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Ee2303 Notes
Ee2303 Notes
com
BY
M.VALAN RAJKUMAR, L/ EEE
N.P.R.
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
NATHAM.
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Regulations 2008
Curriculum
SEMESTER V
S. No.
Subject
Code
Subject
LTPC
Theory
1
2
3
4
5
6
MG1301
EE1301
EE1302
EC1307
EC1308
CS1312
3003
3104
3104
3104
3003
3003
Practical
7
EE1303
Electrical Machines II
Laboratory
0032
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8
9
EC1309
CS1313
0032
0032
Total 27
Structure of electric power system Various levels Generation, Transmission and distribution
HVDC and EHV AC transmission Comparison of economics of transmission Technical
performance and reliability Application of HVDC transmission system FACTS (qualitative
treatment only) TCSC SVC STATCOM UPFC
UNIT II TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS
Parameters of single and three phase transmission lines with single and double circuits
Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance of solid, stranded and bundled conductors Symmetrical and unsymmetrical spacing
Transposition Application of self and mutual GMD Skin and proximity effects Interference with neighboring communication
circuits Typical configuration Conductor types and electrical parameters of 400, 220, 110, 66 and 33 kV lines
UNITIII MODELLING AND PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES
Classification of lines Short, medium and long line Equivalent circuits, attenuation constant
Phase constant Surge impedance Transmission efficiency and voltage regulation Real and
reactive power flow in lines Power-angle diagram Surge-impedance loading Loadability
limits based on thermal loading Angle and voltage stability considerations Shunt and series
compensation Ferranti effect and corona loss
UNIT IV INSULATORS AND CABLES
Insulators Types Voltage distribution in insulator string and grading Improvement of string
efficiency Underground cables Constructional features of LT and HT cables Capacitance
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Dielectric stress and grading Thermal characteristics
UNIT V SUBSTATION GROUNDING SYSTEM AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Types of substations Bus-bar arrangements Substation bus schemes Single bus scheme
Double bus with double breaker Double bus with single breaker Main and transfer bus Ringbus Breaker-and-a-half with
two main buses Double bus-bar with bypass isolators Resistanceof grounding systems Resistance of driven rods, resistance of
grounding point electrode Grounding grids Design principles of substation grounding system Neutral grounding
L: 45 T: 15 Total: 60
TEXT BOOKS
1. Gupta, B.R., Power System Analysis and Design, S.Chand, 2003
2. Singh, S.N., Electric Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Prentice Hall of
India, 2002
REFERENCES
1. Luces M. Fualkenberry, Walter Coffer, Electrical Power Distribution and Transmission,
Pearson Education, 1996
2. Hadi Saadat, Power System Analysis, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company, 2003
3. Wadhwa, C.L., Electric Power Systems, New Age International (P) Ltd., 2000
4. Turan Gonen, Electric Power Distribution Engineering, 2nd Edition, CRC Press, 2007
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INTRODUCTION
HVDC
High voltage direct current (HVDC) is used to transmit large amounts of power over long
distances or for interconnections between asynchronous grids. When electrical energy is required
to be transmitted over very long distances, it is more economical to transmit using direct current
instead of alternating current
EHV AC transmission
Hydro-electric and coal or oil-fired stations are located very far from load centres for various
reasons which requires the transmission of the generated electric power over very long
distances.
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This requires very high voltages for transmission. The very rapid strides taken by
development
of dc transmission since 1950 is playing a major role in extra-long-distance transmission,
complementing or supplementing EHV AC transmission.
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control and cable insulation and can offer many new transmission opportunities as has been
demonstrated by actual projects above. It offers a lot of possibilities to enhance the power
systems.
Wind power, even big parks, can easily be connected to the grid. In many cases HVDC Light
can give new opportunities to trade electric energy in the new deregulated markets.
As HVDC Light has been developed to minimise environmental impact and impact on the
connecting grids, the licence procedure is generally more favourable than more traditional
solutions.
FACTS:
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TCSC
The Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
seems to be one of the members within the FACTS
family, beside the SVC that was established long ago,
which has attracted the most interest so far. One reason
may be that a distinctive quality of the TCSC concept is
that it uses an extremely simple main circuit topology.
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SVC
Static variable capacitor
Parallel-connected static var generator or absorber
Output is adjusted to exchange capacitive or
inductive current.
Maintain or control specific parameters of the electrical power system (typically bus voltage).
Thyristor-based Controllers
Lower cost alternative to STATCOM
STATCOM
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UNIT-I
PART-A
(2)
(2)
(2)
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4. What are the various components of power supply system?
(2)
(2)
6. What are the different operating voltages used for generation, primary and
secondary transmission in AC power supply systems in India?
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
PART-B
(8)
(8)
2. (i) Draw and explain the structure of modern power systems with typical
voltage levels
(ii) What is the highest voltage level available in India?
(13)
(3)
3. (i) Explain the effect of high voltage on volume of copper and on efficiency. (8)
(ii) Explain why the transmission lines are 3 phase 3-wire circuits while
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distribution lines are 3 phase 4-wire circuits.
(8)
4. (i) Draw the model power system with single line representation. Show its
essential constituent sections.
(6)
(ii) What are the AC transmission and distribution level voltages we have in
India?
(iii) What are the different kinds of DC links? Draw relevant diagrams.
(4)
(6)
5. (i) Explain why EHV transmission is preferred? What are the problems
involved in EHV AC transmission?
(ii) With neat schematic, explain the principle of HVDC system operation.
