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1- Abercrombie, D. (1907) Elements of General phonelics Edinburgh.
2- Fromkin, V. and Rodman, R. (1978) An introduction to Lanquage.
3- Fudge, E. C. (1970) Phonology in New Horizons in Linguistics. J. Lyons.
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B w%?}?$ U? W?! U??W,W# W?$ UJ+ wJ|UW?# U?!W# U?W, W+
d~A?}W# U s WJ| dUz UJ+ W?!WUd?` wW# X #
UJ+
U U, uW, W%$ UWO}$ wW! W+
?# u?? U?W# ?? W??%? ?$U U?? !W# ?? W?? %? ?$ U??!W?# W+
U$u W%$ U!W#W# s WJ| dUz Wz
W?! U??W,W# W?$ B w%?}?$ U?J+ wJ|UW# ?W?%? $ U?!W# W+
UJ+ Wz W%$U U!W#W# s WJ| dUz # X U
w?W# U?J?+ # U?J?+ wJ?|U?W?# ?? ? ?W?? ? ? %? ? ? ?$U? U?? ? ? !W# W?+
W!WUd`
# UJ+ UW# W, ?W?%$U U?!W# ?W?%$ U?!W# W+
UJ+ # WMAdW# s WJ| dUz X
# u wJ|UW# W+ pK9 U Uu wW! W+
U? W??! U?W,W?# W?$ B w%??}?$ UJ+ w?J|UW# U U??W, W+
X #
29
s# UJ+ wJ|UW#
X|dO B w%}$ W+ UJ+ U U d# W!WUd` w U!
w%?}$ w!U w w$W?! UJ+ U W?!U w w$W?! W+ W!U?!W#
X B
WU??d??` w?W# W??A? O? W, U?? U??$U w?}W# B w%??}? $ U?J+ U
X}J+
wM d? # W?!WW# v#Wz ?W%?$U U?!W# ?W%?$ U?!W# wd#W#
U U$U w}W# vMO# s WJ| W WUt W+ W! Aw%}$ U
v+ u Wz W!W%$ UU$Wz W+
XU +Wz # s
sW?!d??O~}? W?z W?!W?%? $ W?!?W??%?$U U?!W?# WU0 W? U~| U??W,W#
UJ+ wJ|UW#
X|dO B w%}$ W+ UJ+ U d# KU!
W!U W! wWO}$ w$W!
X|d#Wz Wz W!u U
vJ+ W!WU?d` wW# B w%}?$ W!UJ+ U U? U$U w}W#
U U$U w}W# vMOWz wM|u W+ s WJ| dUz
v+ u Wz W!W%$ UU$Wz W+
U # s
UW# W, W%?$U U!W# W%$ U!W# WW?%$ W+ WU0 W
W# W!UJ+ U U U$U w}W# W# WMd W~| UW, s# UJ+
w}?W# vJ+ W?MA?? dW# s? WJ| d?? Uz s}?J+ W??!W?U??d?? ` wW# ??
W!WW# v# d}+ WJu U U$U
X U # s
WW??A? W? W+ u?? wO??$U??d??! W?+ U??!W# wM?# # UJ+ U w?M W??!
W d! u
U # UJ+ UW# W, W%?$U W%$ U!W# W+

# WMAdW# UJ+
# u? wJ|UW# pK9 U? W+ U U, U?WO?}?$ wW??! W+
U W! UW, U A w%}$ UJ+ wJ|UW# U UW, W+ Wz
W!W}%! W!W%$ W%$ U!W#W# UJ+ #
WU??!WU??d?` w?W# WB w%??}? $W# W??$ s WJ| d??Uz u??W, WU??%? $ W+
U U$U w}W# U$u
W?? ?W?+ 4O?# s WJ?| WU?J+ U? Wz W?? ?! X?|W?? ?! u?# W+
U!W# W%?$ U!W# w} su A w%}$ U d# W?} wUd`
d~ W%$ W+ WM|u Wz u U, w U! W+ d~# W?%$ wJK9 U W%$U
U U$U w}W# X|d! UAOM$
WW+ # UJ+ UW# W, W?%$U U!W# W%?$ U!W# W
w WW! d# w U! WW+ WMAd WW! u U, w U!
X}# W# UOu#e u%}# W# UOu#e U!
W%$ U!W# W%$U U!W# U! w sAd
U$U
vW?? ?%? ?$ wJK?9 U U ?? ?W?? %? ?$U U?? ?!W# U ?? W?? ?%? ?$ U?? !W# W?z #
# UJ+ wJ|UW#
B w%?}?$ W+ W?!UJ+ U X?}# d# W? X|d?! W?!WU?d?` w U?! dW?$
X|dO A w%}$ W+ Wz X}# u U, W!W U! W X|dO
U?W, v# W!UJ+ U? X}# b!WU? W?! W+ W!u? U U U
v#W, U W!
U? wU?!U?$U w}W# X?|d# b?%, ?W?%?$ U?!W# U W?!d?O~}?
X|d! UAOM$ W%$ W+ W!UJ+ U wM|u
WW%$ Wz W%$ U!W# WU0 W Wu/ #
U Wz # s
32
31
u U,
d#
U!W#
WJ#
U!W#
WJ#
W}
WWM}
U WAW
wO$Ud
wO$Ud! WW}W# wO?$Ud! W d! U WAW W+
WW, UJ+ U X}$ W u U X}$ u
W+ W?} wU?d` W?W+ W?! WWz wO$U?d! u?} wU?!W?OO W?U W+ v!W
U U? W?! W+ X|W?! p| ?W?%?$ U?!W# W?W+ U?d?` d# w U?!
W?! U??W,W# W?$ UJ+ wJ?|U gOU?d?` X?}# b?!WU? W??! W+ U?!W#
Ergative X|d?# U O W?? d?? }?zW# UU?? w%?? &? W+ WU? Wz X|d?? U??
Case
X u, s
X Wz
WW??Q W+ U d??! U u? w?O?$U??d?! u??} wU??O? w?$U# WWz
W+ W} wU?d` bO%?$ W+ X|dU UJ+ U d# W} wU?d` Uu
wM W?? !W s W?? !W# bW# W?? !WM d?? W?# d?? UJ?+ U d#
W?! W+ X|W??! p| U?!W# W?W+ U?d??` d# W??} W+ WJ?u U?!W#
U
UJ+ wJ|U? gOU?d?` X}# b??!WU? W?! W+ WJ# W? U?!W# U
W+ W?!U?!W# U u?# U?!W# v# W?!W?%?$ W?! X|d? U?? W?! U?W,W# W?$
X|dU UJ+ wJ|U O, Ud` u# U wWO}$ w$W!
34
u U,
d#
W}
WWM}
U WAW
WJ# ??W?%? $ U??!W# WJ# u?? WU?%? $ W+ WU? Wz W#W+
U!WUd` w U! wMW# UOW u# uUz pK9 U WJ# W%$U U!W#
u U, s d} U
WW%$ U!W# U
WJ# s
d# s U U
WJ# U
WW%$ U!W# s
u U,
X s}, U #
WW%$U U!W# U
WJ# X
d# X UM}, U #
WJ# U
WW%$U U!W# X
u U, d` U W!WKOu uz
WJK9 U U
WJ#
d# Xd` U W!WKOu uz
WJ# U
WJK9 U
WM|d! ! WAW W W+ U WAW
33
u U,
U s
U
X Wz W
d#
U!W#
WJ#
U!W#
WJ#
W}
WWM}
W#
U WAW
W U!Wz wO?$Ud! wU?!u U W! U W?AW
u? wO?$U?d?! wU?!UJ+ U W?! U? W?A?W W?W+ W?!W
W U!Wz
wU??!U?O? W?%? }?$ W Wz W??! X|W??! WWdJO?? Wz wJA??O d|W+
W+ u?? U wU?? !U??O? ? W??%? ?}? $ 4O?? u?? w?O? $U?? d??! W+ U?J+ U
4O wO$Ud!
wUM}?N?}W?# UOW wA? WW, UJ+ U X}?$ W U?OW wO?$Ud?!
W%$ wUd` U!W# U WJ# u} W+ WM WJ|
W, u?} W+ Z?M# W+ u??!WW+ U??L?O?$ W+ U?O? W U??OW ? W#
d! UAOM$ bO$Ud!
U!e|W
W+ W?? b??%, W??! p|bW, s|d?#Wz U Quantifier W# W??! WU?? Wz W# U
W+ KW! W%$ U!W# g}
U Uz # U U WL}z
dM},U!W# WdJ u! Wz wU$Uz # d}+
(DO) direct object W%$ U!W#
(IO) indirect object W%$U U!W#
(Prep) preposition sAd
(Pref) prefix d~A}
W! UUd` w WW+ W! d~A} W!W X$W#W d}+
VS verb stem Ud` w
w U?! WW+ d# w U?! WW+ W?OO U w!WU?LO?$ O, B w%?}$ U wW?O}$ w$W?! #
36
X Wz
X u, s
u U
u U, w U?! W+ W?J# X|W?! W??} d# W?W+ A w%?}?$
w U! W+ U X|W?! WJ# W! X|W?!U p| UOWW+ e?OW, Ud?` U!W#
X|W! p| U!W# WW+ W!WUd` d#
X u, s
X|W! p| WJ# WW+ Ud` u U, w U! U X|W! U!W# W!
5# Wz
u U, w U??! W??} WJ# d?# W+ WWM} wU??d?` WJ# B w%?}?$
X|W!
d# WWM} X& Wz
u U, WWM} Wz
u U, W} s Wz
X|W! d# W} U!W# B w%}$
X Wz W
W! W+ X|W?! p| UUd` WW+ W?AOW, B w%}$ A w%}$ W?W}W#
X|W! U!W# WJ# U
U!W# WJ# wO?$Ud! W+ u? U wU!UO? W%}?$ wM W!
W?$W+ WdJO? Wz w}W# u U, d# W+ WWM} W??} wU?d` W?W+
W d! u WWAW W+ d! WJA}
35
UJ+ U v U, W U W# wU ! W!WU?d` w W X|W! X| K u U,

