pate cond cannot replace dca dqute tem adsplacee ith une one he strain on c applianes, Damagedphgs. Hscordisunusbie onl bone theplagon tend aston amma eee cord oherise appear sound can Reed by intangs sara ithe serene cor tl dcqustefr to purpe a ug Haec Telus hercrea ie fhe ccdaeae. Aas ry ac em ie geo ne these ecrew te Hak itu he Dineecow and hewhtewieundertc served sre.) element pola one bad mare han he te) a or ends pea chi.) wie Dead he nd comactr mas Se ata o hrm which the pounded conduc. The grounded

You might also like

• The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  

  From Everand

  The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  Mark Manson

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (5823)
• The Gifts of Imperfection: Let Go of Who You Think You're Supposed to Be and Embrace Who You Are

  

  From Everand

  The Gifts of Imperfection: Let Go of Who You Think You're Supposed to Be and Embrace Who You Are

  Brené Brown

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1093)
• Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It

  

  From Everand

  Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It

  Chris Voss

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (852)
• • Magazines
  • Podcasts
  • Sheet music
• Principles: Life and Work

  

  From Everand

  Principles: Life and Work

  Ray Dalio

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (612)
• The Glass Castle: A Memoir

  

  From Everand

  The Glass Castle: A Memoir

  Jeannette Walls

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (1718)
• Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance

  

  From Everand

  Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance

  Angela Duckworth

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (590)
• Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel

  Jesmyn Ward

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1105)
• Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race

  

  From Everand

  Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race

  Margot Lee Shetterly

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (898)
• Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike

  

  From Everand

  Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike

  Phil Knight

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (541)
• The Perks of Being a Wallflower

  

  From Everand

  The Perks of Being a Wallflower

  Stephen Chbosky

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (2105)
• The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers

  

  From Everand

  The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers

  Ben Horowitz

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (349)
• Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future

  

  From Everand

  Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future

  Ashlee Vance

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (474)
• Bad Feminist: Essays

  

  From Everand

  Bad Feminist: Essays

  Roxane Gay

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1025)
• The Outsider: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Outsider: A Novel

  Stephen King

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1867)
• Her Body and Other Parties: Stories

  

  From Everand

  Her Body and Other Parties: Stories

  Carmen Maria Machado

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (823)
• The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)

  

  From Everand

  The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)

  Viet Thanh Nguyen

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (122)
• The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer

  

  From Everand

  The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer

  Siddhartha Mukherjee

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (271)
• Angela's Ashes: A Memoir

  

  From Everand

  Angela's Ashes: A Memoir

  Frank McCourt

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (441)
• Brooklyn: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Brooklyn: A Novel

  Colm Tóibín

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (1948)
• The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living

  

  From Everand

  The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living

  Meik Wiking

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (403)
• A Man Called Ove: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  A Man Called Ove: A Novel

  Fredrik Backman

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (4771)
• Steve Jobs

  

  From Everand

  Steve Jobs

  Walter Isaacson

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (809)
• Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America

  

  From Everand

  Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America

  Gilbert King

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (266)
• The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century

  

  From Everand

  The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century

  Thomas L. Friedman

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (2259)
• The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel

  Garth Stein

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (4208)
• A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

  

  From Everand

  A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

  Betty Smith

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (1929)
• The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)

  

  From Everand

  The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)

  Sarah M. Broom

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (98)
• Yes Please

  

  From Everand

  Yes Please

  Amy Poehler

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1903)
• A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story

  

  From Everand

  A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story

  Dave Eggers

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (231)
• Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

  

  From Everand

  Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

  Doris Kearns Goodwin

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (234)
• The Woman in Cabin 10

  

  From Everand

  The Woman in Cabin 10

  Ruth Ware

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (2522)
• Wolf Hall: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Wolf Hall: A Novel

  Hilary Mantel

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (3973)
• Fear: Trump in the White House

  

  From Everand

  Fear: Trump in the White House

  Bob Woodward

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (738)
• John Adams

  

  From Everand

  John Adams

  David McCullough

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (2409)
• On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal

  

  From Everand

  On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal

  Naomi Klein

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (74)
• The Light Between Oceans: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Light Between Oceans: A Novel

  M.L. Stedman

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (789)
• Manhattan Beach: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Manhattan Beach: A Novel

  Jennifer Egan

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (880)
• The Constant Gardener: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Constant Gardener: A Novel

  John le Carré

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (104)
• The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America

  

  From Everand

  The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America

  George Packer

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (45)
• Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore

  

  From Everand

  Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore

  Jay Sekulow

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (137)
• Little Women

  

  From Everand

  Little Women

  Louisa May Alcott

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (105)