(8)
(8)
(16)
(16)
(16)
(8)
(8)
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UNIT II TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS
Parameters of single and three phase transmission lines with single and double circuits
Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance of solid, stranded and bundled conductors Symmetrical
and unsymmetrical spacing Transposition Application of self and mutual GMD Skin and
proximity effects Interference with neighboring communication circuits Typical configuration
Conductor types and electrical parameters of 400, 220, 110, 66 and 33 kV lines
L and C are due to the effects of magnetic and electric fields around the conductor
Overhead transmission line
bundling: use more than one conductor per phase, usually used at voltage > 230kV
advantage of bundling: increase effective radius of line conductor, reduce electric field strength and
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reduces corona power loss, audio loss and radio interference, and reduces line reactance
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LINE
RESISTANCE
by Rdc=l/A
ac flow: the current distribution is not uniform, the
current density is greatest at surface of the conductor, this is called skin effect, therefore, Rac > Rdc
magnetic field density: Hx=Ix/2x, x is the radius of circle, Ix induces magnetic field density Hx
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INTERNAL
int
Hdl
INDUCTANCE
Since
= Ienclosed
Ia =
x
r
2
I,
therefore
2xHx
=
r
2
I
since current flowing into the circuit of x is only a fraction of I , the effective turn is equivalent to the fraction
a
2 2
N = x /r
-7
H/m
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INTERNAL
2 2
2 2
d = (x /r ) d = (x /r ) (B 1dx)
x
x
x
2 2
2
3
4
= (x /r ) (oxI/2r ) 1dx = (oI) x /(2r ) dx
total flux linkage in the inductor:
I
o
4
3
x dx
2r
I
o
8
int
2 2
x /r turns of the current Ia linked by flux:
int
INDUCTANCE
-7
H/m
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EXTERNAL
INDUCTANCE
the entire current I is linked by the flux outside the conductor, dx=dx = Bxdx*1=oI/(2x)*dx
D2 1
dx
D1 x
o I
2
= 2 10
ln
D2
D1
= 2 10
ln
D2
H/m
D1
Wb/m
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UNIT- II
PART-A
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
PART-B
(16)
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2. Derive an expression for capacitances of a single phase transmission system
and discuss the effect of earth on capacitance with suitable equation.
(16)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(4)
ii) Derive the expression for capacitance of a double circuit line for hexagonal
spacing.
(8)
iii) Why is the concept of self GMD is not applicable for capacitance?
(4)
7. i) Explain clearly the skin effect and the proximity effects when referred to
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overhead lines.
(8)
ii) Write a short note on the inductive interference between power and
communication lines.
(8)
8. i) Derive the expression for the capacitance per phase of the 3 double circuit
line flat vertical spacing with transposition.
(8)
ii) A 3 overhead transmission line has its conductors arranged at the corners
of an equilateral triangle of 2m side. Calculate the capacitance of each line
conductor per km. Given the diameter of each conductor is 1.25cm.
(8)
(16)
10. Discuss the concept of GMR and GMD in the calculation of transmission line
inductance.
(16)
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Insulators:
An insulator, also called a dielectric, is a material that
resists the flow of electric current. An insulating material
has atoms with tightly bonded valence electrons. These
materials are used in parts of electrical equipment, also
called insulators or insulation, intended to support or
separate electrical conductors without passing current
through themselves.
The term is often used more specifically to refer to
insulating supports that attach electric power
transmission wires to utility poles or pylons.
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Design
Cap and pin insulator string (the vertical string of discs)
on a 275 kV suspension pylon.
The electrical breakdown of an insulator due to excessive
voltage can occur in one of two ways:Puncture voltage is
the voltage across the insulator(when installed in its
normal manner) which causes a breakdown and
conduction through the interior of the insulator.
The heat resulting from the puncture arc usually damages
the insulator irreparably.
Flashover voltage is the voltage which causes the air
around or along the surface of the insulator to break
down and conduct, causing a 'flashover' arc along the
outside of the insulator.
They are usually designed to withstand this without
damage. High voltage insulators are designed with a
lower flashover voltage than puncture voltage, so they
will flashover before they puncture, to avoid damage.
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UNIT-IV
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PART-A
(2)
(2)
(2)
4. List out various types of insulators used for overhead transmission lines.
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
PART-B
1. Discuss any two methods to increase the value of string efficiency, with
suitable sketches.
(16)
(16)
(8)
ii) In a 3-unit insulator, the joint to tower capacitance is 20% of the capacitance
of each unit. By how much should the capacitance of the lowest unit be
increased to get a string efficiency of 90%. The remaining two units are left
unchanged.
(8)
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(8)
5. i) Draw the schematic diagram of a pin type insulator and explain its
function.
(8)
(4)
b) Line Voltage
(2)
c) String Efficiency
(2)
6. i) Describe with the neat sketch, the construction of a 3 core belted type
cable.
(8)
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the maximum safe working voltage.
(8)
7. i) What are the various properties of insulators? Also briefly explain about
suspension type insulators.
(8)
ii) Calculate the most economical diameter of a single core cable to be used
on 132kV, 3 phase system. Find also the overall diameter of the insulation,
if the peak permissible stress does not exceed 60kV/cm. also derive the
formula used here.
(8)
(8)
(4)
(4)
(8)
(8)
(8)
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UNIT-V
PART-A
1. What is substation?
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
PART-B
1. With a neat sketch explain double bus with double breaker and double bus
with single breaker. State their advantages and disadvantages.
(16)
(16)
(16)
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(4)
(12)
(16)
(8)
(8)
(8)
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