X| d wJ|U# uW, W+ X|d K wUQ
# v# WW?UW W?!U U?d` v?## UJ+ wJ|UW# ?W?%$ U?!W# W? d# W+
s}J?+ W??!WU??d??` wW?# U??!W# U s WJ?| U U U??!UJ?+ U W,
v# W# UOu#e
W%$ U!W# s WJ| dUz Ud` w
v# W# UOu#e v# U!U wWO}$ W+ WJ# W! UOW
s WJ| dUz W%$ U!W# Ud` w
W+
U WL}z Wz s U
wMO# s Wz wMO#
WJ# WUW$ Wz dW$ WU Wz U# UO #
1- Comrie, B. (1973) The Ergative - Variations on a theme. Lingua 32. PP. 239 253.
2- Mathews, W. K. (1953) The Ergative constructon in modern Indo - Aryan.
Lingua 3. PP. 391 - 406.
3- Pireiko, L. A. (1968) Osnovnye voprosy ergativnosti na materiale indoiranskix
jazikov. Moscow. Nauka.
WOO U w!WWUAO O, U wWO}$ w$W! W+ d# # UJ+ U WJu
U!UW$
1- Amin, W. O. (1976) Some fundamental rules of Kurdish Syntax Structure Lon
don.
2- Amin, W. O. (1979) Aspects of the verbal Construction in Kurdish M. Phil The
sis - University of London.
3- Robins, R. H. (1971) General Linguistics London.
4- Comrie, B. (1973) The Ergative - Variatons on a theme. Lingua 32. PP. 230 253.
wU$ U bPW# u! W%$ d}{ UO ! U W+ U Wz

W d!x# W
37
W|u$ W e}+ v) wUd= W}) WWUd= w

UIW) ) WUU WL}z
UIW) W$ WUU WL}z
UIW) W$U UUz WL}z
v) bU$ wW?O} w?W W WW? WJ) v) WWM}$ W?WUd= W? X1 UW+
W|u$ W e}+ v) wUd= W}) d U)
U) ) uA Wz
U) W$A Wz
W v WM) WUUd= Wz bW
1UW) UOu) bW
A} u} wbu} W
W UUJ?Uz w?A? wJ}u??}?1W) W?) UW?b?W?
? A?} W?? WWz
ULUz WLA|U+ ULUz ) rA|U+

wUL}K WA wUL}K ) XA
dW WMO dW ) 5
U) WW
U) ) W

d}W+ WUM}+ d}W+ ) UM}+
ULUz WM= ULUz ) s=
U WOW U ) W
u3 WOe3 u3 ) e3
b+
WW) UWbW
A} W WWz
Wz WLOA3W) WzW) rOA3W)
UU Wu) UUW) u)
UO Wd UOW) d
UW?
?W) b?W?
?A?} ) W$WU??S Wz bW?
?1U +W) U?O?W$ W? WWz
W WWUd= W WUJUz W vW gOA wWu}1W) WOO
b+ g} XAOW$ d| W pe U
WbW??
?A?}? Wz U?OW$ W??U WW?A? }? Wz u??($ W?U) Wz W?W+ U?O?W?z U?
WW+ UOAW
W) Postposition bW
1U W 3W|d
p} W?1W1 Wz W?W d? UbW
?A} w?U) WWz uW+ w?A? wJ}u}?1W)
d$ wJ}?
U?7 bWW) W W) ) W?O?}? Wz WUW v?) U$ W W) ) u$U+
wU?? U??U? wdJ?U??A? ?OM?? ) Wb?W+ U$ Wz W?? gb?W??
? ?1U
W??U U?? ? A? }+ u?? w?U??e| W?? WU?? O? < W??
U??7 b?W??
? 1U Wz w?M$W??
dW
We|u? wJW W W? WUUd?= ?< Wz WW W? WbW
?A} Wz u?W+
bW
1UW) WbW
A} v1 b+ W) ) u Dative Case sWW
dJ) dO~}< W wUd=
wUL}K ) s$U+ u}z
wUL}K s$U+ u}z
Wz W) F $
Wz F $
d}W+ ) U U$
d}W+ U U$
WWOOUd= bW
1U Present Perfect v) W$ WH}z W WWUd= w$U W
3W|d W$ w
U7
d}z ) WUUM}+
d}z W$ WUUM}+
UIW) ) WU
UIW) W$ WU
WW? UJ U wUWW) v
$U+ wU?$ Consonant W) W?WUd?= w W
39
38
UbW
U
Preposition UbW
A} wdJUAOM WW wJ}WA} UOu wUe| W
vb)W) u) FW? UU?Ou?} W W U WM?$U+ W wM|e)

W}) W W Wz w$UO< W u}1 bW+ W
b) WW
}
d~A?} W? W??} UJ U d) W?W?
?}?? 3W?? U?W) W?
b0 W})
u?} W u??3 ? d?Uz ?? W?|dJ) W? W??U$ wu?3 W?W?U?d?=
FUU W U W) XHu} UWz W WWM|e)
s
W)
b)
WW) U WLH3
Wz W WL1
$ pe W9W
b+
W$d WWM| W W) ) W
W) bW
1U wM$W
W
W)
wUd=
bW
1U
d$ wUe| wJ}$U uW+ W
v)W$ WHOz WWUW= w$U W
bW
A}
W$
W$
W)
WW
}
bW?
?A?} W U U U Wz W?Wz 7AW? wU?d?= W?W
wJ?|bW??
? ?1U W?? ? }?) W) bW??
? A? ?} ) UJ? wJ|UW?) W?? W)
3W|d w
U7 wUd=
vb) WW
}
s
W)
Wz
W)
WW
}
W~)
v WW
}
FW UH
vW~0
s
W)
b)
U
FW
W~0
vb) +UW1
41
40
UW1
WL}z
W)
s
WWH7
s
W)
W~)
5$ v WWH7
vW~0
sd
u}z
W
U$
v
WW1
W$d WWM| W bW

1UW) W) bW
A} wd UU
W
W) bW
1U
sd v U$WW1
W)
W$d WWM| W WUU Wz
U U U W
) UJ wJ|UW)
bW
A}
wUW= WW
7AW
wJ|UW?) W? W W) b?W?

? A?} W W?? U U U Wz W??
v W}) W v W}) W) ) UJ
bW
A}
r}
W)
v
W)
W)
r} X}
r}d$
u}z
W
U$
v
rd$ U}
43
42
UUW
Uu U w<= wJ}UU 5Wz Wuj U
U U U UJ U wUe| 5Wz Wuj U
UIW) u wUO u wM$U3Uz wUe|
W$Wd WWM| W UUU uW+

Postposition (Verbal) bW
1U
wUW= WW
wUe| wJ}$U uW+
WU W 7AW
v)W W$ WH}z
) UJ wJ|UW)
$W)
$W) b
vO
W UW= w$U
v)W$ WH}z
UzW) W
W
$ Wb
W) WU W
) UJ wJ|U
r} $W)
W$
Uz W$W
W)
v
W
r} X}
rd$ $ W
rd$ X}
U) ) r
UIW) ) WU
W
U) WL
W$
UIW) W$WU
Ue|W
bW?
A?} U?W+ WO?OU?e| W W? Wd~1U Wz Posposition bW?
1U W XW)W?
vMO) sAd
d??O? HzW$ W?) W) d) W? W?? WU?? Wz Present Perfect W$ U??? ?H? }z
W< W) UOu wU W W$U Wz wM1 UU UH}z WU
W UJ U d) w
W W??}$ wU??d?= W?W W? W b?U$ wW?O?}? wW? W U?OW$ WWM}?$ wU?d?= W?W
W w$ empty morphem ) wLO= bU$ wWO} wW
4- Lyons, J. (1971) Introduction to theoretical Linguistics Cambridge.

5- Greenberg, J. H. (ed) (1963) Universals in language. Cambridge, Mass,: MIT
Press.
6- Matthews (1974) Morphology Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
W}$
WWM}$
Wu3
W$u3
w$Wu3
WUu3
WU$u3
WUu3
wU U bIW) u W d}j UO U W U$ Wz

W$dx) W
45
Preposition bW
A}
wUUz
WJ) U$ Wz dW u wU wUW$U FU wJW U) d$U wUO )

Uz u d?O?
M1 U?? U??d?= wM?1 wO??<?=? wJ}U??U bW
s|?| b?? ??+ Wd?) Wu?? ? 3 d~?1UW) W?bJ?} W?U?? ?d?? ? = Wz

U??U Wz U??W+ W) ?3 W??|d?? W$ w
U??7 W$ W???H? }z w$U?? W?W? d~1U
d U) W W WUOO<=
WUd) WL}z
U d)
W$WUd) WL}z
W$ UH}z
W$d) UWW<W WL}z
vMOU UUd= WW UJ U W
v)W+ < W d$ wUd= WWW
UW? dW? UJ wJ|UW) ?3W?U ?3W? U?W) wd?d?O~}< wU?U?U )
WJ) U
W Wz wM$W wOA wO<= wJ}UU
WM|e) Wz v?
$U+ wU$? s|e)W) W?WU?d?= u$U?+ w W? U?U$ wu?3 wU?d?= W
v) UW W Wz FW d$ wJ}M|e)
WU=dO
W() WW1 W3
7H3
()
WUz
3
Wu3
b+
44
uu
Xuu
uu
suu
uu
uu
Acoustic phonetics
Au- UJA}? W UOM4U WdJO+ u?W WU~ Wz wMd W
pA??}? u?? wW??O? O?
??O? 6? )W??O? O? e?O?UJO?? UW??Wz ditory phonetics
W4|d
WW( WU?? w4?6 wU?W?$U??Uz w4?+d?W U??ObuW W? p}?( bW WW
W?W wIW W( W?U w4?A? wJ}u?}?+W b?O?H? u W U? w4?6
W??4?6 d w?U?W??IW dU U??ObuW? W v Ud u? d W?W??I
w4??6 u??}u UW? ?,WW?? wW?U U WW( b??4( Wu??O? ? ? U?e?O?
W~ W? pOW?? wJ?W W wu??W? W??U W s|d?? U? b??O? 4? A? wU??
UOu?} wUO
sW? UW UOO?
WW U?PMOz s| WdJ4
WMW
W?4?}? U? wU?U?, W( W?W? W W? WU? w4?6 W?I Wz pOW?
W U w e?}(W W? W?U~ W?U Wz U? wU?U?, W?W? WU? U?O?O?+
W uU( WU??W?O?O?
W?W?? ? ? ? ? ??? ? ? ? ? w?U?? ? ? ? ? ?$W?z
W? W?? ? ? ? p?}?W?u?? ? ? ?
X W?J?MU? W
pM?|?? )U?? v
wU?? W?? ?+W u?? >
W?? ? ? b?? ? ? +W )u?
6
s|d X
sU,Uz wUbWz
Uu}
UW
u
u+W W>
u+W WW
wM?d?? WM4?? u?? d?J4?? W W?? W?WU?? w4?? 6 W?? I? Wz pO?W??
W v+ U wUW~ U w4A wJ}U W4} U wUW~
W4|dJ UO} dJ UdW Wu v W wW
wUbWz wWOOeOUJO WWz Articulatory phonetics WdJ4 W
W4|d sU,Uz
e?}(W WW?+ W?z (W W( W U?W~ WM4?u? w?OW?O W
s X W?MU??,Uz wU??bWz Wu??
u?U( WU??W??O? O? W? U w
47
46
w pOW
p} UOO?
pOW d UOu? wU wUW~ wU WWz W
w
??? ? U? WU? wJO?W?? ? W? w
??? ? w?U?? ?WWU? Wd?? ?W? U?? ?O? ?
4}(U
)U? U wJ?}W wU W?WW( UO?
u w
? pOW?
wJ?}? ?U? W( WW?( WdJ?O? ?+ W? ?? , w?OW?? -?U W? !U?? U?z W?? W? W(
WJ}uWJ?} WU?W U?O?
WW Wz W?4?}J U? w?U?W~ W wWU?
WU w46 W W v
w4?6 W?I Wz u??} W U?O?
bW( WdJ W?bW( W?U Wz
U
e w-U??> U WU??, e|U U??O?OJA??}? W? W? U??O )U? W??6?> vW W??
W U?WW+ (W U?W~ )U U?O4? sU?,Uz wUbWzW W? WJ}~
U?O?O+ pA?}? )U? UO?JA}? WW( d? U u? WM|e|u? W(
WW( wEU> v wW W W6> U e|UU WU
d~|u
WW6>
UWW+
UJ?| w4?? 6|u?W( WU?? U?? O? ?

U?? OJ?} Wz 4?|u?? +U(
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1- Abercrobic. D. (1967) Elements of general phonetics. Edinbrgh.
2- Amin, Wraia Omar (1979) Aspects of the verbal construction in Kurdish.
Thesis presented to the University of London.
3- FromKin. V. and Rodman. R. (1978) An introduction to Language.
4- Fudge. E. C. (1970) Phonology, in New Horizons in Linguistics. (ed.) J. Loyns.
5- Gleason. H. A. (1965) An introduction to descriptive Linguistics. Holt.
6- Robins. R. H. (1971) General Linguistics, Longman.
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u?&U4 W? W?J? Wz u?4 W?z W?z u& W?z W?? ? ? ?? ? ? ?
W&Wd WWM| W vMO d W UW
s&WJ|
WJ
u&U4
UW
u&U4
d
UJ U U W=
UW
WJ
UW
WJ
d
s&WJ|
W W
rMO W& Wz
W WW W WJ Wz
W WW WW W UW W&
67
W wW4 W=eOz GWU UW WW W WAO W4

W?Wz U& W? p| U? W? W W?? W?W W?A?O? W4 U? d?=
W?Wz W? p| WJ W?W U? d?= wMO wWJ W??
W p| UW WW U d= wMO wUW
W|dJ WWM| W v$ Uu5 U
66
bvW WW wW u wU e| U w5U> wUL>Wz

bvW u vU u Uz s|uGW~5
bvW wO$U d UU e| sbUN U{
u dO_M$ U UU WJ W 5 Wz W un U
u? W? dO?n wU?O U? U?O5 w?J}W 5 Wz W u?n U
wW
U U wO$U d W U d= U wbu} 5 Wz W un U
W?? Wz u?&WJ| U?? ? W?? W WJ? W?? W u&U?4 W?? WU?? d?? ?= w&U??
dW dJ WW&U
s W} Wz
u& W} W&
U?? W??W W?? UJ? wJ|U W?? p| U?? W W?? W U?? d?? =
W} WW W} d UW
w u& s
u&U4 W|dJ vd U WWz
7 u4 s
5 Wz
U Wz UU W?J Wd? U WJ u?&U4 U? wJ}W?? W?Wz
d& WW W_ W UW vMO UW
b4 u& W} W& Wz W} s U&
WW W
U WJ
wMO s u&
UU WJ
7 WL| Wz
Wz U W?J Wd?? u&U4 U?? UU? WJ wJ}?W??? W??W?z WW??? }W
d& WW W_ W UW uOMO wWJ U
UU WJ
7 WMO| Wz
U WJ
wMO W u&
W4 W?? W4 WJu WWW4 w?}W U W?? Wz wdJ$W
U??O? ?5 wOU?? e| w&U?? W wu?? F? H? ? U??O& w?KnU??= ?? GW??? ? wG
4O
U?O?Wz wu?u?Uz wO&W?O wO?$U? d? wU?u??5 U WU?Wz Wz
UW UU?UJ U W uG wO?$U d? W W? wU d?= w&U w?}~W4W
W
69
68
O&W?d?}zW UU? w? W W? W?} ?5 W W? wO?$U d? u?}?$

dU Ergative
Ue|W
U W4 ??G W&&d?? u?}? $ u?? } U WW? w?bU wJ}u??}?$ w?O?$U?? d?
W??u?}? $ u? W?4 d|?_W?4 WW?? Wz W??U Wz b U??A? } p}? ??= W d&U? WWW
4|u
s&WJ| 5 Wz W? un U WJ WUW? Wz dW Concord s&WJ| wJ W
u dO_M$ U UU W
WJ UW dW wO$U d W UU WJ W U W d&U UO
WJ UW dW WU Wz
WJ UW dW U W uG wO$U d u} W W
U?? d?= U??W WJ W??? wU?W??O? O?H?M W?$W u??} wb?uW U& W d??O W W??Wz
wJ W W? U?O?O?? W WW?t W WWM?}& wU? d?= WJ?W Wz W? W? W??|dJ
WU??$ W4 Wz vW4 wW?4 v U W??G W v?$ O?4 WJu W? U??W
WW?$u?$ W?z e?}4 U vW? v UJ?$ W?W?$u?$ w} W? W?u/ WW?WMO?tW??? WJ
bUJ$ WW$u$ UzW dJ WW v$ W W vbUJ$
bU? U u?}?$ bW4 W W??$ U? W4 b&WU?> W4 W UJ$ W?W?$u?$ u?} wbu?}
U WU ?5 W bM&WJ| w| W UG Surface Structure UL?O W G W?Obu} Wz
Egrative O&Wd}z d& Wu}$
W W W p| UO& U? d= UW UJ}&WU> u W4 W W& w?O&Wd}z U bW4
Wz W wO?$U d? u}?$ WO&W?d}z W?L?O W$W4 Basque pU wU? U
W d w&U WW W4 UO& WW
UUW
wuG u Wu U p}WdJ 5 Wz W un U

U??U4 W?? U wO??$U?? d?? W U wu??u?Uz 5 Wz W?? u??n U

U??U4 W?? U wO??$U?? d?? UU WJ W? U 5 Wz W?? u??n U

eOK~MOz wU W
10- Amin, W. O. (1979) Aspects of the verbal Construction in Kurdish. Thesis
presented to the University of London.
11- Comrie, B. (1973) The Ergative - Variations on theme. Lingua 32 pp. (239 253).
12- Mackenzine, D. N. (1961) Kurdish dialect studies London.
w wU W
13- Bakaev, Ch. (1973) Izik Kurdov. SSR Maskva.
14- Kurdoev, K.(1978) Gramatika Kurdskava Izika. Maskva.
wU U bvW u W d}n UO U W U& Wz

W&dx W
70
U wW
UJ U' u*U2 w /
Simple
Conditional
W* wW
5F*U2
U0d"
UJ U' d/ w
Perfect
Conditional
WuM/
A/
WWz W u*U2 w /
vF*U2 wU*" " W/ W
u1
Present d/W'
imparative
bu wU W wUUU W
p}W?? X| p} U? W? W bJ} wJ}W?? wW? W?
W W?" U?AO?M WW?? Wz w'U?d?) w*U?" ? wM*W" w?,d? U?U
s|d'e/ Ud) w'U"W*U" v/Wz WWz / WM|d1 W'UUU W v,W/ WU/
WW2 w*U?" WW2 U??O?U?O? W'U?O'U??" U?"W*U?" U?? U/ W
W u?" W? w?'Ud?) w'U?"W*U?" W/U' UU' u?" w'U?e| w'U?"UW?
U w?;' W'u} wOJO?'UL?O wJW w}W/ U?" d"e W?A1W'
d" UAOM
U WA1W'
W'u/
UU
?U"
Aspsct
Tense
W*d" WWA1W' W wW W wM, w'U"UU
rU' r s
W / *
?U"W' ?UJ/ r|U
?U2 W' WWz
u1 W/ u*U2 W/ u*U2
rU' r s
W1W W1 W"U
Simple
5*U2
uE'U
UJ U' d/ w
suF*U2
Uu/u1
UJ U' u/ d/ w
Perfect
WUMO*UN/
WuE'U0
UJ U' d/ w /
W
wW
Conditional
5u'
su'
UJ U' u*U2 w
Simple
W'Uu1
suu'
UJ U' d/ w
WW UO'W* W WWM}* WW W
W" U* wW"
W*
W/
Continuous
W*
WWz
Xu'
U' X}M|u1
W/ d/ W* wOW d/
?U2 W' WW/ WU*UN/ W' WWz
W/ d/ W/ d/
d" rO w'e 1 ?U2 W' WWz
72
U
U' d/ w
U
71
Perfect
d/
wzUAMOz u1 U u*U2 U d/
UJ
Past
5*U2
Uu1
wW W wM, w'U"UU
Present d/W'
s/
sA/
U"W}* U?"W/ W*WFU* UO Aspect bJ}Wz W W?" W/U' W*U" Wz U' U2W2
W W/ w'U"UU
dJAOz W9W"
W/
dJAOz WuF*W"
W*
dJAOz WU9WJ/
wW1 wW
dJAOz WW"
U
dJAOz W*Wu*W"
W*
dJAOz WWJ/
U wOW
dJAOz WLF*W"
W* wOW
d/
U
W"U' W" WW W;X 1

U,W UA/ ?1 *
u1 wO$Ud"
WJ/ e|W dW
WJ/ WF}" Wz dW UJ U' w'U"UU /
beW/ UJ U' w'Ue| 5Wz Wu] U
.Mutually Exclusive W/ d"W / W' U'
wU U beW/ u" W d}] UO' " U W U* Wz

W*d"x/ W
vF*U2 W' WWz
u1 U u*U2 U wzUAMOz u*U2

vU' v W"W,U
W"W WJ/ UUz
u*U2
dJAOz W9W"
u1 U u*U2 W* u*U2 wOW
WWz
X}/W'
U"e|W UW
Wz dW Complex Uz W? W wUO Coordinated Sentence bJ} W? /
WJ/ WUW
Waria Omar Amin (1976) Some Fundamental rules of Kurdish Syntax Structure.
London.
W/ WW?X W d/W?/ b?2 su*U2 W?d?" w*U?" W'U? b?'W2 W'u/ /

wMOUM} / Present Perfect W* W;}?z WWz U"W*U" wMOUM} wJO'U?LO wJW w}W/
WJ/ WUW Wz dW U"W*U" wJW
u' d??O?FM, U??d?) wM??, wO???)?? U?U b'W?2 5Wz W?u??] U
W"UU W/U' Perfect Continuous W* wW/ w*U" U' u" w'Ue| w'U"UW
W W/ bu" w'U W
d/ u/
UJ U'
u*U2 /
U W
U;}z
s X u/ bM|u1 W d/
s X| X / bM|u1 W u*U2
s W X bM|u1 W U;}z
74
73
X| wMW UU'
U v?.U? w'U?? ? W W? W~?! vL?? ?O?? ?# WW? uU w? W?? ?Wz
8 W|dWz X| w.UB W UJ
X}Wz
X}M}JWz
X| Wz
X| s}J Wz s}J bUJ

Optional UzW F wd UU'
W U?? ? Wz v v?'W W? wM?|e v!W?? ? W d?? ?.? X| F F v?Wz

W? W?'W U'd wJ}??#?W?Wz W? W'W X?| F ?! W FUJ? w?}U??e|
Free XWW wM' W d? Wz WW W W' W X| F U
variation
uWz FuWz
UWz FUWz
vWz X}Wz
Wz X|Wz
d. vU W F FU X| F W vM|e WWz W
Wu8Wz Wz
W}Wz Wz
Wz WUWz Wz
F W|d}Wz Wz
X| Wu UU'
W? W UW X| U v.U? w'U W uU w W?Wz
8 W|dWz F u} W U W|uWz
X}JWz X| vJWz
X}uWz X| vuWz
F wd Wu UU'
76
wL} wJ}WMOJ}

U wW??O? }? wW?? w w??A? W? UJ U wd?? U?? wW??? ? O? Xd??
bO?!#? wU?z W WO'u? wUe| wU? d W WW'W wW?.'UW
u??W Wz wuW? W'W w#??WWz wW?? W b??O?? U??MO?? w??Uz W
U W?|d?8Wz w?J}?W W? wW?O'Uz W~W U? wW?O?}? wW? W?#?WWz
w!# U W|d8Wz d W WW wUe|
W?W W? W'UJ U Wz d?}?8 wOJ}?L?O?#?#? wJ}'WM?OJ} W?U Wz
b U wWO} wW WJ WW sWJJ| wM' W Wz U w
uU wU U WW WW

sWJJ| wM?' W? Wz uU wU? U? W?W W? UJ U Wz
Wz wMd?? W'W U??O?! u?}? vW? b? U? wW?O?}? wW? WJ? W?W
W Wz UU'UO W W'WUO! WOO!# WAO Wz WUO! W.UB
U8Wz X|FW 8 w.UB s'dW
F wMW UU'
F w.?U?? B W?? ? UJ U? v.U? w'U??? W U?' W uU? w W?? ?Wz
W consonant W W??}Wz W? W W? W??}Wz W? 8 W?|d?Wz
W|uWz
w
axwt Fu8Wz
F 8 Wz
8 u8
abt FUWz
F W Wz
W d
75
dr-y
W?|u?Wz W? W? U?W U v.U w'U?? W W? W?? W?Wz

vM}U wJ}'ULO O W U

UJ U dM}?W W? W?Uu/ ?! Wz W?W F wd U?U' W?Wz

?8 Morpheme Zero d??H? O? w?L? }? #??W vM}?? U dMO? wJ}'U??L? O? ? O
U8Wz
vJWz
F X}JWz
X| vJWz
F X}uWz
X| vuWz
assimilation
wU?? ?$Wz W X?} Present Perfect W U?? ?? ?? ?}z W? W?? U?? wU?? W?? ?Wz
W?? ? W?? ? Wz Morphological Identification w?!?? ? #?? ? w?d?? ? W
8 W|dWz w ' w.UB W U
w W ' UM}
vuWz
U?? W?W W?? U wW??O?}? wW?? UJ U W?? W? Wz W?z U?U??$Wz W

W'W W#WWz W Wz wW W W Wz uU wU
wMW UU'
WWz
v.U w'U W U' W WWz
v.UW w'U W U' W WWz
X|
F wd UU'W
F wd UU'W
Wu UU'W
F wd Wu UU'W
w W ' u8
Wz W?? Wz W?? } d W??W W?? U wW??O?}? wW? U?J U U

W'W W#WWz u
wMW UU'
WWz
v.U w'U s|e W WWz
d wU U WW
v.U w'U W WWz
v.U w'U W WWz
vW U}z W WU WWz
w '
U8Wz w.UBW 8 d U WW U wWO} wW UJ U

UM} d u8
Vowel s?|eW? W?? ? U v?.U? w'U??? ? Consonant ? W W?? ? ? W?? ? W?? ? W?z
W Wz
kird- d
rit- w
U8Wz y W 8 U v.U w'U s|eW W W WWz
hn-y UM}
W?O? O dMO wJ?}'U?L?O? U wW?O? }? wW? d? WWM} U?? W?W

Zero morpheme
FU Wz
u Wz
78
77
80
U W?W U bW wU?e| W Copulative dM}u! W? WW

U8Wz 8 WW Present U}z wU w U wWO} wW FUWz U
W
Uz s
X' Uz
Uz Wz
s' Uz WL}z
Uz u}z
Uz Wz
WWd W'WA8W W U wWO} wW U wU W#WWz uW
FU
wMW UU'
F X| F
U}z
w ' y
W} d
WWM} d
dM}u! W
wUe|
wU? wU? U WU0 W? W?u/ W?|dJ w W? WU? Wz Wz u?W U?' v W' w}W
W W'd~ WU~W Wz vWz WM'WJ w WOO!# W u
v Wz ! uW W WM'W UO! wU UJ u! U
s'W UAOM UOU WL}# U UOO!# wMUNJ}
5cM}W U WLO## UU' s'W UAOM U U W v W' W wU W#WWz
wU?e?| UW d? x w?U? w|u d?O? .M U??? U? W rJ?}?U
wO!?# WdJO wJOM W? } !UUz U'U?O w!# WdJO? bW u
4}An b} wJ|U W8 U
W'W WO?O!#W? w'bu'W W W#U w!U?o wULoUz wU? WM8 U W WOOMO?.}
W'dHO wL}# U W
s}?u?o xbW?p W d?H?O? wL?}?#? 5?Wz W?u?p U' W? FWz U?A?} U?L?oWz
WM8U WM8 ud u
U??.| U?O? !?#?? u U wJ}?' d?H? O? wL??}?#?? W? W??WJ Wz W??Wz
W? WUL?}?# Wz ? | d W wU? W?OO? UW? W W?O'bKOH?uK W?Ou
W wJ?? U??.| wbW?W?? U U?? q W dU?' U? ? W??O? O U??O~ W'W? U??O~
wU WU8 s'dWA} W ud dO wOWU u dHO wL}# WO'W UU U$W w'U
W wWU?? w.?}? ? WMO?J} U U W?? W W W u FW??O'W?Ou U??.|
qOK W? WJ}? W' d?? W?W W W??W?BUu?? uU U U?? vW?W UU??N?O?! u??W
deep strac- ZM u?} w'b?u'W W?W We|u? U?.| wbW?W? U? WJ U
wJ?? ? U?? .| w?c'u~?U?? ? ?O? ? W? d?? }? ?Wz surface stracture U?? L? ?O? ? ture
b W'W UU WLO# UU' wM W 8 wOW.'U w8d gOJ
W d?HO? wL?}#? s W?A?OU U??W UW W? bU U??#Wo W b/U? W?U W W~!
Wu/ UM}U W bU U U'
u Wu U wu8 U W wU W
dF WU W
r}Wz bU Wz W W U U U W wU W
WWn'Wz 8
WJ WUu/ Wz d'W U}z
u s
X' u
u Wz
U e|W
vM}N v!W WU Wz Wz wW W vWz vU W wO!# WdJO
wWOOU WL}# W W WU wO!# wU U8 W WW wdJUAOM
U WL}# wOJO WW# wMUNJ} wdJUAOM
U W wM Wz p} U WL}# WUOOU' Wz wdJUAOM
.supra segmental U WOOW U WW wO!# w Wz wdJUAOM
wdJ}U wU?$Wz W W wU? W#WWz r}?# UW wU? UO! W?.UB wdJUA?OM
WU8Wz WO?O!#W w!?# w'bu'W WWz WAWW? UO! wO!?# WAO
s|dWz U wJOLO#W wU UU'
d??O~ W? W?U? wJ}?W' wJ}??W U' wJ}W?' vWz W? W??U uM !U??Uz d|u??W
79
s' u WL}z
u u}z
u Wz
WOO VUB W W'W UU b U wWO} wW W
?? ! wd?JU?? A? ?OM?? dJ?W W W?U?? ? #d?? d?? O? ? Wz w?d?? W?? U U?? wU?'U
UU?? Wz empty morpheme wL??}?#? W?U?8 W????8 U'w? wWU U? W??L?}? #?
zero mopheme dHO wL}# WU8 WWU'u8 vW U'eO# w.UB vW
W?? ?O? W W'W? W??U W???? 8 W?Wz u?? s}?u??o xbW??p U? U??L?OU?u?B
rM?}Wz d?? H? ? wL?? }? ?#?? U UU'U?? O? W?? v?M}W?z d U U W?z U b?? OU?? UW??
s dH?O wL}?# pW WM} W u? xbWp W u U?LoWz
ud W
W s?WJ?J| 5?Wz W?? ? u?? ?p U?' WJ? W?? ?U? Wz d'W?? ? concord sW?JJ?|
u dO.M U bU
WJ WU Wz d'W
Uu U X| W F W 5Wz Wup U'
WJ rWUU Wz d'W UW
wU u Wu U p}'WdJ
wU u dO.M U WM8U WM8
wU u dO.M U WM8U WM8 W bW.U
wU U bW u W d}p UO U W U Wz
Wd x W
81
uJ/Wz WW WWz

u/W W dUz vM}WWz WWde w
}/u2 W W
W
UJW W UJO vWz U/
u# Intensifier UMUz W?W W? d?Uz wM/W?
WW?? ? } wJ?W W U/ v?M}W??U? W U/ e??O? ?W! b??
! v?W??
W vM}WWz
WOO u# W Wz
W U/ W Wu# U/
W U W WOOMO} bW
WJ U?? wu??A? ?} W?? WW??

? + Wz U? WW??W?? W?z U??W W?? Wz W
W W W
|WWz WWJ U U >UWz WW

uOMO U Uz
U W? W//W? wU$WzW Uz W? WWMOMO U? WJu UW? U
WW dWz WW
Wz W W dMO W
uOMOW U Uz
wM?O? ?UM}? w}W? W W?? ? W//W?? W? Uz W? wJ|U?? ? O! U?? d?? ?}
vUW U vU UW wJO
ULO
W?O?O?J'? U?R|W? W? W? Klima wU?W??O?O?W? W?U??$Wz W vW
W U? W?
? U/ >U??Wz uW?U W d?Uz W U?OW/ U?? W?
? W? WWz
dU d/U W dUz W
W?Wz UW UO/ W? dUz W? WW! Wu/ U?Ou wU? W
W
rW +u/U s
vM}WU WWz WW} WUO# UU WW
Wz
r +u/Wz s
wUz W?
? w?W? WU?O/ obligation w
?}/u?2 W??W W?
?
W?O?OJO
?UL?O? wJ}JW W WWz U? W wMO?UM} U W Wz
W?W?
? U? wWz wUM}!W v?#W W?Wz W?
? W w'?U?
MO? wJ}W?W?
W?
?}+W?,W! b/WU?0 W WMO?UM} Wz W? U?2Wz WdJO?+ vM}W?Wz
?}U W?OOU?e| Wz vM}W?U WJW Wz W d?Uz wM/W U?#
W
W
Uz W u}+W W yes - no qnestion U vW UOd W

W??W??
? wO??
? ?}U??e| U?/ W U?? O?! W d??Uz w?d wW?? d?? Wz
>UU
X2U U
X2Wz U
>U!W Uz
>U! Uz
W/bM|u2W >U/ Wz
W/bM|u2 >U/ Wz
U/U! sU w|W UW
W
W
W~W! w~ rMO U W
WU/ >U?U WW?
w/W?OOU?e| U/ W U O! U W d?Uz wd
W
}M}Wz 2
W~W! w~ rOMO W
W

uJ/Wz WW
WW! wW UU
uJ/Wz WJ WWz
83
82
UW wMOUM} W
U$Wz W
}M| ULO W
Wz p} WW
We|u UU
| # W v+Wz bu W W UU We|u UR| u}u W
SI:
x
1
NEG
2
Vs
3
x
4
obl
SC:
2+3
u?? wU??e| Wz w?d?\W? U?? UW?? wMO??R? }/

W/U2Wz
UUW
1- Amin, W. O. (1979) Aspects of the verbal construction in Kurdish - London
University.
2- Klima, E. S. (1964) negation in English. In Foder and Kats (eds).
3- Mackenzie, D. N (1961) Kurdish dialect studies V-1 - London.
WMWz WUu/ W WJW Wz WUO/ optional

r vWz rW +u/U s
W2 Uz r +u/Wz s
WWz UU/ W d/ wUO# W dUz W wUM}!UW W
rW +u/Wz s
r +u/U s
deep b??ZM W WU??
? ??# Wz vWz w?J'? W?e|u? U??R| wd??UW
s|b WWU W Uz bJ}W structure
vR/U! p} WW
W vWz bZM W r +u/Wz s W
U/
+u/Wz s
rWz s
U$Wz WMM| ULO W
Wz p} WW
Wz We|u wJ}UU W
WW! WZM Wz rW +u/U s W

dF WU bu wU W W 5Wz Wuc U

bG d}c wUO u wM/U2Uz wUe|
wU U bgW u W
d}c UO U W U/ Wz
W/dx W
W

U
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1- Lewis (G. L. (1978) Turkish. Hodder and Stoughton.
2- Lyons, J. (1968) Introduction to theoretical Lingnistics.
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3- Palmer, F(1972) Grammar. Pelican.
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1- Crystal, D. (1971) Linguistics.
2- Kondratov, A (1969) Sounds and signs Mir publishishers Moscow.
3- Gleason. H. A (1965) An Introduction Descriptive Linguistics.
4- Bynon, T. (1977) Historical Linguistics Cambridge.
5- Fromkin, V. (1974) An Introduction to language.
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2- Tritton, A. S. (1978) Arabic teach yourself books. Hodder and Stoughton.

3- Gleason H. A. (1965) An Introduction to discriptive Linguistics.
4- Lewis G. L. (1978) Turkish Teach yorself books. Hodder and Stoughton.
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5- Fromkin V. and Rodman R. (1978) An Introduction to Language. Newyork.
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4- Mathews (1970) Morphology in new Horizons in Linguistics ed. J. Lyons.
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5- Mathews P. H. (1974) Morphology Cambridge university Press.
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d! w)Wz wWWz WJ} W)UW W"WW( vA3W v W)UO u}+ Wz
W X| wWz @
W @ wWz X|
W X| @ wWz
W X| @ wWz
WW( Wu}+ u Wz W" 5UM} wLO
W" W" W W"
U"WUM UM W
W"WUO W" WUO W W"
U"W$W W$W W
WW?z W Wz W?J)u u?!d?? ?? ?3 W! w?DU?? U 5?UM}? d?? U?z W
consonant " wLO)
W??? " wJ}??L?O?)? w?G? WJ?)u ??3 W!!d?? wDU??U W
W!u! W Wz U)W W W wW
WU??O? W U)W w?W??"W W WJ?)u ??3 W!?!d?? W??" wD?U??U W
W!u!
W?? $W W U)W? W??"W W? WJ)u ?? 3 W!!d?? wDU?? U W
W!W)u! U)W W
5)U?e| W) UW( U?O u?}+ u W?" W" ? W
W Wu?}+ u Wz wA3W v W)U?O u}?+ Wz UO W?O @W"
dG"W wWz uW( WJ| W"W W( sLO UW(W
WW?z U allomoph W?? ? ?? ?W?Wz morph ?? ? wM?O? ? U?M}? U W? Wz

U?O W?O W wM!W?" sL?O? UW( w)U?"U?O u?}+ U?"W?WWz
b)W WJ|? W?)U?O? u?}?+ W W?"WW( vA?3W v? W)U?O? u?}?+ Wz
W!U" WLOW UOb)uW U W)W Wz p}W)u/
s!WJJ| wM X|W" b)Ud? WW W" U! wWO} wW?" wLO
X| @ X?|W??" Wu?? }? ?+ u W u!U?( w!U??" W? WJ W?? W
W X|W" b)UUO! WWO Wz w}W
@ u?? }? + W?? "UJ U?) vD!U?( wU!?? " W U W? U??d?? w W?? Wz
3 WG|d
@u+ @ u+ + 7+u+
@ @ 7A
@U" @ W" W" d"
@U @ W W d
W?"U?J U) v wU!??" W W W~ d?! wJ}?L? O)?? W(W U?d?? w
3 WG|d X| u}+
X}U X| U U 5U
X}M}J+ X| s}J+ s}J+ b)UJ+
X} X| u
X}M}( X| s}( s}( UM}(
b?)W?( W X?| @ @ v?+ optional U?zW? wJ?}?U?? ? ? ?U ?(W?
W dD vW) b!WUO
!W @ W"WD}G" Wz
d @ !W W"WD}G" Wz
244
243
wUe| w
WWz
vM @W"WD}G" !
d}W( U)d}W( U) Uz s
d}W( U) d}W( U) Uz s
d}W( U) Wz
d}W( W!U) Wz
W??W?" U??W( W 5G?d U!U( u??W( W?? W)U?G? W!u?? Wz
U)W W W??" b)W?D? A?} W??O?O)U??e| W) Wz Wb)Wz w)U??e|
UJ U)W W u
W?"b)W??D?A?} u??}?+ UJ W?G?|d?" W?"Wu?? U) WWz vA?}? " !W? Wz
preposition
v W! W W
v! W! W W
v W! W W
u!W" bM|e u})W W W! W W
W! W W
W W! W
W! W! W
( U WG|d?_ v+U) O(W W? W)U)u/ W W)ULO? Wz u}?+ wM
WJ)u wO
W v gd! wJ}U)U?W U U wDU?U v+ WG? W
W @U"W) u}+ W U" O( W" W b)WDA}
sd!U) s!d~)U W Wz
s!d?? ? u?? ?}) W? W v?+ X+ U?? ?W?( W?? ?+ W?? ?G? ? ?? ? W
W"
dG+U v bG+U wM!d W WWz s
u?}?+ W" W d?Uz u?})W W v?+ WG? ?W
wM!U??NJ} w}W? W?" u?}? + vW s ??" wW?"W wW??" wL?O? ?

wU!" v W"W)Ud w WLO) Wz wOJO!W)
UJ u?? } W)U?? d?? Wz w W?J)u st-yn sU!u?? W yn
3 W!d w" u}+ s u!U( wU!" vowel s|eW
"W? UJ u?? ?} W?)U?? ?d?? W?z w WJ?)u ht-n 5!U( W n
3W!d wM|e u}+ s W u!U( wU!"
^
^
- fir-n
s? W?L?}z W n
wU!?" W U?d? w WJ)u firn
u!U(
v U! 5)U??e| W) U?W( U??O? u??}?+ v n n yn ? W
sLO UW( w
W)U?W W?"WW( wA?3W v UW)U?O u?}?+ Wz U?O W??O W wM!W?"
d! w)Wz wWz
U?W( W)UO? u?}+ Wz w?)u ( W" W? WW)dJO?+ W
W" b)UUO! W" u W)UO WO Wz rO
246
245
WJ W WJ W)UG Wz dW UGe}z

X}d! WL}z W Wz
X}d! UL} Wz
@d Wz W W"WG+ s
s!d v W"WG+ s
W WL}z W dUz
sW v! dUz
@ WL}zW UW"WeU Wz
5! v UW"WeU Wz
UzW W"WD}G" Wz
Uz W W"WD}G" Wz
WL}zW @W"WD}G" !
SOV Ud U"W WJ

SVO U"W Ud WJ
VSO U"W WJ Ud
v b)WD+U b)WDA} W UNO w)U"W)U

U) g}W? w)U?e| w"WW) W?)U)U? W prepositional languages U?"W??Ob)W??D?A?} W?)U?
W s? w w w?O)U?? e?| w"Wz w?)dJ)U?? ?A? ?OM?G? ? W?? ?" U) e|d?? ? U
beOK~MOz W from / in / to bOWo
Wz
eOK~MOz
wWo
Dative
to the house
XOD w
locative
in the house
XOD w
ablative
from the house
XOD s
U U) d~+U W( W?z U( wO)U?e| W) W)b)W?DA?} Wz W?D?W b)U? b)W( W
postpositional languages b)W?D?+U? d! W)U)U? ? W W??" e|d? U)
W" Wu}+ W bO"u! w)U W W W)U)u/ Wz WDW w"u! w)U
WU
Dative
ev - a
bU W
locative
ev - da
u!U( WU W ablative
ev - dan
(from - in - to) wWo s w w WDW b)WD+U v dan - da - a
eOK~MOz
w)U"b)WD+U W" b}! W( W WWJ}! Uz vG3W) W)W W u" w)U
W U)W W) s}J W)UdW
d}W( u vM|
d}W( Wu vM|
W b)WDA} W)u/ d" UAOMG W"W"Wz b)WD+UW b)WDA} b)W( d! w"WW
abla- w"Wz b)ULUz W W" U) W b)WD+U W vMO Locative w"Wz
W)ULUz W b)WD+U WW vMO tive
w)dJ)UAOMG WbM O! wJ}qU)U W u" w)U W" U3 Wz WOOWJ}! Wz
wJ})U W W" u s WOO} w"WWMOJ}W wGu} WM Wz W
b)WD+U W WOb)WDA}
s|b WWU W WO} W W)WJ}! W)U Wz v+
248
U)
W W W dUz
W" @ U u})W W v+ Wu WG W
b)U!WW_W( 3 W! W UW"UO
U?3 W( U?"W?O ?W) O( W?G ?W
W!W)U
rO???? U?W?( U?O? u??}?+ w?)uW( ( W??" W??" W? W)U?)u/ W
d"W) v! U" dM}e3 UW?O UW( uWz W~W vwO WOO) W
W? b)W?( W U?? ? ?" WW?( d?! ( w??)?? ? ?( W W?~? U! s??? ? W?) u?? ? }? ? ? +
grammat- s|d U) w)Ue?| (W Uu}?+ @U" b)U w)U?"WLO?
WW( 3 wO!WDU! W)bJ} W!WU Wz wJ}!WUO W( ically conditioned
u W u??" w?)U?? W??" r s u??" w)U?? W?)W Wz W)bJ?}
W s W bb)WDA}
U"e|W
U p}?L?O)? W U? W?G| w)U?e| wJ| U p}U)U? W?" W?)U? W) sd?G?"u? rO??
X| p} d!U
U? W+ w)d? WJ W?U Wz dW w)U?" rO? wJW U W d!U U?O)
U U"
bO W W W)UAO) bO) W W) W)UAO)
bO W WLO W)UAO) bO) W WLO) W)UAO)
w)U?? w)U?"UJ? U) w)U?"W??? w?)dJ)U?A? OMG?? w??? W)dJO??+ w!W??O)
WJ U UW dW u"
WJ U UW dW UJW u U) wM w)U"UU
WJ U UW dW UO)U"UU UWDW b)WD+U U"b)WDA}
Typological classification W WW( p}?I bW u W b)U? wG?e) W
w}W? @U?" 5? U??N? O? w?)U?"W?)U?? WWz U?? wG??e) W??I Wz w"W?z dU)
w)? w?? we?"U?GMO? levels of analysis b)U?"U?O? W?G?Uz W U?O)u?J}
w)U"W?OOmM W+W w)ue W? UNO w)U?"W)U bOe?"UGMO wG?Uz W W)u/ wJO!W)
v W!W)d" Ud U"W WJ WG
247
U"UW
1- Bazell, C. E. (1958) Linguistics Typology - London.
2- Elson, B. and V. Pickett (1962) An Introduction to morphology and syntax. santa
Ana.
3- Lyons, J. (1968) Introdaction to theoretical Linguistics. London and New york
Cambridge University Press.
4- Matthews, P. H. (1970) Recent developments in morphology in New Horizon in
Linguirtics (ed.) J. Lyons.
5- Matthews, P. H. (1974) Morphology - Cambridge university Press.
6- Robins, R. H. (1971) General Linguistcs. Longman.
U U" U UJ U) w)Ue| 5Wz Wuo U

U U" U W+ w)d 5Wz Wuo U
U? u?" W?G d?}?o U?O) ?" U?? U"b)W?D?A?} 5Wz W?u?o U
U??? w??? W)dJ?O?+ b)W( U?J U) w)U?e?| 5Wz W?u??o U

U u) dODM+
u" wM!U3Uz w)Ue| u" UO) "
W wU U u) dODM+ U W U! Wz
W!d"x
249
u dFO w UWW
W wU
X wU
W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W
W??O|d?? W, p} d?? b'W W WU? W, X| p} U W? | U&

X| p} p}W b'W W
UWOOA WW
wU W? W?? U& v X? wU w, W??QW? v W wU? w'U?? W??O?|d?? U???
gO??Wz vWz u u v?W, d? v U?AO?W wU W v uW, d? v b?#?
vu
w|d?? w?'U?? W?? U?? ? W??QW v W w?U w W??O|d?? W, w'U?? W?? U???
v u wW?? v X wU w?W? W? w|d? W? U& v X wU? W?5??W
wW?? u X wU w? w?|d? v wW?? v gOW w?U w?W? W w?|d?
= W v wW u gOW wU w? w|d v u
w|d?? W??5? ?W W?? w, vWz W? wU w W??O|d?? W, W?? w#??d??
*u X wU w?W? W w|d w?W W W WWz U& v? X wU W5?W
w|d w?WO?} W v *u gOW wU w?W W w|d? w?W W W vWz u
gOW? wU w?u? w|d?? w?W??O? }? ? W?? vWz u? | X wU? w?u
= W v |
vWz W wU w WO|d W, secondary wO w W stress e}, wM|u
v X wU W5?W w|d w,
W WW, ?7 wO&W?O?O&W?5U& W'U?? W, W?#?7W? W?OO?#?A? W?=u?? U?U Wz U'W
251
bu? d??F?O? W g?}? U W W? U? WMOJ} U v?W? U?#?$? }z U&

u?? d?? ?F? ?O? ? W'W W?z *Wz W, W?J}u?? ? W W?? W?W, W&?x
5U?M} ? W'bW?, W?? U Wz *U?J U?? A? ?OM?#? ? w'U?? W?? ?#? ?4d?? d?? O? ? W&U?J
W w'U W&W?OO&W5U& W'd?J' w#A wJ}U g}? w#d wM#?$7
W?J|U?? O?MA?? } ?Uz W U?? ?Uz u?? w?J|U?? 5|W? bu?? d?? ?F? ?O? ?
WW UWA} U#$}z U& W b'W, w'UM},U W
d UAOM# UO= wA} = v bu dFO }? W
W@ wA}
wU?7 wA}
Uz dFO wA}
W UO= bW, W 7 wO&W?5U& w}? w7U w}W W'U?W W WW,
W? d?? W b'U?O?'u?}' W W??OU?O? = Wz W? WdJ?Uz b'U?O'u??}'
W'dJO d& w'U'U? *WKKO? wWz dFO? wA} W'U?Wz u}' wUO=
wM#? s&U?NJ?} w#?d? W w#?A? W?JUM W? U?N?O?= d?F?O? u??W, W? U?7
WW, bdFO wA}
WM?#? $? ?7 W?? O? ?O? #? ?A? ? W?? JUM Wz w?'dJ'U?? A? ?OM#?? W?J}'bW?, W??U? Wz
u wU?7 dFO wA} w'U W&WOO&W5U&
U?N?O?= w'U&W?KKO?? u??W, wWz d?F?O? W? g}? wO? W? unite W' W?W?
W' d?? W? W'U?? ? Wz w=?'?? 4 wJ?}U?? U b?'W w}?W syllable WW??
d&W? W' d?? W gO'U? W?O|d?? sWU' Ud?W 4}, p?} d&W?
X| p} | UW sWU' UW 4}, p}
W W??? w?W, wJ?}W?JU?M W??W | W?? u?}?' wb'u??} U&
W&d WWM|
250
p} p}M|e W W sd# u? vU' s|e v W WW w U' s|e U&

W wM# UL#cOz ' = W W v u U& W UOWW X|
WW, u
CCVCC
Xwrd
u7
CCVC
Zwn
d
CCV
Br
&
CV
to
W
CVC
aw
7 Wz
V
a-xom
Uz
VC
Wz
VCC
ark
X
CVCC
dast
W *u? W dM | *u? W u?}'W uM v b'U?? b'W, W
*u?? ?= w'U?? WM|e? WJ'u b??OW?@ w?'U?? W W??#|dJ?U?O? = |
W'U | WM|e WQW - - U W&u WM|e U? |
U?L? O?#? c?Oz W W?? U' W? W? d&U W U??O u n_
W wM# WOO' d&U
- vM}, p} *u wJ}W Wz W WW w&u wJ}M|e p} W,
w | W d& wJ}&WUY u?W, W b#, -
d?? F? ?O? ? wA?? }? ? W W?'u/ U?? A? ?O w??W' uM? wJ}?W bJ}?'W

Wz b?OW?@ W?@ W wW? X|d? U' U W? | w&u? b?OU???7 wu?
w?W' q?K@ U??Y w| W w?J}W W d?? U? W'W
b UA}
d'e v g} wM#AW~}& W W u W
5 w'U = WOO W
4}, p} U WO|d s| p} W'U Wz
4}, p} U W'UO|d Wz
W
W#|d u7 W'= Wz W
w4 | wJ}M|e
. U' | wJ}M|e
- *u wJ}Me
wM#? WJUM W~'d? | *u W? W'd U?O= bW?@ wA}? W
dM}?,U?? W ?| W?? ? *u?? W?? W'U?? A? O?' s'U?? U?? U
W'u/
*u | + /
*UJ WJA?} W? WWW? v wJ}M?OUM?} uO?'u#W?' U? w#?$' U?#?$?}z U&

W&U UO= v = w#A wJ}u}W
w'U?NO?= w'U'U? u??W, W WW?5UQ W?z WO?O#?A U?= Wz wJO&W'4 W?
w'd? U w?&WO??e?O'UJO?? s&d W?U'W, w&W?O?O=?O?$4W? wb'u} b?W U?O&
W UO?= U W'U?? WOO?#A? W5UQ Wz u?}u U'W WW, WM&U7U?z w'U?b'Wz
7W w&W5U& UU W'U? W, U& UA} UO'U WLO'4 w'bJ} w&WO'
bJ} W?z wJO&W'??4 w#?A? W? w5U??Q U'W w'U?? W?L?O?'?4 w'bJ}? WW,
W? = W vM}, p} w='4 W WOO&W5U& WM#
W?? uncleus w U' W?M|e Wz X?| p} vowel p}M?|e W W??? sd??#? u??
U?? ?? W?? ? consonant w?J}?~' b?'W v U?? ? OW?? ?W? vM?}, p?}
W W'u/ WJ|?= W'U?? W,W cooccurrence U?OM&W? U, ue w&W'
W?#?|W? U' d&U W e??O?W, W?? u U& W W b?u? w'U?? W??
W&d WWM| W u w'U? W wM# UU W WM|e w W
(C) (C) {V} (C) (C)
s|e Vowel V
Consonant C
WOO&u7W obligatory W v UO'u}' Wz
UzW optional W v UO'u}' Wz
253
252
XO
et@
bu
--

- - - -
4 4
--

- - - -
4 4
WW, w|d v wW@ W@ wA}

X| p} W v W wO} w|d
X| p} W u W u w|d
X| p} W ZM} W wtM} w|d
suF4
sK@U4
sKO@UH?
s&@U4
sKFH#$?
*uFH?
7K@UH?
sK@UH#?
W'UAO'
wW wM&UNJ}
U?
d
U W
| | *u
wW v
| *u |
| | | *u
| | *u |
wW u
| *u | |
*u | | |
| *u *u | *u
wW ZM}
| *u | *u *u
255
| *u *u *u + + + /
| | *u | + + + * UL$
W u?M vU' W?? #|d?? U' U?? O? ?= U??UW? | W *u?? W?? bu?? w'U?? ? W
WJ'u dA}J b'UO'u}'
w?&u?? ? W? - a - - u - o - e - i - W?W, w?M?|e X?W?, u?? ? ?
W W#|d U' WO|
W W W UJ}M|e WW u U& W W
} W?J'u W#|d U?O= p} | *u? W u? wJO? dF?O W
| |W *u?? wM|e v? U?= W U??A?}? W d?? wW?@ wW??@
WJJ?| v$u~ wW??@ W?@ w?'U? W??5U??Q W?W U& W??#|dM?|u?q *u?? W
| W W'u/
U#? w$W bM WJ&u WW w?U?WW
U W W?#?| W?7 u? d d??W??@ w#W?
W#|dM|uq *u W w$W W |W w?UW W vWz
d
wW?@ W?@ ?} W?O?4U?Q g}? W u? w?JO?? d?F?O? Wz WW
wW@ wA}? wM&UNJ} w#d W? WMW7 vJAO& w#W? w&u W d
WMW d wJ?W WO|W
wU? X| p?} d?? ?B? ? ? U W? XO ?| wW?? ?@ W?? ?@ w}?W
X| p} W?O|d b'W? W WU W, et?@ W wU b?u X
e?t?@ W w?U WKO?F?H& d??@W b?u X wU WK?O?F?H&
uAY | d& w'U WW s|d U' d{W
254
U?
W
U
dc U'
wW wM&UNJ}
U?
qu
jO$
bb?
d4
q?U
q?
e=
e,
ld
d$M?
nOH7
Y#t?
VC#I?
UC?
UI#?
sKO@UH? suF4 sKO@UH? suF4

sK@U4 sKFH#$? sK@U4 sKFH#$?
s&@U4 sK@U4 s&@U4
suF4 7K@UH? 7K@UH?
sK@UH#? sK@UH#? sK@UH#?
sK@U4 s&@U4 s&@U4
sKFH#$? sKFH#$? sKFH#$?
sKO@UH? sKO@UH?
sK@U4 sKFH#$? sKFH#$?
sKFH#? *uFH? sKFH#$?
s&@U4 sKFH#$? s&@U4
s&@U4 sKFH#$?
sKFH#$? *uFH?
s&@U4 sKO@UH?
suF4 suF4 suF4 suF4
sKF4 sKF4 sKF4 sKF4
W&W vU' e?O?W, sJ X7W? d WJA?} Wu?} W W?'U5U?Q Wz

UYW W'U' Wz b UO} d4 w WW W dJ UO}
d?J ?| W?? ? ?#?|d?J *u?? ? ? W?? ? ? b?'W, v? W?'U?,W? s|d? U?' WK?@
b#, dJ U dM}&dI
w4UY bO,dH bLY s qOK7 W@ w#$' WM|W?
UU? W? U qK@ W W~= W W&d?7 d& 7 d UA?OM#
Wz W&d? WWA?7W' W W'qK@ U?Y Wz wJ}?W vU' d?#?W? W
U' W#|dq wJ|qK@ UY u?W, dJ d#'d4 d'u& WA7W'
257
W'UO|d W v W? W, bW@ wA} W W w| w?&u w'd U WW

WW, wJ|= b'W W
u7 = W WKuU4 b& V5 WM U WKOFH& XW,
nOH7 V5 uLt? b&
suF4
nOH7 V5 nOH7 V5 uLt? b&
sKO@UH?
dGu WKuU4 uLt? b&
7K@UH?
nOH7 V5 qOI V5 uLt?b&
nOH7 V5 uLt? b& nOH7 V5
s&@U4
nOH7 V5 nOH7 V5 dH? b&

uLt?b& nOH7 V5
sK@U4
nOH7 V5 dH? b&

nOH7 V5 dH?b& nOH7 V5
sKFH#$?
uLt? b& nOH7 V5 nOH7 V5
uLt? b& dGu WKuU4
uLt? b& nOH7 V5 qOI V5 sK@UH#?
nOH7 V5 dH? b& qOI V5
dH? b& nOH7 V5 nOH7 V5 *uFH?
p} U?? d??c W?? WJ}? WKOJA?& ??= e'U?? W U?? WK?O? F? H&
W'U?Wz W 4},
256
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4- Amin .W. O. (1979) Aspects Of the verbal construcion in Kurdish - University of
London.
5- Huddleston. R. (1976) An Introduction to English Transformational syntax. Long
man.
6- Mackenzie. D. N. (1961) Kurdish dialect studies. London.
7- smith. N. and Wilson (1979) Modern Linguistics.
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1- Fromkin and Rodman (1979) An Introduction to language. second Edition.
2- Jones. D. (1979) An outline of English Phonetics. Cambridge.
3- Hockett. C. F. (1985) A course in modern Linguistics.
4- Mackenzie. D. N. (1962) Kurdish dialects stadies - London.
5- Robins. R. H. (1971) General Linguistics. Longman.
6- Oconner. J. D. (1971) Advanced phonetic reader. Cambrigde university press.
7- Oconner and Arnold. C. F. (1973) Introduction of colloquiol English.
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3- Amin, W. O. (1976) Some fandamental rules of Kurdish syntax structure - Lon
don. University.
4- Lyons, J (Ed) (1970) New Horizons in Linguiestics.
5- Palmer, F. R. (1976) Semantics - Cambridg.
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